Patent Application
20180169220
The present invention relates to compositions comprising house dust mite allergens for use in the treatment of house-dust mite allergy.
Allergic diseases, including type I-IV hypersensitivity reactions, are thought to affect between 25 to 40 percent of the population in developed countries. Allergic reactions such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever), asthma, and hives (urticarial) are an oversensitivity of the immune system to a respective, otherwise harmless, allergen, characterized by an increased ability of B-lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE), increased presence and activity of eosinophiles and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. In allergic asthma an allergic reaction is further characterized by increased airway hyperresponsiveness.
As is generally known, an allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. An antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response on the part of the host organism.
House-dust mites (HDM) represent one of the most important allergen sources; more than 50% of allergic patients are sensitized to mite allergens. The allergens of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) comprise more then 30 proteins and glycoproteins, which show cross-reactivity to allergens from other mite species, for example to those of Dermatophagoides farinae (Derf). Among the 19 described groups of HDM allergens, group 1 and 2 (Der p1, a cysteine protease, and Der p2, a transporter protein) represent the most important allergens. Between 50% and 100% of allergic individuals have IgE antibodies specific against these two allergens. Der f1, one of the major allergens of Dermatophagoides farinae, is also a cysteine protease and shows 82% homology to Der p1 (Deb R. et al. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2007, 282, 36808-36819).
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) represents a disease-modifying approach with long-lasting effects in allergic patients, which is based on the administration of increasing doses of the disease-eliciting allergens. SIT protocols generally involve weekly administrations during a build-up phase, followed by monthly maintenance administration for a period of 2-5 years. Besides these long-term SIT treatment regimens accelerated, or rush, immunotherapy is performed wherein increasing doses of allergen are administered every few hours (Schiavino et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004; 92(4):409-13.).
SIT treatment is geared towards the induction of allergen-specific IgG antibodies, which prevent allergic patients' IgE binding and hence inhibit IgE mediated effector cell degranulation and restore immune regulation by promoting the development of Thelper-1 (Th-1) or T regulatory (Tr) cells that are able to down-regulate the allergy-promoting Th-2 effector cells. The efficacy of SIT treatment varies between allergic disorders, with good efficacy for venom allergies and rhinitis, but poor efficacy for allergic asthma, and food allergy.
Current SIT treatment regimens routinely employ a crude extract of the allergen for subcutaneous injections or sublingual formulations. While the crude extract represents the full array of major allergens that a patient can be sensitized to, it also contains varying amounts of immunostimulatory components such as chitins, β-glucans as well as endotoxins that may elicit unwanted effects upon administration as well as limit clinical efficacy of SIT. As a result, administration of high doses of the crude allergen extracts has resulted in safety concerns, in particular with regards to the potential risk in triggering life-threatening, immediate IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions.
To improve the safety of SIT, there is a need to develop modified allergens suitable for immunotherapy against house dust mite allergy.
It can furthermore be noted, that the crude extract of cultured house dust mites may show largely varying compositions, depending on whether the mites bodies themselves are mainly harvested, or their excrements, or both.
A review on house dust mite allergy and associated immunotherapy for asthma is published by Liu et al. Immunome Research 2014; 11:1-6, in which it is concluded that new approaches are still needed, despite many decades of research.
Der p1 and Der p2 proteins are major allergens produced by house dust mite. Der p1 has been isolated in 1980 (Chapman et al. J. of Immunology 1980; 125:587-592). Der p2 was described at least in 1986 (Yasueda et al. Int. Archs. Allergy appl. Immun. 1986; 81:214-223). Others have been described e.g. in European patent application EP1612219 and at least 20 protein based allergens are thought to be present in house dust mite.
Many efforts have been made to engineer recombinant Der p1 and Der p2 proteins. Der p1 is a cysteine protease whose IgE- and IgG-eliciting activity is dependent on its cysteine protease activity. A recombinant Der p1 that is successful in SIT has not yet been reported, despite for example WO92/04445 or US2007/122423. Recombinant Der p2 allergens structurally and immunologically resembling the natural allergens have been produced and used in experiments.
Chen et al. in J. Allergy Clin Immunol (2012) 130:435-443 describes a recombinant combination vaccine consisting of reassembled Der p1 and Der p2 fragments. Kim et al. in Clin & Molecular Allergy (2006) 4:1-9 describes the use of a DNA vaccine, which DNA is supposed to encode for major house dust mite allergens, to achieve a protective effect in BALB/c mice. WO00/50044 suggests to apply gene therapy with DNA that encodes for T-cell epitopes to the house dust mite Der p.
