Airfoil shape for a turbine nozzle

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 7527473
  • Patent Number
    7,527,473
  • Date Filed
    Thursday, October 26, 2006
    18 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, May 5, 2009
    15 years ago
Abstract
The first stage nozzles have airfoil profiles substantially in accordance with Cartesian coordinate values of X, Y and Z set forth Table I. The X and Y values are in inches and the Z value is in inches along the nozzle stacking axis coincident with a turbine radius. The X and Y distances may be scalable as a function of the same constant or number to provide a scaled up or scaled down airfoil section for the nozzle. The nominal airfoil given by the X, Y and Z distances lies within an envelope of±0.160 inches.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a turbine nozzle for a gas turbine and particularly relates to a first stage turbine nozzle airfoil profile.


In a gas turbine, many system requirements should be met at each stage of a gas turbine's flow path section to meet design goals. These design goals include, but are not limited to, overall improved efficiency and airfoil loading capability. For example, and in no way limiting of the invention, a nozzle of a turbine should achieve thermal and mechanical operating requirements for that particular stage.


Airfoil points have been patented as demonstrated by Barry et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,209. Barry et al. identified from 100-150 points per section with each section at a spacing of 0.52″, a stagger angle vs. radius, a throat angle vs. radius and a camber vs. radius. The number of points defined is dependent upon the rate of change of curvature of the section. In other words, for areas with higher curvature more points are used to define that region.


BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine nozzle having an airfoil shape in an envelope within ±0.160 inches in a direction normal to any airfoil surface location wherein the airfoil has a nominal profile substantially in accordance with Cartesian coordinate values of X, Y and Z set forth in Table I. X and Y are distances in inches defining the airfoil profile at each distance Z, the profiles at the Z distances being joined smoothly with one another to form a complete airfoil shape.


In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine nozzle having an uncoated nominal airfoil profile substantially in accordance with Cartesian coordinate values of X, Y and Z set forth in Table I. X and Y are distances in inches defining the airfoil profile at each distance Z. The profiles at the Z distances are joined smoothly with one another to form a complete airfoil shape. The X and Y distances are scalable as a function of the same constant or number to provide a scaled-up or scaled-down nozzle airfoil.


In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine with a nozzle arrangement having a plurality of nozzles. Each nozzle includes an airfoil having an uncoated nominal airfoil profile substantially in accordance with Cartesian coordinate values of X, Y, and Z set forth in Table I. X and Y are distances in inches which, when connected by smooth continuing arcs, define airfoil profile sections at each distance Z in inches. The profile sections at the Z distance are joined smoothly with one another to form a complete airfoil shape.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS


FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a turbine having a first stage turbine nozzle arrangement employing the nozzles and nozzle airfoils;



FIG. 2 illustrates a frontal view of a first stage turbine nozzle including an airfoil and sidewalls in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;



FIG. 3 illustrates a suction side view of a first stage turbine nozzle including an airfoil and sidewalls in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;



FIG. 4 illustrates a pressure side isometric view of a first stage turbine nozzle including an airfoil and sidewalls in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and



FIG. 5 illustrates a typical section through the airfoil including point coordinates with respect to the coordinate system orientation.





DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The embodiments of the present invention have many advantages, including defining airfoils for nozzles satisfying the restrictive thermal and mechanical operating requirements for that particular stage that a nozzle of a turbine should achieve.


In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a unique airfoil profile is provided for the nozzles of a turbine stage, preferably the first stage of a gas turbine. The nozzle airfoil profile is defined by a unique loci of points to achieve the necessary efficiency whereby improved turbine performance is obtained. These unique loci of points define the nominal airfoil profile and are identified by the X, Y and Z Cartesian coordinates of Table I. The 1387 points for the coordinate values provided in Table I are for a cold (i.e., room temperature) profile at various planar cross-sections of the nozzle airfoil along its length. The X and Y coordinates are given in distance dimensions, e.g., units of inches, and are joined smoothly at each Z location to form a smooth continuous airfoil cross-section. The Z coordinates are given in length dimension of inches along a nozzle stacking axis coincident with a radius from the axis of turbine rotation. Each defined cross-section is then joined smoothly with adjacent cross-sections to form the complete airfoil shape.


