Patent Application
20100310754
The present technology concerns the creation of healthy and appealing new foods made from tubers, such as potato rings and potato strips having at least six sides, which have low surface area-to-volume ratios compared to the surface area-to-volume ratios of conventional, rectangular-shaped French fries.
Acrylamide is a neurotoxin formed as a consequence of the low-moisture and heat-induced Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and amino acids in strips of potato tubers.
The present inventive technology provides the potato industry with healthy foods that have been processed differently and which address the issue of acrylamide accumulation on cooked potato products, such as accumulation on French fries after frying. Furthermore, the inventive healthy foods are as tasty or tastier than those processed conventionally. Thus, the inventive potato foods have similar or enhanced sensory characteristics compared to French fries. The enhanced sensory characteristics relate to, for examples, improved crispness, enhanced taste, optimized color, or new shape.
One aspect of the present invention is an uncooked potato product that is either (1) a potato strip comprising at least six sides and which has a surface area-to-volume ratio lower than the surface area-to-volume ratio of a conventional potato product that has a rectangular cross-sectional shape of the same volume and height, or (2) a potato ring, wherein the potato product has at least one equivalent or enhanced sensory characteristic compared to a conventional potato product when it is heat-processed. In one embodiment, the potato product is cut from the outer region of the potato. In another embodiment, the sensory characteristic is selected from the group consisting of texture, taste, color, and uniformity.
In one embodiment the potato product, when it is heat-processed, has low levels of at least one of acrylamide salt and oil content. In one embodiment, the uncooked potato product accumulates approximately 1-20 parts per billion (ppb), 20-40 ppb, 40-60 ppb, 60-80 ppb, 80-100 ppb, 100-120 ppb, 120-140 ppb, 140-160 ppb, 160-180 ppb, 180-200 ppb or 200-220 ppb of acrylamide when it is heat-processed compared to a potato product of the same dimensions that is cut from the inner region of the potato.
In another embodiment, the potato product has about 10% less oil content (% by weight), about 11% less oil content (% by weight), about 12% less oil content (% by weight), about 13% less oil content (% by weight), about 14% less oil content (% by weight), about 15% less oil content (% by weight), about 16% less oil content (% by weight), about 17% less oil content (% by weight), about 18% less oil content (% by weight), about 19% less oil content (% by weight), or about 20% less oil content (% by weight) than a potato product of the same dimensions that is cut from the inner region of the potato.
In another embodiment, the potato product comprises high levels of any least one of an antioxidant such as chlorogenic acid and vitamin C than a potato product of the same dimensions that is cut from the inner region of the potato.
Another aspect of the present invention is a collection of the potato products, wherein substantially all of the potato products in the collection are cut from the outer region of a potato. In one embodiment, substantially all of the potato products in the collection are either (1) strips comprising at least six sides and each of which has a surface area-to-volume ratio lower than the surface area-to-volume ratio of a conventional potato product that has a rectangular cross-sectional shape of the same volume and height, or (2) potato rings. In another embodiment, the collection comprises a mixture of (1) potato strips that have at least six sides, and (2) potato rings.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method of producing a potato product, comprising (1) cutting a strip from a potato tuber, wherein the strip has a surface area-to-volume ratio that is lower than the surface area-to-volume ratio of a strip of rectangular cross-sectional shape having the same volume and height, or (2) cutting a ring from a potato tuber, wherein the strip or ring is either (i) cut from the outer region of the potato, or (ii) cut from a potato tuber that is obtained from a recombinant potato plant that comprises a down-regulated expression of at least one of an R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, and an asparagine synthetase compared to the expression of that gene in a non-recombinant potato plant. In one embodiment, the potato tuber from which the potato product is cut comprises low levels of at least one of a reducing sugar and asparagine. In another embodiment, the method further comprises heat-processing the potato product by frying, deep-frying, par-frying, baking, boiling, searing, roasting, or blanching. In one embodiment, the heat-processed potato product has low levels of at least one of acrylamide, oil content, and salt after it is heat-processed.
One aspect of the present invention therefore is a potato product made from an outer region of a potato tuber. In one embodiment, the product is a French fry, or a chip, but the present invention is not limited to just these well-known potato products. In one embodiment, the product is a French fry. In one embodiment, the French fry is hexagonally shaped. That is, in one embodiment a potato product is in the shape of a linear-hexagon, like a hexagonal column. In another embodiment, the potato product is in the shape of a linear-octagon, linear-oval, or linear-circular column. These shapes refer to “strips” or “columns” of potatoes that are sliced along the length of the potato in different shapes that may or may not approximate a cylinder shaped product. A potato can be cut cross-wise, too, in various different shapes, such as in concentric circles, or concentric squares, or concentric hexagons, or in any shape. In one embodiment, these cross-wise-cut shapes are concentric meaning there is no potato flesh in the middle, thus a concentric potato slice is fashioned like a ring structure. The part of the potato that makes up the concentrically-cut potato product is therefore comprised of the outer region flesh of the potato.
In one embodiment, a French fry of the present invention, or any potato product, that is made from the outer region of the potato tuber, accumulates less acrylamide on its surface upon heat-processing than the amount of acrylamide that accumulates on a French fry of equivalent dimension made from a part of the tuber that is not the outer region. In one embodiment, the outer region of the potato tuber is the region of the potato that comprises little if any medulla tissue.
Another aspect of the present invention is a collection of French fries, wherein substantially all of the fries in the collection are cut from the outer regions of potatoes. In one embodiment, at least 80% of the French fries are cut from the outer regions of potatoes.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method for making a potato product, comprising (A) slicing a potato tuber into strips; and (B) selecting strips cut from the outer region of the potato tuber, wherein a strip cut from the outer region of the potato tuber is a potato product that will accumulate less, if any, acrylamide upon heat-processing compared to a potato strip that is not selected from the outer region of the potato tuber that is heat-processed under the same conditions. In one embodiment, the potato strip is a French fry or chip. In another embodiment, the potato strip may be cut into a non-rectangular shape, such as in the shape of a linear-hexagon, linear-octagon, linear-oval, or linear-circular column shape.
Another aspect of the present invention therefore is a method for making a potato product, comprising cutting a potato tuber into strips each of which has a surface area-to-volume ratio that is lower than the surface area-to-volume ratio of a rectangular-shaped potato tuber strip of the same dimension as the cut strip. In one embodiment, the cut strips are in the shape of hexagonal columns.