A hybrid molecule disclosed in Asturias et al. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2009; 39:1088-1098 consisting of a truncated Der p2 and Der p1 was shown to exhibit reduced reactivity with patients' IgE, but it has not been unambiguously demonstrated that this molecule was able to induce Der p1 specific IgG antibodies in vivo. A similar disclosure can be found in WO2009/118642 describing hybrid proteins composed of fragments of allergens Der p1 and Der p2, that were engineered to reduce their allergenic activity and thus therapy-induced side-effects. Overall, the mean inhibition of HDM allergic patients' IgE by IgG antibodies in response to a mix of recombinant Der p1 and Der p2 was not higher than a 20% mean inhibition.
Other approaches to find suitable compositions with allergens are described in EP2727934, WO2007/123488, WO2014/195803 and WO2008/092902.
WO2011/151449 describes the use of whole body and feacal extracts and the adjustment of the ratio of for example Der p1 and Der p2 allergens by mixing these extracts to achieve a certain ratio of Der p1 and Der p2 in order to lower the variability of whole mite extracts. It may be noted that extracted mite bodies comprise over 30 proteins and a substantial amount of non-protein materials, originating from the mite body or faeces.
Despite all these efforts, the only commonly used allergen for treating HDM allergy is HDM extract.
The object of the present invention is to provide an allergen composition suitable for treating HDM allergy, which is more effective than the currently used HDM extract.
The invention provides for a composition, preferably a pharmaceutical composition, comprising isolated and purified natural Der p1 and purified natural Der p2 (hereafter called nDerp1 and nDerp2) or purified natural Der f1 and purified natural Der f2 (hereinafter also called nDerf1 and nDerf2), for use in the treatment of house dust mite (HDM) allergies wherein the treatment with purified natural Der p1 and purified natural Der p2 desensitizes the mammal's allergic response to house dust mite.
The purified nDerp1 and nDerp2 or purified nDerf1 and nDerf2, can be used in a method of allergen-specific immunotherapy against HDM allergy and may be administered to a mammal sensitized with HDM allergens without eliciting anaphylactic shock. In view of the known high cross-reactivity, the HDM is not limited to Der p., but can be Der f. or other types of HDM.
More specifically, the invention relates to a SIT method involving administering the composition of the present invention to accustom the body to HDM allergens and thereby induce specific long-term tolerance and reduce allergic symptoms.
The mammal preferably is a human. The allergic reaction is most important to be desensitized for mammals, showing symptoms of asthma, rhinitis or dermatitis.
The composition is administered repeatedly according to a specific immunotherapy regimen (a SIT protocol) one to several times daily, weekly, monthly and/or yearly, with increasing dosages during the initial phase of the treatment.
Administration of allergens generally is performed systemically to allow the body to develop IgG antibodies.
Such administration preferably comprises parenteral, transdermal, intradermal, or oral administration or combinations thereof. A preferred parenteral route is via subcutaneous injection. Another preferred route is transdermal, preferably sublingual. In the more preferred embodiment the allergen composition is administered subcutaneously or transdermal, and most preferred subcutaneous.
The present invention provides the possibility of treating allergy to HDM using the two major HDM allergens in purified, natural form, wherein the treatment leads to effective desensitization to HDM in general.
The invention further relates to a method of treating allergy to HDM of a mammal in need thereof, comprising the step of administering a composition comprising nDerp1 and nDerp2 or purified nDerf1 and nDerf2, to said mammal, preferably repeatedly administering nDerp1 and nDerp2 or purified nDerf1 and nDerf2.
Unexpectedly, the treatment with a composition comprising purified nDerp1 and purified nDerp2 was more effective in eliciting desensitization, than treatment with crude extract of HDM in an animal model of allergic asthma.
The term “Der p” means the house dust mite species called Dermaphagoides pteronyssinus. The term “Der p1” means the Der p allergen belonging to the group 1 according to the nomenclature of the Allergen Nomenclature Sub-committee, which operates under the auspices of the International Union of Immunological societies (IUIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The term “Der p2” means the Der p allergen belonging to group 2 according to the nomenclature of the Allergen Nomenclature Sub-committee. The term “Der f” means the house dust mite species called Dermaphagoides farinae. The term “Der f1” means the Der f allergen belonging to the group 1 and “Der f2” means the Der f allergen belonging to the group 2.
The term “natural” means the chemical structure of the protein is identical to the natural occurring protein in its primary, secondary and tertiary structure. Natural Der p1 (nDerp1) and natural Der p2 (nDerp2) as well as natural Der f1 and natural Der f2 are preferably isolated from house dust mites. However, it is known that Der p2 which fully reflects Der p2 isolated from house dust mite can be made via recombinant techniques. In several embodiments describing the invention in the ‘detailed description of the invention’ as well the examples, nDerp1 and nDerp2 are specifically mentioned. However, the invention is not limited thereto, and also encompasses nDerf1 and nDerf2. However, in a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to nDerp1 and nDerp2.
