Patent Grant
7070146
Air travelers have long sought the convenience and efficiency of widespread supersonic commercial aviation only to be denied by technological, economic, and political roadblocks. With operations spanning over a quarter of a century, the Concorde remains the only commercial aircraft that travels at supersonic speeds but struggles with technological obsolescence. Fuel consumption and maintenance requirements of the Concorde strain commercial feasibility in today's competitive environment. Possibly overshadowing other technological and economic shortcomings is the Concorde's thunderous sonic boom that is capable of shattering windows in buildings under the flight path, a burden that restricts the Concorde to routes over oceans.
The sonic boom creates a major practical risk of commercial supersonic aviation so long as commercial supersonic aircraft are prohibited from flying over populated land masses.
A sonic boom occurs due to pressure waves that occur when an aircraft moves at supersonic speeds. During subsonic flight, air displaced by a passing plane flows around the plane in the manner water flows around an object in a stream. However, for a plane flying at supersonic speeds, the air cannot easily flow around the plane and is instead compressed, generating a pressure pulse through the atmosphere. The pressure pulse intensity decreases as a consequence of movement from the airplane, and changes shape into an N-shaped wave within which pressure raises sharply, gradually declines, then rapidly returns to ambient atmospheric pressure. A wall of compressed air that moves at airplane speed spreads from the wave and, in passing over ground, is heard and felt as a sonic boom. The rapid changes in pressure at the beginning and end of the N-wave produce the signature double bang of the sonic boom.
Research has recently shown that boom intensity can be reduced by altering aircraft shape, size, and weight. For example, small airplanes create a smaller amplitude boom due to a lower amount of air displacement. Similarly, a lighter aircraft produces a smaller boom since an airplane rests on a column of compressed air and a lighter plane generates a lower pressure column. An aircraft that is long in proportion to weight spreads the N-wave across a greater distance, resulting in a lower peak pressure. Furthermore, wings that are spread along the body and not concentrated in the center as in a conventional aircraft produces a pressure pulse that is similarly spread, resulting in a smaller sonic boom.
One technique for boom reduction is shaping. Shaped sonic boom refers to a technique of altering source pressure disturbance such that a non-N-wave shape is imposed on the ground. Shaping sonic boom can reduce loudness by 15–20 dB or higher with no added energy beyond that to sustain flight. Shaping to minimize loudness is based on insight regarding changes in aircraft pressure disturbances during propagation to the ground.
Shaped sonic booms are only achieved deliberately. No existing aircraft creates a shaped sonic boom that persists for more than a fraction of the distance to the ground while flying at an efficient cruise altitude since non-shaped pressure distributions quickly coalesce into the fundamental N-wave shape. The N-wave form generates the largest possible shock magnitude from a particular disturbance. The N-wave shape results because the front of a supersonic aircraft generates an increase in ambient pressure while the rear generates a decrease in pressure. Variation in propagation speed stretches the disturbance during propagation to the ground. Shaped boom techniques typically attempt to prevent coalescing of the pressure disturbance by adding a large compression at the aircraft nose and an expansion at the tail with pressure in between constrained between the compression and expansion. The shaped boom stretches the ends of the signature faster than the in-between pressures, creating a non-N-wave sonic boom at the ground.
Boom reduction makes a supersonic aircraft less objectionable by minimizing the loudness of a sonic boom. Audible frequencies in a sonic boom occur in the rapid pressure changes, or shocks, at the beginning and end of the typical N-waveform. More quiet shocks have decreased pressure amplitudes and increased pressure change time durations.
What is desired are external shapes and lift devices that facilitate sonic boom reduction.
According to various embodiments, an aircraft or aircraft control system utilizes a deployable and stowable structural element on the airfoil to counter the spillage at off-design conditions and obtain a lower amplitude sonic boom for a supersonic cruise aircraft.
In accordance with some embodiments of the disclosed aeronautical system, an aircraft fuselage thickness/camber control device create a local expansion that, when propagated to the far field, cancels the added compression generated by inlet spillage shock. The thickness/camber control device comprises a structural member capable of modifying the local camber and thickness of the fuselage at a position forward of the concentrated source of increase in compression, for example the spillage shock, and a control element. The control element is coupled to the structural member and controls the structural member to adjust thickness/camber of the airfoil to cancel the far-field effect of the concentrated source of increased compression.
