Patent Application
20240383608
Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to devices for conditioning air in a climate-controlled space, such as onboard an aircraft.
Aircraft typically include an environmental control system for regulating various airflows within the aircraft. More specifically, the environmental control system often is responsible for controlling temperature within a cabin of the aircraft and does so, at least in part, by mixing warm, cabin-drawn air with cool, conditioned air received from an air conditioning pack, and cycling the resulting air mixture back to the cabin. The environmental control system may include an airflow mix manifold in which the warm, cabin-drawn air is mixed with the cool, conditioned air via induced spin and turbulence. The spinning airflow may cause moisture from the air to coalesce on interior walls of the manifold. The airflow mix manifold may include a vertically-oriented scupper channel and/or blade to collect the moisture along the interior walls.
Known mix manifolds may have inefficient airflow mixing and moisture separation. The inefficient mixing may require a very large mixing chamber to adequately mix the warm, cabin-drawn air with the cool, conditioned air via only passively-induced spin and turbulence. Furthermore, the inefficient moisture separation may require a significant height (or length) of the mixing chamber to extract sufficient moisture from the air to meet a designated humidity level or range for the outgoing airflow. However, the size and height of the mix manifold may be restricted due to spatial constraints within the aircraft, such that the mixing chamber is smaller and/or shorter than the size required for adequate mixing and moisture extraction. As a result, the outgoing airflow may not be sufficiently mixed, which can result in significant temperature variations in the airflow supplied to the cabin. Another risk is that the outgoing airflow may be excessively humid, which may undesirably condense within the cabin, creating a rain effect. One option is to introduce active mixing devices into the mix manifold to induce additional mixing of the airflows. However, the presence of additional mixing devices may increase cost and complexity, consume limited power resources, add pressure drop, and/or increase noise.
A need exists for an airflow mix manifold that provides improved airflow mixing efficiency and moisture extraction relative to known mix manifolds. With that need in mind, certain embodiments of the present disclosure provide an airflow mix manifold that includes a can and a tower extending from the can. The can includes an interior sidewall that defines a main mixing chamber. The can defines at least one inlet aperture through the interior sidewall to receive airflow into the main mixing chamber. The can includes a moisture collection gutter that is open to the main mixing chamber and is configured to collect moisture from the airflow that coalesces onto the interior sidewall. The moisture collection gutter extends circumferentially along the can. The tower defines a secondary mixing chamber and includes one or more outlets. The secondary mixing chamber is configured to receive the airflow downstream of the can and to direct the airflow to the one or more outlets.
Certain embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for conditioning airflow. The method includes mixing a first airflow with a second airflow within a mixing supply branch of an airflow mix manifold to form a mixed airflow. The mixing supply branch is coupled to a can of the airflow mix manifold. The method includes supplying the mixed airflow into a main mixing chamber of the can, and collecting moisture from the mixed airflow that coalesces on an interior sidewall of the can within a moisture collection gutter of the can. The moisture collection gutter extends circumferentially along the can. The method includes directing the mixed airflow downstream of the main mixing chamber and the moisture collection gutter toward one or more outlets of the airflow mix manifold for distribution to one or more climate-controlled spaces.
Certain embodiments of the present disclosure provide an airflow mix manifold that includes a can and a mixing supply branch. The can includes an interior sidewall that defines a main mixing chamber. The can defines an inlet aperture through the interior sidewall to receive airflow into the main mixing chamber. The can includes a moisture collection gutter that is open to the main mixing chamber and is configured to collect moisture from the airflow that coalesces onto the interior sidewall. The moisture collection gutter extends circumferentially along the can. The mixing supply branch is coupled to the inlet aperture and configured to supply the airflow into the main mixing chamber. The mixing supply branch includes a first intake conduit that conveys a first airflow stream, a second intake conduit that conveys a second airflow stream, and a merged segment that defines a branch mixing chamber. The branch mixing chamber is configured to permit the first airflow stream to mix with the second airflow stream to form the airflow prior to the airflow entering the can.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of certain embodiments will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and preceded by the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not necessarily excluding the plural of the elements or steps. Further, references to “one embodiment” are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Moreover, unless explicitly stated to the contrary, embodiments “comprising” or “having” an element or a plurality of elements having a particular condition can include additional elements not having that condition.