The term “treating” means partly or wholly curing or alleviating symptoms, or inhibiting causes of symptoms.
The term “allergen” means any type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. The term “allergen” also means a protein or protein fragment that may elicit an allergic response in a patient sensitized to that allergen.
The term “allergy” means any type of hypersensitivity reaction to an environmental allergen mediated by immunological mechanisms, including type IV hypersensitivity reactions, including allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis.
The term “sensitized” means that a subject exhibits an IgE response specific to an allergen administered or encountered.
The term “crude” means that the HDM extract is not purified, representing the full array of major allergens present in house dust mite cultures.
The allergen composition of the invention comprises the natural form of Der p1 and Der p2 or Der f1 and Der f2 allergens in substantially pure form.
Generally, each of nDerp1 and nDerp2 have a purity of at least about 80 wt % (wt % on dry matter), preferably at least about 85 wt %, more preferably at least about 90 wt %, more preferably at least about 95 wt %, and even more preferably at least about 98% wt. The nDerp1 or nDerp2 may naturally contain one or more isoforms of the same allergen. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
The purity of the allergen can be established via classical biochemical purification techniques.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the allergen composition is a purified allergen extract from house dust mites, comprising a mixture of purified nDerp1 and purified nDerp2. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
More preferably, the allergen composition consists substantially of a purified allergen extract comprising a mixture of purified nDerp1 and purified nDerp2. The term consisting essentially of here means, that the composition of the present invention contains as allergens about 50 wt % or more nDerp1 and nDerp2, preferably about 80 wt % or more, and even more preferably about 90 wt % or more. The allergen composition may contain residual amounts of other proteins from HDM. The allergen composition may also contain other allergens, and preferably well-defined allergens. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
In crude house dust mite extract, Der p1 proteins generally constitute about 0.2-2 wt % of the composition. Depending on the source, Der p2 generally constitutes about 0.1 to 1.5 times the amount of Der p1. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
The nDerp1 and nDerp2 allergens may be present in the composition in equimolar amounts or the ratio of the allergens present may vary. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
Preferably nDerp1 and nDerp2 are present in a weight ratio between about 99:1 and about 10:90, more preferably between about 99:1 and 20:80, more preferably between about 95:5 and about 25:75. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
In one preferred embodiment, the ration nDerp1 and nDerp2 is between about 95:5 and about 80:20, as that reflects the ratio in house dust mite excrements. The composition comprises for example nDerp1 and nDerp2 in a weight ratio of about 90:10. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
In another embodiment, the ratio between nDerp1 and nDerp2 is between about 20:80 and 50:50, as that resembles the ratio of these proteins in the mite bodies. The composition comprises for example nDerp1 and nDerp2 in a weight ratio of about 35:65. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
In a most preferred embodiment, nDerp1 is present in amounts larger than nDerp2. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
Preparations of pharmaceutical compositions with proteins are generally known in the art and a skilled person will be able to prepare suitable compositions comprising nDerp1 and nDerp2. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
Prior to administration the purified nDerp1 and nDerp2 may suitably be mixed with diluents and excipients, which are pharmaceutically acceptable and further compatible with the active ingredients. Examples of suitable diluents or excipients include water, saline, glycerol, ethanol, dextrose, lactose and the like as well as combinations thereof. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
The compositions may additionally contain other substances such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, buffering agents or adjuvants enhancing the immune reaction to the composition. In an embodiment of the invention nDerp1 and nDerp2 may be an allergoid wherein the allergens are complexed by for example glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2.
In an embodiment of the invention the purified nDerp1 and purified nDerp2 are dissolved in saline or PBS.
In an embodiment of the invention the composition comprising purified nDerp1 and nDerp2 is administered in a manner selected from the group consisting of subcutaneous-, sublingual-, intradermal-, transdermal-, epicutaneous-, in the lymph nodes, oral-administrations or combinations thereof. The same applies to nDerf1 and nDerf2, and hereinbelow, the word nDerp1 and nDerp2 comprise nDerf1 and nDerf2, although Derp is preferably used.
In a preferred embodiment the composition comprising purified nDerp1 and nDerp2 is administered subcutaneously, transdermally or a combination thereof.
In a preferred embodiment the composition comprising purified nDerp1 and nDerp2 is administered subcutaneously.
The compositions with purified nDerp1 and nDerp2 are administered in a way so as to be compatible with the dosage formulation and in such an amount as will be therapeutically effective and immunogenic.
The quantity of nDerp1 and nDerp2 contained within the composition in a dosage form is generally between about 0.001 μg and about 1000 μg, preferably between about 0.01 μg and about 500 μg.
