AMERICAN-STYLE FOOTBALL

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to an American-style football. In particular, the present invention relates to applying alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia via a ghosting process to the surface of a leather American-style football. The present invention also relates to an American-style football having a plurality of cover panels and at least one of the cover panels includes a prep gauge portion. The present invention further relates to an American-style football including finger grip zone elements configured for engaging the fingertips of the hand of the user to facilitate the grasping and throwing of the football.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Inflatable game balls, such as footballs, basketballs, volleyballs and soccer balls, are well known and typically include an inner inflatable air bladder and an outer cover. The cover can be formed of one or more cover panels. The outer cover of footballs and other types of game balls also typically include trademarks, symbols and logos. Leather game balls have existed for several decades. In football and basketball, as in many other sports, the gripping and tactile characteristics of the ball can considerably affect the performance of the participating players. In particular, the tactile characteristics of the outer surface of the game ball significantly effect the player's ability to catch, pass or otherwise control the ball accurately and reliably.

Many existing leather game balls use lasers or branding techniques to add indicia to the outer surface of the leather game balls. Such existing techniques for applying indicia to the outer surface of leather game balls have the effect of making the outer surface of the cover panel less grip-able or more slippery at these locations. When a cover panel undergoes a conventional laser, branding or other thermal and/or chemical process to apply indicia, the outer surface of the leather game ball is typically burnt, damaged and/or otherwise destroyed, these damaged areas typically are far more slippery or significantly less grip-able than regions of the leather game ball cover that has not undergone such damaging process. Accordingly, existing leather games balls having indicia that is applied to the outer surface of the ball through laser techniques, branding or other thermal applications typically result in severely reducing the performance characteristics of the leather game balls at the locations of the indicia, in particular a player's ability to grip, pass, catch, hold, control, shoot and/or handle the leather game ball.

In an effort to avoid the destructive laser, branding or other thermal techniques, in many instances labels or decals are applied over the outer surface of the leather game ball. The use of additional labels and/or decals typically results in similar reduction in the grip-ability of the leather game ball. The additional labels and/or decals can add to the cost of the ball. Further, many such labels and/or decals can peel, flake, or wear away over time.

Due to the many negative characteristics of applying graphical and/or alphanumeric indicia to the outer surface of a leather game ball as discussed above, the use of such indicia is typically minimally applied to the outer surface of the ball. Typically, such indicia is only applied to a portion of the cover, or just to a portion of one or two cover panels thereby limiting the surface area of the game ball that includes the indicia.

High end, game quality American-style footballs are typically formed with a leather cover formed of a plurality of cover panels. Many organized teams use detailed and often complex, time-consuming procedures to “break-in” the leather cover panels to make the leather football more playable and more grip-able for the players. Many teams assign interns or equipment managers who perform a number of different break-in procedures.

American-style footballs include a lacing that can be useful for the placement of one or more finger-tips of the user to facilitate passing of the football. American-style footballs for many levels of competitive play also typically include strips, which depending on their construction can also be useful for facilitating the grasping and throwing of the football. However, existing footballs does not have structure for engaging all of the fingertips of the player. As a result, a player's ability to properly grasp and throw the football may be compromised due to one or more of the player's fingertips engaging only the outer surface of the cover panel, which in some instances may be a slick surface.

Thus, there is a need for applying alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia to the outer surface of a leather game ball that does not negatively affect the performance, grip and/or playability of the leather game ball. What is needed is a technique to apply such indicia to the outer surface of a leather game ball in a manner that is durable and does not add significant additional cost to the production of the leather game ball. What is needed is a technique for applying alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia to the outer surface of a leather game ball that does not alter or improves the gripping and tactile characteristics, or frictional interaction with the hands of a user, without deviating or radically departing from the ball's traditional design and organized play equipment requirements. It would be advantageous to provide a leather football that is configured to assist a player, equipment manager or coach in breaking in the football. It would also be advantageous to provide a football that would provide structure to improve the player's ability to grasp and throw the football.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top, side perspective view of an American-style football in accordance with an example implementation of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a side perspective view of the football of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a bottom, side perspective view of the football of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a top view of the football of FIG. 1

FIG. 5 is a bottom perspective view of an American-style football in accordance with another example implementation of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a bottom perspective view of an American-style football in accordance with another example implementation of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a top side perspective view of a leather cover panel of the first color of a football with one half of the cover panel treated with a laser ghosting process and the other half of cover panel untreated by the laser ghosting process.

FIG. 8 is a top side perspective view of a leather cover panel of the second color of a football with one half of the cover panel treated with a laser ghosting process and the other half of cover panel untreated by the laser ghosting process.

FIG. 9 is a top view of a template for receiving a pair of leather cover panels for use during a laser ghosting process.