Examples of the present disclosure describe an airflow mix manifold that mixes multiple airflows together for distribution to a climate-controlled space, such as a cabin of a vehicle. The airflow mix manifold also separates and removes entrained moisture from the airflows to control the humidity of the outgoing airflow that is distributed to the climate-controlled space. The airflow mix manifold of the embodiments described herein has a modified design and arrangement relative to known mix manifolds to enhance air mixing efficiency and moisture extraction. For example, the airflow mix manifold includes a moisture collection gutter or trough that is integrated into a can of the airflow mix manifold. The can defines a main mixing chamber in which at least two different airflows are mixed. The gutter circumferentially extends around the main mixing chamber to collect water that coalesces on the interior sidewall of the main mixing chamber. The gutter may be fluidly connected to at least one drainage port or tube for removing the collected water from the airflow mix manifold. The moisture collection gutter may provide improved moisture collection than known mix manifolds. The airflow mix manifold may include a flow straightener downstream of the gutter for redirecting the direction of airflow as the mixed airflow travels toward one or more outlets of the manifold. The airflow mix manifold may include a tower that defines a secondary mixing chamber downstream of the can and the gutter.
In another example of the modified design and arrangement, the airflow mix manifold may initiate mixing of different airflows upstream of the main mixing chamber of the can. For example, the airflow mix manifold may introduce two airflows within at least one mixing supply branch that is connected to the can. In an embodiment, the mixing supply branch includes a flow interleaver nozzle to facilitate mixing of the airflows prior to the airflows entering the can. Optionally, the main mixing chamber of the can may be substantially open to allow the air to flow along several revolutions within the main mixing chamber prior to entering the flow straightener and/or the tower. These and other aspects of the design of the airflow mix manifold will be described in more detail herein with reference to the figures.
The airflow mix manifold according to the embodiments described herein has several benefits. For example, the airflow mix manifold may provide more efficient airflow mixing and water extraction from the air than known mix manifolds. The enhanced water extraction capability reduces the risk of excessive humidity in the outgoing airflow directed to the climate-controlled space. Due to the increased efficiency, the airflow mix manifold has the ability to be more compact than known mix manifolds without sacrificing performance compared to the known mix manifolds. The airflow mix manifold may be smaller than at least some known mix manifolds, which frees up space for other equipment. The airflow mix manifold may be lighter than at least some known mix manifolds, which is particularly beneficial for vehicular applications, such as aircraft applications. The airflow mix manifold may be relatively quiet during operation. For example, the manifold described herein may avoid actively-powered mixing devices, which are known to produce noise and vibration.
The airflow mix manifold may be installed in various applications. In some examples, the airflow mix manifold may be disposed onboard a vehicle. The vehicle may include at least one passenger cabin and an air conditioning system. The vehicle may be an aircraft. Alternatively, the vehicle may be rail vehicle, a bus, an automobile, a truck, a marine vessel, or another type of vehicle. The airflow mix manifold optionally may be used in non-vehicular applications, such as at facilities. Example facilities include housing facilities (e.g., homes, apartment complexes, etc.), business facilities (restaurants, stores, offices, etc.), industrial facilities (factories, plants, etc.), and the like.
The airflow mix manifold 100 includes at least one mixing supply branch 110 mounted to the can 104. The airflow mix manifold 100 has two mixing supply branches 110a, 110b in the illustrated embodiment. Each mixing supply branch 110 receives at least two different airflows and provides initial mixing of the different airflows prior to the airflows entering the can 104. For example, each of the mixing supply branches 110a, 110b includes a first intake conduit 112 and a second intake conduit 114. The two intake conduits 112, 114 converge and are fluidly connected to a respective branch mixing chamber 116 (shown in
The airflows refer to moving quantities of air, such as streams. In an example, the first airflow may be air drawn from a climate-controlled space. The air drawn from the climate-controlled space may be referred to as recirculated air. The climate-controlled space may be a room or cabin. In an example, the climate controlled-space may be a cabin of a vehicle, such as an aircraft. The second airflow may be air from an air conditioning system. The air conditioning system may be an air conditioning pack, an air cycle machine, and/or the like. The air conditioning system may actively cool the second airflow, such as via a reversible isothermal gas expansion process.
