Patent Application
20240158991
Oil-in-water emulsions and a method of making the emulsions are provided. In particular, the preparation of alkyl ketone dimer emulsions is described. This 3-component emulsion is easy to prepare using low emulsification ability - high shear speed capability equipment to prepare the AKD emulsion with excellent quality, high efficiency, and less preparation time.
Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) and a paraffin wax are applied in papermaking system as the sizing agent that provides water resistance. These substances are hydrophobic and are produced as liquid oil or solid wax. Normally, the additives need to be dispersed as an oil-in-water emulsion before being used in a paper making system. To get good application performance, the emulsion of these hydrophobic materials must have certain characteristics. The emulsions must be stable for a time sufficient to get them from the point of manufacture to the paper machine without loss of properties, physical or chemical.
Because of these requirements, the preparation of emulsions of hydrophobic paper sizing agents has been the basis for improving stability and/or sizing efficiency of the product. Prior attempts have included producing stable high solids dispersions of ketene dimer by incorporating water soluble carboxylic acids in a standard starch-based stabilization system or by using cationic starches with a higher degree of substitution as an emulsifier. Other process have used post-addition of cationic polymers to the dispersions of hydrophobic cellulose reactive sizing agents which are prepared with starch. Other attempts were made using post-addition of water-soluble polymers to starch stabilized dispersions of hydrophobic paper sizing agents in an attempt to improve stability and size performance. :However, all of the dispersions of hydrophobic cellulose reactive sizing described above were stabilized by starch.
In addition to starches, other polymers have been used in an effort to stabilize aqueous dispersions of cellulose reactive sizing agents, such as an anionic, hydrophobically modified cellulose derivative used to provide improved sizing efficacy in paper making furnishes. Other process have used cellulose reactive sizing agents with a coacervate dispersion agent comprising an anionic component and a cationic component to stabilize the emulsion and improve sizing performance.
With the formulation improvement, the ways of production are equally important. In hydrophobic dispersants or oil emulsions production processes, there are generally four steps that are employed. A water and oil phase preparation step, a premix step, a homogenization step, and a cooling step. The water phase preparation involves cooking a starch or dissolving polymer into water. For the starch stabilized hydrophobic dispersants, starch cooking takes times and could lead to stabilization problems of final emulsions. The premix preparation step refers to the formation of a coarse emulsion of hydrophobic materials in water phase prior to homogenization.
The coarse emulsion is pumped though a high-pressure homogenizer, for example, a Gaulin high-pressure homogenizer or a Ilia.mmel mann high-pressure pump. The big hydrophobic droplets enter the valve area at high pressure and low velocity. As the droplets enters the adjustable, close clearance area between the valve and seat, there is a rapid increase in velocity with a corresponding decrease in pressure. The intense energy release cause turbulence and localized pressure differences, which will tear apart the particles. Then the fine emulsion is formed by further reducing the droplets to less than 1 micron with a narrow particle size distribution.
In general, the limitation of the above approach is the need for complex, expensive and heavy equipment capable of exerting high homogenizing shear and/or pressures, together with rigid procedures regarding emulsifying proportions, temperatures, etc. for producing a satisfactory stable emulsion of the desired particular size.
Other processes for sizing paper products have included forming, in the absence of high shearing forces, an aqueous sizing emulsion comprising an alkenyl succinic anhydride component which is post-diluted with a cationic component. Current processes for emulsifying ASA consistently demonstrate that the low shear ASA emulsions when post-diluted with cationic starch are less effective sizing agents than high shear ASA emulsions.
Other processes have used modified starches or polymers to enhance sizing performance of low shear emulsification systems.
Other known processes teach using an aqueous emulsion containing AKD and an emulsifier selected from polyoxyalkylene alkyl or polyoxyalkylenealkylaryl ethers or corresponding mono- or diesters.
Until now, most emulsification processes require several pieces of equipment, especially when it comes to the emulsification of a formulation containing AKD and/or paraffinic wax, which in addition to the specialized equipment, involves high financial investment and a large amount of space.