Another aspect of the present invention is a fried potato product, wherein 1 gram of the product contains a smaller amount of at least one of the group of compounds consisting of acrylamide, vegetable oil, and salt, than 1 gram of French fries that is not produced according to the present inventive methods. In one embodiment, the fried product is different from French fries in at least one sensory characteristic, such as enhanced texture, enhanced taste, enhanced color, and altered shape. Thus, in another embodiment, the sensory characteristic of the potato product comprises at least one of enhanced texture, enhanced taste, enhanced color, and altered shape.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method for making a potato product, comprising (A) slicing strips cut from the outer region of the potato tuber; and (B) heat-processing the strips to produce a fried product that contains less of at least one of the group of compounds consisting of acrylamide, vegetable oil, and salt than the fried product derived from a strip that is not selected from the outer region of the potato tuber.
Another aspect of the present invention is a fried potato product derived from a collection of potato strips with (i) a width and depth between 6 and 9-mm and (ii) a smaller surface-to-volume ratio than potato strips with a width and depth between 6 and 9-mm that are used to produce French fries.
One aspect of the present invention is a collection of potato strips, wherein the strips are not derived from any random part of the tuber flesh but wherein substantially all of the strips are derived from the outer regions of the tuber flesh. In one embodiment, at least 80% of strips are cut from the outer regions of the tuber flesh. In one embodiment, 1 gram of the potato product contains a smaller amount of at least one of the group of compounds consisting of acrylamide, vegetable oil, and salt, than 1 gram of conventionally made French fries. In another embodiment, a fried product of the present invention is different from French fries in at least one sensory characteristic, such as enhanced texture, enhanced taste, enhanced color, and altered shape.
One aspect of the present invention is a method of cutting a potato tuber, comprising: cutting at least a portion of a potato tuber with a cutting apparatus having cutting edges that define openings therebetween, to produce cut strips of the potato tuber, wherein the cutting edges are configured to define the openings such that the openings do not have a rectangular cross-sectional shape and thereby form cut strips having a surface area-to-volume ratio that is lower than the surface area-to-volume ratio of a strip of rectangular cross-sectional shape having a same volume and height.
In one embodiment, the cutting of the at least a portion of the potato tuber includes causing relative movement between the at least a portion of the potato tuber and the cutting apparatus.
In another embodiment, the relative movement between the at least a portion of the potato tuber and the cutting apparatus is caused by at least one of moving the at least a portion of the potato tuber through the cutting apparatus and moving the cutting apparatus through at least a portion of the potato tuber.
In another embodiment, the cutting edges define the openings to each have a cross-sectional shape with at least six sides.
In another embodiment, the cutting edges are each provided on an end of a substantially plate-like section, wherein the plate-like sections form tubes with the openings therebetween.
Another aspect of the present invention is a cutting apparatus for cutting a potato tuber, comprising: cutting edges that define openings therebetween, wherein the cutting edges are configured to cut at least a portion of a potato tuber to produce cut strips when the cutting apparatus is moved relative to the at least a portion of the potato tuber, wherein the cutting edges are configured to define the openings such that the openings do not have a rectangular cross-sectional shape and thereby form cut strips having a surface area-to-volume ratio that is lower than the surface area-to-volume ratio of a strip of rectangular cross-sectional shape having a same volume and height.
In one embodiment, the cutting edges define the openings to each have a cross-sectional shape with at least six sides.
In another embodiment, the cutting edges are each provided on an end of a substantially plate-like section, wherein the plate-like sections form tubes with the openings therebetween.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method of cutting a potato tuber having an inner core and an outer region, comprising: cutting at least a portion of a potato tuber with a cutting apparatus to produce cut rings, wherein the cutting apparatus has a plurality of cutting edges of substantially circular cross-sectional shape and the cutting edges have differing diameters and are concentrically disposed; and separating cut rings produced from the outer region from the inner core.
In one embodiment, the cutting of the at least a portion of the potato tuber includes causing relative movement between the at least a portion of the potato tuber and the cutting apparatus.
In another embodiment, the relative movement between the at least a portion of the potato tuber and the cutting apparatus is caused by at least one of moving the at least a portion of the potato tuber through the cutting apparatus and moving the cutting apparatus through the at least a portion of the potato tuber.
In another embodiment, the cutting apparatus cuts the at least a portion of the potato tuber in a cutting direction, and further comprising: slicing the cut rings in a direction substantially perpendicular to the cutting direction.
In another embodiment, this method further comprises slicing the potato tuber before cutting with the cutting apparatus. In another embodiment, the cut rings of the potato tuber are ejected from the cutting apparatus with a plunger having projections configured to engage the cut rings.
In one embodiment, the cutting edges are each provided on an end of a substantially cylindrical member.
Another aspect of the present invention is a cutting apparatus for cutting a potato tuber, comprising: a plurality of cutting edges of substantially circular cross-sectional shape, wherein the cutting edges have differing diameters and are concentrically disposed to cut an outer region of at least of portion of a potato tuber to form cut rings. In one embodiment, the cutting edges are each provided on an end of a substantially cylindrical member. In another embodiment, the cutting apparatus further comprises a support configured to maintain a spatial relationship between the cutting edges. In another embodiment, the cutting apparatus further comprises a plunger having projections configured to engage the cut rings to eject the cut rings.
Another aspect of the present invention comprises heat-processing any of the cut potato strips made by any of the methodological embodiments described herein. In one embodiment, the cut potato strip is heat-processed by frying, deep-frying, par-frying, baking, boiling, searing, roasting, or blanching. In another embodiment, the cut potato strip is from the outer region of the potato. In another embodiment, the cut potato strip is from the inner core of the potato.
In another embodiment, a cutting method of the present invention further comprises selecting for cutting a potato tuber that comprises lower levels of at least one of a reducing sugar and asparagine. In one embodiment, the potato tuber is obtained from a recombinant potato plant that comprises a downregulated expression of at least one of an R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, and an asparagine synthetase compared to a non-recombinant potato plant.
