Patent Grant
8173697
This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2007/004551, filed May 23, 2007, which claims the benefit of German Patent Application No. 10 2006 025 874.6, filed Jun. 2, 2006.
The present invention relates to new alkoxyalkyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols, to a number of processes for their preparation, and to their use as pesticides and/or herbicides and/or microbicides. Also subject matter of the invention are selectively herbicidal compositions which comprise alkoxyalkyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols on the one hand and a crop plant tolerance promoter compound on the other.
The present invention further relates to the boosting of the action of crop protection compositions comprising, in particular, alkoxyalkyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols, through the addition of ammonium salts or phosphonium salts and optionally penetrants, to the corresponding compositions, to processes for producing them and to their application in crop protection as insecticides and/or acaricides and/or for preventing unwanted plant growth.
For 3-acylpyrrolidine-2,4-diones pharmaceutical properties have been previously described (S. Suzuki et al. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 15 1120 (1967)). Furthermore, N-phenylpyrrolidine-2,4-diones have been synthesized by R. Schmierer and H. Mildenberger (Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1985, 1095). Biological activity of these compounds has not been described.
EP-A-0 262 399 and GB-A-2 266 888 disclose similarly structured compounds (3-arylpyrrolidine-2,4-diones) for which, however, no herbicidal, insecticidal or acaricidal action has been disclosed. Known compounds with herbicidal, insecticidal or acaricidal action are unsubstituted, bicyclic 3-arylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione derivatives (EP-A-355 599, EP-A-415 211 and JP-A-12-053 670) and also substituted monocyclic 3-arylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione derivatives (EP-A-377 893 and EP-A-442 077).
Additionally known are polycyclic 3-arylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione derivatives (EP-A-442 073) and also 1H-arylpyrrolidinedione derivatives (EP-A-456 063, EP-A-521 334, EP-A-596 298, EP-A-613 884, EP-A-613 885, WO 94/01 997, WO 95/26 954, WO 95/20 572, EP-A-0 668 267, WO 96/25 395, WO 96/35 664, WO 97/01 535, WO 97/02 243, WO 97/36 868, WO 97/43275, WO 98/05638, WO 98/06721, WO 98/25928, WO 99/24437, WO 99/43649, WO 99/48869 and WO 99/55673, WO 01/17972, WO 01/23354, WO 01/74770, WO 03/013249, WO 03/062244, WO 2004/007448, WO 2004/024 688, WO 04/065366, WO 04/080962, WO 04/111042, WO 05/044791, WO 05/044796, WO 05/048710, WO 05/049596, WO 05/066125, WO 05/092897, WO 06/000355, WO 06/029799, WO 06/056281, WO 06/056282, WO 06/089633 and DE-A-05051325). Moreover, ketal-substituted 1-H-arylpyrrolidine-2,4-diones are known from WO 99/16748, and (spiro)ketal-substituted N-alkoxyalkoxy-substituted arylpyrrolidinediones are known from JP-A-14 205 984 and Ito M. et al., Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 67, 1230-1238, (2003).
The herbicidal and/or acaricidal and/or insecticidal activity and/or breadth of action and/or the plant tolerance of the known compounds, particularly with respect to crop plants, is nevertheless not always sufficient.
New compounds of the formula (I) have now been found
in which
The compounds of the formula (I), in dependence inter alia on the nature of the substituents, may be present in the form of optical isomers or isomer mixtures, in different compositions, which if desired may be separated in a conventional manner. Not only the pure isomers but also the isomer mixtures, their preparation and use, and compositions comprising them are subject matter of the present invention. In the text below, however, for the sake of simplicity, reference will always be made to compounds of the formula (I), although this covers not only the pure compounds but also, where appropriate, mixtures with different fractions of isomeric compounds.
Including the various definitions (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) of the group G produces the following primary structures (I-a) to (I-g),
in which
In addition it has been found that the new compounds of the formula (I) are obtained by the processes described below:
Moreover, it has been found
are subjected to coupling with couplable (Het)aryl derivatives, e.g. phenylboronic acids of the formulae (XIXα) and (XIXβ)
or esters thereof in the presence of a solvent, in the presence of a catalyst (e.g. Pd complexes) and in the presence of a base (e.g. sodium carbonate, potassium phosphate).
The following compounds of the formula (I-a) have been disclosed in the context of the European patent examination proceedings relating to EP-A-835 243 and EP-A-837 847.
In addition it has been found that the new compounds of the formula (I) exhibit good activity as pesticides, preferably as insecticides and/or acaricides and/or fungicides and/or herbicides, and, furthermore, are frequently very well tolerated by plants, in particular by crop plants.
Surprisingly it has now also been found that certain substituted cyclic ketoenols, when employed together with the crop plant tolerance promoter compounds (safeners/antidotes) described later on, are extremely good at preventing damage to the crop plants and can be used with particular advantage as broad-spectrum combination products for the selective control of unwanted plants in crops of utility plants, such as in cereals but also in maize, soya and rice, for example.
The invention also provides selective-herbicidal compositions comprising an effective amount of an active-compound combination comprising as components
A general definition of the compounds of the invention is given by the formula (I). Preferred substituents and ranges of the radicals listed in the formulae mentioned above and below are elucidated in the following text:
In the radical definitions stated as being preferable, halogen or halo represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, in particular fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
In the radical definitions stated as being particularly preferable, halogen or halo represents fluorine, chlorine and bromine, in particular fluorine and chlorine.
in which
The general radical definitions and/or elucidations set out above, or those set out in ranges of preference, can be combined with one another arbitrarily, i.e. including combinations between the respective ranges and ranges of preference. They apply to the end products and also to the precursors and intermediates correspondingly.
Preference in accordance with the invention is given to the compounds of the formula (I) in which there is a combination of the definitions set out above as being preferred (preferable).
Particular preference in accordance with the invention is given to the compounds of the formula (I) in which there is a combination of the definitions set out above as being particularly preferred.
Very particular preference is given in accordance with the invention to the compounds of the formula (I) in which there is a combination of the definitions set out above as being very preferred.
Noteworthiness in accordance with the invention is accorded to the compounds of the formula (I) in which there is a combination of the definitions set out above as being notable.
Compounds of the formula (I) in which G represents hydrogen are notable.
Saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals such as alkyl, alkanediyl or alkenyl, both alone and in conjunction with heteroatoms, such as in alkoxy, for example, can as far as possible be straight-chain or branched in each case.
Optionally substituted radicals can be substituted one or more times unless indicated otherwise, and in the case of multiple substitutions the substituents can be identical or different.
Specifically, as well as the compounds specified in the Preparation Examples, mention may be made of the following compounds of the formula (I-1-a):
Preferred definitions of the groups listed above in connection with the crop plant tolerance promoter compounds (herbicide safeners) of the formulae (IIa), (IIb), (IIc), (IId) and (IIe) are defined below.
Examples of the compounds of the formula (IIa) which are very particularly preferred as herbicide safeners according to the invention are listed in the table below.
Examples of the compounds of the formula (IIb) which are very particularly preferred as herbicide safeners according to the invention are listed in the table below.
Examples of the compounds of the formula (IIc) which are very particularly preferred as herbicide safeners according to the invention are listed in the table below.
Examples of the compounds of the formula (IId) which are very particularly preferred as herbicide safeners according to the invention are listed in the table below.
Examples of the compounds of the formula (IIe) which are very particularly preferred as herbicide safeners according to the invention are listed in the table below.
Most preferred as the crop plant tolerance promoter compound [component (b′)] are cloquintocetmexyl, fenchlorazole-ethyl, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, furilazole, fenclorim, cumyluron, dymron, dimepiperate and the compounds IIe-5 and IIe-11, and particular emphasis is given to cloquintocet-mexyl and mefenpyr-diethyl.
The compounds of the general formula (IIa) to be used as safeners according to the invention are known and/or can be prepared by processes known per se (cf. WO-A-91/07874, WO-A-95/07897).
The compounds of the general formula (IIb) to be used as safeners according to the invention are known and/or can be prepared by processes known per se (cf. EP-A-191736).
The compounds of the general formula (IIc) to be used as safeners according to the invention are known and/or can be prepared by processes known per se (cf. DE-A-2218097, DE-A-2350547).
The compounds of the general formula (IId) to be used as safeners according to the invention are known and/or can be prepared by processes known per se (cf. DE-A-19621522/U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,680).
The compounds of the general formula (IIe) to be used as safeners according to the invention are known and can be prepared by processes known per se (cf. WO-A-99/66795/U.S. Pat. No. 6,251,827).
Examples of the selectively herbicidal combinations according to the invention comprising in each case one active compound of the formula (I) and one of the safeners defined above are listed in the table below.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that the active compound combinations defined above of compounds of the general formula (I) and safeners (antidotes) from the group (b′) set out above combine very good utility plant tolerance with a particularly high herbicidal activity and can be used in various crops, in particular in cereals (especially wheat), but also in soya, potatoes, maize and rice, for the selective control of weeds.
In this context it is to be considered surprising that, from a multiplicity of known safeners or antidotes capable of antagonizing the damaging effect of a herbicide on the crop plants, it is specifically the compounds of group (b′) set out above which are suitable for compensating—almost completely—the damaging effect of substituted cyclic ketoenols on the crop plants, without at the same time having any critical adverse effect on the herbicidal activity against the weeds.
Emphasis may be given here to the particularly advantageous effect of the particularly preferred and most preferred combination partners from group (b′), in particular with regard to the gentle treatment of cereal plants, such as wheat, barley and rye, for example, but also maize and rice, as crop plants.
In the literature it has already been described how the action of various active compounds can be boosted by addition of ammonium salts. The salts in question, however, are detersive salts (e.g. WO 95/017817) or salts which have relatively long alkyl substituents and/or aryl substituents and which have a permeabilizing action or which increase the active compound's solubility (e.g. EP-A 0 453 086, EP-A 0 664 081, FR-A 2 600 494, U.S. Pat. No. 4,844,734, U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,912, U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,937, US-A 03/0224939, US-A 05/0009880, US-A 05/0096386). Moreover, the prior art describes the action only for particular active compounds and/or particular applications of the corresponding compositions. In other cases, in turn, the salts in question are those of sulphonic acids, where the acids themselves have a paralytic action on insects (U.S. Pat. No. 2,842,476). A boost to action by ammonium sulphate, for example, is described by way of example for the herbicides glyphosate and phosphinothricin (U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,914, EP-A2 0 036 106). A corresponding action in the case of insecticides is neither disclosed nor suggested by this prior art.
The use of ammonium sulphate as a formulating assistant has also been described for certain active compounds and applications (WO 92/16108), but its purpose therein is to stabilize the formulation, not to boost the action.
It has now been found, entirely surprisingly, that the action of insecticides and/or acaricides and/or herbicides from the class of the alkoxyalkyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols can be boosted significantly through the addition of ammonium salts or phosphonium salts to the application solution or through the incorporation of these salts into a formulation comprising alkoxyalkyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols. The present invention therefore provides for the use of ammonium salts or phosphonium salts for boosting the action of crop protection compositions which comprise as their active compound herbicidal and/or insecticidal and/or acaricidal alkoxyalkyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols. The invention likewise provides compositions which comprise herbicidal and/or acaricidal and/or insecticidal alkoxyalkyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols and action-boosting ammonium salts or phosphonium salts, including not only formulated active compounds but also ready-to-use compositions (spray liquors). The invention further provides, finally, for the use of these compositions for controlling insect pests and/or spider mites and/or unwanted plant growth.
The compounds of the formula (I) possess a broad insecticidal and/or acaricidal and/or herbicidal activity, but individually the activity and/or plant tolerance leaves something to be desired.
The active compounds can be used in the compositions of the invention in a broad concentration range. The concentration of the active compounds in the formulation is typically 0.1%-50% by weight.
Ammonium salts and phosphonium salts which inventively boost the activity of crop protection compositions comprising fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitors are defined by formula (III′)
in which
Inventively emphasized combinations of active compound, salt and penetrant are listed in the table below. “Penetrant as per test” means here that any compound that acts as a penetrant in the cuticle penetration test (Baur et al., 1997, Pesticide Science 51, 131-152) is suitable.
The ammonium salts and phosphonium salts of the formula (III′) can be used in a broad concentration range to boost the activity of crop protection compositions comprising ketoenols. In general the ammonium salts or phosphonium salts are used in the ready-to-use crop protection composition in a concentration of 0.5 to 80 mmol/l, preferably 0.75 to 37.5 mmol/l, more preferably 1.5 to 25 mmol/l. In the case of a formulated product the ammonium salt and/or phosphonium salt concentration in the formulation is chosen such that it is within these stated general, preferred or particularly preferred ranges after the formulation has been diluted to the desired active-ingredient concentration. The concentration of the salt in the formulation is typically 1%-50% by weight.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention the activity is boosted by adding to the crop protection compositions not only an ammonium salt and/or phosphonium salt but also, additionally, a penetrant. It is considered entirely surprising that even in these cases an even greater boost to activity is observed. The present invention therefore likewise provides for the use of a combination of penetrant and ammonium salts and/or phosphonium salts to boost the activity of crop protection compositions which comprise insecticidal, alkoxyalkyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols as active compound. The invention likewise provides compositions which comprise herbicidal and/or acaricidal and/or insecticidal alkoxyalkyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols, penetrants and ammonium salts and/or phosphonium salts, including specifically not only formulated active compounds but also ready-to-use compositions (spray liquors). The invention additionally provides, finally, for the use of these compositions for controlling insect pests.
Suitable penetrants in the present context include all those substances which are typically used to enhance the penetration of active agrochemical compounds into plants. Penetrants are defined in this context by their ability to penetrate from the aqueous spray liquor and/or from the spray coating into the cuticle of the plant and thereby to increase the mobility of active compounds in the cuticle. The method described in the literature (Baur et al., 1997, Pesticide Science 51, 131-152) can be used in order to determine this property.