In accordance with other embodiments, an aircraft comprises a bulge, bump, protrusion, or the like, that extends along a longitudinal axis forward and aft and that has a concentrated source of compression, a structural member capable of coupling to the bulge, bump, or protrusion at a position forward of the concentrated source of compression that results from an off design condition, and a control element. The control element is coupled to the structural member and controls the structural member to adjust thickness/camber of the fuselage to cancel the far-field effect of the concentrated source of pressure.
According to further embodiments, a method of reducing the sonic boom in a supersonic cruise aircraft comprises deploying a structural member on an lower surface of a fuselage that extends along a longitudinal axis forward and aft and that has a concentrated source of expansions at a position forward of the concentrated source of pressure. The method further comprises controlling the structural member to adjust thickness/camber of the airfoil to cancel the far-field effect of the concentrated source of compression.
Embodiments of the invention relating to both structure and method of operation, may best be understood by referring to the following description and accompanying drawings.
Referring to
Typically, the largest concentrated source of compression 106 in an aircraft is a nacelle. An airfoil is generally designed for most aerodynamically-efficient performance at a particular Mach number or range of Mach numbers. In various circumstances and conditions, operation at off-design Mach numbers is desirable. For example, operating at off-design Mach numbers at selected times can increase aircraft range. During operations in off-design conditions, the nacelle 106 creates a spillage shock that is larger than a desired baseline cruise configuration for a low sonic boom signature. The control element 110 adjusts airfoil thickness/camber so that the far-field effects of the controlled structural member 108 and the nacelle 106 substantially cancel.
The thickness/camber control device 100 has particular utility in a supersonic cruise aircraft with an area distribution that matches a low sonic boom signature. In off-design conditions the concentrated source of compression 106 generates a spillage shock larger than the baseline cruise configuration for the low sonic boom signature. To reduce the sonic boom, the control element 100 adjusts the structural member 108 so that the far-field effect of the adjusted structural member 108 cancels the far-field effect resulting from the spillage shock. The control element 110 adjusts the structural member 108 in off-design conditions so that the expansion generated around the structural member 108 effectively reduces the equivalent area distribution ahead of the spillage shock.
The thickness/camber control device 100 utilizes the control element 110 to adjust the structural member 108 to effectively modify the camber of the airfoil 102 to minimize or reduce spillage shock resulting from the concentrated source. Controlled adjustments of the fuselage thickness and camber can operate either to block the nacelle spillage effects, thereby softening the sonic boom signature, or as a moveable active feedback device to adjust aircraft aerodynamics.
The thickness/camber control device 100 adjusts body area of the airfoil 102 and fuselage thickness/camber ratio to reduce sonic boom effects. The thickness/camber control device 100 does introduce some drag when deployed, typically a drag increase of approximately 5% for a particular embodiment. Accordingly, the thickness/camber control device 302 is stowed when unused so that drag is reduced when operating in compliance with design conditions. For example, the thickness/camber control device 302 can be deployed when flying over land to reduce or minimize sonic boom effects. When flying over oceans, the thickness/camber control device 302 can be stowed
The control element 110 includes any operating controls that can be manipulated by a pilot, either with or without supporting electronics, processors, computers, controllers, and the like. The control element 110 further includes any linkages or actuators connected to the structural element 108 to physically move the structural element 108.
The airfoil 102 generally includes aircraft wings and also includes other aerodynamic shapes including a fuselage, tail, and other structures within the air stream.
Other structures can be used such as protrusions, extensions, or wideners that are deployable and stowable to increase cross-sectional area of the fuselage forward of a concentrated source of compression, such as the nacelle or nacelles. The structures can be an active drag device, fairing, protrusion, or bank of actuators that extends from the fuselage, thereby enlarging the cross-sectional area of the airfoil, when deployed, and that forms a flush surface with the fuselage when stowed.
Referring to
The aircraft 300 further comprises a fuselage 314, an aircraft wing 316 coupled to the fuselage, and an engine nacelle 318. Commonly, the nacelle 318 is the largest concentrated source of compression 308 in an aircraft. In the illustrative aircraft 300, the engine nacelle 318 is coupled to the aircraft wing 316. The structural member 310 is coupled to the fuselage 314 forward of the engine nacelle 318 and is controllably deployed and stowed to adjust thickness/camber of the fuselage 314 to cancel the far-field effect of the engine nacelle 318.
