Patent Grant
8062712
The production of chlorine by electrolysis of alkali chloride solutions is currently carried out by means of three different processes, namely the ion-exchange membrane process, the porous diaphragm process and the mercury cathode process. In the following, reference will be made, for the sake of simplicity of description, to the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions. Nevertheless, the invention equally applies to the electrolysis of other alkali chlorides, such as lithium or potassium chloride. The mercury cathode-type electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions (hereinafter “brine”), based on a long-known technology, has experienced a continuous improvement in the cell structure (Ullmann's Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry, VCH, Vol. A6, pag. 416) essentially directed to the decrease in the electric energy consumption and to the abatement of mercury emissions to the environment.
The problem of energy consumption reduction was accomplished with success by replacing the original graphite anodes with titanium anodes provided with a catalytic coating based on oxides of platinum group metals, particularly effective for chlorine evolution. The activated titanium anodes are also characterised by a long operative lifetime which allowed a substantial reduction in the amount of cell shut-downs which are quite frequent in the case of the corrodible graphite anodes. Since maintenance shut-downs are critical for mercury emissions, the benefit obtained from this standpoint is apparent.
A further reduction in mercury leaks was further allowed by modifications in the cell design, as disclosed in the co-pending Italian patent application MI2006A000309, and by the routine use of recrystallised salt, which permits minimising the quantity of mercury-polluted muds purged from the brine purification section, although at a higher cost.
As a consequence of these provisions it can be now be demonstrated that the release of mercury from a well-designed and correctly handled plant amounts to no more than 3 grammes per tonne of product chlorine versus a value of 10 grammes of about ten years ago (Ullmann's Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry, VCH, Vol. A6, page 424).
In currently operating plants, the sodium amalgam is fed to the upper portion of an amalgam decomposer shaped as a generally vertical vessel containing a filling of graphite fragments activated with a catalyst, for instance molybdenum oxide. The amalgam flowing down the interstices between the graphite particles meets a countercurrent deionised water flow fed to the lower portion of the amalgam decomposer. The catalytic action of graphite allows the amalgam decomposition reaction to proceed at an acceptable rate, with formation of caustic soda, which together with chlorine is the product of commercial interest, according to the following scheme:
Na(Hg)x+H2O→NaOH+½H2
In reality, the mechanism accounting for the overall reaction is remarkably more complex as it involves the amalgam droplet—graphite particle couples statistically generated in time. Each of these couples actually operates as a short-circuited micro-battery, wherein the amalgam droplet and the graphite particle respectively act as anodic and cathodic areas according to the following partial reactions, whose combination gives the above indicated overall reaction:
amalgam droplet(anodic area): Na(Hg)x→Na++xHg+e
graphite particle(cathodic area): H2O+e→½H2+OH−
To obtain a high amalgam decomposition rate, it is necessary that the hydrogen evolution partial reaction, which is the bottleneck of the overall kinetics, be adequately promoted. For this reason, graphite, which has a moderate activity, is further added with more catalytic materials, such as molybdenum oxide, which is deposited by imbibition of an ammonium molybdate solution followed by a suitable thermal treatment. The so treated graphite is not wettable by the amalgam. Such feature has the advantage of impeding the formation of an adherent amalgam superficial film that would prevent the required contact with water which is the first step of the hydrogen evolution reaction.
On the other hand, this has also a negative effect, because the lack of wettability entails a high electrical contact resistance between graphite particle and amalgam droplet, in its turn strongly hindering the flow of electrons generated by sodium ionisation on the amalgam droplet and that must reach the graphite particle to adequately sustain hydrogen evolution. Hence it is shown that graphite cannot be an optimal catalyst, and this also applies for other homogeneous type formulations, such as the one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,161,433 wherein decomposition catalysts consisting of metal borides and carbides are proposed. From an ideal standpoint in fact any single particle of catalytic material should comprise one or more pairs of separate anodic and cathodic microscopic areas, the anodic ones being wettable by the amalgam and the cathodic ones being non wettable and in intimate contact with the water flow. It would be further necessary to minimise the electrical resistance between the two types of area to provide the lesser hindrance to the electrons flowing from the anodic areas, where they are released by sodium ionisation, to the cathodic areas where they are consumed in the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Besides the above mentioned inconveniences, the graphite particles undergo some grinding under the erosive action of the evolved hydrogen: as a first consequence, the filling undergoes a volume contraction in time that, once a value of about 20% is reached, leads to an intolerable productive capacity loss forcing the operators to discontinue the operation and to proceed with loading fresh catalyst.