Examples of suitable penetrants include alkanol alkoxylates. Penetrants of the invention are alkanol alkoxylates of the formula (IV′)
R—O-(-AO)v—R′ (IV′)
in which
One preferred group of penetrants are alkanol alkoxylates of the formula
R—O-(-EO—)n—R′ (IV′-a)
in which
A further preferred group of penetrants are alkanol alkoxylates of the formula
R—O-(-EO—)p—(—PO—)q—R′ (IV′-b)
in which
A further preferred group of penetrants are alkanol alkoxylates of the formula
R—O—(—PO—)r-(EO—)s—R′ (IV′-c)
in which
A further preferred group of penetrants are alkanol alkoxylates of the formula
R—O-(-EO—)p—(—BO—)q—R′ (IV′-d)
in which
A further preferred group of penetrants are alkanol alkoxylates of the formula
R—O—(—BO-)r-(-EO—)s—R′ (IV′-e)
in which
A further preferred group of penetrants are alkanol alkoxylates of the formula
CH3—(CH2)t—CH2—O—(—CH2—CH2—O—)u—R′ (IV′-f)
in which
In the formulae indicated above,
As an example of an alkanol alkoxylate of the formula (IV′-c) mention may be made of 2-ethylhexyl alkoxylate of the formula
in which
As an example of an alkanol alkoxylate of the formula (IV′-d) mention may be made of the formula
CH3—(CH2)10—O-(-EO—)6—(—BO—)2—CH3 (IV′-d-1)
in which
Particularly preferred alkanol alkoxylates of the formula (IV′-f) are compounds of this formula in which
Mention may be made with very particular preference of alkanol alkoxylate of the formula (IV′-f-1)
CH3—(CH2)t—CH2—O—(—CH2—CH2—O—)u—H (IV′-f-1)
in which
A general definition of the alkanol alkoxylates is given by the formulae above. These substances are mixtures of compounds of the stated type with different chain lengths. The indices therefore have average values which may also deviate from whole numbers.
The alkanol alkoxylates of the formulae stated are known and in some cases are available commercially or can be prepared by known methods (cf. WO 98/35 553, WO 00/35 278 and EP-A 0 681 865).
Suitable penetrants also include, for example, substances which promote the availability of the compounds of the formula (I) in the spray coating. These include, for example, mineral or vegetable oils. Suitable oils are all mineral or vegetable oils—modified or otherwise—which can typically be used in agrochemical compositions. Mention may be made by way of example of sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, colza oil, maize seed oil, cotton seed oil and soybean oil, or the esters of said oils. Preference is given to rapeseed oil, sunflower oil and their methyl or ethyl esters.
The concentration of penetrant in the compositions of the invention can be varied within a wide range. In the case of a formulated crop protection composition it is in general 1% to 95%, preferably 1% to 55%, more preferably 15%-40% by weight. In the ready-to-use compositions (spray liquors) the concentrations are generally between 0.1 and 10 g/l, preferably between 0.5 and g/l.
Crop protection compositions of the invention may also comprise further components, examples being surfactants and/or dispersing assistants or emulsifiers.
Suitable nonionic surfactants and/or dispersing assistants include all substances of this type that can typically be used in agrochemical compositions. Preferably mention may be made of polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide block copolymers, polyethylene glycol ethers of linear alcohols, reaction products of fatty acids with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, and also polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, copolymers of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone, and copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylic esters, and additionally alkyl ethoxylates and alkylaryl ethoxylates, which optionally may be phosphated and optionally may be neutralized with bases, mention being made, by way of example, of sorbitol ethoxylates, and, as well, polyoxyalkylenamine derivatives.
Suitable anionic surfactants include all substances of this type that can typically be used in agrochemical compositions. Preference is given to alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of alkylsulphonic acids or alkylarylsulphonic acids.
A further preferred group of anionic surfactants and/or dispersing assistants are the following salts that are of low solubility in plant oil: salts of polystyrenesulphonic acids, salts of polyvinylsulphonic acids, salts of naphthalenesulphonic acid-formaldehyde condensation products, salts of condensation products of naphthalenesulphonic acid, phenolsulphonic acid and formaldehyde, and salts of lignosulphonic acid.
Suitable additives which may be included in the formulations of the invention are emulsifiers, foam inhibitors, preservatives, antioxidants, colorants and inert filling materials.
Preferred emulsifiers are ethoxylated nonylphenols, reaction products of alkylphenols with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, ethoxylated arylalkylphenols, and also ethoxylated and propoxylated arylalkylphenols, and also sulphated or phosphated arylalkyl ethoxylates and/or arylalkyl ethoxypropoxylates, mention being made by way of example of sorbitan derivatives, such as polyethylene oxide-sorbitan fatty acid esters, and sorbitan fatty acid esters.
Using, for example, according to process (A), ethyl N-[(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl)-phenylacetyl]-2-amino-3-methoxy-2-methylpropionate as starting material, the course of the process of the invention can be represented by the following reaction scheme:
Using, for example, according to process (Bα), 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-5-methoxymethyl-5-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione and pivaloyl chloride as starting materials, the course of the process of the invention can be represented by the following reaction scheme:
Using, for example, according to process (B) (variant β), 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chlorophenyl]-5-methoxymethyl-5-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione and acetic anhydride as starting compounds, the course of the process of the invention can be represented by the following reaction scheme:
Using, for example, according to process (C), 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-[(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl]]-5-methoxyethyl-5-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione and ethyl chloroformate as starting compounds, the course of the process of the invention can be represented by the following reaction scheme:
Using, for example, according to process (D), 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-1-oxa-spiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione and methyl chloromonothioformate as starting products, the course of the reaction can be represented as follows:
Using, for example, according to process (E), 3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-5-methoxymethyl-5-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione and methanesulphonyl chloride as starting product, the course of the reaction can be represented by the following reaction scheme:
Using, for example, according to process (F), 3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-5-methoxymethyl-5-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione and methanethiophosphonyl chloride 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ester as starting products, the course of the reaction can be represented by the following reaction scheme:
Using, for example, according to process (G), 3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-5-methoxyethyl-5-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione and NaOH as components, the course of the process of the invention can be represented by the following reaction scheme:
Using, for example, according to process (H) (variant α), 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methylphenyl]-5-methoxymethyl-5-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione and ethyl isocyanate as starting products, the course of the reaction can be represented by the following reaction scheme:
Using, for example, according to process (H) (variant β), 3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-5-methoxymethyl-5-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione and dimethylcarbamoyl chloride as starting products, the course of the reaction can be represented by the following scheme:
Using, for example, according to process (Iβ), 3-(4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-5-methoxymethyl-5-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione and 4-chlorophenylboronic acid as starting materials, the course of the reaction can be represented by the following scheme:
The compounds of the formula (II)
in which
A, B, D, W, X, Y, Z and R8 have the definitions indicated above,
needed as starting materials for process (A) of the invention, are new.
The acylamino acid esters of the formula (II) are obtained, for example, if amino acid derivatives of the formula (XIII)
in which
A, B, D and R8 have the definition indicated above,
are acylated with substituted phenylacetic acid derivatives of the formula (XIV)
in which
in which
A, B, D, W, X, Y and Z have the definitions indicated above
are esterified (Chem. Ind. (London) 1568 (1968)).
The compounds of the formula (XV)
in which
A, B, D, W, X, Y and Z have the definitions indicated above
are new.
The compounds of the formula (XV) are obtained, for example, if 1-aminocarboxylic acids of the formula (XVI)
in which
A, B and D have the definitions indicated above
are acylated with substituted phenylacetic acid derivatives of the formula (XIV)
in which
U, W, X, Y and Z have the definitions indicated above
in accordance for example with Schotten-Baumann (Organikum, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1977, p. 505).
The compounds of the formula (XIV) are in some cases known and/or can be prepared by the known processes in the laid-open specifications cited at the outset.
The compounds of the formula (XIII) and (XVI) are in some cases new and can be prepared by known processes (see, for example, Compagnon, Ann. Chim. (Paris) [14] 5, pp. 11-22, 23-27 (1970), L. Munday, J. Chem. Soc. 4372 (1961); J. T. Eward, C. Jitrangeri, Can. J. Chem. 53, 3339 (1975)).
Furthermore, the starting materials of the formula (II)
in which
A, B, D, W, X, Y, Z and R8 have the definitions indicated above,
used in process (A) above, can be prepared if 1-aminocarbonitriles of the formula (XVII)
in which
A, B and D have the definitions indicated above,
are reacted with substituted phenylacetic acid derivatives of the formula (XIV)
in which
U, W, X, Y and Z have the definitions indicated above
to give compounds of the formula (XVIII)
in which
A, B, D, W, X, Y and Z have the definitions indicated above,
and these compounds are then subjected to acidic alcoholysis.
The compounds of the formula (XVI) are obtained, for example, by reacting hydantoins of the formula (XX)
in which A, B and D have the definitions indicated above.
The compounds of the formula (XX) are in some cases new and can be prepared by known processes.
The compounds of the formula (XVIII) are likewise new. The compounds of the formula (XVII) are in some cases new and can be prepared for example as described in EP-A-595 130.
The compounds I-a′ to I-g′ and I-a″ to I-g″ are in some cases described in DE-A-06018828 or can be prepared by the processes described therein.
The acid halides of the formula (III), carboxylic anhydrides of the formula (IV), chloroformic esters or chloroformic thioesters of the formula (V), chloromonothioformic esters or chlorodithioformic esters of the formula (VI), sulphonyl chlorides of the formula (VII), phosphorus compounds of the formula (VIII) and metal hydroxides, metal alkoxides or amines of the formula (IX) and (X) and isocyanates of the formula (XI) and carbamoyl chlorides of the formula (XII) and boronic acids of the formula (XIX), which are needed additionally as starting materials for carrying out processes (B), (C), (D), (E), (F), (G), (H) and (I) of the invention, are compounds which are general knowledge within organic or inorganic chemistry.
Process (A) is characterized in that compounds of the formula (II), in which A, B, D, W, X, Y, Z and R8 have the definitions indicated above, are subjected to intramolecular condensation in the presence of a diluent and in the presence of a base.
Diluents which can be used in process (A) of the invention include all organic solvents that are inert towards the reactants. With preference it is possible to use hydrocarbons, such as toluene and xylene, and ethers, such as dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, glycol dimethyl ether and diglycol dimethyl ether, additionally, polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, sulpholane, dimethylformamide and N-methylpyrrolidone, and also alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol and tert-butanol.
Bases (deprotonating agents) which can be used when carrying out process (A) of the invention include all typical proton acceptors. With preference it is possible to use alkali metal and alkaline earth metal oxides, hydroxides and carbonates, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate, which can also be used in the presence of phase transfer catalysts such as triethylbenzylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide, Adogen 464 (i.e. methyltrialkyl(C8-C10)ammonium chloride) or TDA 1 (i.e. tris(methoxyethoxyethyl)amine). In addition it is possible to use alkali metals such as sodium or potassium. Others which may be employed are alkali metal and alkaline earth metal amides and hydrides, such as sodium amide, sodium hydride and calcium hydride, and also alkali metal alkoxides, such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide and potassium tert-butoxide.
The reaction temperature when carrying out process (A) of the invention may be varied within a relatively wide range. Generally it is operated at temperatures between −75° C. and 200° C., preferably between −50° C. and 150° C.
Process (A) of the invention is generally carried out under atmospheric pressure.
When process (A) of the invention is being carried out, the reaction component of the formula (II) and the deprotonating base are generally used in equimolar to approximately twice-equimolar amounts. It is also possible, however, to use one or the other component in a larger excess (up to 3 mol).
Process (Bα) is characterized in that compounds of the formula (I-a) are reacted in each case with carbonyl halides of the formula (III), optionally in the presence of a diluent and optionally in the presence of an acid-binding agent.
Diluents which can be used in process (Bα) of the invention include all solvents that are inert towards the acid halides. With preference it is possible to use hydrocarbons, such as benzine, benzene, toluene, xylene and tetralin, and halogenated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene, and ketones, such as acetone and methyl isopropyl ketone, and ethers, such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, and carboxylic esters, such as ethyl acetate, and also strongly polar solvents, such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulphoxide and sulpholane. If the stability of the acid halide to hydrolysis permits it, the reaction can also be carried out in the presence of water.
Suitable acid-binding agents in the context of the reaction according to process (Bα) of the invention include all typical acid acceptors. With preference it is possible to use tertiary amines, such as triethylamine, pyridine, diazabicyclooctane (DABCO), diazabicycloundecene (DBU), diazabicyclononene (DBN), Hünig base and N,N-dimethylaniline, and alkaline earth metal oxides, such as magnesium oxide and calcium oxide, and alkali metal and alkaline earth metal carbonates, such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate, and also alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
The reaction temperature for process (Bα) of the invention may be varied within a relatively wide range. It is operated generally at temperatures between −20° C. and +150° C., preferably between 0° C. and 100° C.
When process (Bα) of the invention is being carried out, the starting materials of the formula (I-a) and the carbonyl halide of the formula (III) are used generally in each case in approximately equivalent amounts. It is also possible, however, to use the carbonyl halide in a larger excess (up to 5 mol). Working up takes place in accordance with typical methods.
Process (Bβ) is characterized in that compounds of the formula (I-a) are reacted in each case with carboxylic anhydrides of the formula (IV), optionally in the presence of a diluent and optionally in the presence of an acid-binding agent.
Diluents which can be used in process (Bβ) of the invention are preferably those diluents also contemplated with preference when using acid halides. Moreover, it is also possible for a carboxylic anhydride employed in excess to function simultaneously as diluent.
Suitable acid-binding agents added optionally in process (Bβ) are preferably those acid-binding agents which are also suitable with preference when using acid halides.
The reaction temperature in process (Bβ) of the invention can be varied within a relatively wide range. In general it is operated at temperatures between −20° C. and +150° C., preferably between 0° C. and 100° C.
When process (Bβ) of the invention is being carried out, the starting materials of the formulae (I-a) and the carboxylic anhydride of the formula (IV) are generally used in amounts which in each case are approximately equivalent. It is also possible, however, to use the carboxylic anhydride in a larger excess (up to 5 mol). Working up takes place in accordance with typical methods.
A general procedure is to remove diluents and carboxylic anhydride present in excess, and also the resultant carboxylic acid, by distillation or by washing with an organic solvent or with water.
Process (C) is characterized in that compounds of the formula (I-a) are reacted in each case with chloroformic esters or chloroformic thioesters of the formula (V), optionally in the presence of a diluent and optionally in the presence of an acid-binding agent.
Suitable acid-binding agents for process (C) of the invention include all typical acid acceptors. With preference it is possible to use tertiary amines, such as triethylamine, pyridine, DABCO, DBU, DBN, Hünig base and N,N-dimethylaniline, and alkaline earth metal oxides, such as magnesium oxide and calcium oxide, and alkali metal and alkaline earth metal carbonates, such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate, and also alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
Diluents which can be used in process (C) of the invention include all solvents that are inert towards the chloroformic esters and/or chloroformic thioesters. With preference it is possible to use hydrocarbons, such as benzine, benzene, toluene, xylene and tetralin, and halogenated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene, and ketones, such as acetone and methyl isopropyl ketone, and ethers, such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, and carboxylic esters, such as ethyl acetate, and nitriles such as acetonitrile, and also strongly polar solvents, such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulphoxide and sulpholane.
The reaction temperature when carrying out process (C) of the invention can be varied within a relatively wide range. The reaction temperature is generally between −20° C. and +100° C., preferably between 0° C. and 50° C.