FIG. 10 is a top view of the template of FIG. 9 with two untreated leather cover panels inserted within the template.

FIG. 11 is a representation of graphical indicia to be applied to the pair of leather cover panels of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 illustrates the application of the graphical indicia shown in FIG. 11 on to the pair of cover panels of FIG. 10 during the laser ghosting process using digital laser material processing.

FIG. 13 is a top side perspective view of a test set up for conducing static coefficient of friction tests of leather cover panels sections.

FIGS. 14 through 23 are close-up top views of the outer surface of cover panels of game balls having pebble-like projections with different shaped projections.

FIG. 24 is a close-up, top perspective view of a cover panel including a pebbled texture with a plurality of spaced apart pebble-like projections extending from a base region and illustrating the establishment of a base plane.

FIG. 25 is a close-up, top perspective view of a pebble-like projection with a representation of pebble-like projection height measurements taken on the top surface of one of the pebble-like projections.

FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional side view of the portion of the cover panel of FIG. 24 illustrating the base plane and the measurement of the height of the pebble-like projection.

FIG. 27 is an exploded end view of the football of FIG. 1.

FIG. 28A is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the cover of the football taken about line 28A-28A of FIG. 27.

FIG. 28B is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the cover of the football taken about line 28B-28B of FIG. 27 in accordance with an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 28C is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the cover of the football taken about line 28C-28C of FIG. 27 in accordance with an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 28D is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the cover of the football taken about line 28D-28D of FIG. 27 in accordance with an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 29 is a top side perspective view of a football in accordance with another implementation of the present invention.

FIGS. 30A and 30B are top views of first and second cover panels of the football of FIG. 29.

FIGS. 31 and 32 are opposing end views of the football of FIG. 29.

FIG. 33 is a top side perspective view of the football of FIG. 29 illustrating a quarterback's fingertip grip locations.

FIG. 34 is a top view of the football of FIG. 29.

FIG. 35 is a bottom view of the football of FIG. 29.

FIG. 36A is an enlarged view of a portion of the outer surface of the football taken from circle 36A of FIG. 34.

FIG. 36B is a side cross-sectional view of the cover panel along line 36B-36B of FIG. 36A.

FIGS. 36C and 36D are side cross-sectional views of a cover panel in accordance with alternative implementations of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED IMPLEMENTATIONS

Referring to FIGS. 1 through 4, an American football is indicated generally at 10. The football 10 is one example of an inflatable leather game ball. The present invention is also directly applicable to other inflatable game balls, such as, for example, basketballs, volleyballs, soccer balls and rugby balls. The game balls are configured to be contacted directly by the hands of one or more users, although the game balls can also be used by one or more gloved users.

The football 10 is a generally prolate spheroidal-shaped inflatable object having a major longitudinal dimension and a minor transverse dimension. The football 10 includes a cover 12, an inflatable bladder 14, a lacing 16, a plurality of stripes 18 and a plurality of logos 20. The cover 12 is a prolate spheroidal-shaped outer body preferably formed from first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 that are joined to one another along longitudinal seams 30. The longitudinal seam 30 connecting the first and second cover panels 22 and 24 includes a longitudinally extending slot 32. In one implementation, the football 10 also includes a lining (not shown) that is a layer of strong, durable material positioned over the inflatable bladder 14 and beneath the cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28. The second cover panel 24 includes a valve aperture 34 for receiving a valve 36 of the bladder 14. In alternative preferred implementations, the cover 12 can be formed of a single piece or of two, three, five or other numbers of cover panels. The cover 12 provides the ball 10 with a durable and grip-able outer surface.

The cover 12 is made of leather from animal rawhide and skin such as, for example, calf leather, lamb leather or pig leather. Every piece of leather is unique. The quality and characteristics of leather vary from animal to animal, and from locations on the same animal. Some leather samples, even from the same animal, can be stronger and more durable than other samples. Some leather samples may be stiffer and other samples may be more flexible or resilient. Some leather samples may have a softer feel than others may have a harder feel. For example, leather taken from the shoulder or spine areas of calves can be considered to be of a higher quality than leather taken from other locations on calves due to the softness, thickness, durability of the rawhide and/or skin. Leather undergoes a tanning process whereby the skin and hides of animals are processed to add color as desired, and to make the skins/hides more durable and less susceptible to decomposition. In the case of leather game balls, such as footballs, the leather can also be processed to include a pebbled texture.