It will be appreciated that as each nozzle airfoil heats up in use, the profile will change as a result of stress and temperature. Thus, the cold or room temperature profile is given by the X, Y and Z coordinates for manufacturing purposes. Since the manufactured nozzle airfoil profile may be different from the nominal airfoil profile given by the following table, a distance of plus or minus 0.160 inches from the nominal profile in a direction normal to any airfoil surface location along the nominal defines the profile envelope for this nozzle airfoil. The envelope includes any possible airfoil surface coating process. The design is robust to this variation without impairment of the mechanical and aerodynamic functions.


It will also be appreciated that the airfoil can be scaled up or scaled down geometrically for introduction into similar turbine designs. Consequently, the X, Y, and Z coordinates in inches of the nominal airfoil profile given below are a function of the same constant or number. That is, the X and Y and optionally the Z coordinate values in inches may be multiplied or divided by the same constant or number to provide a scaled up or scaled down version of the nozzle airfoil profile while retaining the airfoil section shape.



FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an exemplary turbine having a first stage turbine nozzle arrangement employing nozzles and nozzle airfoils. The turbine 100 includes a first stage 110, a second stage 120 and third stage 130. Each stage includes a nozzle arrangement 140 in conjunction with respective buckets 145 of the various stages of a rotor. It will be appreciated that a three stage turbine is illustrated, however, turbines come in many different configurations of and numbers of stages, nozzle arrangements, and buckets.


The nozzles are suitably mounted on the surrounding hardware by means not shown. The airfoil 150 and sidewalls 160 are collectively referred to as a nozzle. The airfoil has a profile including a 3-dimensional shape with suction and pressure sides, respectively, as well as a leading edge and trailing edge.


The first stage includes a single airfoil nozzle arrangement and rotor assembly whereby the nozzles 140 are upstream of the buckets 145. It will be appreciated that a plurality of the nozzles are spaced circumferentially, one from the other, about the first stage nozzle arrangement and in this instance there are forty eight (48) nozzles mounted on the first stage nozzle arrangement.


Referring now to FIGS. 2, 3, and 4, there is illustrated a first stage turbine nozzle constructed in accordance with one aspect of the present invention including an airfoil mounted between an inner and an outer sidewall. Fillets are not included in point definition.



FIG. 2 illustrates a frontal view of an exemplary first stage turbine nozzle 200 including an airfoil 210, an inner sidewall 260, and the outer sidewall 270 in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. A leading edge 240 and a trailing edge 250 for the airfoil 210 are identified.



FIG. 3 illustrates a suction side view of the exemplary first stage turbine nozzle 200 including the airfoil 210, the inner sidewall 260 and the outer sidewall 270 in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. The suction side 220, the leading edge 240 and the trailing edge 250 of the airfoil 210 are identified.



FIG. 4 illustrates a pressure side isometric view of a first stage turbine nozzle 200 including the airfoil 210 and the inner sidewall 260 and the outer sidewall 270 in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. The pressure side 230, the leading edge 240 and the trailing edge 250 of the airfoil 210 are identified.



FIG. 5 illustrates a typical section through the airfoil, including point coordinates with respect to a coordinate system orientation. A typical section 500 through the airfoil, including a pressure side 510, a suction side 520, a leading edge 530 and a trailing edge 540, are identified. FIG. 5 also shows the typical distribution of coordinate points for a section taken from Table 1. The points are defined such that a greater concentration of points represent the areas in which the rate of change of the curvature is greater as seen at the leading edge 530 and trailing edge 540. This captures the true intent and criticality of the airfoil shape for operation.


A Cartesian coordinate system 550 of X, Y and Z values given in Table I defines the profile of nozzle airfoil. The coordinate values for the X, Y, and Z coordinates are set forth in inches in Table I although other units of dimensions may be used. The Cartesian coordinate system has orthogonally-related X, Y and Z axes with the Z axis extending perpendicular to a plane normal to a plane containing the X and Y values. The Z distance commences at 0 at the turbine centerline. The Y axis lies parallel to the turbine rotor centerline, i.e., the rotary axis. The X, Y and Z axes for the Cartesian coordinate system 550 are represented in FIG. 5 as XC 560, YC 570 and ZC 580.