It was found in the following studies that an acceptable AKD emulsion for use in papermaking can be produced by combining the AKD with a formulation containing, for example, a PolyDADMAC and/or a polyacrylamide together with a dispersant, such as a condensed polymer of naphthalene-sulfonic acid with formaldehyde. it was also found that the emulsification system could be expanded to the emulsification of other hydrophobic chemicals, such as, ASA or paraffinic wax. These formulations are easy to emulsify using a simple colloidal mill, other high speed shearing emulsification equipment, which allows for the ability to make the sizing emulsions on-site.
To simplify the oil emulsion process and lower the chemical and equipment costs, studies were done, using various combinations of chemicals, and modifying known equipment, e.g., using regeneration turbine pumps and a colloid mill which has high speed shearing capabilities. One example of a piece of equipment used in preparing emulsions of ASA's is the Hercules Prequel Starch Alkaline Size Emulsifier (HASE). The equipment was originally designed to emulsify ASA with liquid starch in a continuous process, feeding the emulsion directly to the paper machine. Although, an acceptable ASA emulsion can be prepared using this equipment, there were issues with producing AKD emulsions. The present formulation and modification of equipment solve these issues.
Additional objects, advantages, and features of what is claimed will be set forth in the description that follows and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art, upon examination of the following or may be learned by the practice of the technology. The objects and advantages of the presently disclosed and claimed inventive concepts will be realized and attained by means of the compositions and methods particularly pointed out in the appended claims, including the functional equivalents thereof.
This disclosure provides for a composition used in papermaking processes to provide water resistance of the final product. The composition is in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion that includes a first component chosen from a polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), a polyacrylamide (PAM), a polyamine, a polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyvinyl alcohol, and combinations thereof; a second component chosen from an alkyl ketene dimer (RD), alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA), a paraffin wax, or any combination thereof; and a dispersant. The emulsion can optionally contain fatty acids, such as stearic acid.
This disclosure also provides for a method of preparing an oil-in- - water emulsion. The method includes providing a composition comprising a first component chosen from a polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), a polyacrylamide wAm), a polyamine, a polyethyleneimine (PEI), a polyvinyl alcohol, or any combination thereof; a second component chosen from an alkyl ketene dimer, alkenyl succinic anhydride, paraffin wax, and combinations thereof; and a dispersant. The composition is homogenized, thus producing the emulsion.
Finally, this disclosure provides for a method of forming a paper product that includes adding to a papermaking process an emulsion composition comprising a first component chosen from a polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), a polyacrylamide (PAM), a polyamine, a polyethyleneimine (PEI), a polyvinyl alcohol, or any combination thereof; a second component chosen from an alkyl ketene dimer, alkenyl succinic anhydride, paraffin wax, or combinations thereof; and a dispersant. The emulsion composition can be added to the wet-end of a papermaking process or applied to the surface of the formed paper.
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of the invention. As used herein, the word “exemplary” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Thus, any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. All of the embodiments described herein are exemplary embodiments provided to enable persons skilled in the art to make or use the invention and not to limit the scope of the invention which is defined by the claims. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary, or the following detailed description.
Provided is an emulsion composition that can be added to the wet end of a papermaking process or applied to the surface of the formed paper to provide resistance to aqueous liquids. The emulsion composition contains a first component chosen from a polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), a polyacrylamide (PAM), a polyamine, a polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyvinyl alcohol, or any combination thereof; a second component chosen from an alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA), a paraffin wax, and combinations thereof; and a dispersant.
The emulsion composition is based upon a coacervate concept, wherein two oppositely charged polymers (anionic and cationic) are mixed in such a proportion to produce a stabilized colloidal coacervate which functions as an emulsifier or dispersant and stabilizes the emulsified or dispersed sizing agents.
In some aspects, the anionic component is an anionic polyelectrolyte selected from the group consisting of a polycarboxylate, polysulfate and polysulfonate, such as a lignosulfonate. The cationic component can be chosen from a cationic polyamine, a polysulfonium, a polyamidoainine, or combinations thereof.
In some aspects of the emulsion composition, a first component is chosen from a polymer which could be anionic, cationic, or non-anionic. The polyamines may be primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, or quaternary amines or may contain a mixture of different strength amine groups such as polyethyleneimine. The polymers which are particularly useful in these compositions include homopolymers and copolymers having a molecular weight (Mw) of about 10,000 or higher, as determined by size exclusion chromatography.