From the above discussion it will be clear that the use of activated graphite represents a far from satisfying solution.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key factors or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
As provided herein, the invention comprises a novel filling for amalgam decomposers operating in association with mercury cathode-type alkali chloride electrolysis cells.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the following description and drawings set forth certain illustrative aspects and implementations. These are indicative of but a few of the various ways in which one or more aspects may be employed. Other aspects, advantages, and novel features of the disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the annexed drawings.
The invention will be described hereafter making reference to the following explicative drawings:
Under a first aspect, the invention relates to a catalyst comprising amalgam-wettable metallic elements, whose surface is partially provided with a non-wettable catalytic coating, usable as filler for amalgam decomposers.
The elements of the invention are preferably cylindrical rings and the relevant surface partially or completely provided with a non-wettable catalytic coating is the external surface.
The amalgam-wettable metal may comprise one or more of iron, nickel, carbon steel, or stainless steel. However, one skilled in the art will also be capable of selecting additional metallic materials with suitable characteristics. According to one embodiment of the invention, the catalytic coating includes metal carbides comprising of one or more of titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten.
The application of the catalytic coating to the surface of the metallic elements may be carried out by spraying techniques, such as flame or plasma-spraying of powders. The externally coated rings may be manufactured, for example, by applying the coating through micronised powder spraying on tubes and subsequently sectioning the tubes into rings.
The rings having an external surface partially provided with a catalytic coating may also be manufactured by assembling a multiplicity of tubes in a planar compact structure, applying the catalytic coating by micronised powder spraying on the two major surfaces of the structure and subsequently cutting the structure into rings wherein two lateral stripes of the external surface remain free of catalytic coating.
The sketch of
Brine is partially converted to chlorine on the anodes and to sodium amalgam on the mercury mobile film. The depleted brine exiting from 9 is delivered to the dechlorination, resaturation and purification units. The chlorine withdrawn through nozzle 12 is cooled down, dried and pressurised before the direct appliance in user plants or before being liquefied and commercialised. The amalgam produced in cell 1 is decomposed in the amalgam decomposer 13 where it is put in contact with demineralised water in the catalytic filling 17. The reaction produces concentrated caustic soda, hydrogen and mercury which is recycled to the cell at 7. In the prior art technique the filling 17 consists of graphite particles activated with metal oxides, for instance molybdenum oxide. The conversion of the amalgam to caustic soda and hydrogen must be as complete as possible so that mercury recycled to the cell by pump 18 contains only minimum residual quantities of sodium. Due to the poor catalytic capacity of activated graphite, such a result is only obtained by over-sizing the amalgam decomposer. For instance, with cells of average capacity operated with currents of about 200 kA the amalgam decomposer is a cylindrical vessel of about 1100 mm diameter and overall height of 2100 mm, whereof about 1200 mm are occupied by the filling.
The inventors have surprisingly found that the inconveniences of the prior art, consisting of the poor catalytic activity of graphite, the consequent over-sizing of the amalgam decomposer and the insufficient operative lifetime, may be overcome by the introduction of fillings comprising a multiplicity of amalgam-wettable metal elements characterised by having their surface partially coated with a catalytic non amalgam-wettable coating for hydrogen evolution.
The term elements is herein intended to mean portions of metal of various geometrical shapes, dimensioned in order to provide, once stacked to form the filling, an extended contact surface for the reaction between amalgam and water. This object is common to many chemical processes, such as, for example, the gas absorption in liquid phases or conversely the gas stripping from liquid phases. For such processes, very effective fillings were developed, comprising a stack of single elements, for instance in the form of cylindrical rings, cylindrical semi-rings or Raschig rings. The inventors have verified that all of these elements may be advantageously selected for the filling 17. It was found that suitable filling, not only in terms of amalgam decomposition efficiency but also of cost and facility of coating application, comprises cylindrical rings with an internal diameter of 10-40 mm, thickness of about 1 mm and length comprised between 10 and 40 mm.