By defining X and Y coordinate values at selected locations in a Z direction normal to the X, Y plane, the profile of the airfoil can be ascertained. By connecting the X and Y values with smooth continuing arcs, each profile section at each distance Z is fixed. The surface profiles of the various surface locations between the distances Z are determined by smoothly connecting the adjacent cross-sections to one another to form the airfoil surface. These values represent the airfoil profiles at ambient, non-operating or non-hot conditions and are for an uncoated airfoil. The sign convention assigns a positive value to Z values and positive and negative values for the X and Y coordinates as typically used in Cartesian coordinate systems.


The Table I values are generated and shown for determining the profile of the airfoil. There are typical manufacturing tolerances, as well as coatings, which must be accounted for in the actual profile of the airfoil. Accordingly, the values for the profile given in Table I are for a nominal airfoil. It will therefore be appreciated that ±typical manufacturing tolerances, i.e. ±values, including any coating thicknesses, are additive to the X and Y values given in Table I below. Accordingly, a distance of ±0.160 inches in a direction normal to any surface location along the airfoil profile defines an airfoil profile envelope for this particular nozzle airfoil design and turbine.









TABLE 1







The coordinate values given below provide the preferred


nominal profile envelope information regarding the XYZ


coordinates which are optimized for the 1st stage nozzle


of a 7FB integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)


gas turbine by the General Electric Company.