The airflow mix manifold 100 includes one or more outlets 120 along the tower 106. The tower 106 defines a secondary mixing chamber 122 (shown in
The airflow traverses through the housing 102 of the airflow mix manifold 100 in a downstream direction 124. In an embodiment, the housing 102 is vertically oriented. The tower 106 may be above the can 104 such that the tower 106 extends beyond a top end 126 of the can 104. In this orientation, the downstream direction 124 is vertically upward. The mixing supply branches are located at or proximate to a bottom end 128 of the housing 102, and the outlets 120 are located at or proximate to a top end 130 of the housing 102. Optionally, the airflow mix manifold 100 may have a different orientation. For example, the airflow mix manifold 100 may be rotated to have a horizontally-oriented housing 102. The orientation of the airflow mix manifold 100 may be dictated by available space in the vehicle or building in which it is installed, the location of existing conduits for connecting to the mixing supply branches and/or the outlets 120, and/or the like.
The airflow mix manifold 100 may include a moisture collection gutter 206 that is integrated into the can 104. The moisture collection gutter 206, also referred to herein as gutter 206, is designed to collect liquid water (e.g., moisture) that coalesces on the interior sidewall 204. The gutter 206 is open to the main mixing chamber 108 and is connected to the interior sidewall 204. The gutter 206 may be located at or proximate to a downstream end of the main mixing chamber 108. For example, positioning the gutter 206 at a downstream portion of the main mixing chamber 108 may ensure that the gutter 206 collects a substantial majority (e.g., over 90%) of the water that coalesces on the interior sidewall 204. The can 104 may be designed such that all of the water that coalesces on the interior sidewall 204 can be received into the gutter 206. In the illustrated vertical orientation, the downstream end of the main mixing chamber 108 is the top end 126 of the can 104. The gutter 206 may be located at the top end 126 of the can 104.
The gutter 206 may have a convex curvature that bulges away from the main mixing chamber 108. In the illustrated embodiment, the gutter 206 bulges in the downstream direction 124. As described herein in more detail, the curvature of the gutter 206 traps liquid water that moves along the interior sidewall 204 in the downstream direction 124. For example, the circumferential circulation of the mixed airflow within the main mixing chamber 108 may force the liquid water to the interior sidewall 204 via centrifugal force. The downstream flow of the mixed airflow (e.g., due to pressure gradients) forces the liquid water that is on the interior sidewall 204 to migrate downstream until the water enters the gutter 206. The gutter 206 may direct the water into a scupper trough 208 for draining the water from the airflow mix manifold 100.
In an embodiment, the can 104 and the tower 106 are both cylindrical, and are coaxial. The can 104 may have a greater diameter than the tower 106, such that the can 104 has a shoulder section 210 that radially projects beyond the tower 106. For example, the shoulder section 210 may extend from an interior sidewall 212 of the tower 106 to the interior sidewall 204 of the can 104. The gutter 206 may be located along the shoulder section 210 of the can 104. For example, the gutter 206 may extend generally radially inward from the interior sidewall 204 of the can 104 toward the interior sidewall 212 of the tower 106.