The amounts may vary largely, depending on a number of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to (i) patients, which may be very sensitive, or less sensitive to HDM, requiring different dosing (ii) by the dosage scheme, which itself may call for an increased dosing from very diluted to concentrated, over a factor of 100-1000; and (iii) by the way the composition is administered. Generally, sublingual administration uses 10-100 times higher doses than parenteral, although this is just a rule of the thumb.
In a preferred embodiment an administered SCIT or SLIT composition dose comprises about 1000 μg nDerp1, about 500 μg nDerp1, about 400 μg nDerp1, about 300 μg nDerp1, about 200 μg nDerp1, about 150 μg nDerp1, about 100 μg nDerp1, about 80 μg nDerp1, about 60 μg nDerp1, about 40 μg nDerp1, about 35 μg nDerp1, about 30 μg nDerp1, about 28 μg nDerp1, about 26 μg nDerp1, about 24 μg nDerp1, about 22 μg nDerp1, about 20 μg nDerp1, about 18 μg nDerp1, about 17 μg nDerp1, about 16 μg nDerp1, about 15 μg nDerp1, about 14 μg nDerp1, about 13 μg nDerp1, about 12 μg nDerp1, about 11 μg nDerp1, about 10 μg nDerp1, about 9.5 μg nDerp1, about 9,0 μg nDerp1, about 8.5 μg nDerp1, about 8.0 μg nDerp1, about 7.5 μg nDerp1, about 7.0 μg nDerp1, about 6.5 μg nDerp1, about 6.0 μg nDerp1, about 5.5 μg nDerp1, about 5.0 μg nDerp1, about 4.5 μg nDerp1, about 4.0 μg nDerp1, about 3.5 μg nDerp1, about 3.0 μg nDerp1, about 2.5 μg nDerp1, about 2.0 μg nDerp1, about 1.5 μg nDerp1, about 1.0 μg nDerp1, about 0.75 μg nDerp1, about 0.5 μg nDerp1, about 0.4 μg nDerp1, about 0.3 μg nDerp1, about 0.2 μg nDerp1or about 0.1 μg nDerp1.
In another preferred embodiment an administered SCIT or SLIT composition dose comprises about 500 μg nDerp2, about 400 μg nDerp2, about 300 μg nDerp2, about 200 μg nDerp2, about 150 μg nDerp2, about 100 μg nDerp2, about 80 μg nDerp2, about 60 μg nDerp2, about 40 μg nDerp2, about 35 μg nDerp2, about 30 μg nDerp2, about 28 μg nDerp2, about 26 μg nDerp2, about 24 μg nDerp2, about 22 μg nDerp2, about 20 μg nDerp2, about 18 μg nDerp2, about 17 μg nDerp2, about 16 μg nDerp2, about 15 μg nDerp2, about 14 μg nDerp2, about 13 μg nDerp2, about 12 μg nDerp2, about 11 μg nDerp2, about 10 μg nDerp2, about 9.5 μg nDerp2, about 9.0 μg nDerp2, about 8.5 μg nDerp2, about 8.0 μg nDerp2, about 7.5 μg nDerp2, about 7.0 μg nDerp2, about 6.5 μg nDerp2, about 6.0 μg nDerp2, about 5.5 μg nDerp2, about 5.0 μg nDerp2, about 4.5 μg nDerp2 about 4.0 μg nDerp2, about 3.5 μg nDerp2, about 3.0 μg nDerp2, about 2.5 μg nDerp2, about 2.0 μg nDerp2, about 1.5 μg nDerp2, about 1.0 μg nDerp2, about 0.75 μg nDerp2, about 0.5 μg nDerp2, about 0.4 μg nDerp2, about 0.3 μg nDerp2, about 0.2 μg nDerp2 or about 0.1 μg nDerp2.
In an embodiment an administered SCIT or SLIT composition dose comprises nDerp1 and nDerp2 in a ratio of about 90:10 at a dose of about 1000 μg nDerp1 and about 111 μg nDerp2, or in a ratio of about 90:10 at a dose of about 300 μg nDerp1 and about 33 μg nDerp2, or in a ratio of about 90:10 at a dose of about 20 μg nDerp1 and about 2 μg nDerp2, or in a ratio of about 20:80 at a dose of about 200 μg nDerp1 and about 800 μg nDerp2, or in a ratio of about 20:80 at a dose of about 20 μg nDerp1 and about 80 μg nDerp2, or in a ratio of about 20:80 at a dose of about 100 μg nDerp1 and about 400 μg nDerp2, or in a ratio of about 99:1 at a dose of about 100 μg nDerp1 and about 1 μg nDerp2, or in a ratio of about 99:1 at a dose of about 1000 μg nDerp1 and about 10 μg nDerp2, or in a ratio of about 99:1 at a dose of about 10 μg nDerp1 and about 0.1 μg nDerp2.