X
Y
Z












4.7328
−3.8081
41.17


5.8501
−2.5953
41.17


4.9731
−3.7668
41.17


4.1862
−3.1397
41.17


4.6859
−3.8006
41.17


5.1804
−3.6101
41.17


4.3477
−3.5342
41.17


5.565
−3.1712
41.17


4.4065
−3.6227
41.17


5.7466
−1.9003
41.17


4.2202
−3.2462
41.17


4.7802
−3.8106
41.17


5.8051
−2.7404
41.17


5.1037
−3.6812
41.17


5.3978
−3.3777
41.17


5.8088
−2.0246
41.17


4.3221
−3.4874
41.17


4.3755
−3.5795
41.17


5.6247
−3.0855
41.17


4.8745
−3.8003
41.17


4.5848
−3.7664
41.17


5.7762
−2.811
41.17


5.019
−3.7423
41.17


5.7309
−2.9055
41.17


4.8276
−3.8079
41.17


5.877
−2.3699
41.17


5.0624
−3.7134
41.17


4.4412
−3.6627
41.17


5.3081
−3.4759
41.17


4.2566
−3.344
41.17


5.8328
−2.0897
41.17


4.1556
−3.0322
41.17


5.7799
−1.9614
41.17


5.8653
−2.2248
41.17


4.9248
−3.7863
41.17


4.2985
−3.4396
41.17


5.8517
−2.1566
41.17


4.64
−3.7883
41.17


5.6985
−1.8257
41.17


5.8299
−2.6685
41.17


5.8738
−2.2939
41.17


5.1429
−3.6465
41.17


5.6447
−1.755
41.17


5.6802
−2.9969
41.17


5.2169
−3.5728
41.17


5.4838
−3.2764
41.17


5.8741
−2.4457
41.17


4.4848
−3.7029
41.17


5.865
−2.521
41.17


4.5328
−3.7377
41.17


5.2994
−1.4455
41.17


4.6639
−1.1048
41.17


3.8357
−2.1907
41.17


4.066
−2.7092
41.17


4.0311
−2.603
41.17


5.0174
−1.273
41.17


3.9918
−2.4984
41.17


3.8948
−2.2916
41.17


3.5438
−1.8257
41.17


3.6997
−2.0002
41.17


5.5862
−1.6884
41.17


4.0973
−2.8165
41.17


5.2077
−1.3843
41.17


5.1136
−1.327
41.17


3.624
−1.911
41.17


5.4574
−1.5666
41.17


5.3883
−1.5108
41.17


3.9475
−2.396
41.17


4.7926
−1.1616
41.17


4.271
−0.9524
41.17


4.1266
−2.9243
41.17


3.4428
−1.7282
41.17


4.4029
−1.0006
41.17


5.5235
−1.6257
41.17


4.9195
−1.2222
41.17


4.5339
−1.0513
41.17


3.3373
−1.6355
41.17


3.7705
−2.0935
41.17


−0.0293
0.0285
41.17


0.0088
−0.0338
41.17


−0.0243
0.0636
41.17


−0.0264
0.0109
41.17


1.8163
−0.2823
41.17


0.122
−0.0887
41.17


2.5292
−1.0959
41.17


0.0274
−0.0461
41.17


4.0192
−0.8668
41.17


0.9015
−0.3772
41.17


0.5669
−0.2551
41.17


2.8462
−1.2826
41.17


2.7401
−0.5038
41.17


2.108
−0.8764
41.17


−0.017
0.0797
41.17


0.3079
0.0461
41.17


3.0005
−1.3829
41.17


0.1774
−0.1103
41.17


3.7655
−0.787
41.17


1.2352
−0.5022
41.17


3.1157
−1.4633
41.17


2.2789
−0.3902
41.17


2.32
−0.9834
41.17


2.9976
−0.5704
41.17


3.5105
−0.7114
41.17


0.0469
−0.0568
41.17


0.1335
0.0825
41.17


−0.0047
0.0924
41.17


1.4564
−0.5888
41.17


−0.0282
0.0462
41.17


0.6565
−0.0273
41.17


0.0899
0.0914
41.17


0.0287
0.1031
41.17


−0.0079
−0.0191
41.17


3.2282
−1.5474
41.17


0.3996
−0.1939
41.17


3.2544
−0.6394
41.17


1.6759
−0.6796
41.17


1.8932
−0.7753
41.17


1.3528
−0.1783
41.17


2.6888
−1.1872
41.17


−0.0189
−0.0052
41.17


0.0463
0.101
41.17


0.0112
0.1004
41.17


0.2328
−0.1315
41.17


−0.0243
0.0636
41.17


0.067
−0.0664
41.17


4.8127
−3.8632
41.69


5.7742
−2.9544
41.69


4.5644
−3.7863
41.69


4.3716
−3.5618
41.69


5.0541
−3.7965
41.69


4.2733
−3.3436
41.69


4.4017
−3.6137
41.69


4.1874
−3.0716
41.69


5.6866
−1.795
41.69


5.8744
−2.7156
41.69


5.8493
−2.7881
41.69


4.1577
−2.9629
41.69


5.9187
−2.3379
41.69


5.8963
−2.1995
41.69


4.7649
−3.8602
41.69


4.2951
−3.3993
41.69


5.922
−2.4145
41.69


4.7177
−3.852
41.69


5.8234
−2.0028
41.69


5.8527
−2.0665
41.69


5.8948
−2.6418
41.69


4.4352
−3.6631
41.69


4.4734
−3.709
41.69


5.7229
−3.0466
41.69


4.6716
−3.839
41.69


5.6667
−3.1357
41.69


4.9079
−3.8537
41.69


5.9101
−2.2683
41.69


5.14
−3.7355
41.69


4.253
−3.2873
41.69


5.7897
−1.9413
41.69


5.437
−3.4298
41.69


4.9588
−3.8401
41.69


4.6163
−3.8161
41.69


4.8605
−3.861
41.69


5.1797
−3.7007
41.69


5.9099
−2.5669
41.69


4.2185
−3.1799
41.69


4.3441
−3.5085
41.69


4.3187
−3.4542
41.69


4.5166
−3.7504
41.69


5.0982
−3.7677
41.69