An outer surface 38 of the cover 12 or cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28, preferably includes a pebbled texture for enhancing the grip and improving the aesthetics of the football 10. The pebbled texture includes a plurality of pebble-like prominences or projections 40 that are preferably convex, rounded and spaced apart from one another. The term “pebbled texture” refers to a surface having a plurality of the projections 40 separated by valleys or indentations. As discussed further below, the pebble-like projections 40 can take a variety of different shapes. The area between the spaced apart projections 40 is a base area or a series of valleys 80. The pebble-like projections 40 extend outward from the base area or valleys 80. In one implementation, the pebble-like projections 40 have a height, measured with respect to adjacent valleys or indentations, within the range of 0.1 to 0.7 mm (0.004 to 0.0275 inch). In another implementation, the pebble-like projection 40 have a height, measured with respect to adjacent valleys or indentations, within the range of 0.17 to 0.5 mm (0.0067 to 0.0197 inch). In another implementation, the pebble-like projections 40 have a height, measured with respect to adjacent valleys or indentations, of at least 0.006 inch.

The cover 12 is configured to surround and enclose the internal components of the football 10, which in one implementation can include the bladder 14 and the lining. In other implementations, the internal components can include the bladder, the valve, a layer of windings, a layer of molded rubber, a padding layer, the lining or combinations thereof. The slot 32 between the first and second cover panels 22 and 24 is used for allowing the bladder to be inserted within the cover panels during manufacture. The lacing 16 retains the first and second cover panels 22 and 24 and closes the slot 32. The lacing 16 also provides raised surfaces for a player to contact when passing, catching or holding onto the football 10. In another implementation, the cover 12 can be formed without a slot between two adjacent cover panels.

The plurality of logos 20 can includes trademarks, symbols or other forms of alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia, such as for example, the “WILSON®” trademark. In one implementation, the logos 20 are formed form one or more layers of decals, foils, coatings, stickers, or overlays that is/are applied to the outer surface 38 of the cover 12. The logos 20 can be attached to the cover 12 through an adhesive, thermal bonding, chemical bonding or other conventional application techniques. In another implementation, the logos 20 can be applied using a branding, laser or other destructive technique that forms the logo 20 by burning, burning off, melting away or otherwise destroying the outer surface 14 of the cover 12 to form one or more recesses in the cover 12. Both forms of logos 20, those applied as an additional layer or those destructively formed into the outer surface of the cover 12 both alter the outer surface 14 of the cover 12. Typically, the ball 10 containing logos 20 is less grip-able in the location of the logo 20. In some instances, a decal or overlay applied to the outer surface of the ball 10 can provide a similar or even improved grip-ability to the ball. However, such decals or overlays can increase the cost, the manufacturing complexity, the weight, and/or the balance of the ball 10, and can also prematurely wear or peel reducing the durability and aesthetics of the ball 10.

As stated above, logos 20 that are applied via laser, branding or other thermal bonding techniques generally include destroying, removing and/or compressing the portion of the cover panel to which such logos 20 are applied. Such laser, branding or thermal bonding logos 20 create recesses 82 within the outer surface 38 of the cover panel 22. The recesses can have a depth of at least 0.005 inch. One example of such a recess is the indicia labeled “COLLEGE FOOTBALL PLAYOFF” on cover panel 22. Applicant has measured the depth of recesses caused by laser application of logos and thermal bonding or branding techniques. Applicant worked with Assurance Technologies, Inc. (“ATI”) of Bartlett, Ill., an accredited lab that provides calibration services, dimensional inspection services, and testing services, to measure the depth of such logos applied to a cover panel of a football. ATI utilized a Micro Vu Excel Automated Vision Measuring Machine produced by Micro-Vu Corporation of Windsor, Calif. to measure the depth of the recesses formed by such logos. Measurements of three separate laser applied and thermal branding logos was taken and the depth measured with respect to the base or valley 80 was 0.00803, 0.00935 and 0.00987 with an accuracy within 0.00009 inch. Accordingly, logos 20 produced via a conventional laser or via thermal bonding or branding create recesses 82 that extend into the cover panel 22 below the level or relative height of the valleys 82 between the pebble-like projections 40 of at least 0.005 inch. The recesses 82 extend inward from the valleys 80 and the pebble-like projections 40 project outward (in an opposite direction) from the valleys 80.

Referring to FIG. 3, the inventors have identified a laser ghosting process that enables alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia, such as indicia 50, to be applied to the outer surface 38 of the cover 12 without negatively affecting the performance, playability, grip-ability, durability and/or reliability of the ball 10. Laser treatment of surface materials is known and involves essentially burning or destroying the surface of the material receiving the laser treatment. Lasers have been used on footballs in the past and such laser action involves burning or destroying the outer surface of the leather including burning away or destroying any pebble-like projections that may be originally present on the leather material prior to application of the laser treatment. As stated above, conventional laser techniques for applying indicia to a leather game ball creates recesses that inwardly extend into the cover from the outer surface of the ball directly adjacent to the location where the conventional laser was applied.