In a preferred embodiment the composition comprising purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2 is used in the treatment of a mammal suffering from HDM allergy.
In a preferred embodiment, the treatment of the mammal is allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT). SIT involves administering doses of allergens to accustom the body to substances that are generally harmless (house dust mites) and thereby induce specific long-term tolerance.
For example, the SIT dosing regimen may comprise administering multiple doses of the composition to the subject suffering from HDM allergy at a frequency of about multiple times per day, once a day, once every two days, once every three days, once every four days, once every five days, once every six days, once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once every four weeks, once a month, once every two months, once every three months, once every four months, or less frequently. A treatment schedule may for example comprise first subcutaneously administering once a week a low dose of allergen (f.e. 10 μg) gradually increasing every week (f.e. from 20 μg to 100 μg) followed by monthly injections with for example 100 μg for a year and then once per 6 months.
In an embodiment of the invention a treatment schedule may comprise first up to 6 subcutaneous injections per day, followed by up to about 5 weekly injections, then weekly subcutaneous injections, then once every 2 weeks followed by monthly injections. In yet another embodiment of the invention a treatment schedule may comprise daily sublingual administration of drips.
The composition may also be provided in the form of a kit, containing purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2 in separate dosage forms for simultaneous or consecutive administration.
As used herein, the expressions “allergen-specific immunotherapy” and “SIT” and the like, refer to the repeated administration of compositions comprising purified nDerp1and nDerp2 to a subject over time as means for treating or preventing allergies and allergic reactions, or to reduce or eliminate allergic responses. In a typical SIT regimen, small amounts of allergen are initially administered to an allergic subject, followed by administration of increased amounts of allergen.
In certain instances, the SIT treatment may comprise at least two consecutive phases: (1) an up-dosing phase, and (2) a maintenance phase. In the up-dosing phase, increasing doses of purified nDerp1and nDerp2 are administered until an effective and safe dose is achieved. The dose that is established at the end of the up-dosing phase is then administered to the subject throughout the course of the maintenance phase. The duration of the up-dosing phase can be several weeks or several months. In certain embodiments, however, the up-dosing phase is of substantially shorter duration (e.g., less than one week, less than 6 days, less than 5 days, less than 4 days, less than 3 days, or less than 2 days). The maintenance phase of an SIT regimen can last several weeks, several months, several years, or indefinitely.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition according the invention, comprising purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2, is administered to a patient suffering from HDM allergy in an amount sufficient to reduce or abrogate IgE production and/or to reduce or eliminate serum IgE levels specific to house dust mite allergens, in particular to Der p1 and Der p2.
As used herein, a reduction in serum IgE level means that the amount of IgE measured in the serum of a subject who has been exposed to an allergen and who has been treated with purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2, is at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 80%, or 90% lower than the serum IgE level measured in the same or an equivalent subject that has not been treated with the composition comprising purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the mammal generally is a human or domestic animal or the like. Domestic animals that can be treated include cat, dog or horse. The preferred mammal is a human.
Generally, the human is a human patient that shows an allergic reaction to HDM.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the human patient suffering from HDM allergy suffers at least from one of the following allergic responses to HDM allergens: rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis.
The human suffering from HDM allergy generally suffers from a reaction of HDM allergens with allergen specific IgE antibodies, release of histamine and other mediators (including but not limited to prostaglandins and leukotrienes) and tryptase from basophils and mast cells, eosinophilic lower and/or upper airway inflammation as well as other mucosal tissue and any other tissue in general, and airway hyperreactivity, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), Th-2 cells, basophils, mast cells and any other innate or adaptive immune cell, or combinations thereof upon HDM exposure.
House dust mite allergy plays an important role in asthma and allergic rhinitis and treatment of these groups is most preferred.
In an embodiment of the invention, treatment of a subject suffering from HDM allergy with a composition comprising purified nDerp1and nDerp2 reduces or resolves reaction to exposure to house dust mites, i.e the subject is desensitized to the allergic response.
In a preferred embodiment treatment with purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2 suppresses eosinophilic airway inflammation. The cell count of eosinophils present in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of a patient suffering from HDM allergy treated with purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2 may decrease.
In a preferred embodiment treatment with purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2 decreases the number of eosinophils in de BAL at least 3 about fold, more preferably about 5 fold, even more preferably about 7 fold.
In another embodiment of the invention treatment with a composition comprising purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2 reduces or resolves airway hyperreactivity induced by house dust mite exposure by at least about 20%, preferably by about 30%, more preferably by about 40%, even more preferably by about 50%.