Process (C) of the invention is generally carried out under atmospheric pressure.
When process (C) of the invention is being carried out, the starting materials of the formula (I-a) and the corresponding chloroformic ester and/or chloroformic thioester of the formula (V) are used generally in each case in approximately equivalent amounts. It is also possible, however, to use one or the other component in a larger excess (up to 2 mol). Working up takes place in accordance with typical methods. The general procedure is to remove salts that have precipitated and to concentrate the remaining reaction mixture by stripping off the diluent.
Process (D) of the invention is characterized in that compounds of the formula (I-a) are reacted in each case with compounds of the formula (VI) in the presence of a diluent and optionally in the presence of an acid-binding agent.
In preparation process (D) about 1 mol of chloromonothioformic ester and/or chlorodithioformic ester of the formula (VI) per mole of starting compound of the formula (I-a) is reacted at 0 to 120° C., preferably at 20 to 60° C.
Suitable diluents added optionally include all inert polar organic solvents, such as ethers, amides, sulphones, sulphoxides, but also haloalkanes.
Preference is given to using dimethyl sulphoxide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate or methylene chloride.
If, in one preferred embodiment, the enolate salt of the compounds (I-a) is prepared, by the addition of strong deprotonating agents such as sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide for example, it is possible to forego the further addition of acid-binding agents.
Bases which can be used in process (D) are all typical proton acceptors. With preference it is possible to use alkali metal hydrides, alkali metal alkoxides, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates or hydrogen carbonates or nitrogen bases. By way of example mention may be made of sodium hydride, sodium methoxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, triethylamine, dibenzylamine, diisopropylamine, pyridine, quinoline, diazabicyclooctane (DABCO), diazabicyclononene (DBN) and diazabicycloundecene (DBU).
The reaction can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or at an elevated pressure, but preferably at atmospheric pressure. Working up takes place in accordance with typical methods.
Process (E) of the invention is characterized in that compounds of the formula (I-a) are reacted in each case with sulphonyl chlorides of the formula (VII), optionally in the presence of a diluent and optionally in the presence of an acid-binding agent.
In preparation process (E) about 1 mol of sulphonyl chloride of the formula (VII) per mole of starting compound of the formula (I-a) is reacted at −20 to 150° C., preferably at 0 to 70° C.
Process (E) is carried out preferably in the presence of a diluent.
Suitable diluents include all inert polar organic solvents, such as ethers, amides, ketones, carboxylic esters, nitrites, sulphones, sulphoxides or halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride.
Preference is given to using dimethyl sulphoxide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate or methylene chloride.
If, in one preferred embodiment, the enolate salt of the compound (I-a) is prepared, as a result of the addition of strong deprotonating agents (such as sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide, for example), then it is possible to forego the further addition of acid-binding agents.
Where acid-binding agents are used, those suitable include typical organic or inorganic bases; by way of example, mention may be made of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, pyridine and triethylamine.
The reaction can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or at an elevated pressure, but preferably at atmospheric pressure. Working up takes place in accordance with typical methods.
Process (F) of the invention is characterized in that compounds of the formula (I-a) are reacted in each case with phosphorus compounds of the formula (VIII), optionally in the presence of a diluent and optionally in the presence of an acid-binding agent.
In preparation process (F) compounds of the formula (I-e) are obtained by reacting 1 to 2, preferably 1 to 1.3 mol of the phosphorus compound of the formula (VIII) per mole of the compounds (I-a) at temperatures between −40° C. and 150° C., preferably between −10 and 110° C.
Process (F) is carried out preferably in the presence of a diluent.
Suitable diluents include all inert, polar organic solvents, such as ethers, carboxylic esters, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, amides, nitriles, sulphones, sulphoxides, etc.
Preference is given to using acetonitrile, dimethyl sulphoxide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide or methylene chloride.
Acid-binding agents, added optionally, suitably include typical organic or inorganic bases, such as hydroxides, carbonates or amines. Those which may be recited by way of example include sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, pyridine and triethylamine.
The reaction can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or at an elevated pressure, but preferably at atmospheric pressure. Working up takes place in accordance with typical methods of organic chemistry. The end products are preferably purified by crystallization, by chromatographic purification or by partial distillation, i.e. removal of the volatile constituents in vacuo.
Process (G) is characterized in that compounds of the formula (I-a) are reacted in each case with metal hydroxides and/or metal alkoxides of the formula (IX) or amines of the formula (X), optionally in the presence of a diluent.
Diluents which can be used in process (G) of the invention are preferably ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or diethyl ether or else alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol, but also water. Process (G) of the invention is carried out generally under atmospheric pressure. The reaction temperature is generally between −20° C. and 100° C., preferably between 0° C. and 50° C.
Process (H) of the invention is characterized in that compounds of the formula (I-a) are reacted in each case with (Hα) compounds of the formula (XI), optionally in the presence of a diluent and optionally in the presence of a catalyst, or (Hβ) with compounds of the formula (XII), optionally in the presence of a diluent and optionally in the presence of an acid-binding agent.
In preparation process (Hα) about 1 mol of isocyanate of the formula (XI) per mole of starting compound of the formula (I-a) is reacted at 0 to 100° C., preferably at 20 to 50° C.
Process (Hα) is carried out preferably in the presence of a diluent.
Suitable diluents include all inert organic solvents, such as aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, amides, nitrites, sulphones or sulphoxides.
Optionally it is possible to add catalysts in order to accelerate the reaction. Catalysts which can be used to good advantage include organotin compounds, such as dibutyltin dilaurate, for example.
Operation takes place preferably under atmospheric pressure.
In preparation process (Hβ) about 1 mol of carbamoyl chloride of the formula (XII) per mole of starting compound of the formula (I-a) is reacted at 0 to 150° C., preferably at 20 to 70° C.
Suitable diluents, added optionally, include all inert polar organic solvents, such as ethers, carboxylic esters, nitrites, ketones, amides, sulphones, sulphoxides or halogenated hydrocarbons.
Preference is given to using dimethyl sulphoxide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide or methylene chloride.
If, in one preferred embodiment, the enolate salt of the compound (I-a) is prepared, by the addition of strong deprotonating agents (such as sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide, for example), it is possible to forego the further addition of acid-binding agents.
If acid-binding agents are used, they suitably include typical organic or inorganic bases. By way of example, mention may be made of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, triethylamine or pyridine.
The reaction can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or at an elevated pressure, preferably at atmospheric pressure. Working up takes place in accordance with typical methods.
For the implementation of process (Iα) and (Iβ) of the invention, palladium(0) complexes are suitable catalysts. Preference is given, for example, to tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium. Optionally it is also possible to use palladium(II) compounds, examples being PdCl2, Pd(OAc)2. When palladium(II) compounds are used, phosphines, such as tricyclohexylphosphine, for example, are generally employed as complexing agents.
Suitable acid acceptors for the implementation of process (Iα) and (Iβ) of the invention are organic or inorganic bases. These include, preferably, alkaline earth metal or alkali metal hydroxides, acetates, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates, such as sodium, potassium, barium or ammonium hydroxide, sodium, potassium, calcium or ammonium acetate, sodium, potassium, caesium or ammonium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate or potassium hydrogen carbonate, for example, alkali metal fluorides, such as caesium fluoride, alkali metal phosphates such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate, and also tertiary amines, such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, pyridine, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, diazabicyclooctane (DABCO), diazabicyclononene (DBN) or diazabicycloundecene (DBU).
Suitable diluents for implementing process (Iα) and (Iβ) of the invention include water, organic solvents and any desired mixtures thereof. By way of example mention may be made of the following: aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons, such as petroleum ether, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene or decalin, for example; halogenated hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrachloromethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane or tetrachloroethylene, for example; ethers, such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl tert-amyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether or anisole; alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, n- or i-propanol, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butanol, ethanediol, propane-1,2-diol, ethoxyethanol, methoxyethanol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethyl glycol monomethyl ether; water.
The reaction temperature in process (Iα) and (Iβ) of the invention can be varied within a relatively wide range. Operation takes place in general at temperatures between 0° C. and +140° C., preferably between 50° C. and +100° C.
When process (Iα) and (Iβ) of the invention is being carried out, the boronic acids of the formulae (XIXα) and (XIXβ) in which Y and Z are as defined above, and compounds of the formulae (I-a′) to (I-g′) in which A, B, D, G, W, X, Y, and Z′, and (I-a″) to (I-g″) in which A, B, D, G, W, X, Z and Y′, are as defined above, are used in a molar ratio of 1:1 to 3:1, preferably 1:1 to 2:1. The amount of catalyst used is generally 0.005 to 0.5 mol, preferably 0.01 mol to 0.1 mol, per mole of the compounds of the formulae (I-a′) to (I-g′) or (I-a″) to (I-g″). The base is generally employed in an excess.
The inventive active compounds/active compound combinations, in combination with good plant tolerance and favourable toxicity to warm-blooded animals and being tolerated well by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for increasing the harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material and for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, arachnids, helminths, nematodes and molluscs, which are encountered in agriculture, in horticulture, in animal husbandry, in forests, in gardens and leisure facilities, in the protection of stored products and of materials, and in the hygiene sector. They may be preferably employed as crop protection compositions. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development. The abovementioned pests include:
From the order of the Anoplura (Phthiraptera), for example, Damalinia spp., Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Trichodectes spp.
From the class of the Arachnida, for example, Acarus siro, Aceria sheldoni, Aculops spp., Aculus spp., Amblyomma spp., Argas spp., Boophilus spp., Brevipalpus spp., Bryobia praetiosa, Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Eotetranychus spp., Epitrimerus pyri, Eutetranychus spp., Eriophyes spp., Hemitarsonemus spp., Hyalomma spp., Ixodes spp., Latrodectus mactans, Metatetranychus spp., Oligonychus spp., Ornithodoros spp., Panonychus spp., Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Psoroptes spp., Rhipicephalus spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., Sarcoptes spp., Scorpio maurus, Stenotarsonemus spp., Tarsonemus spp., Tetranychus spp., Vasates lycopersici.
From the class of the Bivalva, for example, Dreissena spp.
From the order of the Chilopoda, for example, Geophilus spp., Scutigera spp.
From the order of the Coleoptera, for example, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Adoretus spp., Agelastica alni, Agriotes spp., Amphimallon solstitialis, Anobium punctatum, Anoplophora spp., Anthonomus spp., Anthrenus spp., Apogonia spp., Atomaria spp., Aftagenus spp., Bruchidius obtectus, Bruchus spp., Ceuthorhynchus spp., Cleonus mendicus, Conoderus spp., Cosmopolites spp., Costelytra zea-landica, Curculio spp., Cryptorhynchus lapathi, Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp., Epilachna spp., Faustinus cubae, Gibbium psylloides, Heteronychus arator, Hylamorpha elegans, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypothenemus spp., Lachnostema consanguinea, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lixus spp., Lyctus spp., Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha melolontha, Migdolus spp., Monochamus spp., Naupactus xanthographus, Niptus hololeucus, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, Oxycetonia jucunda, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllophaga spp., Popillia japonica, Premnotrypes spp., Psylliodes chryso-cephala, Ptinus spp., Rhizobius ventralis, Rhizopertha dominica, Sitophilus spp., Sphenophorus spp., Sternechus spp., Symphyletes spp., Tenebrio molitor, Tribolium spp., Trogoderma spp., Tychius spp., Xylotrechus spp., Zabrus spp.
From the order of the Collembola, for example, Onychiurus armatus.
From the order of the Dermaptera, for example, Forficula auricularia.
From the order of the Diplopoda, for example, Blaniulus guttulatus.
From the order of the Diptera, for example, Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Ceratitis capitata, Chrysomyia spp., Cochliomyia spp., Cordylobia anthropophaga, Culex spp., Cuterebra spp., Dacus oleae, Dermatobia hominis, Drosophila spp., Fannia spp., Gastrophilus spp., Hylemyia spp., Hyppobosca spp., Hypoderma spp., Liriomyza spp., Lucilia spp., Musca spp., Nezara spp., Oestrus spp., Oscinella frit, Pegomyia hyoscyami, Phorbia spp., Stomoxys spp., Tabanus spp., Tannia spp., Tipula paludosa.
From the class of the Gastropoda, for example, Arion spp., Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus spp., Deroceras spp., Galba spp., Lyrnaea spp., Oncomelania spp., Succinea spp.
From the class of the helminths, for example, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Acylostoma braziliensis, Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris lubricoides, Ascaris spp., Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Bunostomum spp., Chabertia spp., Clonorchis spp., Cooperia spp., Dicrocoelium spp, Dictyocaulus filaria, Diphyllobothrium latum, Dracunculus medinensis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Enterobius vermicularis, Faciola spp., Haemonchus spp., Heterakis spp., Hymenolepis nana, Hyostrongulus spp., Loa Loa, Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Opisthorchis spp., Onchocerca volvulus, Ostertagia spp., Paragonimus spp., Schistosomen spp, Strongyloides fuellebomi, Strongyloides stercoralis, Stronyloides spp., Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella pseudopsiralis, Trichostrongulus spp., Trichuris trichuria, Wuchereria bancrofti.
It is furthermore possible to control Protozoa, such as Eimeria.
From the order of the Heteroptera, for example, Anasa tristis, Antestiopsis spp., Blissus spp., Calocoris spp., Campylomma livida, Cavelerius spp., Cimex spp., Creontiades dilutus, Dasynus piperis, Dichelops furcatus, Diconocoris hewetti, Dysdercus spp., Euschistus spp., Eurygaster spp., Heliopeltis spp., Horcias nobilellus, Leptocorisa spp., Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus spp., Macropes excavatus, Miridae, Nezara spp., Oebalus spp., Pentomidae, Piesma quadrata, Piezodorus spp., Psallus seriatus, Pseudacysta persea, Rhodnius spp., Sahlbergella singularis, Scotinophora spp., Stephanitis nashi, Tibraca spp., Triatoma spp.