5.82
−2.8592
41.69


5.2545
−3.6264
41.69


5.5241
−3.3279
41.69


5.9191
−2.491
41.69


5.0077
−3.8208
41.69


5.7409
−1.8662
41.69


5.6274
−1.7279
41.69


5.8771
−2.1321
41.69


5.2176
−3.6641
41.69


5.3465
−3.5288
41.69


5.6062
−3.222
41.69


4.8279
−1.1952
41.69


4.1278
−2.8543
41.69


4.5674
−1.0831
41.69


3.6473
−1.9424
41.69


5.4975
−1.605
41.69


5.246
−1.4209
41.69


3.9743
−2.4311
41.69


4.6983
−1.1375
41.69


4.0956
−2.7463
41.69


3.465
−1.7575
41.69


5.5642
−1.6646
41.69


3.7236
−2.0324
41.69


5.1512
−1.3628
41.69


4.0196
−2.5342
41.69


4.3027
−0.9821
41.69


3.8608
−2.2245
41.69


5.428
−1.5487
41.69


5.0543
−1.3082
41.69


4.0598
−2.6394
41.69


3.359
−1.6638
41.69


4.4355
−1.0314
41.69


5.3383
−1.4827
41.69


4.9557
−1.2567
41.69


3.7949
−2.1265
41.69


3.5667
−1.8562
41.69


3.9207
−2.3261
41.69


0.0297
0.1033
41.69


−0.0167
0.0803
41.69


0.0278
−0.0464
41.69


2.761
−0.5223
41.69


0.5709
−0.2598
41.69


0.2346
−0.1334
41.69


0.0474
0.101
41.69


1.4664
−0.6005
41.69


0.0475
−0.0572
41.69


1.8304
−0.2944
41.69


1.2438
−0.5121
41.69


2.5461
−1.1164
41.69


−0.0295
0.0287
41.69


0.3109
0.0443
41.69


0.1231
−0.0897
41.69


3.7937
−0.8128
41.69


3.2492
−1.5744
41.69


2.8651
−1.3059
41.69


−0.0078
−0.0192
41.69


0.1352
0.0819
41.69


0.0119
0.1009
41.69


1.6873
−0.693
41.69


−0.0041
0.093
41.69


2.7068
−1.2091
41.69


−0.019
−0.0052
41.69


2.2964
−0.4055
41.69


0.0677
−0.0669
41.69


0.0913
0.091
41.69


3.0203
−0.5907
41.69


−0.0242
0.0641
41.69


3.5369
−0.7354
41.69


4.0492
−0.8946
41.69


3.279
−0.6616
41.69


2.3356
−1.0021
41.69


1.906
−0.7904
41.69


1.3635
−0.1872
41.69


3.1362
−1.4892
41.69


0.9078
−0.3846
41.69


0.4025
−0.1972
41.69


2.1222
−0.8934
41.69


−0.0242
0.0641
41.69


−0.0282
0.0466
41.69


3.0203
−1.4077
41.69


0.0091
−0.0339
41.69


−0.0266
0.011
41.69


0.1788
−0.1117
41.69


0.6621
−0.0314
41.69


5.9408
−2.2422
42.21


5.2922
−3.6801
42.21


5.9393
−2.6882
42.21


5.8962
−2.1081
42.21


5.7086
−3.1859
42.21


4.1887
−3.0015
42.21


4.3282
−3.4412
42.21


5.9186
−2.7626
42.21


4.2191
−3.111
42.21


4.2508
−3.2201
42.21


5.9638
−2.3819
42.21


4.7034
−3.8893
42.21


4.2858
−3.3283
42.21


4.3062
−3.3851
42.21


4.3518
−3.4967
42.21


4.3773
−3.5515
42.21


4.4047
−3.6054
42.21


4.4346
−3.658
42.21


4.4679
−3.7082
42.21


4.5058
−3.7551
42.21


4.5397
−3.7893
42.21


4.5767
−3.8203
42.21


5.8932
−2.8357
42.21


5.9641
−2.5362
42.21


5.8321
−1.982
42.21


4.6165
−3.8476
42.21


5.4764
−3.482
42.21


4.6588
−3.8707
42.21


5.5644
−3.3794
42.21


5.8173
−3.0033
42.21


4.7497
−3.9031
42.21


4.7972
−3.9119
42.21


4.8454
−3.9156
42.21


5.9547
−2.6127
42.21


4.8936
−3.9139
42.21


5.6685
−1.767
42.21


4.9415
−3.907
42.21


4.9929
−3.8938
42.21


5.0424
−3.8749
42.21


5.7829
−1.9064
42.21


5.7654
−3.0961
42.21


5.0895
−3.8507
42.21


5.8636
−2.9073
42.21


5.955
−2.3116
42.21


5.1341
−3.822
42.21


5.1764
−3.7898
42.21


5.2166
−3.7548
42.21


5.9212
−2.1742
42.21


5.8664
−2.0439
42.21


5.3851
−3.5817
42.21


5.7281
−1.8346
42.21


5.255
−3.7181
42.21


5.6475
−3.2728
42.21


5.9671
−2.459
42.21


4.001
−2.4662
42.21


4.0472
−2.5699
42.21


4.0884
−2.6758
42.21


4.125
−2.7834
42.21


4.158
−2.8921
42.21


5.6048
−1.7033
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0.1909
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0.9589
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1.5475
−0.7176
46.37









It will also be appreciated that the airfoil disclosed in Table I may be scaled up or down geometrically for use in similar turbine designs. Consequently, the coordinate values set forth in Table I may be scaled upwardly or downwardly such that the airfoil section shape remains unchanged. A scaled version of the coordinates in Table I would be represented by X, Y and, optionally, Z coordinate values (after the Z values have been converted to inches) multiplied or divided by the same constant or number.