Accordingly, given the well-known destructive nature of laser treatment, one of skill in the art would not consider the use of lasers to form indicia on the surface of a leather ball in a manner that would not negatively alter the performance characteristics of the leather ball. Leather footballs have existed for many decades, and leather footballs have also been subjected to laser treatment to burn in logos or other indicia for decades. Contrary to conventional practice, the inventors began an extensive effort to explore other potential uses of laser treatment. After significant effort and numerous failures, the inventors identified and discovered a laser ghosting process that enables indicia 50 to be applied to the outer surface 38 of a cover of a leather ball having pebble-like projections that does not negatively affect the performance characteristics of the football including grip-ability and playability. The laser ghosting process can be applied to the outer surface 38 of the leather cover 12 having the pebble-like projections 40 without negatively altering the grip-ability, playability, performance, reliability or durability of the ball 10. The ghosting process enables virtually any form of alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia 50 to be applied to the outer surface 38 of the leather cover 12 without increasing the weight of the ball 10, without affecting the balance of the ball 10, and without affecting the performance of the football. The laser ghosting process involves a specific low power application of laser energy to the outer surface 14 of the ball 12 that creates a change in the color of the outer surface 14 but does not negatively affect the performance characteristics of the outer surface 14 including the static coefficient of friction values of the outer surface (which correlates to the grip-ability of the ball) and/or the height of the pebble-like projections on the outer surface. The inventors have identified that in one implementation, the ghosting process for applying the indicia to the outer surface 38 of the cover 12 of the ball 10 does not alter the height of the pebble-like projection 40 when comparing the pebble-height in areas that did not receive the laser ghosting process versus areas that did receive the laser ghosting process. In other implementations, the inventors have identified that the laser ghosting process reduces the height of the pebble like projections 40 by less than 10 percent. In another implementation, the inventor have identified that the laser ghosting process reduces the height of the pebble-like projections 40 by less than 5 percent when compared to regions of the cover panel that did not receive the laser ghosting process. As such, inventors have identified that the grip-ability and therefore the ability of a player to hold, grab, retain, pass, throw, pitch, lateral, catch and run with the ball 10 is not affected or significantly reduced by application of the laser ghosting process.

Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, other example implementations of indicia 50 applied to the outer surface 38 of the cover 12 (and cover panels 26 and 28) having the pebble-like projections 36 of the ball 10 using the laser ghosting process are shown. FIGS. 3, 5 and 6 illustrate the variety of indicia 50 that can be applied to the leather cover 12 having pebble-like projections 36. The indicia 50 can be alpha characters, such as “UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN”, a logo, such as “Bucky the Badger”, or an image. The indicia 50 can vary in size and shape, and can be continuous or spaced apart about the outer surface 14 of the leather cover 12. The cover 12 as a whole, and each of the cover panels 26, 28, 22 and 24 has outer surface areas. The indicia 50 can be applied to a first portion of the cover 12 or to one or more of the cover panels 26, 28, 22 and 24. In one implementation, the alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia 50 extends over at least one third (33%) of the outer surface area of at least one of the cover panels 26, 28, 22 or 24. In another implementation, the alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia 50 extends over at least one half (50%) of the outer surface area of at least one of the cover panels 26, 28, 22 or 24. Further, in another implementation, the alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia 50 extends over at least two-thirds (66%) of the outer surface area of at least one of the cover panels 26, 28, 22 or 24. In other implementations, the indicia 50 can extend over at least 75% or 90% of the outer surface area of the cover panels 26, 28, 22 or 24. Additionally, in other implementations, the indicia 50 can extend over two or more of the cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28, and the indicia can extend over at least 25%, 33%, 50%, 66% or 75% of the outer surface area of the cover 12 as a whole.

Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, the laser ghosting process is shown being applied to one half of two separate leather cover panels 28, such that a first portion 60 of the cover panel 28 is treated with the laser ghosting process to form a solid pattern of the indicia 50 over one half of the cover panel 28, and a second portion 62 of the cover panel 28 is formed without the indicia and without any laser ghosting treatment. The leather cover panel 28 of FIG. 7 is formed of a first color or pigment, and the leather cover panel 28 of the FIG. 8 is a second color or pigment, that is different and lighter than the first color. The half and half ghosting pattern of FIGS. 7 and 8 was utilized when preparing test specimens for measuring the performance characteristics of the first portion 60 of one of the cover panels 28 compared to the second portion 62. Obtaining two test specimens from the same cover panel 28 helps to reduce or eliminate the variability between pieces of leather (animal to animal, and location to location on a particular animal). Here, the first portion 60 that received the laser ghosting process is compared with the second portion 62 that is formed without the laser ghosting process. Therefore, the source leather for each pair of test specimens is prepared from the same leather sample from the same animal and the same location on the animal.