In yet another embodiment lung compliance may increase after treatment with purified natural Der p1 and Der p2. Preferably the lung compliance increases by about 5%, more preferably by about 15%, even more preferably by about 25%.
In an embodiment of the invention, SIT treatment of a patient suffering from HDM allergy with a composition comprising purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2 suppresses Th-2 cell activity and induce Tr cell mediated tolerance. In an embodiment of the invention suppression of Th2 cell activity is characterized but not limited to reduced IL-4 and IL-5 cytokine production. In a further preferred embodiment the SIT treatment with nDerp1and nDerp2 suppresses innate immune activity, characterized but not limited to suppressed CCL-20, CCL17 and/or eotaxin chemokine production upon exposure to HDM allergens. In a preferred embodiment SIT treatment with nDerp1and nDerp2 suppresses the adaptive immune reaction. In yet another preferred embodiment SIT treatment with nDerp1and nDerp2 suppresses activity of both the adaptive and the innate immune response.
In another embodiment of the invention IL-13, eotaxin, CCL17 and IL-33 may be suppressed after treatment with the composition comprising purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2.
In yet another embodiment of the invention lung dendritic cell phenotype may change after treatment with the composition comprising purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2.
In a preferred embodiment the phenotype of the lung dendritic cells becomes more tolerogenic.
In an embodiment of the invention inflammatory or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) may be suppressed after treatment with the composition comprising purified nDerp1and purified nDerp2, whereas CD103+ or any other class of tolerogenic DCs may increase.
The isolation of nDerp1and nDerp2 is described in the literature since Chapman et al., J. Immunol. 1984; 125(2):587-593, although the processes are cumbersome, and large amounts of purified nDerp1are not easy to obtain.
The purification of allergens from HDM (Der p as well as Der f) can be performed from mite extracts according to the methods described in Bordas—Le Floch et al. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2012; 158:157-167; Yasueda et al. Int. Archs. Allergy Appl. Immun. 1986; 214-223 and de Halleux et al. J. Allergy clin. Immunol. 2006; 571-576 by ion exchange chromatography.
Der p1 may be purified using a SEC HiPrep 26/60 Sephacryl S-300 column with 50 mM NH4HCO3 as buffer. The same technology may be used for the isolation of Der f1.
Der p2 may be purified using a phenyl sepharose column (GE Healthcare, Saclay, France) with 20 mM sodium phosphate, 1.8 M ammonium sulphate pH 6.2, as well as 20 mM sodium phosphate, 5% isopropanol pH 7.5 as binding and elution buffers, respectively.
Der p2 may be purified using cationic exchange on SP-Sepharose column with 25 mM sodium acetate as binding buffer and a 0% to 100% linear gradient to 1 M NaCl as elution buffer. Further purification may be performed by affinity on a benzamidine column with 50 mM Tris, 0.5 M NaCl, pH7.5 as binding buffer, using a 0% to 100% linear gradient to 100 mM glycine buffer pH 2.7 for elution. The same technology may be used for the isolation of Der f2.
nDerp2 as well as nDerf2 may be obtained recombinantly, providing that the natural structure is obtained and preserved.
The several purification/isolation steps are preferably performed at low temperatures, preferable lower than about 10° C., like for example around 4° C. Not being bound by theory it is postulated that isolation of Der p1 and Der p2 performed at low temperature limits proteolytic activity and autoproteolysis of Der p1.
Isolated, purified nDerp1and nDerp2 are in a preferred embodiment freeze dried and stored.
The composition of the invention may be stored in dry powdered form in vials suitable for reconstitution of for example injectable liquid. The composition of the invention may be formulated in suitable dosage forms as known by the skilled person and as described above.
The invention is further described below by way of examples with reference to the following experimental procedures and results.
In summary, the inventors of this application used purified nDerp1and nDerp2 (>95 wt % pure) for SCIT of HDM allergy. Purified nDerp1and nDerp2 as well as crude HDM extract were used in subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in a mouse model of HDM driven allergic asthma. Both HDM-SCIT and nDerp1/nDerp2-SCIT were able to suppress airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and eosinophilic airway inflammation.
The composition comprising nDerp1- and nDerp2-SCIT used in the treatment was found to uniquely suppress type-2 cytokine production in the lungs as well as CCL20 production, indicating a suppression of both the adaptive Th2 response as well as the innate (ILC2 and airway epithelial) immune response. SCIT treatment with the composition comprising purified nDerp1and nDerp2 was therefore more effective than crude HDM extract.
In one embodiment, the present invention is therefore specifically directed purified natural Der p1 and Der p2 for use to suppress Th2 cytokine production caused by house dust mite allergy.