While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment. On the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims
  • 1. A turbine nozzle having an airfoil shape in an envelope within±0.160 inches in a direction normal to any airfoil surface location wherein the airfoil has a nominal profile substantially in accordance with Cartesian coordinate values of X, Y and Z set forth in Table I, X and Y being distances in inches defining the airfoil profile at each distance Z, the profiles at the Z distances being joined smoothly with one another to form a complete airfoil shape.
  • 2. The turbine nozzle according to claim 1, wherein the turbine nozzle comprises a first stage nozzle of a turbine.
  • 3. The turbine nozzle according to claim 1, wherein the Z value is measured from an intersection of a centerline of the nozzle along a radius from an axis of a turbine and a root radius of a flow path through the turbine.
  • 4. A turbine nozzle having an uncoated nominal airfoil profile substantially in accordance with Cartesian coordinate values of X, Y and Z set forth in Table I, Z being a non-dimensional value along a nozzle stacking axis coincident with a radius from a turbine axis of rotation and a Z distance in inches from said turbine axis, X and Y are distances in inches defining the airfoil profile at each distance Z, the profiles at the Z distances being joined smoothly with one another to form a complete airfoil shape.
  • 5. The turbine nozzle according to claim 4, wherein X and Y are distances being scalable as a function of the same constant or number to provide a scaled-up or scaled-down nozzle airfoil.
  • 6. The turbine nozzle according to claim 5 comprising a first stage nozzle of a turbine.
  • 7. The turbine nozzle according to claim 4, wherein Z is a distance being scalable as a function of the same constant or number to provide a scaled-up or scaled-down nozzle airfoil.
  • 8. A turbine comprising a nozzle arrangement having a plurality of nozzles, each nozzle including an airfoil having an uncoated nominal airfoil profile substantially in accordance with Cartesian coordinate values of X, Y, and Z set forth in Table I, wherein X and Y are distances in inches which, when connected by smooth continuing arcs, define airfoil profile sections at each distance Z in inches, the profile sections at the Z distance being joined smoothly with one another to form a complete airfoil shape.
  • 9. The turbine according to claim 8, wherein said airfoil shape lies in an envelope within±0.160 inches in a direction normal to any airfoil surface location.
  • 10. The turbine according to claim 9, wherein the nozzle arrangement comprises a first stage nozzle of the turbine.
  • 11. The turbine according to claim 10, wherein the first stage nozzle comprises 48 nozzles and Y represents a distance parallel to an axis of rotation of the turbine.
  • 12. The turbine according to claim 8, wherein the nominal profile for said airfoil comprises an uncoated nominal profile, said X and Y distances being scalable as a function of the same constant or number.
  • 13. The turbine according to claim 12, wherein the nozzle arrangement comprises a first stage nozzle of the turbine.
  • 14. The turbine according to claim 13, wherein the first stage nozzle comprises 48 nozzles and Y represents a distance parallel to an axis of rotation of the turbine.
  • 15. The turbine according to claim 8, wherein said Z distance being scalable as a function of the same constant or number.
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Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20080101925 A1 May 2008 US