From the order of the Homoptera, for example, Acyrthosipon spp., Aeneolamia spp., Agonoscena spp., Aleurodes spp., Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleurothrixus spp., Amrasca spp., Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella spp., Aphanostigma piri, Aphis spp., Arboridia apicalis, Aspidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Atanus spp., Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia spp., Brachycaudus helichrysii, Brachycolus spp., Brevicoryne brassicae, Calligypona marginata, Cameocephala fulgida, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Cercopidae, Ceroplastes spp., Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Chionaspis tegalensis, Chlorita onukii, Chromaphis juglandicola, Chrysomphalus ficus, Cicadulina mbila, Coccomytilus halli, Coccus spp., Cryptomyzus ribis, Dalbulus spp., Dialeurodes spp., Diaphorina spp., Diaspis spp., Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp., Dysmicoccus spp., Empoasca spp., Eriosoma spp., Erythroneura spp., Euscelis bilobatus, Geococcus coffeae, Homalodisca coagulata, Hyalopterus arundinis, Icerya spp., Idiocerus spp., Idioscopus spp., Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lipaphis erysimi, Macrosiphum spp., Mahanarva fimbriolata, Melanaphis sacchari, Metcalfiella spp., Metopolophium dirhodum, Monellia costalis, Monelliopsis pecanis, Myzus spp., Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix spp., Nilaparvata lugens, Oncometopia spp., Orthezia praelonga, Parabemisia myricae, Paratrioza spp., Parlatoria spp., Pemphigus spp., Peregrinus maidis, Phenacoccus spp., Phloeomyzus passerinii, Phorodon humuli, Phylloxera spp., Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Planococcus spp., Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcus spp., Psylla spp., Pteromalus spp., Pyrilla spp., Quadraspidiotus spp., Quesada gigas, Rastrococcus spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp., Scaphoides titanus, Schizaphis graminum, Selenaspidus articulatus, Sogata spp., Sogatella furcifera, Sogatodes spp., Stictocephala festina, Tenalaphara malayensis, Tinocallis caryaefoliae, Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp., Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trioza spp., Typhlocyba spp., Unaspis spp., Viteus vitifolii.
From the order of the Hymenoptera, for example, Diprion spp., Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Vespa spp.
From the order of the Isopoda, for example, Armadillidium vulgare, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber.
From the order of the Isoptera, for example, Reticulitermes spp.
From the order of the Lepidoptera, for example, Acronicta major, Aedia leucomelas, Agrotis spp., Alabama argillacea, Anticarsia spp., Barathra brassicae, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Cacoecia podana, Capua reticulana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Chematobia brumata, Chilo spp., Choristoneura fumiferana, Clysia ambiguella, Cnaphalocerus spp., Earias insulana, Ephestia kaehniella, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Euxoa spp., Feltia spp., Galleria mellonella, Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Hofmannophila pseudospretella, Homona magnanima, Hyponomeuta padella, Laphygma spp., Lithocolletis blancardella, Lithophane antennata, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria spp., Malacosoma neustria, Mamestra brassicae, Mocis repanda, Mythimna separata, Oria spp., Oulema oryzae, Panolis flammea, Pectinophora gossypiella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Pieris spp., Plutella xylostella, Prodenia spp., Pseudaletia spp., Pseudoplusia includens, Pyrausta nubilalis, Spodoptera spp., Thermesia gemmatalis, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Tortrix viridana, Trichoplusia spp.
From the order of the Orthoptera, for example, Acheta domesticus, Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, Gryllotalpa spp., Leucophaea maderae, Locusta spp., Melanoplus spp., Periplaneta americana, Schistocerca gregaria.
From the order of the Siphonaptera, for example, Ceratophyllus spp., Xenopsylla cheopis.
From the order of the Symphyla, for example, Scutigerella immaculata.
From the order of the Thysanoptera, for example, Baliothrips biformis, Ermeothrips flavens, Frankliniella spp., Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips femoralis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp., Taeniothrips cardamoni, Thrips spp.
From the order of the Thysanura, for example, Lepisma saccharina.
The phytoparasitic nematodes include, for example, Aphelenchoides spp., Bursaphelenchus spp., Ditylenchus dipsaci, Globodera spp., Heterodera spp., Longidorus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus similis, Trichodorus spp., Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Xiphinema spp.
If appropriate, the compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention can, at certain concentrations or application rates, also be used as herbicides, safeners, growth regulators or agents to improve plant properties, or as microbicides, for example as fungicides, antimycotics, bactericides, viricides (including agents against viroids) or as agents against MLO (Mycoplasma-like organisms) and RLO (Rickettsia-like organisms). If appropriate, they can also be employed as intermediates or precursors for the synthesis of other active compounds.
All plants and plant parts can be treated in accordance with the invention. Plants are to be understood as meaning in the present context all plants and plant populations such as desired and undesired wild plants or crop plants (including naturally occurring crop plants). Crop plants can be plants which can be obtained by conventional plant breeding and optimization methods or by biotechnological and genetic engineering methods or by combinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants and including the plant cultivars protectable or not protectable by plant breeders' rights. Plant parts are to be understood as meaning all parts and organs of plants above and below the ground, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, examples which may be mentioned being leaves, needles, stalks, stems, flowers, fruit bodies, fruits and seeds, and also roots, tubers and rhizomes. The plant parts also include harvested material, and vegetative and generative propagation material, for example cuttings, tubers, rhizomes, offshoots and seeds.
Treatment according to the invention of the plants and plant parts with the active compounds/active compound combinations is carried out directly or by allowing the compounds to act on their surroundings, habitat or storage space by the customary treatment methods, for example by immersion, spraying, evaporation, fogging, scattering, painting on, injection and, in the case of propagation material, in particular in the case of seeds, also by applying one or more coats.
The active compounds/active compound combinations can be converted to the customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, water- and oil-based suspensions, powders, dusting agents, pastes, soluble powders, soluble granules, granules for broadcasting, suspoemulsion concentrates, natural materials impregnated with active compound, synthetic materials impregnated with active compound, fertilizers and microencapsulations in polymeric substances.
These formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds/active compound combinations with extenders, that is liquid solvents and/or solid carriers, optionally with the use of surface-active agents, that is emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam formers.
If the extender used is water, it is also possible to use organic solvents, for example, as auxiliary solvents. Suitable liquid solvents are essentially: aromatics, such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as butanol or glycol, as well as their ethers and esters, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
Suitable solid carriers are:
for example ammonium salts and ground natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals such as highly disperse silica, alumina and silicates; suitable solid carriers for granules are: for example crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite, or else synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks; suitable emulsifiers and/or foam formers are: for example nonionic and anionic emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates, or else protein hydrolysates; suitable dispersants are: for example lignosulphite waste liquors and methylcellulose.
Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, or else natural phospholipids such as cephalins and lecithins and synthetic phospholipids can be used in the formulations. Other additives can be mineral and vegetable oils.
It is possible to use colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian blue, and organic colorants such as alizarin colorants, azo colorants and metal phthalocyanine colorants, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
The formulations generally comprise between 0.1 and 95% by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.5 and 90%.
The active compound/active compound combinations according to the invention can be present in their commercially available formulations, as well as in the use forms prepared from these formulations, in a mixture with other active compounds such as insecticides, attractants, sterilizers, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth-regulating substances, herbicides, safeners, fertilizers or semiochemicals.
Compounds which are particularly favourable as mixing partners are, for example, the following:
Fungicides:
2-phenylphenol; 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate; acibenzolar-5-methyl; aldimorph; amidoflumet; ampropylfos; ampropylfos-potassium; andoprim; anilazine; azaconazole; azoxystrobin; benalaxyl; benodanil; benomyl; benthiavalicarb-isopropyl; benzamacril; benzamacril-isobutyl; bilanafos; binapacryl; biphenyl; bitertanol; blasticidin-S; bromuconazole; bupirimate; buthiobate; butylamine; calcium polysulphide; capsimycin; captafol; captan; carbendazim; carboxin; carpropamid; carvone; chinomethionat; chlobenthiazone; chlorfenazole; chloroneb; chlorothalonil; chlozolinate; clozylacon; cyazofamid; cyflufenamid; cymoxanil; cyproconazole; cyprodinil; cyprofuram; Dagger G; debacarb; dichlofluanid; dichlone; dichlorophen; diclocymet; diclomezine; dicloran; diethofencarb; difenoconazole; diflumetorim; dimethirimol; dimethomorph; dimoxystrobin; diniconazole; diniconazole-M; dinocap; diphenylamine; dipyrithione; ditalimfos; dithianon; dodine; drazoxolon; edifenphos; epoxiconazole; ethaboxam; ethirimol; etridiazole; famoxadone; fenamidone; fenapanil; fenarimol; fenbuconazole; fenfuram; fenhexamid; fenitropan; fenoxanil; fenpiclonil; fenpropidin; fenpropimorph; ferbam; fluazinam; flubenzimine; fludioxonil; flumetover; flumorph; fluoromide; fluoxastrobin; fluquinconazole; flurprimidol; flusilazole; flusulfamide; flutolanil; flutriafol; folpet; fosetyl-Al; fosetyl-sodium; fuberidazole; furalaxyl; furametpyr; furcarbanil; furmecyclox; guazatine; hexachlorobenzene; hexaconazole; hymexazole; imazalil; imibenconazole; iminoctadine triacetate; iminoctadine tris(albesilate); iodocarb; ipconazole; iprobenfos; iprodione; iprovalicarb; irumamycin; isoprothiolane; isovaledione; kasugamycin; kresoxim-methyl; mancozeb; maneb; meferimzone; mepanipyrim; mepronil; metalaxyl; metalaxyl-M; metconazole; methasulfocarb; methfuroxam; metiram; metominostrobin; metsulfovax; mildiomycin; myclobutanil; myclozolin; natamycin; nicobifen; nitrothal-isopropyl; noviflumuron; nuarimol; ofurace; orysastrobin; oxadixyl; oxolinic acid; oxpoconazole; oxycarboxin; oxyfenthiin; paclobutrazole; pefurazoate; penconazole; pencycuron; phosdiphen; phthalide; picoxystrobin; piperalin; polyoxins; polyoxorim; probenazole; prochloraz; procymidone; propamocarb; propanosine-sodium; propiconazole; propineb; proquinazid; prothioconazole; pyraclostrobin; pyrazophos; pyrifenox; pyrimethanil; pyroquilon; pyroxyfur; pyrrolenitrine; quinconazole; quinoxyfen; quintozene; simeconazole; spiroxamine; sulphur; tebuconazole; tecloftalam; tecnazene; tetcyclacis; tetraconazole; thiabendazole; thicyofen; thifluzamide; thiophanate-methyl; thiram; tioxymid; tolclofos-methyl; tolylfluanid; triadimefon; triadimenol; triazbutil; triazoxide; tricyclamide; tricyclazole; tridemorph; trifloxystrobin; triflumizole; triforine; triticonazole; uniconazole; validamycin A; vinclozolin; zineb; ziram; zoxamide; (2S)—N-[2-[4-[[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-propynyl]oxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethyl]-3-methyl-2-[(methylsulphonyl)amino]-butanamide; 1-(1-naphthalenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione; 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulphonyl)-pyridine; 2-amino-4-methyl-N-phenyl-5-thiazolecarboxamide; 2-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-1H-inden-4-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide; 3,4,5-trichloro-2,6-pyridinedicarbonitrile; actinovate; cis-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cycloheptanol; methyl 1-(2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1H-inden-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate; monopotassium carbonate; N-(6-methoxy-3-pyridinyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; N-butyl-8-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1-oxaspiro-[4.5]decane-3-amine; sodium tetrathiocarbonate; and copper salts and preparations, such as Bordeaux mixture; copper hydroxide; copper naphthenate; copper oxychloride; copper sulphate; cufraneb; cuprous oxide; mancopper; oxine-copper.
Bactericides:
bronopol, dichlorophen, nitrapyrin, nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate, kasugamycin, octhilinone, furancarboxylic acid, oxytetracyclin, probenazole, streptomycin, tecloftalam, copper sulphate and other copper preparations.
Insecticides/Acaricides/Nematicides:
Acetylcholine Esterase (AChE) Inhibitors
A mixture with other known active compounds, such as herbicides, fertilizers, growth regulators, safeners, semiochemicals, or else with agents which improve plant properties is also possible.
When used as insecticides in their commercially available formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations, the active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention can furthermore be present in the form of a mixture with synergists. Synergists are compounds by which the activity of the active compounds is increased without it being necessary for the synergist added to be active itself.
When used as insecticides in their commercially available formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations, the active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention can furthermore be present in the form of mixtures with inhibitors which reduce the degradation of the active compound after application in the surroundings of the plant, on the surface of parts of plants or in plant tissues.
The active compound content of the use forms prepared from the commercially available formulations can vary within wide ranges. The active compound concentration of the use forms can be from 0.00000001 up to 95% by weight of active compound and is preferably between 0.00001 and 1% by weight.
Application is in a customary manner adapted to suit the use forms.
As already mentioned above, it is possible to treat all plants and their parts in accordance with the invention. In a preferred embodiment, wild plant species and plant cultivars which have been obtained by traditional biological breeding methods, such as hybridization or protoplast fusion, and the parts of these varieties and cultivars are treated. In a further preferred embodiment, transgenic plants and plant cultivars which have been obtained by recombinant methods, if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (genetically modified organisms), and their parts are treated. The terms “parts” or “parts of plants” or “plant parts” have been explained above.
Plants which are treated particularly preferably in accordance with the invention are those of the plant cultivars which are in each case commercially available or in use. Plant cultivars are understood as meaning plants with new traits which have been bred either by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. They may take the form of cultivars, biotypes and genotypes.
Depending on the plant species or plant cultivars, their location and growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period, nutrition), the treatment according to the invention may also result in superadditive (“synergistic”) effects. Thus, for example, reduced application rates and/or a widened activity spectrum and/or an increase in the activity of the substances and compositions which can be used in accordance with the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to salinity in the water or soil, increased flowering performance, facilitated harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, higher quality and/or higher nutritional value of the harvested products, better storage characteristics and/or processability of the harvested products are possible which exceed the effects which were actually to be expected.