FIGS. 9 through 11 illustrate a template 64 for receiving and retaining a pair of the leather cover panels 28 during digital laser material processing. The template 64 includes two cover panel recesses 66 for receiving the pair of cover panels 28. The template 64 is configured for use with a laser platform such as laser platform model VLS3.60 produced by Universal Laser Systems of Scottsdale, Ariz. FIG. 9 illustrates the template 64 prior to receiving the pair of cover panels 28. FIG. 10 illustrates the template 64 with the pair of cover panels 28 positioned within the recesses 66 of the template 64, prior to application of the laser ghosting process. FIG. 11 illustrates the template 64 with the pair of cover panels 28 including indicia 50 applied to the pair of cover panels 28 by the laser ghosting process using the laser platform.

FIG. 12 is an image of the laser ghosting process being applied to the pair of cover panels 28 positioned within the template 64. The laser ghosting process includes use of a laser, such as a 30 Watt CO₂laser source, operating in a rastering mode in which a laser control head (or stylus) 70 travels at a speed of 50 in/sec at a power level of 25 percent. In one implementation, a 25 percent power level refers to the application of laser energy 30 Watt energy source at 25 percent time frame or duration. In another implementation, the 35 percent power level can refer to a 7.5 Watt power source. In one implementation, the laser control head 70 travels at a speed within the range of 40-60 in/sec and the power level is within the range of 20 to 30 percent. The image density setting can be set at a setting of 1 on the Universal Laser System, model VLS 3.60, and the pulses per inch (PPI) can be set to 150 PPI. In one implementation, the distance from the laser control head to the outer surface 38 of the cover panel 28 is within the range of 0.070 and 0.090 inch. In one implementation, the distance from the laser control head 70 to the outer surface 38 of the cover panel 28 is 0.080 inch. The distance from the laser control head 70 to the outer surface 14 of the control panel 28 can be set using a focus tool, whereby the distance is adjusting until the desired focus area or beam area is achieved.

The cover panels 28 of FIGS. 7 and 8 and other similarly treated cover panels were used to obtain test specimens for the measurement of the coefficient of friction of the first and second portions 60 and 62 of the cover panels 28. The test specimens prepared from the first and second portions 60 and 62 can be tested under ASTM Standard D 1894 entitled “Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting” promulgated by ASTM International located at 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, Pa. 19428-2959. FIG. 13 illustrates an example test setup 90 for performing the static coefficient of friction measurement under ASTM Standard D1894. The ASTM Standard D1894 includes versions −01 and −14, and the ASTM Standard D1894 tests the static coefficient of friction of a material (or the test specimen). The static coefficient of friction value correlates to the grip-ability or grip quality of the surface being tested.

In accordance with ASTM Std. D 1894-14, material samples or specimens are preferably trimmed to 2.5″ width X 2.5″ length (or 2.5 inches by 2.5 inches). A metal sled 96 is used having a size of approximately 2.5″ length X 2.5″ width X 0.25″ thickness. The bottom of the sled 96 is lined with a high density foam (having a nominal density of 0.25 g/cm³), and the material specimens are attached to the bottom of sled with for example, a double faced tape. Prior to testing, the sled 96 is weighed. A plane or runway 98 formed of glass is also used, which is placed on to a supporting base. The runway 98 is cleaned with isopropyl alcohol and dried with a soft, lint-free cloth. The sled 96 with the specimen from the portion 60 or the portion 62 is pulled by a pulling device 92 and a cord 94 of a fixed length across the runway 98 at a speed of 152.4 mm per minute for a total distance of 200 mm. The initial force to start sled movement and the average force from the 25 mm distance to the 175 mm distance is recorded. The pulling device 92 can include force measuring device is capable of measuring frictional force to +/−5% of its value. The force measuring device can be a spring gage, a universal testing machine, or a strain gage. The sled weight is then divided into the force values (force values divided by the sled weight) to obtain the Static and Kinetic Coefficient of Friction values at the respective sled positions.

In an independent test conducted by ATI of Bartlett, Ill., Applicants obtained static coefficient of friction values in accordance with ASTM Standard No. D1894-14, and as described above, for cover panel portions treated with the laser ghosting process and cover panel portions not treated with the laser ghosting process. A total of 12 test skids 96 with separate test specimens on each skid 96 were prepared. The 12 separate test specimens were obtained from three separate cover panels 28 of a first color and three separate cover panels 28 of a second color.