In another embodiment, the recombinant potato plant, comprises in its genome an expression cassette, wherein the expression cassette comprises a tuber-specific promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide with a sequence that is complementary to a sequence of at least one of a gene selected from the group consisting of an R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, and an asparagine synthetase gene. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is operably linked to a second promoter. In another embodiment, the second promoter is a tuber-specific promoter. In another embodiment, the tuber-specific promoter and the second promoter are operably linked to either end of the polynucleotide. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises inverted repeat sequences of the selected gene(s). In another embodiment, the polynucleotide has a sequence that is complementary to at least 15-500 nucleotides of the R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, or asparagine synthetase gene. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is complementary to a coding region of the selected gene(s), a non-coding region of the selected gene(s), a 5′-untranslated region of the selected gene(s), 3′-untranslated region of the selected gene(s), a regulatory region of the selected gene(s), or a region of the promoter of the selected gene(s).
In one embodiment, a method of the present invention further comprises separating potato strips cut from the outer region of the potato from potato strips cut from the inner core of the potato.
Another aspect of the present invention is a collection of potato strips, wherein substantially all of the potato strips in the collection are cut from the outer region of a potato.
Another aspect of the present invention is a potato strip made from any of the methods and methodological embodiments described herein.
Another aspect of the present invention is an uncooked potato strip comprising at least six sides. In one embodiment, the potato strip accumulates a lower concentration of acrylamide when it is cooked or heat-processed. In another embodiment, the strip is cut from a potato tuber that is obtained from a recombinant potato plant that comprises a down-regulated expression of at least one of an R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, and an asparagine synthetase compared to a non-recombinant potato plant. In one embodiment, the recombinant potato plant, comprises in its genome an expression cassette, wherein the expression cassette comprises a tuber-specific promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide with a sequence that is complementary to a sequence of at least one of a gene selected from the group consisting of an R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, and an asparagine synthetase gene.
In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is operably linked to a second promoter. In another embodiment, the second promoter is a tuber-specific promoter. In another embodiment, the tuber-specific promoter and the second promoter are operably linked to either end of the polynucleotide. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises inverted repeat sequences of the selected gene(s). In another embodiment, the polynucleotide has a sequence that is complementary to at least 15-500 nucleotides of the R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, or asparagine synthetase gene. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is complementary to a coding region of the selected gene(s), a non-coding region of the selected gene(s), a 5′-untranslated region of the selected gene(s), 3′-untranslated region of the selected gene(s), a regulatory region of the selected gene(s), or a region of the promoter of the selected gene(s).
In a method for cutting potato rings described herein there further may comprise the step of heat-processing a cut potato ring, wherein the heat-processed potato ring contains a lower amount of acrylamide than a heat-processed rectangular cross-sectional potato strip shape of same volume and height as the ring. In one embodiment, the potato ring is heat-processed by frying, deep-frying, par-frying, baking, boiling, searing, roasting, or blanching. In another embodiment, the potato ring is cut from the outer region of the potato. In another embodiment, the potato ring is cut from the inner core of the potato. In another embodiment, this method further comprises selecting for cutting with the apparatus a potato tuber that comprises lower levels of at least one of a reducing sugar and asparagine.
In another one, the potato tuber is obtained from a recombinant potato plant that comprises a downregulated expression of at least one of an R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, and an asparagine synthetase compared to a non-recombinant potato plant. In one embodiment, the recombinant potato plant, comprises in its genome an expression cassette, wherein the expression cassette comprises a tuber-specific promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide with a sequence that is complementary to a sequence of at least one of a gene selected from the group consisting of an R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, and an asparagine synthetase gene. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is operably linked to a second promoter. In another embodiment, the second promoter is a tuber-specific promoter. In another embodiment, the tuber-specific promoter and the second promoter are operably linked to either end of the polynucleotide. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises inverted repeat sequences of the selected gene(s).
In another embodiment, the polynucleotide has a sequence that is complementary to at least 15-500 nucleotides of the R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, or asparagine synthetase gene.
In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is complementary to a coding region of the selected gene(s), a non-coding region of the selected gene(s), a 5′-untranslated region of the selected gene(s), 3′-untranslated region of the selected gene(s), a regulatory region of the selected gene(s), or a region of the promoter of the selected gene(s).
Another aspect of the present invention is a collection of potato rings, wherein substantially all of the potato strips in the collection are cut from the outer region of a potato.
Another aspect of the present invention is a potato ring made from any of the cutting methods and methodological embodiments described herein.
Another aspect of the present invention is an uncooked potato ring that accumulates lower amount of acrylamide than a rectangular cross-sectional potato strip of the same volume and height as the ring, when the ring is heat-processed. In one embodiment, the potato ring is heat-processed by frying, deep-frying, par-frying, baking, boiling, searing, roasting, or blanching. In another embodiment, a potato tuber from which a potato ring is cut comprises lower levels of at least one of a reducing sugar and asparagine. In one embodiment, the potato tuber is obtained from a recombinant potato plant that comprises a downregulated expression of at least one of an R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, and an asparagine synthetase compared to a non-recombinant potato plant. In another embodiment, the recombinant potato plant, comprises in its genome an expression cassette, wherein the expression cassette comprises a tuber-specific promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide with a sequence that is complementary to a sequence of at least one of a gene selected from the group consisting of an R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, and an asparagine synthetase gene. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is operably linked to a second promoter. In another embodiment, the second promoter is a tuber-specific promoter. In another embodiment, the tuber-specific promoter and the second promoter are operably linked to either end of the polynucleotide. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises inverted repeat sequences of the selected gene(s). In another embodiment, the polynucleotide has a sequence that is complementary to at least 15-500 nucleotides of the R1 gene, phosphorylase-L gene, or asparagine synthetase gene. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is complementary to a coding region of the selected gene(s), a non-coding region of the selected gene(s), a 5′-untranslated region of the selected gene(s), 3′-untranslated region of the selected gene(s), a regulatory region of the selected gene(s), or a region of the promoter of the selected gene(s).