In some aspects of the emulsion composition, a quaternaty polyamine, such as poly (diallyldialkylammonium chloride) is used wherein the alkyl moiety has I to about 6 carbons; a polyvinylamine; and their derivatives. Other cationic components can be a quaternary polyamine such as a poly(diallyldialkylammonium chloride), wherein the alkyl moiety has I to about 6 carbons.
In the context of the present application the term “a polyacrylamide” denotes a polyacrylamide where both cationic and anionic units are present in an aqueous solution. Amphoteric polyacrylamide is obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide or methactylamide together with both anionic and cationic monomers. The amphoteric polyacrylamide can be obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide together with both anionic and cationic monomers. In some aspects of the emulsion composition, alley ketene dimers having general formula (I)
wherein R1 and R2 represent saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, the hydrocarbon groups having from 8 to 36 carbon atoms and can be straight or branched and having 6 chain alkyl groups and 12 to 20 carbon atoms, such as hexadecyl and octadecyl groups.
The alkenyl succinic anhydrides (ASA) used in this invention are well known and are composed of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains containing pendant succinic anhydride groups.
ASA, which are preferred in this invention, are usually made in a two-step process starting with an alpha olefin. The olefin is first isomerized by randomly moving the double bond from the alpha position, in the second step the isomerized olefin is reacted with an excess of maleic anhydride to give the final ASA structure as indicated in the following reaction scheme.
Isomerized Olefin, Maleic Anhydride, or Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) results if the isomerization step is omitted. ASA's that are solid at room temperature may be produced if the chain length of the starting alpha olefin is in the C-14 to C-22 range and may be linear or branched. For the purpose of current compositions, the ASA's were prepared by reaction of maleic anhydride: with olefins containing 14-18 carbon atoms, Typical ASA's are commercially available fr©m Albemarle Corporation, Baton Rouge, La. Representative starting olefins for reaction with maleic anhydride to prepare ASAs for use in the present formulation include: octadecene, tetradecene, hexadecene, eicodecene, 2-nhexyl-1-octene, 2-n-octyl-1-dodecene, 2-n-octyl-l-decene, 2-n-dodecyl-l-octene, 2-n-octyl-1-octene, 2-n-octyl-1- nonene, 2-n-hexyl-1-decent: and 2-n-heptyl-1-octene.
The paraffin wax is generally Obtained through separation and extraction of a hydrocarbon of good crystallizability from the oily distillate moiety in reduced-pressure distillation of crude oil. It is a colorless or white transparent solid wax containing a linear hydrocarbon as the main ingredient and has a melting point of about 40° C. to about 90° C. Other exemplary hydrophobic acid anhydrides that may be stabilized with the polymers of this formulation are useful as sizing agents.
In some aspects of the emulsion composition, the dispersant is an anionic surface-active polyelectrolyte, such as polycarboxylates (e.g., polyaciylates, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydrolyzed polyacrylamides), polysulfates (e.g., polyvinyl sulfate, polyethylene sulfate) or polysulfonates (e.g., polyvinyl sulfonate, lignin sulfonates).
In some aspects of the emulsion composition, the anionic surfactants can be chosen from alkyl, aryl or alkyl aryl sulfates, alkyl, aryl or alkyl aryl carboxylates, alkyl, aryl or alkyl aryl sulfonates, or combinations thereof
In some aspects, the alkyl moieties can have from 1 to about 18 carbons, the aryl moieties can have from about 6 to about 12 carbons, and the alkyl aryl moieties can have from about 7 to about 30 carbons. The moieties can be propyl, butyl, hexyl, decyl, dodecyl, phenyl, or benzyl groups, and linear or branched alkyl benzene derivatives of the carboxylates, sulfates, and sulfonates.
In other aspects, the anionic component can be chosen from polycarboxylates, polysulfates and polysulfonates. These can include a ligno- or lignin sulfonate, such as the sodium salt, calcium salt, ammonium salt, iron salt or chromium salt.