In this case, three of the cover panels 28 of the first color were of the same leather used to produce the Wilson® NFL® Official Football (“Pro Samples”). Each of these three Pro Sample cover panels were used to produce three specimens from the first portions 60 (which have been treated with the laser ghosting process), and three specimens from the second portions 62 (which were not treated with the laser ghosting process). Accordingly, the three Pro Samples were used to produce three pairs of test skids 96 and test specimens with each pair of test specimens coming from the same Pro Sample cover panel 28 (one of the pair being treated with the laser ghosting process, and the other of the pair being untreated with the laser ghosting process). Additionally, another three of the cover panels 28 of the second color were of the same leather used to produce the Wilson® GST® Footballs (“GST Samples”)—a football configured for college games. Each of these three GST Sample cover panels were used to produce three specimens from the first portions 60 of the GST Sample cover panels (which have been treated with the laser ghosting process), and three specimens from the second portions 62 of the GST Sample cover panels (which were not treated with the laser ghosting process). Accordingly, the three GST Samples were used to produce three pairs of test skids 96 and test specimens with each pair of test specimens coming from the same GST Sample cover panel 28 (one of the pair being treated with the laser ghosting process, and the other of the pair being untreated with the laser ghosting process). In addition to the 12 test skids 96 with leather test specimens, another skid was prepared with a smooth piece of glass used in place of a leather test specimen

The results identified from testing the static coefficient of friction of 12 leather cover panel test specimens and one glass specimen discussed above in accordance with ASTM D1894-14 are shown below in Table 1.

TABLE 1

STATIC COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION

Wilson ®

Wilson ®

Wilson ®
NFL ®

Wilson ®
GST ®

NFL ®
Leather
%
GST ®
Leather
%
Smooth

Sample
Leather
Game Ball
Change
Leather
Game Ball
Change
Plate of

No
Game Ball
(ghosted)
COF
Game Ball
(ghosted)
COF
Glass

1
0.84
0.74
88.1%
0.926
0.574
62.0%
0.03

2
0.76
0.46
60.5%
0.553
0.436
78.8%

3
0.88
0.53
60.2%
0.814
0.494
60.7%

Avg.
0.83
0.58
69.9%
0.764
0.501
65.6%
0.03

The static coefficient of friction test results demonstrate a slight reduction in the coefficient of friction values of the specimens treated with the laser ghosting process compared to the specimens that were not treated with the laser ghosting process. The test specimens from the leather cover panels 28 of the first color (the NFL Samples) indicated a reduction in coefficient of friction values of approximately 30 percent from the specimens treated with the laser ghosting process compared to the specimens that were not treated with the laser ghosting process. The test specimens from the leather cover panels 28 of the second color (the GST Samples) indicated a reduction in coefficient of friction values of approximately 34 percent from the specimens treated with the laser ghosting process compared to the specimens that were not treated with the laser ghosting process. Accordingly, although the coefficient of friction values were slightly reduced with the laser ghosting treatment indicating a slight reduction in gripability, the reduction is small enough that it is not readily detectable by a player using the ball with ungloved hands.

The first and second portions 60 and 62 of the cover panels 28 have first and second static coefficient of friction values, respectively, when measured in accordance with the standard test method for static coefficient of friction of ASTM D1894-14. The static coefficient of friction values of the first portions 60 of the cover panels 28 treated with the laser ghosting process that are at least 60 percent of the static coefficient of friction values of the second portions 62 of the cover panels 28. Additionally, the static coefficient of friction of the test samples or specimens treated with the laser ghosting process were at least 65 percent of the static coefficient of friction of the test samples or specimens of not treated with the laser ghosting process.

In addition to measuring the static coefficient of friction values of leather cover panel test specimens treated with the laser ghosting process compared to leather cover panel test specimens not treated with the laser ghosting process, Applicant also obtained height measurements of the pebble-like projections 40 of the pebbled texture on the outer surface 38 of cover 12 or cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28. Applicant worked with ATI of Bartlett, Ill. to measure the height of the pebble-like projections 40 on first portions of the cover 12 (or cover panel) having alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia 50 applied by the laser ghosting process and the height of pebble-like projections 40 on the second portions of the cover 12 or cover panels formed without the indicia 50 and not treated by the laser ghosting process. ATI utilized a Micro Vu Excel Automated Vision Measuring Machine produced by Micro-Vu Corporation of Windsor, Calif. to measure heights of the pebble-like projections. The accuracy of the height measurements using the Micro Vu Excel Automated Vision Measuring Machine is within 0.00009 inch.