The preferred transgenic plants or plant cultivars (those obtained by recombinant methods) to be treated in accordance with the invention include all those plants which, owing to the process of recombinant modification, were given genetic material which confers particular, advantageous, valuable traits to these plants. Examples of such properties are better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to salinity in the water or soil, increased flowering performance, facilitated harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, higher quality and/or higher nutritional value of the harvested products, better storage characteristics and/or processability of the harvested products. Further examples of such traits, examples which must be particularly emphasized, are better defense of the plants against animal and microbial pests, such as against insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and/or viruses and an increased tolerance of the plants to certain herbicidal active compounds. Examples of transgenic plants which may be mentioned are the important crop plants, such as cereals (wheat, rice), maize, soybeans, potatoes, sugar beet, tomatoes, peas and other vegetable varieties, cotton, tobacco, oilseed rape and fruit plants (with the fruits apples, pears, citrus fruits and grapes), with particular emphasis on maize, soybeans, potatoes, cotton, tobacco and oilseed rape. Traits which are especially emphasized are the increased defense of the plants against insects, arachnids, nematodes and slugs and snails, owing to toxins being formed in the plants, in particular toxins which are generated in the plants by the genetic material of Bacillus thuringiensis (for example by the genes CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c), CryIIA, CryIIA, CryIIIB2, Cry9c Cry2Ab, Cry3Bb and CryIF and their combinations) (hereinbelow “Bt plants”). Other traits which are particularly emphasized are the increased defense of plants against fungi, bacteria and viruses by systemic acquired resistance (SAR), systemin, phytoalexins, elicitors and resistance genes and correspondingly expressed proteins and toxins. Other traits which are especially emphasized are the increased tolerance of the plants to certain herbicidal active compounds, for example imidazolinones, sulphonylureas, glyphosate or phosphinotricin (for example “PAT” gene). The genes which confer the desired traits in each case may also be present in the transgenic plants in combination with one another. Examples of “Bt plants” which may be mentioned are maize cultivars, cotton cultivars, soybean cultivars and potato cultivars which are commercially available under the trade names YIELD GARD® (for example maize, cotton, soybeans), KnockOut® (for example maize), StarLink® (for example maize), Bollgard® (cotton), Nucotn® (cotton) and NewLeaf® (potato). Examples of herbicide-tolerant plants which may be mentioned are maize cultivars, cotton cultivars and soybean cultivars which are commercially available under the trade names Roundup Ready® (tolerance to glyphosate, for example maize, cotton, soybeans), Liberty Link® (tolerance to phosphinotricin, for example oilseed rape), IMI® (tolerance to imidazolinones) and STS® (tolerance to sulphonylureas, for example maize). Herbicide-resistant plants (plants bred in a conventional manner for herbicide tolerance) which may be mentioned also include the varieties commercially available under the name Clearfield® (for example maize). Naturally, these statements also apply to plant cultivars having these genetic traits or genetic traits still to be developed, which plant cultivars will be developed and/or marketed in the future.
The plants listed can be treated particularly advantageously according to the invention with the compounds of the general formula I or the active compound mixtures according to the invention. The preferred ranges stated above for the active compounds and mixtures also apply to the treatment of these plants. Particular emphasis may be given to the treatment of plants with the compounds or mixtures specifically mentioned in the present text.
The active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention are not only active against plant, hygiene and stored-product pests, but also, in the veterinary medicine sector, against animal parasites (ectoparasites and endoparasites), such as ixodid ticks, argasid ticks, scab mites, trombiculid mites, flies (stinging and sucking), parasitic fly larvae, lice, hair lice, bird lice and fleas. These parasites include:
From the order of the Anoplurida, for example, Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Phtirus spp., Solenopotes spp.
From the order of the Mallophagida and the sub-orders Amblycerina and Ischnocerina, for example, Trimenopon spp., Menopon spp., Trinoton spp., Bovicola spp., Wemeckiella spp., Lepikentron spp., Damalina spp., Trichodectes spp., Felicola spp.
From the order of the Diptera and the sub-orders Nematocerina and Brachycerina, for example, Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Simulium spp., Eusimulium spp., Phlebotomus spp., Lutzomyia spp., Culicoides spp., Chrysops spp., Hybomitra spp., Atylotus spp., Tabanus spp., Haematopota spp., Philipomyia spp., Braula spp., Musca spp., Hydrotaea spp., Stomoxys spp., Haematobia spp., Morellia spp., Fannia spp., Glossina spp., Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp., Chrysomyia spp., Wohlfahrtia spp., Sarcophaga spp., Oestrus spp., Hypoderma spp., Gasterophilus spp., Hippobosca spp., Lipoptena spp. and Melophagus spp.
From the order of the Siphonapterida, for example, Pulex spp., Ctenocephalides spp., Xenopyslla spp. and Ceratophyllus spp.
From the order of the Heteropterida, for example, Cimex spp., Triatoma spp., Rhodnius spp. and Panstrongylus spp.
From the order of the Blattarida, for example, Blatta orientalis, Periplaneta americana, Blattela germanica and Supella spp.
From the sub-class of the Acari (Acarina) and the orders of the Meta- and Mesostigmata, for example, Argas spp., Ornithodorus spp., Otobius spp., Ixodes spp., Amblyomma spp., Boophilus spp., Dermacentor spp., Haemophysalis spp., Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus spp., Dermanyssus spp., Raillietia spp., Pneumonyssus spp., Stemostoma spp. and Varroa spp.
From the order of the Actinedida (Prostigmata) and Acaridida (Astigmata), for example, Acarapis spp., Cheyletiella spp., Ornithocheyletia spp., Myobia spp., Psorergates spp., Demodex spp., Trombicula spp., Listrophorus spp., Acarus spp., Tyrophagus spp., Caloglyphus spp., Hypodectes spp., Pterolichus spp., Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Otodectes spp., Sarcoptes spp., Notoedres spp., Knemidocoptes spp., Cytodites spp. and Laminosioptes spp.
The active compounds/active compound combinations of the formula (I) according to the invention are also suitable for controlling arthropods which attack agricultural livestock, such as, for example, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, donkeys, camels, buffaloes, rabbits, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, honeybees, other domestic animals, such as, for example, dogs, cats, cage birds, aquarium fish, and so-called experimental animals, such as, for example, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rats and mice. By combating these arthropods, it is intended to reduce deaths and decreased performances (in meat, milk, wool, hides, eggs, honey and the like), so that more economical and simpler animal keeping is made possible by using the active compounds according to the invention.
In the veterinary sector and in the case of animal keeping, the active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention are used in a known manner by enteral administration, for example in the form of tablets, capsules, drinks, drenches, granules, pastes, boli, the feed-through method, suppositories, by parenteral administration, such as, for example, by means of injections (intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal and the like), implants, by nasal application, by dermal administration, for example in the form of dipping or bathing, spraying, pouring-on and spotting-on, washing, dusting, and with the aid of shaped articles which comprise active compound, such as collars, ear tags, tail marks, limb bands, halters, marking devices and the like.
When administered to livestock, poultry, domestic animals and the like, the active compounds of the formula (I) can be used as formulations (for example powders, emulsions, flowables) which comprise the active compounds in an amount of 1 to 80% by weight, either directly or after dilution by a factor of 100 to 10 000, or they may be used in the form of a chemical bath.
Furthermore, it has been found that the compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention have a potent insecticidal action against insects which destroy industrial materials.
The following insects may be mentioned by way of example and as being preferred, but without any limitation:
Beetles, such as Hylotrupes bajulus, Chlorophorus pilosis, Anobium punctatum, Xestobium rufovillosum, Ptilinus pecticornis, Dendrobium pertinex, Ernobius mollis, Priobium carpini, Lyctus brunneus, Lyctus africanus, Lyctus planicollis, Lyctus linearis, Lyctus pubescens, Trogoxylon aequale, Minthes rugicollis, Xyleborus spec. Tryptodendron spec. Apate monachus, Bostrychus capucins, Heterobostrychus brunneus, Sinoxylon spec. Dinoderus minutus;
Dermapterans, such as Sirex juvencus, Urocerus gigas, Urocerus gigas taignus, Urocerus augur;
Termites, such as Kalotermes flavicollis, Cryptotermes brevis, Heterotermes indicola, Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermes lucifugus, Mastotermes darwiniensis, Zootermopsis nevadensis, Coptotermes formosanus;
Bristletails, such as Lepisma saccharina.
Industrial materials are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, non-live materials, such as, preferably, synthetic materials, glues, sizes, paper and board, leather, wood and timber products, and paint.
The materials to be very particularly preferably protected against attack by insects are wood and timber products.
Wood and timber products which can be protected by the composition according to the invention or mixtures comprising such a composition are to be understood as meaning, for example:
construction timber, wooden beams, railway sleepers, bridge components, jetties, wooden vehicles, boxes, pallets, containers, telephone poles, wood cladding, windows and doors made of wood, plywood, particle board, joiner's articles, or wood products which, quite generally, are used in the construction of houses or in joinery.
The active compounds can be used as such, in the form of concentrates or generally customary formulations, such as powders, granules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions or pastes.
The formulations mentioned can be prepared in a manner known per se, for example by mixing the active compounds with at least one solvent or diluent, emulsifier, dispersant and/or binder or fixative, water repellent, if appropriate desiccants and UV stabilizers and, if appropriate, colorants and pigments and other processing auxiliaries.
The insecticidal compositions or concentrates used for the protection of wood and wooden materials comprise the active compound according to the invention in a concentration of 0.0001 to 95% by weight, in particular 0.001 to 60% by weight.
The amount of the compositions or concentrates employed depends on the species and the occurrence of the insects and on the medium. The optimum rate of application can be determined upon use in each case by a test series. However, in general, it suffices to employ 0.0001 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 10% by weight, of the active compound, based on the material to be protected.
The solvent and/or diluent used is an organochemical solvent or solvent mixture and/or an oily or oil-type organochemical solvent or solvent mixture of low volatility and/or a polar organochemical solvent or solvent mixture and/or water and, if appropriate, an emulsifier and/or wetting agent.
Organochemical solvents which are preferably employed are oily or oil-type solvents having an evaporation number of above 35 and a flash point of above 30° C., preferably above 45° C. Substances which are used as such oily and oil-type solvents which have low volatility and are insoluble in water are suitable mineral oils or their aromatic fractions, or mineral-oil-containing solvent mixtures, preferably white spirit, petroleum and/or alkylbenzene.
Substances which are advantageously used are mineral oils with a boiling range of 170 to 220° C., white spirit with a boiling range of 170 to 220° C., spindle oil with a boiling range of 250 to 350° C., petroleum or aromatics of boiling range 160 to 280° C., essence of turpentine and the like.
In a preferred embodiment, liquid aliphatic hydrocarbons with a boiling range of 180 to 210° C. or high-boiling mixtures of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons with a boiling range of 180 to 220° C. and/or spindle oil and/or monochloronaphthalene, preferably α-monochloronaphthalene, are used.
The organic oily or oil-type solvents of low volatility having an evaporation number of above 35 and a flash point of above 30° C., preferably above 45° C., can be partially replaced by organochemical solvents of high or medium volatility, with the proviso that the solvent mixture also has an evaporation number of above 35 and a flash point of above 30° C., preferably above 45° C., and that the insecticide/fungicide mixture is soluble or emulsifiable in this solvent mixture.
In a preferred embodiment, part of the organochemical solvent or solvent mixture or an aliphatic polar organochemical solvent or solvent mixture is replaced. Substances which are preferably used are aliphatic organochemical solvents having hydroxyl and/or ester and/or ether groups, such as, for example, glycol ethers, esters and the like.
The organochemical binders used within the scope of the present invention are the synthetic resins and/or binding drying oils which are known per se and can be diluted with water and/or are soluble or dispersible or emulsifiable in the organochemical solvents employed, in particular binders composed of, or comprising, an acrylate resin, a vinyl resin, for example polyvinyl acetate, polyester resin, polycondensation or polyaddition resin, polyurethane resin, alkyd resin or modified alkyd resin, phenol resin, hydrocarbon resin, such as indene/cumarone resin, silicone resin, drying vegetable and/or drying oils and/or physically drying binders based on a natural and/or synthetic resin.
The synthetic resin used as the binder can be employed in the form of an emulsion, dispersion or solution. Up to 10% by weight of bitumen or bituminous substances can also be used as binders. In addition, colorants, pigments, water repellents, odour-masking substances and inhibitors or anticorrosives known per se and the like can be employed.
The composition or the concentrate preferably comprises, in accordance with the invention, at least one alkyd resin or modified alkyd resin and/or a drying vegetable oil as the organochemical binder. Preferably used according to the invention are alkyd resins with an oil content of over 45% by weight, preferably 50 to 68% by weight.
All or some of the abovementioned binder can be replaced by a fixative (mixture) or a plasticizer (mixture). These additives are intended to prevent volatilization of the active compounds and crystallization or precipitation. They preferably replace 0.01 to 30% of the binder (based on 100% of binder employed).
The plasticizers are from the chemical classes of the phthalic esters, such as dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate or benzyl butyl phthalate, the phosphoric esters, such as tributyl phosphate, the adipic esters, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, the stearates, such as butyl stearate or amyl stearate, the oleates, such as butyl oleate, the glycerol ethers or relatively high molecular weight glycol ethers, glycerol esters and p-toluenesulphonic esters.
Fixatives are chemically based on polyvinyl alkyl ethers, such as, for example, polyvinyl methyl ether, or ketones, such as benzophenone or ethylenebenzophenone.
Particularly suitable as a solvent or diluent is also water, if appropriate as a mixture with one or more of the abovementioned organochemical solvents or diluents, emulsifiers and dispersants.
Particularly effective protection of wood is achieved by large-scale industrial impregnation processes, for example vacuum, double-vacuum or pressure processes.
If appropriate, the ready-to-use compositions can additionally comprise other insecticides and, if appropriate, additionally one or more fungicides.
Suitable additional components which may be admixed are, preferably, the insecticides and fungicides mentioned in WO 94/29 268. The compounds mentioned in that document are expressly part of the present application.
Very particularly preferred components which may be admixed are insecticides, such as chlorpyriphos, phoxim, silafluofin, alphamethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, imidacloprid, NI-25, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, transfluthrin, thiacloprid, methoxyphenoxid, triflumuron, chlothianidin, spinosad, tefluthrin,
and fungicides, such as epoxyconazole, hexaconazole, azaconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, cyproconazole, metconazole, imazalil, dichlorfluanid, tolylfluanid, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate, N-octyl-isothiazolin-3-one and 4,5-dichloro-N-octylisothiazolin-3-one.
The compounds according to the invention can at the same time be employed for protecting objects which come into contact with saltwater or brackish water, in particular hulls, screens, nets, buildings, moorings and signalling systems, against fouling.
Fouling by sessile Oligochaeta, such as Serpulidae, and by shells and species from the Ledamorpha group (goose barnacles), such as various Lepas and Scalpellum species, or by species from the Balanomorpha group (acorn barnacles), such as Balanus or Pollicipes species, increases the frictional drag of ships and, as a consequence, leads to a marked increase in operation costs owing to higher energy consumption and additionally frequent residence in the dry dock.
Apart from fouling by algae, for example Ectocarpus sp. and Ceramium sp., fouling in particular by sessile Entomostraka groups, which come under the generic term Cirripedia (cirriped crustaceans), is of particular importance.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that the compounds according to the invention, alone or in combination with other active compounds, have an outstanding antifouling action.
Using the compounds according to the invention, alone or in combination with other active compounds, allows the use of heavy metals such as, for example, in bis(trialkyltin) sulphides, tri-n-butyltin laurate, tri-n-butyltin chloride, copper(I) oxide, triethyltin chloride, tri-n-butyl(2-phenyl-4-chlorophenoxy)tin, tributyltin oxide, molybdenum disulphide, antimony oxide, polymeric butyl titanate, phenyl(bispyridine)bismuth chloride, tri-n-butyltin fluoride, manganese ethylenebisthio-carbamate, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, zinc ethylenebisthiocarbamate, zinc salts and copper salts of 2-pyridinethiol 1-oxide, bisdimethyldithiocarbamoylzinc ethylenebisthiocarbamate, zinc oxide, copper(I) ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, copper thiocyanate, copper naphthenate and tributyltin halides to be dispensed with, or the concentration of these compounds to be substantially reduced.