During operation, moisture can travel in two main paths into the annular channel 224 of the scupper trough 222. For example, a primary travel path, as indicated by arrows 228, is along the interior sidewall 204. Forces from the spinning mixed airflow may push moisture that coalesces on the interior sidewall 204 to migrate upward (e.g., in the downstream direction) until the moisture drips from the lip 226 into the annular channel 224. A secondary travel path, as indicated by arrows 230, is radially outward along the curved gutter wall 220. In an example, the gutter 206 may include a scupper blade 232 that defines a flange 234 extending toward the annular channel 224. The scupper blade 232 in the illustrated embodiment is a discrete element that is mounted to an inner surface 236 of the gutter wall 220. A first section of the scupper blade 232 may be bonded to the gutter wall 220, and a second section of the scupper blade 232 may project from the gutter wall 220 to define the flange 234. The moisture that travels along the secondary travel path may migrate from the inner surface 236 of the gutter wall 220 onto the scupper blade 232 along the first section. The moisture may then move, due to the forces exerted by the spinning mixed airflow, onto the flange 234, and may drip from an edge 238 of the flange 234 into the annular channel 224. In a first alternative embodiment, the scupper blade 232 may be an integral portion of the gutter wall 220. For example, the gutter wall 220 may be molded or otherwise formed to include a cantilevered flange strip that represents the flange 234 shown in
As shown and described with reference to
In an embodiment, the airflow mix manifold 100 may include a heater strip 242 mounted to the gutter 206. The heater strip 242 may be an active heating element that is selectively operated to increase the temperature of the gutter 206. The heater strip 242 may heat the gutter 206 to prohibit liquid water from freezing along the surfaces of the gutter 206, which could obstruct moisture extraction. Furthermore, the heater strip 242 may be actuated to melt ice that is already present along the surfaces of the gutter 206. In an example, the heater strip 242 may be mounted to the gutter wall 220. The heater strip 242 may be placed on an outer surface 244 of the gutter wall 220 (which faces away from the main mixing chamber 108). The heater strip 242 may include electrically resistive elements that emit heat when an electric current is supplied to the electrically resistive elements. The heater strip 242 may extend annularly along the convex bulge 214 of the gutter 206 for the entirety, or at least a segment, of the circumferential length of the gutter 206. In an alternative embodiment, the heater strip 242 may be located along the can 104, such as upstream of (e.g., below) the scupper trough 222. Optionally, the heater strip 242 shown in
Referring now back to
In an embodiment, the airflow mix manifold 100 includes a flow interleaver nozzle 252 to facilitate mixing of the airflows prior to the airflows entering the can 104. For example, the flow interleaver nozzle 252 may be mounted to the distal end 250 of the first intake conduit 112 within the merged segment 118. In an example, each of the mixing supply branches 110 includes a respective flow interleaver nozzle 252. The flow interleaver nozzle 252 is designed to enhance mixing of the first and second airflows within the branch mixing chamber 116.
Referring now back to
In an embodiment, the airflow mix manifold 100 includes a flow straightener 270 designed to redirect the mixed airflow as the mixed airflow travels downstream toward the one or more outlets 120. The flow straightener 270 may be located downstream of the gutter 206 and/or downstream of the can 104. In an example, the flow straightener 270 is located within the tower 106, such as at an upstream entrance to the secondary mixing chamber 122. The flow straightener 270 may redirect the mixed airflow from the circumferential circulation within the main mixing chamber 108 to a more axial, downstream flow direction within the secondary mixing chamber 122. The flow straightener 270 may have a diameter that is similar to the diameter of the secondary mixing chamber 122, such that all or most of the mixed airflow is forced to flow through and/or along the flow straightener 270 before reaching the outlets 120.
Referring now back to
At step 302, a first airflow is directed from one or more climate-controlled spaces within a vehicle or building to a first intake conduit 112 of a mixing supply branch 110 of an airflow mix manifold 100. The mixing supply branch 110 is coupled to a can 104 of the airflow mix manifold 100. The first airflow may be directed along conduits to the first intake conduit 112 via one or more blowers, pumps, fans, and/or the like. In an embodiment, the one or more climate-controlled spaces are cabins within an aircraft. For example, the method may include installing the airflow mix manifold 100 within an aircraft. The airflow mix manifold 100 may represent a portion of an environmental control system of the aircraft.
At step 304, a second airflow is directed to a second intake conduit 114 of the mixing supply branch 110. The second airflow may be received from an air conditioning system (e.g., an air conditioning pack, air cycle machine, and/or the like). For example, the second airflow may be cool air, and the first airflow may be recirculated air.
At step 306, the first airflow is mixed with the second airflow within the mixing supply branch 110 to form a mixed airflow. The mixing supply branch 110 may include a merged segment 118 that defines a branch mixing chamber 116. The first airflow may partially mix with the second airflow within the branch mixing chamber 116 prior to entering the can 104.
