Patent Application
20140322068
The present invention relates to an alloy composition, particularly though not exclusively, to an alloy composition suitable for use in refractory (i.e. high temperature) applications. The invention further relates to a forging die comprising the alloy composition.
Prior alloy compositions comprising molybdenum are known, particularly for use in refractory applications such as fusion and fission reactors, rocket engine nozzles, furnace structural component and forging dies. Such applications require high hardness (as measured according to the Vickers hardness test) at a particular operating temperature. However, known molybdenum based alloy compositions have insufficient strength for some applications, particularly at high temperatures such as 1000 to 1100° C., and may have a high cost of production.
Examples of compositions of prior molybdenum based alloys are given in table 1, given in terms of weight percentages. TZM is described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,275,434. Further prior molybdenum based alloys are described in “The Engineering Properties of Molybdenum Alloys” by F F Schmidt and H R Ogden.
Each of these prior alloys may also comprise an amount of Rhenium. The inclusion of rhenium in a molybdenum alloy is thought to improve ductility, recrystallization temperature and strength. However, rhenium is an expensive elemental addition, due to its relative scarcity in the earth's crust. Rhenium containing alloys may therefore have an unacceptably high cost.
The present invention describes an alloy composition and an article comprising the alloy composition which seeks to overcome some or all of the above problems. All percentage amounts are given in terms of weight percentages unless otherwise specified.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an alloy composition comprising molybdenum, wherein the composition comprises between 15% and 20% niobium and 0.05% and 0.25% carbon.
Advantageously, the described alloy has a high hardness at temperatures of between 1,000 and 1,100° C., and is consequently suitable for a wide range of uses, including for example refractory articles. The relatively high amount of niobium compared to prior compositions has been found to form niobium carbide (HfC), which acts as a strengthener. Furthermore, niobium is a relatively inexpensive element in comparison to other strengtheners, resulting in an alloy composition having a high strength at the required temperatures, and a relatively low overall cost.
Preferably, the alloy composition may comprise between 16% and 17% niobium, and may comprise between 16.1 and 16.5% niobium, and preferably may comprise approximately 16.3% niobium.
The alloy composition may further comprise hafnium, and may further comprise between 0.5% and 4% hafnium, and may comprise between 0.7% and 0.9% hafnium, and preferably may comprise approximately 0.8% hafnium. The inclusion of hafnium in the alloy composition has been found to form hafnium carbide (HfC), which acts as a strengthener in addition to the strengthening provided by the niobium carbide. Depending on the application, sufficient strengthening may be provided only by niobium. However, hafnium can be used to provide further strengthening, though at a comparatively high cost.
The alloy may further comprise titanium, and may comprise between 1% and 3% titanium, may comprise between 1.3% and 1.5% titanium, and may comprise substantially 1.42% titanium. The titanium may be in the form of titanium oxide (TiO2). TiO2 has been found to further increase the strength of the alloy by providing dispersion strengthening, and/or solid solution strengthening.
The alloy may further comprise tungsten, and may comprise between 1% and 10% tungsten, may comprise between 2.7% and 2.9% tungsten, and may comprise substantially 2.8% tungsten. The addition of tungsten is thought to act as a solid solution strengthener, thereby increasing the strength of the alloy.
The balance of the composition may comprise molybdenum. The alloy may further comprise incidental impurities. The alloy may consist substantially only of molybdenum, niobium, titanium, carbon, hafnium, tungsten, oxygen and incidental impurities.
The alloy composition may further comprise oxygen or metal oxides. The presence of metal oxides in the alloy composition is thought to provide dispersion solution strengthening, which will further increase the strength of the alloy.
The alloy composition may have an ultimate tensile strength of between approximately 380 MPa and 460 MPa at a temperature of 1,000° C.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided an article comprising an alloy composition in accordance with the first aspect of the invention.
The article may comprise a forging die. The alloy is particularly suitable for in use in a forging die, since the alloy provides a very high strength at high temperatures.
Table 1 describes prior alloy compositions;
Table 2 describes an alloy composition in accordance with the present invention;
Table 3 describes an example of an alloy composition in accordance with the present invention;
Table 2 shows the compositional ranges of an alloy composition, while table 3 shows an example composition of the first alloy composition. A back scattered electron image of the microstructure of the composition of table 3 is shown in
The presence of niobium in the amounts specified in table 2 is thought to increase the strength of the composition by the formation of strengthening niobium carbide (NbC). In the example composition, it is thought that the niobium carbide in the composition is responsible for the majority of the strengthening effects.
The presence of hafnium in the amounts specified in table 2 is thought to further increase the strength of the composition at both high and low temperatures, both by forming hafnium carbides (HfC) and solid solution strengthening.
The presence of titanium in the specified amounts promotes the formation of dispersion strengthening titanium dioxide (TiO2), which has the effect of further increasing the strength of the alloy composition.
The presence of tungsten in the amounts specified in table 2 is also thought to further increase the strength of the composition by the formation of strengthening tungsten carbide (WC). However, it is thought that the tungsten carbide has a relatively small contribution to the strengthening of the composition, and so may optionally be omitted from the composition, particularly in view of the increased processing costs inherent in tungsten containing alloy compositions. Indeed, an alloy comprising only molybdenum, hafnium and carbon in the amounts specified is necessary to provide an alloy having superior tensile strength at high temperatures relative to prior alloys.
The composition may further comprise a trace amount of zirconium.
A method of forming the alloy is described below. The alloy is produced by a powder processing method. The powder processing method comprises melting and gas atomisation to form particles having a diameter of less than approximately 5 μm. A billet is then formed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of the particles. During the hot HIP step, the powder is subjected to heat at temperatures of approximately 2000° C. at approximately 100 Mpa for approximately 4 hours.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments described above, many equivalent modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art when given this disclosure. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention set forth above are considered to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes to the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
For example, the composition may comprise further elements. The alloy may be formed using different processes.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1307535.3 | Apr 2013 | GB | national |