In another embodiment, the present invention is therefore (also) specifically directed to purified natural Der p1 and Der p2 for use to suppress of CCL20 production caused by house dust mite allergy.
Mice used in the following illustrative examples of house dust mite driven allergic asthma were female BALB/cByJ mice (7-8 weeks of age) purchased from Charles River Laboratories (L'Arbresle Cedex, France). Mice were kept in individually ventilated cages, maintained on a 12 hours light dark cycle, with standard food and water ad libitum. No mice died during the experiments.
All mice received two sensitizing intraperitoneal injections of 100 μL PBS containing 5 μg crude house dust mite (HDM) extract (Citeq Biologics, Groningen, The Netherlands) adsorbed to 2.25 mg Alum (Pierce, USA).
All experimental procedures were in accordance with the guidelines of and approved by the local ethical committee on animal welfare.
To assess the induction of a neutralizing antibody response by SIT treatment, HDM sensitized mice underwent SCIT treatment. SCIT was performed by three subcutaneous injections containing different formulations of 100 μl injected every other day in one week. In mice, IgG1 and IgG2a characterize a neutralizing antibody response. All but the NC group was HDM challenged.
HDM sensitized mice were divided in groups of n=8 mice that were SCIT treated with:
SCIT treatment using nDerp1and nDerp2 allergens was superior to SCIT treatment using HDM extract in inducing HDM-specific neutralizing IgG2a antibodies in serum of HDM-sensitized mice. HDM-SCIT treatment did not induce HDM specific IgG2a antibodies in serum of HDM-sensitized mice.
To assess the protection against early IgE mediated responses upon house dust mite re-challenge in the mice described in example 1, mice underwent an ear-swelling test (EST) by intradermal injection of HDM extract one week prior to SIT treatments (PreSCIT) and two days before the challenges (PostSCIT). Herein, 0.5 μg crude extract HDM in 10 μL PBS is injected intradermal in the right ear of anesthetized mice, while 10 μL of PBS is injected in the left as a control (REF). After two hours, ear thickness was measured using a digimatic force-micrometer at 0.5N (±0.15N, Mitutoyo, Japan). The net fold change in ear thickness (Δ, in mm) was calculated by dividing the thickness of the left ear over the thickness of the right ear.
Injection of the allergen extract in HDM sensitized and PBS-control treated mice resulted in a significant ear swelling response as illustrated in
The mice from example 1 and 2 subsequently underwent HDM inhalation challenges to assess lung function parameters and allergic airway inflammation. Inhalation challenges were performed using 25 μg crude extract HDM dissolved in 25 μL PBS, given three times over a period of 5 days. Two days thereafter, airway responsiveness to methacholine was determined, and serum samples, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung lobes were stored for further analyses.
Airway responsiveness was assessed by measuring airway resistance in response to intravenous administration of increasing doses of methacholine (Sigma-Aldrich, Mo.) using a computer-controlled small-animal ventilator (FlexiVent; SCIREQ, Montreal, Quebec, Canada).
Airway resistance R was measured in cmH2O.s/ml in response to a dose-range of methacholine from 0 to 800 μg/kg body weight in the groups of HDM sensitized, SCIT treated and subsequently HDM or PBS challenged mice. In short, mice were injected intraperitoneal with a mixture of 100 mg/kg ketamine (Pfizer, N.Y.) and 1 mg/kg dormitor (Pfizer), and intravenously with 1.875 mg/kg body weight Rocuronium Bromide (administered both at the start of the experiment and after the 100 methacholine dose). After tracheotomization using a 20-gauge intravenous cannula (Becton Dickinson, The Netherlands) and canalization through the jugular vein, all mice were attached to a FlexiVent and then ventilated (280 breaths/minute) with a tidal volume of 10 mL/kg, pressure limited at 300 mmH2O. In response to increasing dosages of methacholine, the airway resistance was calculated from the pressure response to a 2-second pseudorandom pressure wave (COD>0.75).
As illustrated in
The mice that were HDM sensitized and underwent PBS control treatment had highest airway resistance upon intranasal HDM challenge illustrative of allergic asthmatic response, whereas the mice that were challenged with PBS had lowest airway resistance.
In addition to comparing the methacholine dose-response curves between the experimental groups, the dose of methacholine required for an airway hyperresponsiveness of 3 cmH2O.s/ml (Effective Dose, ED3) was calculated. ED3 is an indication for the slope of the dose-response curve at lower methacholine concentrations. Both HDM-SCIT and Der-SCIT treated mice show a trend towards an increased ED3 as compared to the positive control group of asthmatic mice (0.05<p<0.1), indicative of a lower airway hyperresponsiveness (
In conclusion, SCIT treatment with nDerp1and nDerp2 allergens is superior to SCIT treatment using HDM extract in suppressing airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine
Lung compliance is a measure of the lung's ability to stretch and expand whereby low compliance indicates a stiff lung and high compliance indicates a difficulty exhaling air.