In one aspect, the anionic component can be sodium lignosulfonate or a naphthalene-sulfonic acid with formaldehyde condensed polymer, for example BASF's Tamol™ line of products, such as Tamor™ NN9401.
In some aspects of the emulsion, the composition comprises the first component in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, or from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition
In some aspects of the emulsion, the second component in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, or from about 1 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, or from about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition.
In yet other aspects of the emulsion, the dispersant is present in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % or from about 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt. %, or from about 0.25 wt. % to about 0.75 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition.
In yet other aspects of the emulsion, the composition further contains fatty acid, such as stearic acid. The fatty acid can be present in the composition in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 10 wt. %, or from 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition.
In still other aspects of the emulsion composition, the emulsion is added to a papermaking furnish prior to forming a paper product or the emulsion composition can be applied to the outer surface of the formed paper. This results in higher water resistance to aqueous liquids of the formed product when compared with an untreated paper, in which water resistance studies were conducted using the TAPPI T 441 Cobb Test.
In some aspects, there is provided a method of preparing an oil-in-water emulsion. The method includes providing an emulsion composition that includes a first component chosen from a polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), a polyacrylamide (PAM), a polyamine, a polyethyleneimine (PEI), a polyvinyl alcohol, and combinations thereof; a second component chosen from an alkyl ketene dimer, alkenyl succinic anhydride, paraffin wax, and combinations thereof; and a dispersant. The composition is homogenized thereby producing the emulsion.
In some aspects of the method, the first component is chosen from a polyDADMAC or a polyDADMAC derivative, such as a copolymer of acrylamide and diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride.
In some aspects of the method, the second component is an alkyl ketene dimer.
In some aspects of the method, the dispersant is chosen from a lignin sulfonate, a condensed polymer of naphthalene-sulfonic acid with formaldehyde, a copolymer of acrylamide and sulfonic acid, and combinations thereof
In some aspects of the method, the emulsion composition contains the first component in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, or from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition.
In other aspects of the method, the second component is present in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, or from about 1 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, or from about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition.
In yet other aspects of the method, the dispersant is present in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, or from about 0.1 wt. % to about 1.0 wt. %, or from about 0.25 wt. % to about 0.75 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition.
In some aspects of the method, the emulsion composition further includes fatty acids, for example, stearic acid. The fatty acid can be present in the composition in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 10 wt. %, or from about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. %. based on the total weight of the composition.
In some aspects of the method, the composition is homogenized using a rotor%stator generator, a high-pressure device, or a sonic disruptor.
In some aspects of the method, the composition is homogenized using a rotorlstator generator having a linear shear force of at least 23 mls, such as a colloidal mill,
In other aspects of the method, the composition is homogenized using a high-pressure device, such as piston pump.
In some aspects of the method, the emulsion has a mean particle size of less than 2 micron and can be less than 1 micron.
In yet other aspects, provided is a method of forming a paper product that includes providing an emulsion composition containing a first component chosen from a polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), a polyacrylamide wAm), a polyamine, a polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyvinyl alcohol, and combinations thereof; a second component chosen from an alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA), a paraffin wax, and combinations thereof; and a dispersant.
The emulsion composition can be added to the furnish at any point of the papermaking process, for example, at the blend chest or other points in the wet-end of the process. The emulsion composition can also be applied to the surface of the paper produced, for example, at the forming section, dryer section or calendar rolls. The emulsion can be applied by spraying, coating, film transferring, soaking, or other known means used in pa.permaking.
In some aspects of the method, the paper product can be, for example, paperboard, cardboard, and aseptic packaging, copy paper and coated paper among other paper products.
An AKD emulsification study was accomplished using Waring blender method. The study looked at the emulsification ability of different mill starch with Prequel™ products (calcium salts of long chain fatty acids). The following steps were followed:
Aqueous phase preparation—Charge the target water and mix well with Tamol™ with overhead stirrer in a 2-liter(?) glass beaker while maintaining a stirring speed of about 500 to 800 rpm. and charge required gram of polymer to homogenize with Tamol™ for 5 min. Adjust pH to 4.5. The 2-liter glass beaker with emulsion was placed int© a water bath and heated this phase (aqueous phase) to 70° C.