Referring to FIGS. 24 and 26, the process utilized with the Micro Vu Vision Measuring Machine included placing a cover panel 28 on a horizontal surface with the outer surface 38 of the cover panel 28 facing upward. Then, referring to FIG. 25, the relative position (or height) of three points within the valley 80 surrounding one of the pebble-like projections 40 were measured. The three measured points of the valley 80 are then used to define a base plane 100. Referring to FIG. 24, the maximum height of a selected pebble-like projection 40 is obtained by selecting a rectangular area on the top surface of the pebble-like projection 40. The Micro Vu Vision Measuring Machine then obtains dozens of position or height measurements of the selected rectangular area. Each height measurement is indicated by a plus sign “+”. The largest value (greatest height) or relative distance between the base plane 100 and the dozens of pebble-like projection height measurements is selected as the maximum height of the pebble-like projection 40. Six pebble height measurements, as described above, were taken on each portion of cover panels. 6 measurements of pebble-like projections 40 on a first portion of a cover panel 28 of an NFL Sample having indicia 50 applied via the laser ghosting process were taken. 6 measurements of pebble-like projections 40 on a second portion of the cover panel 28 of the NFL Sample not having indicia 50 were taken. 6 measurements of pebble-like projections 40 on a first portion of a cover panel 28 of a GST Sample having indicia 50 applied via the laser ghosting process were taken. 6 measurements of pebble-like projections 40 on a second portion of the cover panel 28 of the GST Sample not having indicia 50 were taken. The results of the pebble-like projection height measurements are shown below in Table 2. FIG. 26 illustrates the pebble height of the example pebble-like projection 40 of FIG. 25.

TABLE 2

HEIGHT OF PEBBLES ON NON-GHOSTED GAME BALL V. GHOSTED GAME BALL

Wilson ®

Wilson ®

Wilson ®
NFL ®

Wilson ®
GST ®
Change

NFL ®
Leather
Change
%
GST ®
Leather
in

Sample No./
Leather
Game Ball
in Pebble
Pebble
Leather
Game Ball
Pebble
% Pebble

Measurement
Game Ball
(ghosted)
Height
Height
Game Ball
(ghosted)
Height
Height

No.
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
Change
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
Change

1/1
0.01592
0.01428

0.01259
0.01236

1/2
0.01625
0.01739

0.01170
0.01147

1/3
0.01632
0.01558

0.01108
0.01179

1/4
0.01809
0.01665

0.01113
0.01132

1/5
0.01774
0.01664

0.01229
0.01262

1/6
0.01535
0.01545

0.01178
0.01180

Sample 1
0.01661
0.01600
−0.00061
−3.7%
0.01176
0.01189
+0.00013
+1.1%

Avg.

2/1
0.01682
0.01491

0.01631
0.01365

2/2
0.01554
0.01691

0.01585
0.01559

2/3
0.01616
0.01517

0.01400
0.01530

2/4
0.01587
0.01539

0.01566
0.01641

2/5
0.01635
0.01583

0.01696
0.01431

2/6
0.01713
0.01663

0.01595
0.01558

Sample 2
0.01631
0.01581
−0.00050
−3.1%
0.01579
0.01514
−0.00065
−4.1%

Avg.

3/1
0.01483
0.01333

0.00873
0.01162

3/2
0.01467
0.01374

0.00827
0.01050

3/3
0.01379
0.01353

0.00985
0.01129

3/4
0.01324
0.01151

0.01048
0.01160

3/5
0.01314
0.01415

0.01020
0.01147

3/6
0.01389
0.01396

0.01004
0.01093

Sample 3
0.01393
0.0134
−0.00053
−3.8%
0.00960
0.01124
+0.00164
+14.6%

Avg.

The results of the height measurements of the pebble-like projections 40 shown in Table 2 above illustrate that the change in height of the pebble-like projections from those treated with the laser ghosting process to those not treated with the laser ghosting process is negligible or non-existent. A review of the change in height of the pebble-like projections 40 from the NFL Samples from pebble-like projection not treated with the laser ghosting process to those treated with the laser ghosting process is less than 4% (with average values of 3.7%, 3.1% and 3.8%), or change in height of 0.0005 inch. Accordingly, the height of the pebble-like projections 40 of the NFL Samples treated with the laser ghosting process are at least 96% of the height of the pebble-like projections 40 of the NFL Samples not treated with the laser ghosting process. Additionally, a review of the change in height of the pebble-like projections 40 from the GST Samples from pebble-like projection not treated with the laser ghosting process to those treated with the laser ghosting process shows no overall reduction. In fact, the average height of the pebble-like projections of 2 of the GST Samples treated with the laser ghosting process were actually greater than the average height of the pebble-like projections of the portions of the GST Samples not treated with the laser ghosting process, and the third GST Sample resulted in a height measurement decrease of 4.1%. The average change in height of the pebble like projection from treated to non-treated is 0.00037 inch (in an increased direction). Accordingly, the height of the pebble-like projections 40 of the GST Samples treated with the laser ghosting process on average was no less than the height of the pebble-like projections 40 of the GST Samples not treated with the laser ghosting process.