The catalytic coating according to the invention may comprise a variety of components, provided they are, as previously mentioned, sufficiently active towards hydrogen evolution and not wettable by the amalgam. It was found that such requirements are satisfied at reasonable costs by metal carbides of significant electrical conductivity comprising one or more of titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten and silicon carbides. The method for their application to the filling elements is the flame or plasma spraying of micronised powders easily available in sizes comprised between 10 and 100 μm at reasonable costs due to their widespread use as anti-wear coatings in the metallurgical industry. In particular, details regarding the plasma technology, preferred for the evenness and adherence of the deposited coatings, are disclosed in the brochure “Plasma spray technology, fundamentals and applications, 1975” edited by the Plasma-Technik AG Company, Germany. According to the indications of the brochure, the plasma is obtainable with a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen in a ratio comprised for example between 70:30 and 95:5, fed at a flow-rate of 5-20 l/min. The powder carrier gas is nitrogen. The application is carried out at a current of 200-600 A and a voltage of 50-90 V. The distance between the device 36 and the object to be coated is set between 120 and 300 millimeters.
When the elements of the filling are cylindrical rings, the coating application is carried out on tubes of suitable diameter, for example, made of carbon steel, which are rotated in front of the spraying apparatus until obtaining a predetermined thickness of catalytic material. Once the application step is completed, the coated tubes are cut into equal portions, thereby obtaining cylindrical rings in accordance with the invention by having the external and the internal surface respectively coated and uncoated.
The cylindrical ring shape of
Assemblies of 50 pieces of Fe 410.2-type carbon steel tube having a length of 1 meter, an internal diameter of 20 mm and a thickness of 1 mm, arranged in mutual contact with one another to form a planar structure of the type indicated as 35 in
The current was set at about 560 A, the voltage at 62 V, the translation rate of the spraying device 36 at about 12 m/min and the gap between spraying device and structure at 35÷150 mm.
The application was terminated after the deposition of 50-80 g/m2 titanium carbide. The coated tubes were then cut into rings of 2 cm length obtaining a total of 125,000 pieces of the preferred type illustrated in the detail of
The rings were then loaded in the decomposer of a 200 kA industrial cell of 1000 mm diameter, with a 1200 mm filling height for a total of 90,000 rings and an overall height of 2100 mm.
The cell-amalgam decomposer system was then started with the following main operative parameters detected after a few hours in stable conditions:
current 200 kA
cell voltage 4.2 V
mercury flow-rate 4.2 m3/h
sodium concentration in the amalgam at cell outlet 0.3%
sodium concentration at amalgam decomposer outlet 0.004%
caustic soda concentration at amalgam decomposer outlet 49.8% a 110° C.
The functioning was protracted for about 6000 additional hours without noticing any significant variation. After this run the cell was stopped and the amalgam decomposer was opened and inspected without detecting any problem. In particular, the filling height was substantially the same measured at the start up. Part of the rings were taken away reducing the filling height to just 830 mm. In these new operative conditions the cell was restarted and the operative data were again collected. It was noticed that the functioning of the amalgam decomposer was unchanged, replicating in particular the values of inlet and outlet sodium concentration in the amalgam and of caustic soda concentration previously obtained with the 1200 mm high filling. Furthermore the functioning conditions remained stable for an additional 5700 hours.
This second experimental phase demonstrates the high efficiency of the filling comprising a stack of rings provided with amalgam-wettable surfaces and catalyst-coated non-wettable surfaces, wherein such surfaces are macroscopically separated. Such a conclusion is demonstrated by the capacity of maintaining a perfectly regular functioning even when the filling was reduced by about 30%, a condition which in the case of a prior art graphite filling would lead to a residual sodium concentration in the mercury at the outlet of the amalgam decomposer of about 0.1%, totally unacceptable for a regular electrolytic operation.
Although the disclosure has been shown and described with respect to one or more embodiments and/or implementations, equivalent alterations and/or modifications will occur to others skilled in the art based upon a reading and understanding of this specification. The disclosure is intended to include all such modifications and alterations and is limited only by the scope of the following claims. In addition, while a particular feature may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several embodiments and/or implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other embodiments and/or implementations as may be desired and/or advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| MI2006A0731 | Apr 2006 | IT | national |
This application is a continuation of PCT/EP2007/053563 filed Apr. 12, 2007, that claims the benefit of the priority date of Italian Patent Application No. MI2006A000731 filed Apr. 12, 2006, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2423351 | Taylor | Jul 1947 | A |
| 3122594 | Kielback | Feb 1964 | A |
| 3606359 | McCormick | Sep 1971 | A |
| 3875039 | Matusek et al. | Apr 1975 | A |
| 3981490 | Rousar et al. | Sep 1976 | A |
| 4161433 | De Nora et al. | Jul 1979 | A |
| 5262133 | Adams et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090038956 A1 | Feb 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/EP2007/053563 | Apr 2007 | US |
| Child | 12249396 | US |