The presently described inventive technologies are useful for making new food products from potato tubers that are healthier than conventional potato products made by current food processing techniques. The new foods are healthier because among other things they are low in acrylamide, oil, and salt, and have superior taste and enhanced sensory characteristics, such as taste, appearance, texture, color, aroma, and appeal, compared to existing tuber food products. Conventional potato products include but are not limited to rectangular shaped French fries, such as those available in restaurants, fast food establishments, and grocery stores, e.g., as frozen or oven-ready fries. It is understood that consumers, manufacturers, and those in the food industry in the United States use the term “French fry” or “fries,” whereas elsewhere, such as in the United Kingdom and Europe, the term “chips” is often applied to the same edible food product. The present inventive technology applies to all potato products regardless of terminology and thus applies equally to “fries” and “chips.” Accordingly, the use of any particular expression of this type of food product, e.g., fries vs. chips, in the following text is not meant to be limiting.
The inventive new foods are produced by new methods of food processing described herein. One method creates potato products, such as potato rings or strips that have at least six sides (e.g., “Hexagonal Fries,” see Example 4). In one embodiment, these potato products are made from the outer regions of potato flesh, which are low in sugars and amino acids (which would otherwise react to form acrylamide upon heating as explained below). In one embodiment, these potato products have low surface-to-volume ratios compared to conventional rectangular products. The amount of acrylamide, salt, and oil per volume of a heat-processed potato product, such as French fries, is positively correlated with the surface of this product. Thus, the inventive potato products, which have a low surface area will accumulate less acrylamide, salt, and oil compared to products with higher surface areas, such as those presently and conventionally available.
One surprising discovery of the present technology is that the outer region of a potato tuber, in contrast to the inner region, contains lower amounts of precursor sugars and amino acids, such as asparagine, that normally combine to produce carcinogenic acrylamide when heated. Another surprising discovery is that the inner core region of a potato tuber is rich in proteins and amino acids. See Table 1 below.
Accordingly, these discoveries underlie one embodiment of the present invention, namely the processing only the outer regions of potato tubers so that the resultant food product has naturally low concentrations of sugars and low concentrations of amino acids. This means that when these new food products are cooked and heated, such as by frying, significantly less acrylamide is made in and on the product because, surprisingly, the outer regions of the potato have herein been found to contain lower concentrations of the precursor sugars and amino acids that react to form acrylamide.
Acrylamide is dangerous because it is a carcinogenic neurotoxin that has recently been recognized by various State legislatures as warranting regulation. See for instance California's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, commonly known as Proposition 65. Similarly, the U.S. Food an Drug Administration has accumulated data concerning levels of acrylamide in common foods. See www.cfsan.fda.gov/˜dms/acrydata. html. That report indicates that a typical French fry produced at a restaurant of a large fast food chain contains more than 100 parts-per-billion (ppb) acrylamide. The average amount of acrylamide in such a typical French fry is 404 ppb, and the average daily intake levels of acrylamide through consumption of French fries is 0.07 microgram/kilogram of bodyweight/day. Consequently, French fries represent 16% of the total dietary intake of acrylamide. The average amount of acrylamide in oven-baked French fries and potato chips produced by a commercial processor are 698 ppb and 597 ppb, respectively. Thus, potato-derived processed foods including French fries, over-baked fries, and potato chips represent 38% of the total dietary intake for acrylamide. See also Rommens et al., Low-acrylamide French fries and potato chips, Plant Biotechnol. J., 6(8):843-853 (October 2008), which is incorporated herein by reference.
According to the present invention, the level of acrylamide that is present in a tuber product made, using conventional processing methods, from the outer region of the tuber, such as a French fry, baked fry, or chip, is lower than the level of acrylamide in a French fry, baked fry, or chip that has is processed to have the same color as the fry from the outer region but is obtained from the inner region of the potato tuber by about: 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, or more than 10-fold, lower in acrylamide.
In terms of parts per billion, a potato tuber product produced using conventional processing methods from the outer region of a potato tuber may have an acrylamide level between 1-20 ppb, 20-40 ppb, 40-60 ppb, 60-80 ppb, 80-100 ppb, 100-120 ppb, 120-140 ppb, 140-160 ppb, or 160-180 ppb acrylamide. Likewise, in terms of parts per billion, a oven-baked fry, potato chip, or hash brown produced from a tuber of the present invention may have between 1-20 ppb, 20-40 ppb, 40-60 ppb, 60-80 ppb, 80-100 ppb, 100-120 ppb, 120-140 ppb, 140-160 ppb, 160-180 ppb, 180-200 ppb or 200-220 ppb acrylamide.
A potato tuber product made from the outer regions of the tuber has less oil content than that of a product made from the inner or core region of the tuber. Thus, an outer-made product has about 10% less oil content (% by weight), about 11% less oil content (% by weight), about 12% less oil content (% by weight), about 13% less oil content (% by weight), about 14% less oil content (% by weight), about 15% less oil content (% by weight), about 16% less oil content (% by weight), about 17% less oil content (% by weight), about 18% less oil content (% by weight), about 19% less oil content (% by weight), about 20% less oil content (% by weight) than compared to a product made from the inner region of the tuber. A product made from the outer regions of a tuber may have at least 20% less oil than a product made from the inner region of the tuber.
A potato tuber product made from the outer regions of the tuber has a higher chlorogenic acid content than that of a product made from the inner or core region of the tuber. Thus, an outer-made product has about 10% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 15% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 20% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 25% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 30% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 35% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 40% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 45% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 50% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 70% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 70% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), about 80% more chlorogenic acid (% by weight), than compared to a product made from the inner region of the tuber. A product made from the outer regions of a tuber may have at least 20% more chlorogenic acid than a product made from the inner region of the tuber.
A potato tuber product made from the outer regions of the tuber has a higher vitamin C content than that of a product made from the inner or core region of the tuber. Thus, an outer-made product has about 10% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 12% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 14% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 16% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 18% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 20% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 22% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 24% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 26% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 28% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 30% more vitamin C (% by weight), about 32% more vitamin C (% by weight), than compared to a product made from the inner region of the tuber. A product made from the outer regions of a tuber may have at least 10% more vitamin C than a product made from the inner region of the tuber.
A cross-section of a potato tuber reveals the various areas of regions that are the focus of the present invention. See
It is an aspect of the present invention that processing of a tuber to yield foods made from selected outer strips of the potato tuber will contain lower amounts of sugars and amino acids that are normally concentrated in the medulla. Consequently, the lower amounts of reducing sugars (such as glucose and fructose), and amino acids (such as asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, and methionine) will produce less of the chemical, acrylamide, when the outer strip products are heated. Heat-processing includes any type of heating or cooking, such as frying, deep-frying, par-frying, baking, boiling, searing, roasting, blanching, or otherwise exposing tuber products to high temperatures.
Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention is a product made from a potato tuber that contains low amounts of reducing sugars. Reducing sugars includes but is not limited to glucose, fructose, and sucrose. By “low amounts” is meant a concentration of reducing sugars that is relatively lower than the concentration of reducing sugars from non-outer strip regions of that tuber, i.e., from the core strip. Thus, a Solanum tuberosum tuber food product of the present technology is a food that contains lower amounts of at least one reducing sugar compared to the amount of that reducing sugar in a tuber food product made from the inner, or core, regions of the tuber.
A potato tuber can be obtained from any plant that belongs to the species Solanum tuberosum. It can also be obtained from any “wild” potato, such as Solanum phureja, Solanum tuberosum subsp andigenum, Solanum demissum, and any other tuber-forming Solanum species.
Another aspect of the present invention is a product made from a potato tuber that contains low amounts of amino acids Amino acids include but are not limited to asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, and methionine. The predominant amino acid precursor acrylamide is asparagine. By “low amounts” is meant a concentration of amino acids that is relatively lower than the concentration of amino acids from non-outer strip regions of that tuber, i.e., from the core strip. Thus, a potato tuber food product of the present technology is a food that contains lower amounts of at least one amino acid, preferably asparagine, compared to the amount of that amino acid in a tuber food product made from the inner, or core, regions of the tuber.
In another aspect of the present invention is a product made from a potato tuber that contains low amounts of at least one amino acid and low amounts of at least one reducing sugar compared to the amount of that amino acid and reducing sugar in a tuber food product made from the inner, or core, regions of the tuber. As mentioned above, an amino acid includes but is not limited to asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, and methionine; and a reducing sugar includes but is not limited to glucose and fructose.
According to the present technology, any one of the aforementioned “outer” region tuber products which contains low levels of reducing sugars, amino acids, or both, can be cooked or heat-processed. The resultant concentration of acrylamide in that heat-processed product is lower than the concentration of acrylamide produced by the heat-processing of tuber products made from inner or other areas of the tuber flesh. Thus, an aspect of the present invention is a tuber food product that contains low levels of acrylamide compared to the level of acrylamide produced after heat-processing of a tuber product made from the inner or “core” regions of the tuber.
A method of the present invention includes a process of cutting tubers into cross-sectional slices with concentric blades, which yield a tuber potato “ring.” See
The potato products made from the embodiments of the inventive cutting apparatus contain low amounts of reducing sugars and amino acids. Consequently, heat-processing of the potato ring will produce low levels of acrylamide. It also has been found herein that the oil content of French fries made from the outer strips of a potato tuber contain about 14% less oil than fries produced from the inner core strips of the same potato tuber. See
Collectively, these differences have been found to lead to differences in sensory characteristics between the outer-made and inner-made fries. A sensory-evaluation food panel determined that the outer fries are much crispier, have a better “bite,” the right “mealy” inside, a better caramel-fry taste, and have a better overall flavor. See
Thus, food products made from the outer regions of a potato tuber, such as the inventive potato rings (known herein as “Omega Fries”), or slices made from the tuber's outer region are encompassed by the present invention and are healthier alternatives than products made from the inner regions of the potato tuber.
As mentioned, a surprising discovery of the present invention is the finding that the inner core of a potato tuber contains high levels of protein and amino acids. This makes the inner core a highly desirable source of foods such as mash potatoes and dehydrated food products, which contain little if any acrylamide because the method of heat-processing does not involve high temperature frying in a low-moisture environment. Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention—in addition to the production of fries from the outer region of a potato—is the production of mash potato and other high protein-containing potato products from the inner core region of the potato.
As mentioned above, another aspect of the present invention is a potato tuber food product that has a low surface-to-volume ratio. A food product that has a low surface area relative to its volume will accumulate less salt, acrylamide, and salt than a product with a larger surface area.
The dimensions of a typical French fry, of the typical rectangular prism shape, typically ranges from about 6-8 mm (width)×6-8 mm (depth)×4-12 cm (length). The surface area and volume of a rectangular prism can be determined according to the formulas:
Surface area=2(depth−height)+2(height−width)+2(depth−width)
Volume=width−depth−length
Assuming a size of 7 mm×7 mm×10 cm, then the surface area, including top and bottom, is about 29.0 cm2, and the volume is 4.9 cm3. This means that the surface-to-volume (STV) ratio of a French fry is 5.92. Simply increasing the width and depth (i.e., the volume) of a potato strip is not a satisfactory solution because it will lower the sensory characteristics of the final product. A cylindrically-shaped product, however, of the same volume (4.9 cm3) and height, e.g., a diameter of 7.9 mm and length of 10 cm has a smaller surface area. The surface area and volume of a cylinder can be determined according to the formulas:
Surface area=2(π·r2)+2(π·r)·height
Volume=π·r2·height
Accordingly, the surface area is about 25.8 cm2. This means that the STV ratio of a cylindrical French fry is 5.27. The cylindrically-shaped product has approximately 4.2 cm2 (=11%) less surface area compared to the conventional rectangularly-shaped food product, while maintaining a similar volume and height. The cylindrical fry will not be perceived as inferior to the French fry but, instead, as a fun and unexpected alternative that is healthier as well.
The present invention, therefore, encompasses potato tuber food products made in shapes that have a lower surface area than typical products. While a cylindrical shape is preferred based on its reduction of surface area, other shapes could be utilized that reduce surface area. One such shape is a three-dimensional hexagonal potato product, known as an hexagonal fry. See
It is also possible to produce circular rings. One example of a circular ring has the shape of an “inner tube” or “torus.” The surface area and volume of a torus can be determined according to the formulas:
Surface area=4·π2·r·R
Volume=2·π2·R·r2
Thus, a torus fry with a volume of 4.9 cm3, a diameter of 7.9 mm, and a distance from the center of the tube to the center of the torus of 1.59 cm has a surface of 24.79 cm2, which is 85.5% of the surface of a 4.9 cm3 French fry. The actual difference is greater because torus fries would have a standard size but French fries are variable in size and often smaller than 10-cM. Thus, two torus rings with a combined volume of 4.9 cm3 would need to be compared with three French fries with an average size of 6.67-cM. This difference is 15.9%. Because torus fries have a low surface-to-volume ratio and are derived from the outer tissues of a potato, they will have much less oil and acrylamide than French fries and they will also appear and taste better. The difference in oil and acrylamide will be about 30%.