If appropriate, the ready-to-use antifouling paints can additionally comprise other active compounds, preferably algicides, fungicides, herbicides, molluscicides, or other antifouling active compounds.
Preferably suitable components in combination with the antifouling compositions according to the invention are:
algicides such as
2-tert-butylamino-4-cyclopropylamino-6-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine, dichlorophen, diuron, endothal, fentin acetate, isoproturon, methabenzthiazuron, oxyfluorfen, quinoclamine and terbutryn;
fungicides such as
benzo[b]thiophenecarboxylic acid cyclohexylamide S,S-dioxide, dichlofluanid, fluorfolpet, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate, tolylfluanid and azoles such as
azaconazole, cyproconazole, epoxyconazole, hexaconazole, metconazole, propiconazole and tebuconazole;
molluscicides such as
fentin acetate, metaldehyde, methiocarb, niclosamid, thiodicarb and trimethacarb, Fe chelates;
or conventional antifouling active compounds such as
4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, diiodomethylparatryl sulphone, 2-(N,N-dimethyl-thiocarbamoylthio)-5-nitrothiazyl, potassium, copper, sodium and zinc salts of 2-pyridinethiol 1-oxide, pyridinetriphenylborane, tetrabutyldistannoxane, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulphonyl)-pyridine, 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, tetramethylthiuram disulphide and 2,4,6-trichlorophenylmaleimide.
The antifouling compositions used comprise the active compound according to the invention of the compounds according to the invention in a concentration of 0.001 to 50% by weight, in particular 0.01 to 20% by weight.
Moreover, the antifouling compositions according to the invention comprise the customary components such as, for example, those described in Ungerer, Chem. Ind. 1985, 37, 730-732 and Williams, Antifouling Marine Coatings, Noyes, Park Ridge, 1973.
Besides the algicidal, fungicidal, molluscicidal active compounds and insecticidal active compounds according to the invention, antifouling paints comprise, in particular, binders.
Examples of recognized binders are polyvinyl chloride in a solvent system, chlorinated rubber in a solvent system, acrylic resins in a solvent system, in particular in an aqueous system, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer systems in the form of aqueous dispersions or in the form of organic solvent systems, butadiene/styrene/acrylonitrile rubbers, drying oils such as linseed oil, resin esters or modified hardened resins in combination with tar or bitumens, asphalt and epoxy compounds, small amounts of chlorine rubber, chlorinated polypropylene and vinyl resins.
If appropriate, paints also comprise inorganic pigments, organic pigments or colorants which are preferably insoluble in saltwater. Paints may furthermore comprise materials such as rosin to allow controlled release of the active compounds. Furthermore, the paints may comprise plasticizers, modifiers which affect the rheological properties and other conventional constituents. The compounds according to the invention or the abovementioned mixtures may also be incorporated into self-polishing antifouling systems.
The active compounds are also suitable for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, arachnids and mites, which are found in enclosed spaces such as, for example, dwellings, factory halls, offices, vehicle cabins and the like. They can be employed in domestic insecticide products for controlling these pests alone or in combination with other active compounds and auxiliaries. They are active against sensitive and resistant species and against all development stages. These pests include:
From the order of the Scorpionidea, for example, Buthus occitanus.
From the order of the Acarina, for example, Argas persicus, Argas reflexus, Bryobia ssp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Glyciphagus domesticus, Ornithodorus moubat, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Trombicula alfreddugesi, Neutrombicula autumnalis, Dermatophagoides pteronissimus, Dermatophagoides forinae.
From the order of the Araneae, for example, Aviculariidae, Araneidae.
From the order of the Opiliones, for example, Pseudoscorpiones chelifer, Pseudoscorpiones cheiridium, Opiliones phalangium.
From the order of the Isopoda, for example, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber.
From the order of the Diplopoda, for example, Blaniulus guttulatus, Polydesmus spp.
From the order of the Chilopoda, for example, Geophilus spp.
From the order of the Zygentoma, for example, Ctenolepisma spp., Lepisma saccharina, Lepismodes inquilinus.
From the order of the Blattaria, for example, Blatta orientalies, Blattella germanica, Blattella asahinai, Leucophaea maderae, Panchlora spp., Parcoblatta spp., Periplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta brunnea, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Supella longipalpa.
From the order of the Saltatoria, for example, Acheta domesticus.
From the order of the Dermaptera, for example, Forficula auricularia.
From the order of the Isoptera, for example, Kalotermes spp., Reticulitermes spp.
From the order of the Psocoptera, for example, Lepinatus spp., Liposcelis spp.
From the order of the Coleptera, for example, Anthrenus spp., Attagenus spp., Dermestes spp., Latheticus oryzae, Necrobia spp., Ptinus spp., Rhizopertha dominica, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum.
From the order of the Diptera, for example, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Anopheles spp., Calliphora erythrocephala, Chrysozona pluvialis, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, Drosophila spp., Fannia canicularis, Musca domestica, Phlebotomus spp., Sarcophaga camaria, Simulium spp., Stomoxys calcitrans, Tipula paludosa.
From the order of the Lepidoptera, for example, Achroia grisella, Galleria mellonella, Plodia interpunctella, Tinea cloacella, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella.
From the order of the Siphonaptera, for example, Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, Xenopsylla cheopis.
From the order of the Hymenoptera, for example, Camponotus herculeanus, Lasius fuliginosus, Lasius niger, Lasius umbratus, Monomorium pharaonis, Paravespula spp., Tetramorium caespitum.
From the order of the Anoplura, for example, Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus corporis, Phthirus pubis.
From the order of the Heteroptera, for example, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Rhodinus prolixus, Triatoma infestans.
They are used in the household insecticides sector alone or in combination with other suitable active compounds such as phosphoric esters, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, growth regulators or active compounds from other known classes of insecticides.
They are used in aerosols, pressure-free spray products, for example pump and atomizer sprays, automatic fogging systems, foggers, foams, gels, evaporator products with evaporator tablets made of cellulose or polymer, liquid evaporators, gel and membrane evaporators, propeller-driven evaporators, energy-free, or passive, evaporation systems, moth papers, moth bags and moth gels, as granules or dusts, in baits for spreading or in bait stations.
The active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention can also be used as defoliants, desiccants, haulm killers and, in particular, as weed killers. Weeds in the broadest sense are understood as meaning all plants which grow at locations where they are undesired. Whether the substances according to the invention act as nonselective or selective herbicides depends essentially on the application rate.
The active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention can be used, for example, in the following plants:
Dicotyledonous weeds of the genera: Abutilon, Amaranthus, Ambrosia, Anoda, Anthemis, Aphanes, Atriplex, Bellis, Bidens, Capsella, Carduus, Cassia, Centaurea, Chenopodium, Cirsium, Convolvulus, Datura, Desmodium, Emex, Erysimum, Euphorbia, Galeopsis, Galinsoga, Galium, Hibiscus, Ipomoea, Kochia, Lamium, Lepidium, Lindemia, Matricaria, Mentha, Mercurialis, Mullugo, Myosotis, Papaver, Pharbitis, Plantago, Polygonum, Portulaca, Ranunculus, Raphanus, Rorippa, Rotala, Rumex, Salsola, Senecio, Sesbania, Sida, Sinapis, Solanum, Sonchus, Sphenoclea, Stellaria, Taraxacum, Thlaspi, Trifolium, Urtica, Veronica, Viola, Xanthium.
Dicotyledonous crops of the genera: Arachis, Beta, Brassica, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Helianthus, Daucus, Glycine, Gossypium, Ipomoea, Lactuca, Linum, Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Phaseolus, Pisum, Solanum, Vicia.
Monocotyledonous weeds of the genera: Aegilops, Agropyron, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Apera, Avena, Brachiaria, Bromus, Cenchrus, Commelina, Cynodon, Cyperus, Dactyloctenium, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Eleocharis, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Eriochloa, Festuca, Fimbristylis, Heteranthera, Imperata, Ischaemum, Leptochloa, Lolium, Monochoria, Panicum, Paspalum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa, Rottboellia, Sagittaria, Scirpus, Setaria, Sorghum.
Monocotyledonous crops of the genera: Allium, Ananas, Asparagus, Avena, Hordeum, Oryza, Panicum, Saccharum, Secale, Sorghum, Triticale, Triticum, Zea.
However, the use of the active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention is in no way restricted to these genera, but also extends in the same manner to other plants.
Depending on the concentration, the active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention are suitable for the nonselective weed control on, for example, industrial terrains and railway tracks and on paths and locations with and without trees. Likewise the active compounds according to the invention can be employed for controlling weeds in perennial crops, for example forests, ornamental tree plantings, orchards, vineyards, citrus groves, nut orchards, banana plantations, coffee plantations, tea plantations, rubber plantations, oil palm plantations, cocoa plantations, soft fruit plantations and hop fields, on lawns, turf and pastureland, and for the selective control of weeds in annual crops.
The compounds of the formula (I)/active compound combinations according to the invention have strong herbicidal activity and a broad activity spectrum when used on the soil and on aerial plant parts. To a certain extent, they are also suitable for the selective control of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crops, both pre- and post-emergence.
At certain concentrations or application rates, the active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention can also be employed for controlling animal pests and fungal or bacterial plant diseases. If appropriate, they can also be used as intermediates or precursors for the synthesis of other active compounds.
The active compounds/active compound combinations can be converted into the customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, suspensions, powders, dusting agents, pastes, soluble powders, granules, suspoemulsion concentrates, natural and synthetic materials impregnated with active compound, and microencapsulations in polymeric substances.
These formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds with extenders, that is liquid solvents and/or solid carriers, optionally with the use of surfactants, that is emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam formers.
If the extender used is water, it is also possible to use, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents. Suitable liquid solvents are essentially: aromatics, such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as butanol or glycol, and also their ethers and esters, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
Suitable solid carriers are: for example ammonium salts and ground natural minerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as highly disperse silica, alumina and silicates; suitable solid carriers for granules are: for example crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks; suitable emulsifiers and/or foam formers are: for example nonionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates and protein hydrolysates; suitable dispersants are: for example lignosulphite waste liquors and methylcellulose.
Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, and also natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids, can be used in the formulations. Other possible additives are mineral and vegetable oils.
It is possible to use colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian blue, and organic colorants, such as alizarin colorants, azo colorants and metal phthalocyanine colorants, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
The formulations generally comprise between 0.1 and 95 percent by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.5 and 90%.
The active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention, as such or in their formulations, can also be used for weed control purposes as a mixture with known herbicides and/or with substances which improve crop plant tolerance (“safeners”), ready mixes or tank mixes being possible. Mixtures with herbicide products which contain one or more known herbicides and a safener are hence also possible.
Herbicides which are suitable for the mixtures are known herbicides, for example
acetochlor, acifluorfen (-sodium), aclonifen, alachlor, alloxydim (-sodium), ametryne, amicarbazone, amidochlor, amidosulfuron, aminopyralid, anilofos, asulam, atrazine, azafenidin, azimsulfuron, beflubutamid, benazolin (-ethyl), benfuresate, bensulfuron (-methyl), bentazone, bencarbazone, benzfendizone, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, benzoylprop (-ethyl), bialaphos, bifenox, bispyribac (-sodium), bromobutide, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, butachlor, butafenacil (-allyl), butroxydim, butylate, cafenstrole, caloxydim, carbetamide, carfentrazone (-ethyl), chlomethoxyfen, chloramben, chloridazon, chlorimuron (-ethyl), chlomitrofen, chlorsulfuron, chlortoluron, cinidon (-ethyl), cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, clefoxydim, clethodim, clodinafop (-propargyl), clomazone, clomeprop, clopyralid, clopyrasulfuron (-methyl), cloransulam (-methyl), cumyluron, cyanazine, cybutryne, cycloate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cyhalofop (-butyl), 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, desmedipham, diallate, dicamba, dichlorprop (—P), diclofop (-methyl), diclosulam, diethatyl (-ethyl), difenzoquat, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimexyflam, dinitramine, diphenamid, diquat, dithiopyr, diuron, dymron, epropodan, EPTC, esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron (-methyl), ethofumesate, ethoxyfen, ethoxysulfuron, etobenzanid, fenoxaprop (—P-ethyl), fentrazamide, flamprop (-isopropyl, -isopropyl-L, -methyl), flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop (—P-butyl), fluazolate, flucarbazone (-sodium), flufenacet, flumetsulam, flumiclorac (-pentyl), flumioxazin, flumipropyn, flumetsulam, fluometuron, fluorochloridone, fluoroglycofen (-ethyl), flupoxam, flupropacil, flurpyrsulfuron (-methyl, -sodium), flurenol (-butyl), fluridone, fluoroxypyr (-butoxypropyl, -meptyl), flurprimidol, flurtamone, fluthiacet (-methyl), fluthiamide, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, glufosinate (-ammonium), glyphosate (-isopropylammonium), halosafen, haloxyfop (-ethoxyethyl, —P-methyl), hexazinone, HOK-201, imazamethabenz (-methyl), imazamethapyr, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron (-methyl, -sodium), ioxynil, isopropalin, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole, isoxapyrifop, lactofen, lenacil, linuron, MCPA, mecoprop, mefenacet, mesosulfuron, mesotrione, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor, methabenzthiazuron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, (alpha-) metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron (-methyl), molinate, monolinuron, naproanilide, napropamide, neburon, nicosulfuron, norflurazon, orbencarb, orthosulfamuron, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin, pendralin, penoxsulam, pentoxazone, phenmedipham, picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, pretilachlor, primisulfuron (-methyl), profluazol, prometryn, propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propisochlor, propoxycarbazone (-sodium), propyzamide, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, pyraflufen (-ethyl), pyrasulfotole, pyrazogyl, pyrazolate, pyrazosulfuron (-ethyl), pyrazoxyfen, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyridate, pyridatol, pyriftalid, pyriminobac (-methyl), pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac (-sodium), pyroxsulam, pyroxasulfone, quinchlorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quizalofop (—P-ethyl, —P-tefuryl), rimsulfuron, sethoxydim, simazine, simetryn, sulcotrione, sulfentrazone, sulfometuron (-methyl), sulfosate, sulfosulfuron, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tembotrione, tepraloxydim, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, thenylchlor, thiafluamide, thiazopyr, thidiazimin, thiencarbazone-methyl thifensulfuron (-methyl), thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, topramezone, tralkoxydim, triallate, triasulfuron, tribenuron (-methyl), triclopyr, tridiphane, trifluralin, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron (-methyl), tritosulfuron and
A mixture with other known active compounds, such as fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, bird repellents, plant nutrients and soil conditioners, is also possible.