Referring to
In off-design conditions, the concentrated source of pressure created by the nacelle 308 generates the spillage shock 406 that exceeds the baseline cruise level configuration for a low sonic boom signature 400. The thickness/camber control device 302 adjusts airfoil aerodynamics in the off-design conditions to generate an expansion 404 around the structural member 310 to effectively reduce the equivalent area distribution ahead of the shock 406 as shown in the controlled equivalent area plot 402 that is beneath the SEEB curve 400. The control element 312 adjusts the structural member 310 to improve aerodynamic flow fields for flight at Mach numbers different from the Mach number to which the aircraft design is optimized.
The equivalent area curve 402 of the aircraft 300 shows the increase in equivalent area resulting from the spillage shock 406. The thickness/camber control device 302 corrects for the increase in equivalent area by creating the expansion 404 that pulls the aircraft equivalent area curve 402 below the SEEB curve 400 at all positions relative to the aircraft 300. To attain the reduced sonic boom goal, the aircraft equivalent area curve 402 can fall below but not above the SEEB curve 400.
The thickness/camber control device 302 can remain stowed while the aircraft 300 is operating with optimal aerodynamics at a predetermined design condition. However, the aircraft 300 can be alternatively operated at other conditions, for example to increase range or other purposes, with aerodynamics controlled by deploying the thickness/camber control device 302 to reduce sonic boom effects.
Referring to
One aspect of the method is that the aircraft is designed so that the structural member is positioned 510 at a location on the airfoil that facilitates cancellation of the far-field effect of the concentrated source of pressure.
The aircraft can be flown at off-design conditions 512 causing the concentrated compression to create a spillage shock larger than a baseline cruise configuration for a low sonic boom signature 514. In some embodiments, the method includes adjusting the structural member to vary airfoil thickness/camber so that the far-field effects of the controlled structural member and the concentrated source of compression substantially cancel 516.
Referring to
The aircraft 600 further comprises a control element, such as the control element 310 shown in
In illustrative embodiments, the aircraft 600 has engines 616 positioned in aft locations beneath the wings 608 and have a highly integrated wing/inlet geometry 626 to produce low-boom compatibility and low inlet/nacelle installation drag. The aircraft 600 can have an inverted V-tail geometry 632 that enhances low-sonic-boom longitudinal trim in cruise and allows better structural support for the engines 616.
In the illustrative embodiment, the aircraft 600 has an blunted nose 628 with a conical tip 630 and an inverted V-tail surface 632 that overlaps the wing 608, features that facilitate low-sonic-boom aircraft performance. The configuration suppresses features of a sonic boom pressure waveform that otherwise would make the boom audible. The supersonic aircraft 600 creates an N-shaped pressure wave caused by overpressure at the nose 628 and under pressure at the tail 634. Pressure rises rapidly at the nose 628, declines to an under pressure condition at the tail 634, and then returns to ambient pressure. Rapid pressure rises at the front and rear of the pressure wave producing the characteristic double explosion of the sonic boom.
The conical tip 630 of the nose 628 can create a pressure spike ahead of the aircraft forward shock, raising local temperature and sound velocity, thereby extending the forward shock and slowing the pressure rise. The supersonic aircraft 600 has a sharply swept arrow wing configuration 608 that reduces peak overpressure in the wave by spreading wing lift along the aircraft length. The wing configuration 608 has reduced wing leading and trailing edge sweeps. The inverted V-tail 632 can generate additional lift near the tail to improve aerodynamics and reduce boom.
The illustrative aircraft arrangement 600 has twin non-afterburning turbofan engines 616 set below and behind the wing 608. The non-afterburning turbofan engines 616 operate behind simple fixed-geometry axisymmetric external compression inlets 618. Considerations of community noise and takeoff, transonic, and cruise thrust specifications determine engine cycle selection and engine sizing.