The surface of a ring strip (for instance, a hollow cylinder with a depth and width of 7 mm) can be calculated with programs such as accessible at www.mathepower.com/english/zylinder.php. Basically, one needs to calculate the total surface of a cylinder, subtract the total surface of the core cylinder that is removed, and add the lateral surface of the core cylinder. Given an altitude of 0.7 cm, a cylinder with a radius of 1.94 cm would have a volume of 8.277 cm3 and a total surface of 32.18 cm2. The smaller cylinder with radius of 1.94−0.7=1.24 cm would have a volume of 3.381 cm3 and a total surface of 15.115 cm2. The lateral surface of this smaller cylinder is 5.454 cm2. Thus, the total surface of a ring strip with altitude of 0.7 cm (and volume of 8.277−3.381=4.9 cm3) is 32.18−15.115+5.454=22.519 cm2, which is 78% of that of a linear strip. The STV ratio of the ring strip is 4.60.
A ring strip that has a shorter depth and width, for instance 6×6 mm, but the same volume as the 7×7 rings strip described above will have a lower surface to volume ratio. This thinner ring strip must have a bigger radius. The cylinder would have a radius of 2.5 cm, and the smaller cylinder that is removed would have a radius of 1.9 cm. In this case, the surface of the ring strip is 48.695−29.845+7.163=26.01 cm2. The STV ratio is, in this case, 5.23.
The present invention is not limited to any particular parameters for size of the potato product, such as ring strip, cylinder, or hexagonal fries.
Another aspect of the invention combines (1) the exclusive use of the outer regions of a tuber, and (2) new shapes of fried potato products that display a lower surface-to-volume ratio as conventional French fries, whereby the products have a much lower level of acrylamide, salt, and/or oil than a similar amount (in weight) of French fries.
Presently described are embodiments of a cutting apparatus for producing potato products in which (1) the STV ratio is in a preferable range and/or (2) the core or central part of a potato tuber has been removed. The present invention is not limited to these particular embodiments, which are merely examples of the types cutting apparatus and systems that can be used to produce the inventive potato rings. The present invention is not limited to the specific numerical dimensions described herein.
A first embodiment of a cutting apparatus 100 according to the present invention can be configured to reduce the STV ratio of cut portions of a material, such as a potato tuber. As shown in
The cutting edges 110 are configured to cut at least a portion of a potato tuber to produce cut strips when the cutting apparatus is moved relative to the at least a portion of the potato tuber. The cutting edges 110 are configured to define the openings 120 such that the cross-sectional shape of the openings 120 (the shape seen in
A single cutting edge 110, such as a cutting edge 110 with circular cross-sectional shape, can provide the desired opening 120 that will produce a cut strip with a STV ratio that is lower than the STV ratio of a rectangular-shaped strip having the same volume and height. It is preferred, however, that multiple cutting edges 110 are provided to define each opening 120 to have a six-sided (hexagonal) shape. Although additional cutting edges 110 could be utilized, as in the case of an eight sided (octagonal) shape, it is preferred to use a hexagonally shaped openings 120 because they will not leave gaps across the face of the cutting apparatus 100 that may result in material waste.
The cutting edges 110 could be provided by wires that are meshed together to form the openings 120. It is preferred, however, that the cutting edges 110 are provided at the ends of elongated members. For example, a single cutting edge 110 can be provided at the end of a cylinder (in the case of a cylindrical cutting edge). Alternatively, a plurality of cutting edges 110 can be provided on respective ends of a group of substantially plate-like sections (in the case of multi-sided openings, as shown in
In the embodiment having multi-sided openings with cutting edges 110 disposed on plate-like sections, the plate-like sections 110 can be individual members connected together or could be a portion of a larger sheet that is configured to create the network of openings 120.
The cutting apparatus 100 can cut the potato tuber by causing relative movement between the potato tuber and the cutting apparatus 100. For example, the potato tuber can be forced through the cutting apparatus 100 by any conventional processes known in the art. Alternatively, the cutting apparatus 100 can be moved such that it is forced through a stationary potato tuber.
As shown in
The cutting apparatus 200 preferably includes a plurality of cutting edges 210A, 210B, and 210C of substantially circular cross-sectional shape. The cutting edges 210A, 210B, and 210C have differing diameters and are concentrically disposed to cut an outer region of the potato tuber to form cut rings.
The cutting edges 210A, 210B, and 210C can each be provided on an end of a respective substantially cylindrical member 215A, 215B, and 215C. The substantially cylindrical member 215A, 215B, and 215C can be set onto a support 220 configured to maintain a spatial relationship between the cutting edges 210A, 210B, and 210C. The support 220 can be mounted at a distal end of a shaft 250. The shaft 250 is hollow in
As shown in
During operation, the cutting apparatus 200 is aligned with a pre-cut disc of potato tuber. Initially the plunger 230 is in an withdrawn or up position (meaning the projections 236 are retracted and not disposed fully between the substantially cylindrical members 215A, 215B, and 215C), as shown in
An exemplary smaller cutting apparatus is shown in
For use with the larger cutting apparatus, the pre-cut discs of material are pre-cut potato discs about 7 mm thick formed from potato tubers shaped into cylinders of around 72-75 mm in diameter. The larger cutting apparatus 200 includes four cutting edges 210A, 210B, 210C, 210D each formed on the ends of respective substantially cylindrical members 215A, 215B, 215C, 215D having a height of 8 mm to allow the cutting apparatus to cut to a depth of 7 mm. As shown in
In this embodiment, the potato tuber 320 can be moved through the cutting apparatus 320, which will cut the potato tuber into cylindrical rings 332 having different diameters and an inner core 331. The cylindrical rings 332 are temporarily contained in the substantially cylindrical members 315B, 315C, and the inner core 331 is temporarily contained in the substantially cylindrical member 315A.