The active compounds/active compound combinations can be used as such, in the form of their formulations or the use forms prepared therefrom by further dilution, such as ready-to-use solutions, suspensions, emulsions, powders, pastes and granules. They are applied in the customary manner, for example by pouring, spraying, atomizing, spreading.
The active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention can be applied both before and after plant emergence. They can also be incorporated into the soil prior to sowing.
The application rate of active compound can vary within a substantial range. Essentially, it depends on the nature of the desired effect. In general, the application rates are between 1 g and 10 kg of active compound per hectare of soil area, preferably between 5 g and 5 kg per ha.
The substances/active compound combinations according to the invention have potent microbicidal activity and can be employed for controlling unwanted microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, in crop protection and in the protection of materials.
Fungicides can be employed in crop protection for controlling Plasmodiophoromycetes, Oomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.
Bactericides can be employed in crop protection for controlling Pseudomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Corynebacteriaceae and Streptomycetaceae.
Some pathogens causing fungal and bacterial diseases which come under the generic names listed above may be mentioned as examples, but not by way of limitation:
Xanthomonas species, such as, for example, Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae;
Pseudomonas species, such as, for example, Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans;
Erwinia species, such as, for example, Erwinia amylovora;
Pythium species, such as, for example, Pythium ultimum;
Phytophthora species, such as, for example, Phytophthora infestans;
Pseudoperonospora species, such as, for example, Pseudoperonospora humuli or Pseudoperonospora cubensis;
Plasmopara species, such as, for example, Plasmopara viticola;
Bremia species, such as, for example, Bremia lactucae;
Peronospora species, such as, for example, Peronospora pisi or P. brassicae;
Erysiphe species, such as, for example, Erysiphe graminis;
Sphaerotheca species, such as, for example, Sphaerotheca fuliginea;
Podosphaera species, such as, for example, Podosphaera leucotricha;
Venturia species, such as, for example, Venturia inaequalis;
Pyrenophora species, such as, for example, Pyrenophora teres or P. graminea
(conidia form: Drechslera, syn: Helminthosporium);
Cochliobolus species, such as, for example, Cochliobolus sativus
(conidia form: Drechslera, syn: Helminthosporium);
Uromyces species, such as, for example, Uromyces appendiculatus;
Puccinia species, such as, for example, Puccinia recondita;
Sclerotinia species, such as, for example, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum;
Tilletia species, such as, for example, Tilletia caries;
Ustilago species, such as, for example, Ustilago nuda or Ustilago avenae;
Pellicularia species, such as, for example, Pellicularia sasakii;
Pyricularia species, such as, for example, Pyricularia oryzae;
Fusarium species, such as, for example, Fusarium culmorum;
Botrytis species, such as, for example, Botrytis cinerea;
Septoria species, such as, for example, Septoria nodorum;
Leptosphaeria species, such as, for example, Leptosphaeria nodorum;
Cercospora species, such as, for example, Cercospora canescens;
Alternaria species, such as, for example, Alternaria brassicae; and
Pseudocercosporella species, such as, for example, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides.
The active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention also have very good fortifying action in plants. Accordingly, they can be used for mobilizing the defenses of the plant against attack by unwanted microorganisms.
In the present context, plant-fortifying (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning those substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants such that, when the treated plants are subsequently inoculated with unwanted microorganisms, they show substantial resistance against these microorganisms.
In the present case, unwanted microorganisms are to be understood as meaning phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses. Accordingly, the substances according to the invention can be used to protect plants for a certain period after the treatment against attack by the pathogens mentioned. The period for which protection is provided generally extends over 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the active compounds.
The fact that the active compounds/active compound combinations are well tolerated by plants at the concentrations required for controlling plant diseases permits the treatment of above-ground parts of plants, of propagation stock and seeds, and of the soil.
The active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention are also suitable for increasing the yield of crops. In addition, they show reduced toxicity and are well tolerated by plants.
At certain concentrations and application rates, the active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention can, if appropriate, also be used as herbicides, for influencing plant growth and for controlling animal pests. If appropriate, they can also be used as intermediates and precursors for the synthesis of further active compounds.
In the protection of materials, the substances according to the invention can be employed for protecting industrial materials against infection with, and destruction by, unwanted microorganisms. Industrial materials in the present context are understood as meaning non-living materials which have been prepared for use in industry. For example, industrial materials which are intended to be protected by active compounds according to the invention from microbial change or destruction can be adhesives, sizes, paper and board, textiles, leather, wood, paints and plastic articles, cooling lubricants and other materials which can be infected with, or destroyed by, microorganisms. Parts of production plants, for example cooling-water circuits, which may be impaired by the proliferation of microorganisms may also be mentioned within the scope of the materials to be protected. Industrial materials which may be mentioned within the scope of the present invention are preferably adhesives, sizes, paper and board, leather, wood, paints, cooling lubricants and heat-transfer liquids, particularly preferably wood.
Microorganisms capable of degrading or changing the industrial materials which may be mentioned are, for example, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and slime organisms. The active compounds according to the invention preferably act against fungi, in particular moulds, wood-discolouring and wood-destroying fungi (Basidiomycetes), and against slime organisms and algae.
Microorganisms of the following genera may be mentioned as examples:
Alternaria, such as Alternaria tenuis,
Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus niger,
Chaetomium, such as Chaetomium globosum,
Coniophora, such as Coniophora puetana,
Lentinus, such as Lentinus tigrinus,
Penicillium, such as Penicillium glaucum,
Polyporus, such as Polyporus versicolor,
Aureobasidium, such as Aureobasidium pullulans,
Sclerophoma, such as Sclerophoma pityophila,
Trichoderma, such as Trichoderma viride,
Escherichia, such as Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
Staphylococcus, such as Staphylococcus aureus.
Depending on their particular physical and/or chemical properties, the active compounds/active compound combinations can be converted into the customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders, foams, pastes, granules, aerosols and microencapsulations in polymeric substances and in coating compositions for seeds, and ULV cool and warm fogging formulations.
These formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds/active compound combinations with extenders, that is liquid solvents, liquefied gases under pressure, and/or solid carriers, optionally with the use of surfactants, that is emulsifiers and/or dispersants, and/or foam formers. If the extender used is water, it is also possible to employ, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents. Essentially, suitable liquid solvents are: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, or else water. Liquefied gaseous extenders or carriers are to be understood as meaning liquids which are gaseous at standard temperature and under atmospheric pressure, for example aerosol propellants such as halogenated hydrocarbons, or else butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Suitable solid carriers are: for example ground natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, aftapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals such as highly disperse silica, alumina and silicates. Suitable solid carriers for granules are: for example crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite, or else synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks. Suitable emulsifiers and/or foam formers are: for example nonionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates, or else protein hydrolysates. Suitable dispersants are: for example lignosulphite waste liquors and methylcellulose.
Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, or else natural phospholipids such as cephalins and lecithins and synthetic phospholipids can be used in the formulations. Other possible additives are mineral and vegetable oils.
It is possible to use colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian blue, and organic colorants such as alizarin colorants, azo colorants and metal phthalocyanine colorants, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
The formulations generally comprise between 0.1 and 95 percent by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.5 and 90%.
The active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention can be used as such or in their formulations, also in a mixture with known fungicides, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides or insecticides, to broaden, for example, the activity spectrum or to prevent development of resistance. In many cases, synergistic effects are obtained, i.e. the activity of the mixture is greater than the activity of the individual components.
Examples of suitable mixing components are the compounds mentioned above.
A mixture with other known active compounds, such as herbicides, or with fertilizers and growth regulators, is also possible.
In addition, the compounds of the formula (I)/active compound combinations according to the invention also have very good antimycotic activity. They have a very broad antimycotic activity spectrum in particular against dermatophytes and yeasts, moulds and diphasic fungi (for example against Candida species, such as Candida albicans, Candida glabrata), and Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus species, such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton species, such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes,
Microsporon species such as Microsporon canis and audouinii. The list of these fungi by no means limits the mycotic spectrum covered, but is only for illustration.
The active compounds/active compound combinations can be used as such, in the form of their formulations or the use forms prepared therefrom, such as ready-to-use solutions, suspensions, wettable powders, pastes, soluble powders, dusting agents and granules. Application is carried out in a customary manner, for example by pouring, spraying, atomizing, broadcasting, dusting, foaming, spreading, etc. It is furthermore possible to apply the active compounds by the ultra-low-volume method, or to inject the active compound preparation or the active compound itself into the soil. It is also possible to treat the seeds of the plants.
When using the active compounds/active compounds combinations according to the invention as fungicides, the application rates can be varied within a relatively wide range, depending on the kind of application. For the treatment of parts of plants, the active compound application rates are generally between 0.1 and 10 000 g/ha, preferably between 10 and 1000 g/ha. For seed dressing, the active compound application rates are generally between 0.001 and 50 g per kilogram of seed, preferably between 0.01 and 10 g per kilogram of seed. For the treatment of the soil, the active compound application rates are generally between 0.1 and 10 000 g/ha, preferably between 1 and 5000 g/ha.
The preparation and the use of the active compounds/active compound combinations according to the invention are illustrated by the examples below.
2.3 g (20 mmol) of potassium tert-butoxide are introduced under an argon atmosphere in 7 ml of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and this initial charge is admixed dropwise at 80° C. with 3.6 g (9 mmol) of the compound of Example II-1 in 7 ml of DMA and stirred at 80° C. for 1 hour. After end of reaction (thin-layer-chromatographic control (TLC control)) the reaction mixture is added to 80 ml of ice-water and at 0 to 10° C. is brought to a pH of 2 using 1N hydrochloric acid, and the precipitate is filtered off with suction, washed and dried.
Yield: 3.18 g (94% of theory), m.p. 211° C.
0.7 g of 3-(4-bromo-2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-methoxymethyl-5-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione and 0.71 g of 4-chlorophenylboronic acid are introduced in 5 ml of dimethoxyethane and this initial charge is admixed with 0.01 g of tetrakistriphenylphosphinepalladium and 15 ml of 7.5% strength Na2CO3 solution and stirred under reflux and under inert gas for 6 h. The mixture is added to water, adjusted to a pH of 1 using 1N HCl, stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes and filtered with suction on a frit.
Yield: 0.5 g (65% of theory), m.p. 206-209° C.
1H-NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO): δ=1.30 (d, 3H,
2.17 (d, 3H, aryl-CH3) ppm.
In analogy to Examples (I-a-1) and (I-a-2) and in accordance with the general preparation details the following compounds are obtained of the formula (I-a)
CH
3),
0.154 g (0.4 mmol) of the compound of Ex. I-a-2 are introduced in 8 ml of ethyl acetate and then this initial charge is admixed with 0.07 ml of triethylamine and 1.5 mg of DMAP and heated to 50° C. Subsequently 2 ml of a solution of 0.05 ml of isobutyryl chloride in ethyl acetate are added dropwise in 5 portions over the course of 30 min. The mixture is stirred under reflux for 6 h and then stirred at room temperature overnight. Saturated NaCl solution is added and the organic phase is separated off. After drying with sodium sulphate it is purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/n-heptane 1:4 to 4:1).
Yield: 0.127 g (70% of theory).
*1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ=1.00 (dd, 6H, CH(CH3)2), 2.30 (s, 3H, Ar—CH3), 3.41 (d, 3H, OCH3) ppm.
In analogy to Example (I-b-1) and in accordance with the general preparation details the following compounds are obtained of the formula (I-b)
0.15 g of the compound of Example I-a-2 and 0.06 ml of triethylamine are introduced in 8 ml of dichloromethane and this initial charge is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes, admixed with 0.046 g of ethyl chloroformate and stirred at room temperature overnight. After end of reaction (TLC control), 5 ml of Na2CO3 solution are added and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes, separated via an extraction cartridge and concentrated on a rotary evaporator. Purification is accomplished by column chromatography using ethyl acetate/n-heptane (1:4 to 4:1).
Yield: 0.172 g (97% of theory).
*1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ=2.24 (s, 3H, Ar—CH3), 3.3 (d, 3H, OCH3), 3.96 (q, 2H, O—CH2—CH3).
In analogy to Example (I-c-1) and in accordance with the general preparation details the following compounds are obtained of the formula (I-c)
Under argon, 3.03 g of methyl 2-amino-2-methoxymethylpropionate×HCl (16.5 mmol) are introduced in 75 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran. At 20° C. this initial charge is admixed dropwise with 4.6 ml (33 mmol) of triethylamine. It is stirred for 5 minutes and admixed at 20° C. with 3.9 g of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methylphenylacetic acid (15 mmol). After 15 minutes 3.45 ml of triethylamine (25 mmol) are added dropwise, followed immediately by 0.93 ml of phosphorus oxychloride (10 mmol); the solution ought to boil moderately. It is stirred under reflux for 30 minutes. After end of reaction (TLC control) purification is accomplished by column chromatography on silica gel (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate=10:1).
Yield: 3.6 g (60% of theory), m.p. 107° C.
In analogy to Example (II-1) and in accordance with the general preparation details the following compounds are obtained of the formula (II)
Under argon, 189.3 g of the compound of Example XVI-1 are introduced in 4.4 l of methanol at 0° C. to 5° C. and this initial charge is admixed slowly dropwise with 230 ml of thionyl chloride. It is stirred at 0° C. for 30 min then at 40° C. for approximately 10 h and is left at room temperature overnight. It is cooled to 5° C., the precipitate is filtered off with suction and the solvent is removed on a rotary evaporator.
Yield: 197.4 g (96% of theory).
1H-NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO): δ=1.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.31 (s, 1H, OCH3), 3.69 (s, 2H, O—CH2), 3.76 (s, 3H, COOCH3) ppm.
In analogy to Example XIII-1 the new amino acid esters of the formula (XIII-2) to (XIII-3) are obtained in the form of their salts
1H-NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO): δ=1.43, 1.5 (2s, 3H, CH3), 3.75 (s, 3H, CO2CH3), 4.12 (m, 1H, OCH) ppm and
1H-NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO): δ=1.52, 1.55 (2s, 3H, CH3), 3.71, 3.75 (2s, 3H, CO2CH3), 3.85, 4.03 (m, 1H, OCH) ppm.
Under argon, 176.5 g of 5-methoxymethyl-5-methylhydantoin are suspended in 1700 ml of 30% strength KOH and the suspension is stirred under reflux overnight.
Concentrate to approximately 25% of the volume on a rotary evaporator; acidify at 0-10° C. using concentrated HCl, concentrate on a rotary evaporator, and dry. The white powder is reacted further directly for the preparation of Example XIII-1.