Emulsification step—The aqueous phase (at 70° C.) and melted AKD (the AKD was kept in a pre-heated oven at 85° C.) were combined in a Waring blender equipped four- blades and capable of generating high shear force capable of breaking the oil into small droplets forming an emulsion. The blender was capped and set on the highest speed setting and the contents homogenized for 1 minute producing an AKD oil-in-water emulsion, Based on the % AKD, the emulsion was diluted to 10-15% and screened with 100 mesh paper cone paint strainers. The AKD emulsion properties were obtained and a 32° C. oven stability test was conducted.
A combination of PolyDADMAC and Hercobond™ 1620 (butanedioic acid, 2-methylene-, polymer with 2-(dimethylaminoethyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, N,N-ditnethyl-2-propenamide, propenamide and sodium 2-methyl-2-propene-l-sulfonate (1:1), sulfate) were studied. In general, PolyDADMAC and Hercobond™ 1620 showed good emulsification ability compared with AKD wax as shown in Tables 1 and 2, The AKI) emulsion prepared with PolyDADMAC and Hercobond™ 1620 resulted in an emulsion having a smaller average particle size. The results also showed that different percentages of AKI) polymer and Tamol™ (naphthalenesulfonic acid, polymer with formaldehyde, sodium salt) with stirring impacted the average particle size of AKD in the final emulsion. It was also observed that better emulsification was accomplished i.e., gave the higher tear force which in turn gave the better emulsification ability, either at higher speeds of the blender or longer stirring times.
The Lab Waring blender study showed AKD wax can be adequately emulsified using a composition comprising polyDADMAC and Hercobond™ 1620.
In this study, a Hercules Prequel Starch Alkaline Size Emulsifier (HASE) was used, which includes a Burks™ regenerative turbine pump. The pump generates high shear force which can emulsify the AKD, ASA and paraffinic wax 1polyDADMAC or Hercobond™ 1620. However, unlike ASA, AKD and paraffinic wax is solid and required melting before being pumped into the turbine pump. The HASE was modified by including a blending tank for water phase preparation, a AKD melting tank, a screw pump, and a hot water tank (see
In addition to the configuration shown in
The study indicated that emulsification can be accomplished through the use of either version 1 or 2 of the BASE system. The produced emulsions were sampled, evaluated, and diluted for further oven stability testing. As shown in Table 3 and 4 below, the mean particle size of the emulsion produced by the first version system was at range of 900-1200 μm and the stability of the emulsion was poor.
However, when using the modified HASE system shown in
A size performance comparison with Hercules PTV™ M5083, a typical starch product, was conducted using the process shown in
In addition, it was found that the particle size of the emulsion was highly dependent on the ratio of AKD and polymer. Using the HASE the polyDADMAC and Hercobond™ 1620 produced acceptable emulsions with the polyDADMAC giving a lower average particle size. It was also found that the PAC help the stability of emulsion prepared with polyDADMAC. Results also indicated that adding stearic acid to the formulation resulted in lower PSD.
While the study indicated that an acceptable PSI) of the produced AKD/polyDADMAC and AKE)/Hercobond™ 1620 emulsions, results indicated that the emulsion samples were unstable after 3 days storage at room temperature and an even shorter stability time at 32° C. But for on-site application, the emulsion quality was acceptable.
Besides, AKD emulsion was prepared through the turbine pump. The ASA was also tried. The table 9, 10 and 11 shows the emulsion results. The ASA was emulsified with good particle size distribution.
The following study was done using a colloidal mill CRS 2000/05 from Shanghai SGN Machinery and Equipment Co., Ltd. An emulsification system was designed using the colloidal mill noted above and as shown in
In this study, water and Tamorim were added into the blending tank and mixed for 10 minutes at which time polymer liquid was added into the tank and pH was adjusted. The temperature of the mixture was raised to 60° C. at which time AKD was added to the blending tank and mixing continued for an additional 20 minutes, the system was started to cycle. After 1 cycle, a sample of the emulsion from the emulsion storage tank was acquired and measured. The process was continued for several cycles and once the mean particle size was measured and found to be about 1000 microns, another emulsion sample was acquired and diluted for fUrther stability testing. The emulsion was diluted by a factor of 4 and the temperature of the sampled emulsion dropped below 30° C. Circulation was continued until the mean particle size of the emulsion was below 800 micron or circulation time was more than 80 minutes. The colloidal mill was stopped, and the emulsion was collected for additional testing.