According to the invention, it is preferable to separate the cylindrical rings 332 from the inner core 331. The cylindrical rings 332 can be ejected from the cutting apparatus 300 and collected for further processing. The core 331 can be is separately ejected from cutting apparatus 300 and transported for further processing or disposal. The collected cylindrical rings 332 are then sliced at various points along the length of the outer cylindrical rings 332 in a direction substantially perpendicular to the cutting direction of the cutting apparatus 300, as shown in
Peeled tubers of the variety Russet Burbank were cut into strips with a width and depth of 0.7 cm and an average length of 8 cm. The four innermost strips of each tuber were used as “inner” strips, whereas the four-to-eight strips closest to the periphery represented the “outer” strips. The groups of strips were weighed, freeze-dried, and weighed again to determine their moisture content by dividing the weight before freeze-drying by the weight after freeze-drying and multiplying this ratio by 100%. Inner strips were found to contain 81.91±1.73% but this percentage was only 77.30±2.49% for outer strips.
To determine the effect of the compositional differences of tubers on French fry quality, the two groups of strips were blanched, dried, and fried according to standard procedures that had been established using mixed potato strips from the entire peeled tuber. Basically, potato strips were cut from peeled tubers of the variety Russet Burbank with a grid of knife blades. Potato rings were obtained by first cutting peeled tubers into discs with a slicer set at 7-mm and then cutting the discs with a custom-made double cylindrical knife, whereby the diameters of the inner and outer blade were 30 mm and 44 mm, respectively. Standard procedures for French fry production consisted of a blanching step (9-min at 74° C.), followed by a dip in 0.5% disodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) and 0.3 dextrose (45-s at 77° C.), drying (6-min at 77° C.), par-frying (45-s at 191° C.), freezing (overnight at −80° C.), and finish-frying (3-min and 10-s at 168° C.).
Processed potatoes were sampled three minutes after finish-frying. They were rated by a panel of eight trained members for color, crispness, mealiness, and flavor on an arbitrary scale from 1 to 9, whereby ratings below 7.5 were considered as “not enough”, and ratings above 7.5 as “too much” of the trait. Variation in color and texture were assessed by using a scale from 5 (fully uniform) to 9 (highly-variable).
The sensory panel found that French fries from outer strips displayed excellent characteristics; they had a consistently good first bite feel (crispness), a good mouth feel of the internal flesh (texture), while also displaying a desirable color and flavor (Table 1 and
To optimize processing parameters for segregated inner strips, the time of drying and frying times were extended by 1-min steps. Sensory evaluations of the resulting fries demonstrated that a 2-min extension of drying time, together with a 2-min increase in the time of frying, enhanced the color and crispness of inner fries to levels that were typical of outer fries prepared according to standard protocols (Table 2). When applied to outer strips, the modified process produced dark and overcooked fries that were unacceptable for commercial application (data not shown). The French fries that had been prepared using standard parameters were analyzed for their water and oil content.
The two groups of fries were also analyzed for levels of the Maillard product acrylamide. Biochemical studies on inner and outer potato strips did not indicate any differences in the potential to form this neurotoxin because they contained similar amounts of the acrylamide precursors glucose, fructose, and asparagine (
Another difference in quality between outer and inner fries relates to antioxidants.
Biochemical analyses showed that strips for outer fries contained more vitamin C than inner strips (0.054±0.003 versus 0.050±0.003 mg/g FW) (
The amount of oil absorption and acrylamide formation is not just based on whether potato strips are derived from inner or outer tissues but also on the surface-to-volume ratio (SVR) of strips. SVRs were calculated by using software programs that are freely accessible at, for instance, http://www.livephysics.com/tools/math/area-and-volume-calculator.html.
Strips with a greater SVR ratio were expected to absorb more oil than strips with the same volume but a lower SVR. Thus, new methods for the production of healthier French fries were considered that would not only use the outer parts of potato tubers but also reduce the SVR by altering the shape of strips. Tuber rings are an example, where the tuber is first cut into 0.7 cm discs and then the inner core and the outer skin are removed with a double cylindrical knife (
Unexpectedly, it was found that the moisture content of rings was even lower than that of outer strips (
Oil content was determined by homogenizing 1 g of finish-fried potato (total weight) was homogenized with 2 ml of dichloromethane using a bullet blender (2×9-min). Filtered extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The oil percentage was calculated by multiplying the ratio dried extract/total weight by 100.
As expected, the high solids content and low SVR of ring fries correlated with a greatly reduced absorption of oil compared to conventional fries (
The low SVR of ring fries would be expected to lower the accumulation of acrylamide because this compound is mainly formed at the surface. In addition, the raw material used to produce ring fries contained 18.4% less asparagine than the strips from inner potato tissues (
Asparagine and other amino acids were extracted by homogenizing 250 mg ground freeze dried potato strips or rings with 5 μmoles sarcosine as an internal standard in 3.0 mL of a 0.03 M Triethylamine HCl buffer, adding (a) 150 μl potassium hexacyanoferrate trihydrate, (b) 150 p. 1 zinc sulfate, and (c) 250 μl 0.1 N NaOH with 3.0 mL 0.03 M TEA buffer, whereby the mixture was vortexed after each addition. The extract was centrifuged for 15 min at 4° C., 40000 rpm, and supernatant was transferred to a new tube. The pellet was re-suspended in 5 mL nanopure water and centrifuged. Supernatant was pooled with the first tube and adjusted final volume to 12.5 mL with water. The extracted free amino acids were derivatized using EZ:faast method according to the users' manual from Phenomenex. Derivatized samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using an Agilent 1200 series HPLC system coupled with a 6300 series ion trap. Bruker's quant analysis software was used for quantification. For HPLC, the column used was EZ:faast AAA-MS column 250×3.0 mm, and the mobile phase was 10 mM ammonium formate in water and 10 mM ammonium formate in methanol using a gradient. MS was run in positive mode with ESI and auto MSn.
Sugars were extracted by shaking about 150 mg freeze dried strips or rings in 1 mL of 60% ethanol at 80° C. for one hour. The supernatant was transferred to a fresh tube and the pellet was re-extracted with 1 mL ethanol by incubating it for 30 min at 80° C. Supernatant was then evaporated in a speedvac until the remaining volume was about 60-70 μl. A known amount of Ribose was added as internal standard. Sugar analyses were performed on an Agilent's HPLC system 1200 series which consists of auto sampler, Zorbax carbohydrate column (4.6×150 mm), a solvent system of acetonitrile-water (75:25), a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and a refractive index detector. Sugars were quantified by Agilent's software ChemStation using external calibration.