At step 308, the mixed airflow is supplied from the mixing supply branch 110 into the main mixing chamber 108 of the can 104. The mixing supply branch 110 and optionally additional mixing supply branches 110 may be positioned and oriented to encourage circumferential circulation of the mixed airflow within the main mixing chamber 108, without the use of active mixing elements.
At step 310, moisture from the mixed airflow that coalesces on an interior sidewall 204 of the can 104 is collected within a moisture collection gutter 206 of the can 104. The moisture collection gutter 206 may extend circumferentially along the can 104. Centrifugal force from the circulating mixed airflow may cause the moisture to separate and coalesce on the interior sidewall 204. The gutter 206 may be positioned and orientated to capture the moisture present along the interior sidewall 204 as the moisture migrates in the downstream direction 124.
At step 312, the moisture that is captured by the gutter 206 is drained from the airflow mix manifold 100 via one or more drainage ports of a scupper trough 222 of the gutter 206. The scupper trough 222 defines an annular channel 224 that is recessed relative to the interior sidewall 204 of the can 104 and a gutter wall 220 of the gutter 206, such that the moisture drips into the annular channel 224. The scupper trough 222 may include drainage ports through which the moisture in the annular channel 224 is removed from within the can 104.
At step 314, the mixed airflow is directed downstream of the main mixing chamber 108 and the gutter 206 toward one or more outlets 120 of the airflow mix manifold 100 for distribution to the one or more climate-controlled spaces. The airflow mix manifold 100 may include a tower 106 that is mounted to the can 104 and defines a secondary mixing chamber 122. Directing the mixed airflow downstream of the main mixing chamber 108 and the gutter 206 may include directing the mixed airflow through a flow straightener 270 and into the secondary mixing chamber 122. The tower 106 may include the one or more outlets 120 of the airflow mix manifold 100.
Clause 1. An airflow mix manifold comprising:
Clause 2. The airflow mix manifold of Clause 1, wherein the moisture collection gutter is located at an end of the can according to a downstream direction.
Clause 3. The airflow mix manifold of Clause 1 or Clause 2, wherein the can is cylindrical and the moisture collection gutter includes a curved gutter wall that defines an annular bulge along the can.
Clause 4. The airflow mix manifold of any of Clauses 1-3, wherein the can and the tower are both cylindrical, and the can has a larger diameter than the tower, and wherein the moisture collection gutter is located along a shoulder section of the can that radially projects beyond the tower.
Clause 5. The airflow mix manifold of any of Clauses 1-4, wherein the moisture collection gutter includes a scupper trough that defines an annular channel, and wherein the annular channel is configured to receive the moisture from the airflow and to drain the moisture outside of the can and the tower.
Clause 6. The airflow mix manifold of Clause 5, wherein the moisture collection gutter includes a gutter wall and a scupper blade mounted to the gutter wall, wherein the scupper blade defines a flange that extends toward the annular channel, and wherein the flange is configured to convey moisture from the airflow that coalesces onto the gutter wall and the scupper blade from an edge of the flange into the annular channel.
Clause 7. The airflow mix manifold of any of Clauses 1-6, further comprising a heater strip mounted to the moisture collection gutter, wherein the heater strip is configured to heat the moisture collection gutter to prohibit freezing of the moisture along one or more surfaces of the moisture collection gutter.
Clause 8. The airflow mix manifold of any of Clauses 1-7, further comprising at least one mixing supply branch coupled to the at least one inlet aperture, wherein a first mixing supply branch of the at least one mixing supply branch includes a first intake conduit that conveys a first airflow, a second intake conduit that conveys a second airflow, and a merged segment that defines a branch mixing chamber, wherein the merged segment includes a distal end of the first intake conduit disposed within the branch mixing chamber, and wherein the distal end of the first intake conduit is surrounded by a portion of the second intake conduit.
Clause 9. The airflow mix manifold of Clause 8, wherein the first mixing supply branch includes a flow interleaver nozzle mounted to the distal end of the first intake conduit within the branch mixing chamber, and wherein the flow interleaver nozzle is configured to facilitate mixing of the first airflow and the second airflow prior to the first and second airflows entering the can.