The shaping of the supersonic aircraft 600 including aspects of the wing 608, the tail assembly or empennage 620, and the engine 616 structural integration are adapted according to sonic boom signature and supersonic cruise drag considerations. The empennage or tail system 620 includes stabilizers, elevators, and rudders in the inverted V-tail geometry 632. The inverted V-tail geometry 632 supports nacelles 622 in highly suitable positions relative to the wing 608 to suppress boom, and trims the supersonic aircraft 600 in cruise to attain an improved low-boom lift distribution. Panels of the inverted V-tail 632 support the nacelles 622 and non-afterburning turbofan engines 616 in combination with support of the wing 608 to handle flutter. Inverted V-tail control surfaces, termed ruddervators 624, adjust aircraft longitudinal lift distribution throughout the flight envelope to maintain a low boom, low drag trim condition.
The shape of the fuselage 604, the wing 608, and empennage 620 are integrated with the entire aircraft configuration so as to be conducive to attaining a low-boom signature and supersonic cruise drag levels. The wing 608 and/or fuselage 604 are integrated to achieve low-boom supersonic flight.
The wings 608 can have a substantial dihedral, or “gulling” incorporated into the wings 608 inboard of the engines 616. The dihedral geometry is most pronounced at the wing trailing edge. The gull or dihedral results from twisting and cambering the wing 608 for low-boom and low induced drag while preserving a tailored local wing contour in the position of main landing gear retraction.
In some embodiments, the inboard portion of the wing 608 can be configured to integrate with the nacelle 622 and a diverter formed between the nacelle 622 and the wing 608 to follow the contour of a low-sonic-boom fuselage 604 with as close a normal intersection as possible to attain low interference drag. In some embodiments, an inboard flap hinge line is fully contained within the wing contour with the wing upper and lower surfaces held as planar as possible to facilitate seal design.
With the resulting wing configuration, the wing gull raises the engines 616 to increase available tip back angle and reduce thrust-induced pitching moments. The gull enhances low-boom signature by vertically staggering the wing longitudinal lift distribution and lowers the aircraft body or fuselage 604 to reduce the height of the cabin door 638 above the ground, thereby reducing entry stair length. The low fuselage 604 assists in maintaining a low aircraft center of gravity, reducing tip over angle and promoting ground stability. The wing gull forms a wrapping of the wing 608 around the nacelle 622 that enhances favorable interference between the nacelles 618 and the wing 608, resulting in a wing/body/nacelle geometry conducive to successful ditching and gear-up landings.
The leading edge surfaces of the wing 608, including the leading-edge flap of the strake 602, the Krueger flap 614, and the leading edge flap 612 are controlled by one or more control elements to adjust aerodynamic flow fields, thereby improving aerodynamic performance in operation at various airspeeds. In addition, the leading edge surfaces can be controlled to adjust the leading-edge surface to maintain a low sonic boom signature. In some conditions, the control elements can deflect the strake 602 to reduce lift ahead of spillage at an off-design condition and maintain a low sonic boom signature.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring again to
In the illustrative embodiment, the leading edge control surfaces are controlled to reduce or minimize sonic boom by deflecting the air flow to reduce lift ahead of the spillage due to nacelles 622. For example, if the aircraft 600 is flying in an off-design condition in which the nacelles 622 are spilling air and are thus generating stronger shocks and stronger compressions, the leading edge control surfaces and be actuated to compensate by creating an expansion of air flow that blocks the spillage from coalescing into an N-wave.
The wings and engine are generally designed for selected for usage at various air speeds. Engine 616 and inlet 626 characteristics are configured to coordinate engine airflow schedules and flight Mach number. In a particular embodiment, a fixed geometry inlet 626 can be utilized, for example to reduce propulsion system weight and complexity, and thereby improve efficiency and performance. In particular fixed-geometry inlet configurations, airflow is matched at all pertinent Mach numbers so that no bypass or excessive subcritical spillage occurs under nominal conditions. Airflows at off-nominal conditions are matched using engine trim.
In one embodiment, an inlet/engine configuration is based on a supersonic aircraft engine that maintains a status range of 3600 nautical miles (nmi) at Mach 1.8. The fixed compression geometry engine inlet is optimized for Mach 1.8. A maximum Mach 1.8 capable design represents performance of the Mach 1.8-designed engine cruising at Mach 1.6. The Mach 1.8-capable engine flying at Mach 1.6 increases range and engine life, and potentially improves performance on hot-temperature days.