In analogy to Example XVI-1 the new amino acids of the formula (XVI-2) to (XVI-3) are obtained
5-Methoxymethyl-5-methylhydantoin (XX-1)
Under argon inert gas, ammonium carbonate (134.5 g) and sodium cyanide (16.17 g) are introduced in 560 ml of water. Beginning at room temperature, the methoxyacetone (26.4 g) is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is stirred at 55° C. to 60° C. over four hours and then stirred at 0° C. to 5° C. for two hours.
The solid is filtered off with suction and dried.
Yield: 21.55 g (45% of theory).
In analogy to Example (XX-1) the new hydantoins (XX-2) to (XX-3) are obtained
1H-NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO): δ=1.25, 1.40 (2s, 3H, CH3), 3.73 (m, 2H, OCH2), 3.97 (m, 1H, CHO) ppm
and
1H-NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO): δ=1.20, 1.22 (2s, 3H, CH3), 3.50-3.86 (m, 3H, O—CH2, O—CH) ppm.
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier and diluting the concentrate with emulsifier-containing water to the desired concentration.
Leaf discs of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) infested by all stages of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) are sprayed with a preparation of active compound at the desired concentration.
After the desired time the effect in % is determined. 100% means that all of the aphids have been killed; 0% means that no aphids have been killed.
In this test the following compounds, for example, of the Preparation Examples, applied at a rate of 500 g/ha, show an activity of ≧80%: I-a-1, I-a-6, I-a-8, I-a-9, I-a-10, I-a-11, I-a-12, I-a-14, I-a-15, I-a-16, I-a-17, I-a-18, I-a-19, I-a-20, I-a-21, I-a-22, I-a-23, I-a-24, I-a-25, I-a-26, I-a-27, I-b-6, I-b-7, I-b-8, I-b-9, I-b-10, I-b-12, I-b-13, I-b-14, I-b-15, I-b-16, I-b-17, I-b-18, I-b-22, I-b-23, I-c-5, I-c-6, I-c-7, I-c-8, I-c-9, I-c-10, I-c-11, I-c-12, I-c-13, I-c-17, I-c-18, I-c-19, I-c-20, I-c-21.
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier and diluting the concentrate with emulsifier-containing water to the desired concentration.
Leaf discs of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) are sprayed with a preparation of active compound at the desired concentration and after they have dried are populated with larvae of the mustard beetle (Phaedon cochleariae).
After the desired time the effect in % is determined. 100% means that all of the beetle larvae have been killed; 0% means that no beetle larvae have been killed.
In this test the following compounds, for example, of the Preparation Examples, applied at a rate of 500 g/ha, show an activity of ≧80%: I-a-1, I-a-2, I-a-6, I-a-7, I-a-8, I-a-9, I-a-10, I-a-11, I-a-12, I-a-13, I-a-14, I-a-15, I-a-20, I-a-21, I-a-22, I-a-23, I-a-26, I-a-27, I-b-7, I-b-8, I-b-9, I-b-12, I-b-13, I-b-14, I-b-18, I-b-23, I-c-5, I-c-6, I-c-7, I-c-8, I-c-9, I-c-10, I-c-11, I-c-12, I-c-13.
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier and diluting the concentrate with emulsifier-containing water to the desired concentration.
Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) heavily infested by all stages of the greenhouse red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) are immersed in a preparation of active compound at the desired concentration.
After the desired time the effect in % is determined. 100% means that all of the spider mites have been killed; 0% means that no spider mites have been killed.
In this test the following compounds, for example, of the Preparation Examples, applied at a rate of 100 g/ha, show an activity of ≧80%: I-a-1, I-a-2, I-a-7, I-a-14, I-a-15, I-a-16, I-a-18, I-a-19, I-a-21, I-a-22, I-a-23, I-a-24, I-a-25, I-a-27, I-b-6, I-b-7, I-b-8, I-b-9, I-b-10, I-b-16, I-b-17, I-b-18, I-b-22, I-b-23, I-c-1, I-c-5, I-c-6, I-c-8, I-c-9, I-c-11, I-c-12, I-c-13, I-c-17, I-c-18, I-c-19, I-c-20, I-c-21.
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier and diluting the concentrate with emulsifier-containing water to the desired concentration.
Leaf discs of maize (Zea mays) are sprayed with a preparation of active compound at the desired concentration and after they have dried are populated with caterpillars of the army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda).
After the desired time the effect in % is determined. 100% means that all of the caterpillars have been killed; 0% means that no caterpillars have been killed.
In this test the following compounds, for example, of the Preparation Examples, applied at a rate of 500 g/ha, show an activity of ≧80%: I-a-1, I-a-6, I-a-7, I-a-8, I-a-9, I-a-10, I-a-11, I-a-12, I-a-14, I-a-15, I-a-16, I-a-17, I-a-18, I-a-19, I-a-20, I-a-21, I-a-26, I-a-27, I-b-6, I-b-7, I-b-8, I-b-9, I-b-10, I-b-12, I-b-13, I-b-14, I-b-15, I-b-16, I-b-17, I-b-18, I-b-22, I-b-23, I-c-5, I-c-6, I-c-7, I-c-10, I-c-1, I-c-12, I-c-13, I-c-17, I-c-20, I-c-21.
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amount of solvent and diluting the concentrate with water to the desired concentration.
Containers are filled with sand, a solution of active compound, Meloidogyne incognita egg/larvae suspension and lettuce seeds. The lettuce seeds germinate and the plants develop. On the roots, galls develop.
After the desired time, the nematicidal effect is determined in % from the formation of galls. 100% means that no galls were found; 0% means that the number of galls on the treated plants corresponds to that of the untreated control.
In this test the following compounds, for example, of the Preparation Examples show an activity of ≧80% when applied at a rate of 20 ppm: I-a-8, I-a-11, I-a-22, I-a-23.
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amount of water and diluting the concentrate with water to the desired concentration.
Containers with horse meat which has been treated with the preparation of active compound at the desired concentration are populated with Lucilia cuprina larvae.
After the desired time the destruction in % is determined. 100% means that all of the larvae have been killed; 0% means that no larvae have been killed.
In this test the following compounds, for example, of the Preparation Examples exhibit an activity of ≧80% when applied at a rate of 100 ppm: I-a-1, I-a-6, I-a-7, I-c-5, I-c-6, I-c-7.
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amount of solvent and diluting the concentrate with solvent to the desired concentration.
The solution of active compound is injected into the abdomen (Boophilus microplus) and the animals are transferred into dishes and stored in a climatized room.
After the desired time the effect in % is determined. In this case 100% means that none of the ticks has laid fertile eggs.
In this test the following compounds, for example, of the Preparation Examples show an activity of ≧80% when applied at a rate of 20 μg/animal: I-a-1, I-a-6, I-a-7, I-c-5, I-c-6, I-c-7.
Seeds of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed plants and crop plants are placed in sandy loam soil in wood fibre pots and are covered with earth. The test compounds, formulated in the form of wettable powders (WP), are then applied, in the form of an aqueous suspension, at a water application rate of 600 l/ha (converted) and with addition of 0.2% wetting agent, in different dosages, to the surface of the covering earth.
After the treatment the pots are placed in a greenhouse and held under good growth conditions for the test plants. The visual assessment of the emergence damage on the trial plants is carried out after a trial period of 3 weeks by comparison with untreated controls (herbicidal effect in percent: 100% effect=plants have died, 0% effect=like control plants).
In addition to the aforementioned compounds, the following compounds at 320 g/ha a.i. show a pre-emergence effect of ≧80% against Lolium multiflorum and Setaria viridis: I-a-2, I-a-3, I-a-4, I-a-5, I-a-6, I-a-16, I-a-19, I-b-1, I-b-2, I-b-3, I-b-5, I-b-6, I-b-7, I-b-8, I-b-22, I-c-2, I-c-3, I-c-4, I-c-5, I-c-6, I-c-7, I-c-21.
Seeds of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed plants and crop plants are placed in sandy loam soil in wood fibre pots and are covered with earth and cultivated in a greenhouse under good growth conditions. 2-3 weeks after sowing, the trial plants are treated at the one-leaf stage. The test compounds, formulated as wettable powders (WP), are sprayed onto the green parts of the plants, at various dosages, with a water application rate of 600 l/ha (converted) and with addition of 0.2% wetting agent. After the trial plants have stood in the greenhouse for about 3 weeks under optimum growth conditions, the effect of the products is rated visually in comparison to untreated controls (herbicidal effect in percent: 100% effect=plants have died, 0% effect=like control plants).
As well as the aforementioned compounds, the following compounds show a post-emergence effect of ≧80% at 320 g/ha a.i. against Echinocloa crus-galli, Lolium multiflorum and Setaria viridis: I-a-1, I-a-2, I-a-3, I-a-4, I-a-5, I-b-1, I-b-2, I-b-3, I-c-2.
As well as the aforementioned compounds, the following compounds show a post-emergence effect of ≧80% at 80 g/ha against Echinocloa crus-galli and Setaria viridis: I-a-6, I-a-7, I-a-19, I-a-24, I-b-7, I-b-22, I-c-5, I-c-20.
Seeds of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed plants and crop plants are placed in sandy loam soil in wood fibre pots or in plastic pots and are covered with earth and cultivated in a greenhouse and also, during the vegetation period, outdoors, outside of the greenhouse, under good growth conditions. 2 to 3 weeks after sowing, the trial plants are treated at the one- to three-leaf stage. The test compounds, formulated as wettable powders (WP) or liquids (EC), are sprayed onto the plants and the soil surface in various dosages, with a water application rate of 300 l/ha (converted) and with addition of wetting agent (0.2% to 0.3%). 3 to 4 weeks after the trial plants have been treated, the effect of the products is rated visually in comparison to untreated controls (herbicidal effect in percent: 100% effect=plants have died, 0% effect=like control plants).
Use of Safeners:
If the testing is also to look at whether safeners can improve the tolerance of the crop plants for test substances, the following options are used for the application of the safener:
Seeds of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed plants and crop plants are placed in sandy loam soil in wood fibre pots or in plastic pots and are covered with earth. The test compounds, formulated as wettable powders (WP) or liquids (EC), are sprayed onto the soil surface in various dosages, with a water application rate of 300 l/ha (converted). The pots are then placed in a greenhouse under good growth conditions, and also, during the vegetation period, are placed outdoors, outside of the greenhouse, so that the plants are able to germinate and develop. 3 to 4 weeks after the trial plants have been treated, the effect of the products is rated visually in comparison to untreated controls (herbicidal effect in percent: 100% effect=plants have died, 0% effect=like control plants).
Use of Safeners:
If the testing is also to look at whether safeners can improve the tolerance of the crop plants for test substances, the following options are used for the application of the safener:
By comparing the effect of test substances on crop plants which have been treated with safener and without safener it is possible to assess the effect of the safener substance.
This test measures the penetration of active compounds through enzymatically isolated cuticles of apple leaves.
The leaves used were cut in the fully developed state from apple trees of the Golden Delicious variety. The cuticles were isolated as follows:
After that, only those cuticles from the top leaf sides that were free from stomata and hairs were used. They were washed a number of times in alternation with water and with a buffer solution, pH 7. The clean cuticles obtained were, finally, applied to Teflon plaques, smoothed with a gentle jet of air, and dried.
In the next step the cuticular membranes obtained in this way were placed in stainless steel diffusion cells (transport chambers) for the purpose of membrane transport investigations. For these investigations the cuticles were placed centrally using tweezers on the edges of the diffusion cells, which were coated with silicone grease, and sealed with a ring, which was likewise greased. The arrangement had been chosen so that the morphological outer side of the cuticles was directed outwards, in other words facing the air, while the original inner side was facing the inside of the diffusion cell.
The diffusion cells were filled with a 30% strength ethylene glycol/water solution. Penetration was determined by applying 10 μl of the spray liquor of the composition below to the outer side of each of the cuticles. The spray liquor is prepared using local mains water of medium hardness.
After the spray liquors had been applied, the water was evaporated and then the chambers were inverted and placed in thermostated troughs, in which the temperature and humidity over the cuticles was adjustable by means of a gentle stream of air onto the cuticles, with the spray coating (20° C., 60% rh). At regular intervals, samples were taken using an autosampler, and the amount of active compound was determined using HPLC.
The results of the experiment are apparent from the table below. The numbers stated represent average values from 5 to 6 measurements. It can clearly be seen that ammonium sulphate, even on its own, significantly improves the penetration, and that together with RME there is a superadditive (synergistic) effect.
Myzus persicae Test
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier and diluting the concentrate with water to the desired concentration. For application with ammonium salts or phosphonium salts and penetration promoters (rapeseed oil methyl ester 500 EW) these are in each case added in a concentration of 1000 ppm to the spray liquor.
Bell pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) heavily infested by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) are sprayed to runoff with the preparation of active compound at the desired concentration.
After the desired time the destruction in % is determined. 100% means that all of the animals have been killed; 0% means that no animals have been killed.
Aphis gossypii Test
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier and diluting the concentrate with emulsifier-containing water to the desired concentration. For application with ammonium salts or phosphonium salts and penetration promoters (rapeseed oil methyl ester 500 EW) these are in each case added in a concentration of 1000 ppm a.i. to the spray liquor.
Cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum) heavily infested by the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) are sprayed to runoff with the preparation of active compound at the desired concentration.
After the desired time the destruction in % is determined. 100% means that all of the aphids have been killed; 0% means that no aphids have been killed.
Diabrotica balteata - larvae in the soil
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amount of solvent, adding the stated amount of emulsifier and diluting the concentrate with water to the desired concentration.
The preparation of active compound is poured onto the soil. The concentration of the active compound in the preparation is almost irrelevant here, the only critical factor being the amount by weight of active compound per unit volume of soil, which is stated in ppm (mg/l). The soil is placed in 0.25 l pots which are left to stand at 20° C.
Immediately after sample preparation, 5 pregerminated maize corns of the cultivar YIELD GUARD (trade mark of Monsanto Comp., USA) are placed in each pot. After 2 days the corresponding test insects are placed into the treated soil. After a further 7 days the efficacy of the active compound is determined by counting of the maize plants that have emerged (1 plant=20% effect).
A suitable preparation of active compound is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of active compound with the stated amount of solvent and the stated amount of emulsifier and diluting the concentrate with water to the desired concentration.
Soybean shoots (Glycine max) of the cultivar Roundup Ready (trade mark of Monsanto Comp., USA) are treated by being immersed into the preparation of active compound at the desired concentration and are populated with the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens while the leaves are still moist.
After the desired time, the destruction of the insects is determined.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2006 025 874 | Jun 2006 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2007/004551 | 5/23/2007 | WO | 00 | 4/27/2009 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007/140881 | 12/13/2007 | WO | A |
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