Clause 10. The airflow mix manifold of Clause 8, wherein the airflow mix manifold includes a second mixing supply branch of the at least one mixing supply branch, wherein the first mixing supply branch is coupled to a first inlet aperture of the at least one inlet aperture, and the second mixing supply branch is coupled to a second inlet aperture of the at least one inlet aperture, and wherein the first and second inlet apertures are circumferentially spaced apart along the can and the first and second mixing supply branches have different orientations relative to the can to cause circumferential circulation of the airflow within the main mixing chamber in a common rotational direction.
Clause 11. The airflow mix manifold of any of Clauses 1-10, further comprising a flow straightener located within the secondary mixing chamber of the tower, wherein the flow straightener is configured to redirect the airflow received from the main mixing chamber toward the one or more outlets.
Clause 12. A method for conditioning airflow, the method comprising:
Clause 13. The method of Clause 12, further comprising:
Clause 14. The method of Clause 12 or Clause 13, wherein the moisture collection gutter includes a scupper trough that defines an annular channel, and the method further comprises draining the moisture from the airflow mix manifold via one or more drainage ports of the scupper trough.
Clause 15. The method of any of Clauses 12-14, wherein the airflow mix manifold includes a tower that is mounted to the can and defines a secondary mixing chamber, wherein said directing the mixed airflow downstream of the main mixing chamber and the moisture collection gutter comprises directing the mixed airflow through a flow straightener and into the secondary mixing chamber, and wherein the tower includes the one or more outlets of the airflow mix manifold.
Clause 16. The method of any of Clauses 12-15, further comprising installing the airflow mix manifold within an aircraft.
Clause 17. An airflow mix manifold comprising:
Clause 18. The airflow mix manifold of Clause 17, further comprising a tower extending from the can, wherein the tower defines a secondary mixing chamber and includes one or more outlets, and wherein the secondary mixing chamber is configured to receive the airflow downstream of the can and to direct the airflow to the one or more outlets.
Clause 19. The airflow mix manifold of Clause 17 or Clause 18, wherein the merged segment includes a distal end of the first intake conduit disposed within the branch mixing chamber, wherein the distal end of the first intake conduit is surrounded by a portion of the second intake conduit, and wherein the mixing supply branch includes a flow interleaver nozzle mounted to the distal end of the first intake conduit.
Clause 20. The airflow mix manifold of any of Clauses 17-19, wherein the moisture collection gutter includes a scupper trough that defines an annular channel, and wherein the annular channel is configured to receive the moisture from the airflow and to drain the moisture outside of the can.
While various spatial and direction terms such as top, bottom, lower, mid, lateral, horizontal, vertical, front and the like can be used to describe embodiments of the present disclosure, it is understood that such terms are merely used with respect to the orientations shown in the drawings. The orientations can be inverted, rotated, or otherwise changed, such that an upper portion is a lower portion, and vice versa, horizontal becomes vertical, and the like.
As used herein, a structure, limitation, or element that is “configured to” perform a task or operation is particularly structurally formed, constructed, or adapted in a manner corresponding to the task or operation. For purposes of clarity and the avoidance of doubt, an object that is merely capable of being modified to perform the task or operation is not “configured to” perform the task or operation as used herein.
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments (and/or aspects thereof) can be used in combination with each other. In addition, many modifications can be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the various embodiments of the disclosure without departing from their scope. While the dimensions and types of materials described herein are intended to define the parameters of the various embodiments of the disclosure, the embodiments are by no means limiting and are exemplary embodiments. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the various embodiments of the disclosure should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims and the detailed description herein, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Moreover, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. Further, the limitations of the following claims are not written in means-plus-function format and are not intended to be interpreted based on 35 U.S.C. § 112 (f), unless and until such claim limitations expressly use the phrase “means for” followed by a statement of function void of further structure.
This written description uses examples to disclose the various embodiments of the disclosure, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various embodiments of the disclosure, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the various embodiments of the disclosure is defined by the claims, and can include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if the examples have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if the examples include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