In an alternative embodiment, an engine 616 is configured with a fixed compression geometry inlet optimized for Mach 1.6, increasing range to approximately 4250 nmi by increasing lift/drag ratio by a full point, and a lower engine weight enabling more fuel to burn in cruise.
Various design techniques can be used to configure an aircraft for a range capability that is greater than a baseline Mach 1.8 point design approach, yet supply a greater speed capability than a Mach 1.6 point design method. One technique is to design a Mach 1.6 inlet and engine and cruise off-design at Mach 1.8 to improve range over a Mach 1.8 design inlet, for example attaining a 150–250 nmi improvement in range. A second technique involves designing the aircraft as a Mach 1.6 point design for maximum range and accepting any overspeed capability that happens to occur, resulting in a small speed increase for a fully optimized Mach 1.6 engine design that is further limited by engine life reduction as well as degradation of inlet stability and distortion. In a slight variation to the second approach, the engine can be configured as a Mach 1.6 point design with the engine and subsystem design Mach numbers tailored to any speed a Mach 1.6 inlet is capable of attaining in an overspeed condition. The range benefit is even smaller than the effect of a pure Mach 1.6 aircraft but the overspeed capability can be improved although not to the level of a Mach 1.8 design. A third approach incorporates a variable geometry inlet into an otherwise Mach 1.8 configuration so that efficient on-design inlet performance can be obtained from a range from Mach 1.6 to Mach 1.8, resulting in a small range penalty due to higher weight and higher losses inherent to the variable geometry inlet. Mach 1.6 performance of the third approach is further hindered due to increased inlet weight. Translating cowls can also be used to enhance subsonic performance.
In a fourth approach, the inlet design Mach number is set such that a Mach 1.8 cruise can be attained in an overspeed condition with engine, subsystem, and aerodynamic design configured to maximize range at Mach 1.6. The illustrative concept does not operate on-design in a purest sense, although enabling the largest range of a fixed compression geometry inlet capable of cruising at Mach 1.8. Potentially, flight at a lower than design Mach number using the fixed geometry external compression engine can increase spillage drag and integrate the inlet and propulsion system in a manner that results in a higher drag.
An illustrative aircraft 600 can have inlet 626, engine 616, and airframe generally designed for Mach 1.8 performance, and further includes optimizations to improve various performance aspects. The configuration enables cruising at a slightly lower Mach number than 1.8 to attain a higher range performance. In an illustrative embodiment, the wings are sized slightly larger than normal for a Mach 1.8 design to improve takeoff and landing performance.
The control elements operating the thickness/camber control device 601 can be controlled to further facilitate operation of the aircraft 600 at off-design Mach numbers.
Other mission-related characteristics facilitated by control of the leading edge surfaces include a capability to cruise at lower Mach numbers, and a tendency to cruise at lower altitudes and lower Mach numbers, resulting from an optimum lift coefficient occurring at lower altitude as a consequence of lower speed. Furthermore, suitable engines for the desired Mach performance typically produce lower specific fuel consumption at the lower altitudes. Also, lower cruise altitudes yield excess thrust at cruise, enabling a reduction is engine cruise thrust requirement and reduced engine weight. Additionally, lower cruise altitudes allow cruise to begin earlier and end later in a mission so that the aircraft spends proportionately more of a mission in a cruise condition. Also, lower cruise Mach numbers yield lower total air temperatures, benefit engine and subsystem life. Lower cruise Mach numbers can also reduce emissions.
While the present disclosure describes various embodiments, these embodiments are to be understood as illustrative and do not limit the claim scope. Many variations, modifications, additions and improvements of the described embodiments are possible. For example, those having ordinary skill in the art will readily implement the steps necessary to provide the structures and methods disclosed herein, and will understand that the process parameters, materials, and dimensions are given by way of example only. The parameters, materials, and dimensions can be varied to achieve the desired structure as well as modifications, which are within the scope of the claims. Variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein may also be made while remaining within the scope of the following claims. For example, the structural member or body flap can be used as a sonic boom reduction device in conjunction with or separately from other boom devices such as a leading edge flap. Sonic boom reduction can be affected undertrack and off-track.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20050067525 A1 | Mar 2005 | US |