The study indicated AKD was easily emulsified when combined with Hercobonem 162.0 or polyDADMAC. The average particle size was between 0.70-0.90 mm after 1 to 6 times cycles. The Tamor to AKD ratio was fixed to 0.03:1. As shown in Table 11, 12, 13 and 14, the average particle size of the emulsion reached below 0.85 mm (850 pm) even when the ratio of AKD to Hercobond™ 1620 was increased to 13.3:1, With the exception of Sample V, the emulsions were stable after 28 days in an oven stability test where the oven temperature was set at 32° C.
The procedure described in Example 2 was used in this study. In this study two different ratios of AKD to polyDADMAC were evaluated. A ratio was 5:1 AK.D to polyDADMAC enabled the emulsion to reach a particle size below 0.9 mm (900 μm) within 25 minutes. Results can be seen in Table 15, 16 and 17.
The procedure described in Example 2 was used in this study. in this study a 5% stearic acid solution was added to AKD according to Tables 18, 19 and 20. Results show that the particle size distribution of the produced emulsion was decreased to the desired range in a shorter milling time indicating more efficient emulsification. The diluted emulsion samples were stable over the first week at 32° C. but became unstable after 7 days, As can be seen in Tables 19 and 20, the samples diluted with 3% PAC showed better stability.
The procedure described in Example 2 was used in this study. This study was done using a 7,5:1 ratio (AKD/polyDADMAC). Results can be seen in Tables 21, 22 and 24. The mean particle size of AKD emulsion was about 0.9-1.0 mm (900-1,000 μm) after 45 minutes of circulation through the system.
The procedure described in Example 2 was used in this study. in this study, stearic acid was added to the polyDADMAC in forming the emulsions, The AKD wax granules were added to the system when the colloid mill began circulation of the mixture. With the heat generated by the emulsification process, the AKD was melted and well emulsified. The temperature of the water phase was such that the AKD wax was added directly to emulsification process, thus eliminating a heating step.
It was found with the addition of stearic acid to the formulation, the desired mean particle size and particle size distribution was easily achieved. The stability study showed the samples of the diluted emulsion were stable for 2 to 3 weeks at 32° C. The diluted emulsion samples that included PAC were also found to have the desired stability. Results can be seen in Tables 24, 25 and 26.
In addition to the emulsification of AKD wax, paraffinic wax was emulsified with potyDADMAC and lignin sulfonate through the colloid mill described above. Table 27 shows the physical properties of the emulsions after preparation and after storage for 1 week. The emulsion showed good particle size distribution after going through 2 cycles of the emulsification process.
After the stability test, a number of AKD emulsion samples stored at room temperature were selected and a sizing performance comparison was accomplished comparing the AKD emulsion samples with PTV™ M5083 (starch) samples with 1?'&W and OCC furnish, respectively. In general, the AKD emulsion prepared in the trial showed a comparable size performance with PTV™ M5083 (see
In P&W system, PTV™ M5083 showed better sizing performance than when the AKD emulsion was prepared at 7.5 kg/ton. When the dosage increased, the AKD prepared with Hercobond™ 1620, showed a comparable size performance with PTV″' M5083 (typical AKI) emulsion with starch). However, the AKD emulsion prepared with polyDADMAC, showed poorer size performance. Although not to be bound by theory, this is likely caused by the high charge of polyDADMAC.
(polyamide-epichlorohydrin) and Tamol through the colloid mill described above. Table 27 shows the physical properties of the emulsions after preparation and after storage for 2, 4 weeks. The emulsion showed good particle size distribution after going through 2 cycles of the emulsification process.
While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description of the inventive subject matter, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the inventive subject matter in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the inventive subject matter. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the inventive subject matter as set forth in the appended claims.
This application claims the benefit of US Provisional application number 63/381,937, filed 2 Nov. 2022, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63381937 | Nov 2022 | US |