The analysis of glucose and fructose levels found no differences between inner or outer strips versus rings (
A comparison between the ring strips and linear strips from the inner core also found an even greater difference in antioxidant levels as measured previously for outer versus inner strips. The ring strips contained 21.1±2.6% more vitamin C, and 52.9±14.3% more chlorogenic acid, as inner cores (
The cost of ring fry production is based, in part, on the recovery rate for ring strips. This recovery rate depends on the shape, especially the diameter, of tubers (
The recovery rate for rings with an inner diameter of 29 and 43 mm, respectively, is shown in Table 3. It indicates that the recovery rate for tubers with a diameter of 55 mm is 65%.
There is an economic incentive to limit the amount of by-product that is generated during the production of ring fries. It may, therefore, be most effective to produce ring fries in a processing plant designed to also make French fries. A conventional sorting system can be used to segregate, for instance, the 20% of tubers with an optimal diameter of 76 mm for ring fry production in an independent product line. Process efficiency can be further enhanced by employing varieties that have unusually narrow pith regions. One such a variety is Innovator, which has an inner core with a diameter of only 13-18 mm (Heap, unpublished results). Tubers of this variety could be used to make an additional ring per disc.
The inner part of the potato tuber, the watery core, was shown to contain the same amount of amino acids as the outer tissues on a fresh-weight basis. Thus, these tissues contain much more amino acids per gram dry weight (DW) (
It has been shown herein that inconsistencies in the color, texture, and taste of French fries are due, in part, to structural differences within the tuber. The extensive water content of potato strips from the inner tissues delay the cooking process of these strips. Thus, the application of a standard frying process for strips from both the inner and outer parts of potato produced not only golden-colored and tasty but also undercooked fries. The longer drying and frying times that were needed to enhance the sensory characteristics of inner fries resulted in overcooked outer fries that were dry and brown. Apart from differences in sensory characteristics, fries from outer tissues absorbed less vegetable oil, accumulated less acrylamide, and contained more antioxidants than those from the inner parts. Thus, the exclusive use of potato strips from the outer parts of potato produces tastier and healthier French fries.
A further improvement was achieved by not only excluding the inner core of potato but by also lowering the surface-to-volume ratio (SVR) of the material that is used to produce fries. In the example described here, tubers are sliced into 7 mm discs, and the discs are then cut with a double cylindrical knife to produce potato rings (commercial applications may be different). The SVR of potato rings is only 77.7% that of potato strips. The resulting ring fries contain even less oil and acrylamide than fries from the outer tuber parts, and they also contain less salt. Given their sensory and health benefits, ring fries may be perceived as a welcome alternative to linear fries that became popular in the 1960s.
The estimated recovery rate for ring fries varies between 25-60%, which is lower than that currently achieved for French fries (above 60%). During this early phase of the development process, it may be most cost effective to only select tubers with an optimal diameter for ring fry production. Such a sorting can best be carried out in a plant where most of the tubers are still destined for French fry production. New efforts to breed for more uniform potato varieties and to improve upon ring processing may result in a gradual increase in ring fry production.
The tuber parts peripheral to rings amount to 20-30% of the raw material, and consist mainly of cortex, periderm, and skin. These parts are particularly rich in dietary fibers and antioxidants, but may also contain small amounts of glycoalkaloids, pesticide residues, and remnants of the sprout inhibitor chloropropham. Possible applications of these by-products include animal feed and fermentation for the production of bioethanol. The inner tissues of potato tubers are most suitable for dehydration. Their relatively high protein and amino acid on a dry-weight basis would increase the nutritional value of the product. Some of the potato by-product material may also be used for new applications. For instance, potatoes can be fermented to produce xanthan gum, a stabilizer and thickener used in the paint and chemical industry, or the polylactic acid that is used for non-petroleum based plastics.
The studies presented in this paper provide justification for a partial replacement of French fries by ring fries. Such ring fries are not only healthier and tastier than conventional French fries, they also have a new and unexpected shape that is perceived as desirable. By carefully sorting and processing optimally-sized tubers, the production cost for ring fries may approach those for French fries.
French fries are always made in block shapes whereby the width is equal to the depth. This shape represents a very high surface to volume ratio. A reduction of this ratio will result in a reduction in the amount of fat absorption and acrylamide formation. Unique honeycomb-shaped knives will be used to cut potatoes efficiently to produce hexagon strips (
Instead of hexagon cutters (
The Idaho Sushi is a processed potato product comprising several linear fries, either conventional French fries or, for instance, cylindrical or hexagonal fries, kept together by several omega fries. The Idaho sushi is produced by cutting, blanching, and par-frying the various components separately. After these preliminary steps, the components are put together and frozen and shipped to restaurants or retailers. The single final step consists of finish frying the assembled fries (see, for example,
7.6 ± 0.52
6.1 ± 0.35
6.5 ± 0.53
6.3 ± 0.46
5.3 ± 0.35
7.1 ± 0.64
6.4 ± 0.52
5.7 ± 0.35
7.2 ± 0.46
7.1 ± 0.35
6.8 ± 0.52
6.1 ± 0.52
7.2 ± 0.46
1superior ratings (P < 0.05) are shown in bold;
2sensory characteristics were rated on an arbitrary scale from 1-9, whereby 7.5 was considered optimal and lower or higher values indicating “not enough” and “too much”, respectively;
3the variation within a sample was rated on an arbitrary scale between 5 (fully-uniform) and 9 (highly-variable).
1Superior ratings (P < 0.05) are shown in bold.;
2times indicated are for drying/frying.
ainner diameter = 29 mm,
binner diameter = 43 mm
This U.S. non-provisional application claims priority to the following U.S. provisional applications: Ser. No. 61/178,275, which was filed on May 14, 2009; Ser. No. 61/178,744, which was filed on May 15, 2009; Ser. No. 61/228,395, which was filed on Jul. 24, 2009; and Ser. No. 61/241,587, which was filed on Sep. 11, 2009, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61178275 | May 2009 | US | |
| 61178744 | May 2009 | US | |
| 61228395 | Jul 2009 | US | |
| 61241587 | Sep 2009 | US |