Lung compliance (C) in ml/cmH2O was assessed in all experimental groups described above in response to the increasing doses of methacholine. A significantly reduced lung compliance was observed in all HDM challenged groups as illustrated in
Desensitization to allergens is associated with suppression in airway inflammation upon allergen (re)challenge.
The eosinophilic airway inflammation profile was evaluated in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid in HDM sensitized mice as described in the previous examples. The lungs were lavaged with 1 mL PBS containing 5% BSA and a cocktail of protease inhibitors (Complete mini tablet; Roche, Germany). Subsequently, using 4 mL PBS, the lungs were lavaged for the collection of extra cells. The first mL broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was stored in duplicate at −80° C. for cytokine analysis (example 6-7). All BALF samples as well as the lung single cell suspensions were counted using the Coulter Counter. Cytospin preparations of both sample types were stained with Diff-Quick (Merz & Dade, Switzerland) and 300 cells per cytospin were evaluated by one experienced technician and differentiated into mononuclear cells (M), neutrophils (N), and eosinophils (E) by standard morphology. HDM challenges induced a pronounced eosinophilic airway inflammation in HDM sensitized mice, with presence of neutrophils (N) as illustrated in
Desensitization to allergens with allergen immunotherapy is thought to suppress activity of allergen-specific Th-2 cells and induce regulatory T cell mediated tolerance to allergens.
HDM sensitized and subsequently control treated or SCIT treated mice as described in the previous examples were sacrificed and long tissue was isolated. To relate the amount of cytokines measured with Luminex assays and ELISA to total protein content, a BCA protein assay (ThermoScientific, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, Mass., US; ref 23 227) was performed. One lung lobe from each mouse was weighted and Luminex buffer with Photostop (F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switserland; Ref 04906845001) was added in a ratio of 1:5. Lobes were homogenized with a homogenizer and homogenized lungs were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 12,000 g. Supernatants were collected and devided into aliquots at −80° C. until further use, a BCA analysis was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol.
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-13, Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-17 T-cell cytokines in pg/μg lung tissue were evaluated for the different treatment groups using a multiplex Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel (MILLIPLEX Map Kit; Merck Millipore Corp., Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Cat. #MCYTOMAG-70K-10) according to manufacturer's protocol. All plates were analysed using a MAGPX1023 4002 with Luminex xMAP technology.
As illustrated in
In addition to evaluating the T cell cytokines, the effect of SCIT treatment on chemokines and alarmins released by the lung structural cells was also assessed in pg/μg lung tissue.
Concentrations of TARC (CCL17) and MIP-3α (CCL20) were measured using a multiplex Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel II (MILLIPLEX Map Kit; Merck Millipore Corp., Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Cat. #MCYP2MAG-73K) according to manufacturer's protocol. IL-33 concentrations were measured using a multiplex Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel III (MILLIPLEX Map Kit; Merck Millipore Corp., Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Cat. #MCYP3MAG-74K) according to manufacturer's protocol. Concentrations of eotaxin and KC were measured using a multiplex Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel (MILLIPLEX Map Kit; Merck Millipore Corp., Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Cat. #MCYTOMAG-70K-10) according to manufacturer's protocol. All plates were analysed using a MAGPX1023 4002 with Luminex xMAP technology.
HDM challenge in HDM sensitized mice clearly induced release of eotaxin, TARC/CCL17, MIP3a/CCL20, IL-33 and KC/CXCL1, indicating pro-inflammatory activation of the innate immune system and lung structural cells as illustrated in
Overall, SCIT treatment using nDerp1and nDerp2 allergens was superior to SCIT treatment using HDM extract in suppressing the production of IL-4, IL-5, CCL17, CCL20 and eotaxin-1 in HDM-sensitized and HDM-challenged mice. nDerp1and nDerp2 SCIT treatment has been found to suppress activation of both the innate and the adaptive immune response upon house dust mite challenges in a sensitized host. The mechanism of nDerP1/2 SCIT mediated suppression of allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in HDM-sensitized and HDM-challenged mice involved suppression of the activation of adaptive Th2 cells as well as the innate immune system.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm”. The invention has been described by reference to certain embodiments and examples discussed above.
It will be recognized that these embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms well known to those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, although specific embodiments have been described, these are examples only and are not limiting upon the scope of the invention, which is defined in the accompanying claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014882 | May 2015 | NL | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2016/061947 | 5/26/2016 | WO | 00 |