Importantly, the application of alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia 50 to the cover panels of leather cover panels using the laser ghosting process results in an insignificant change in the height of the pebble-like projections 40. The change in height due to the application of the indicia 50 using the laser ghosting process has a negligible or no effect on the height of the pebble-like projections. In contrast, as stated above, the application of conventional laser or thermal branding techniques for applying indicia result in entire removal of pebble-like projections and additionally further removal of material such that recesses 82 are formed in the cover panels. The recesses are at least 0.005 inch with measured values of 0.00803, 0.00935 and 0.00987 inch. The application of the laser ghosting process retains the pebble-like projection to at least 96% of its original height (or greater). Conventional laser or branding eliminates or destroys the pebble-like projections entirely and also extends further inward removing or destroying additional material by a dimension that is an order of magnitude greater than the dimension of the change in height of the pebble-like projections due to the laser ghosting process.

Accordingly, at least a first portion of the cover 12 can include alphanumeric and/or graphical indicia 50 applied by the laser ghosting process. A second portion of the cover can be formed without the indicia 50. FIG. 26 illustrates an example pebble height h of one of the pebble-like projections 40. The average pebble height of a plurality of the pebble-like projections in the first portion of the cover is at least 80 percent of the average height of a plurality of the pebble-like projections in the second portion of the cover. In another implementation, the average pebble height of a plurality of the pebble-like projections in the first portion of the cover can be at least 90 percent of the average height of a plurality of the pebble-like projections in the second portion of the cover. In another implementation, the average pebble height of a plurality of the pebble-like projections in the first portion of the cover can be at least 95 percent of the average height of a plurality of the pebble-like projections in the second portion of the cover.

Referring to FIGS. 14 through 23, the pebble-like projections 40 can take a variety of different shapes, including, for example, a partially spherical shape, a hemi-spherical shape, a generally oval-shape, a generally polygonal-shape, a frusto-conical shape, a conical shape, a pyramid shape, a cylindrical shape, a truncated pyramid shape, a cubic shape, other irregular-shapes, and combinations thereof. Referring to FIG. 14, a pebble-like projection 40a can have an irregular rounded shape. Referring to FIG. 15, a pebble-like projection 40b can have a circular shape. Referring to FIG. 16, a pebble-like projection 40c can have an oval or elliptical shape. Referring to FIG. 17, a pebble-like projection 40d can have a triangular shape. Referring to FIG. 18, a pebble-like projection 40e can have a triangular shape. Referring to FIG. 19, a pebble-like projection 40f can have a triangular shape. Referring to FIG. 20, a pebble-like projection 40g can have a triangular shape. Referring to FIGS. 21 through 23 in other implementations, the pebble-like projections can take other polygonal shapes, such as, for example, a pebble-like projection 40h can have a pentagonal shape, a pebble-like projection 40i can have a hexagonal shape, and a pebble-like projection 40j can have an octagonal shape. In other implementations, combinations of the pebble-like projections 40a through 40j can be used.

Referring to FIG. 27, the bladder 14 is preferably formed of two multilayer sheets of flexible, airtight material that are bonded to each other to form a bladder seam 59 through RF welding. The bladder seam 59 is formed by the two sheets defines an expandable cavity within the bladder 14. The bladder seam 59 preferably extends generally longitudinally about the football 10. In alternative embodiments, the bladder seam 59 can be one or more seams extending longitudinally, laterally, in a helical manner or other path about the bladder 14. In another preferred embodiments, the bladder can be seamless and formed of a single or multi-layer sheet of material. The bladder 14 is preferably formed of a polyester urethane or an ether urethane, but can also be formed of other materials including other urethanes, other polymeric materials, rubber, vinyl, eva and combinations thereof. The location of the bladder seam 59 is also preferably positioned away, or angularly spaced, from the longitudinal seam 30 of the cover 12 with respect to a longitudinal axis 88 of the football 10 so that the seam 32 and the bladder seam 58 do not directly overlay each other. Alternatively, the bladder seam 58′ can be rotated such that it is aligned with one or more of the seams 30.

Referring to FIGS. 27 and 28A, one implementation of the football 10, including one of the cover panels 28, is illustrated. The cover panel 28 along with the cover panels 22, 24 and 26 substantially enclose and protect the bladder 14. In one implementation, the cover panel 28 includes an outermost layer 39 that is formed of a durable, highly grippable material, such as, for example, a natural leather. Alternatively, in other implementations, the outermost layer 38 can be formed of other materials, such as, pigskin or synthetic materials such as a polyurethane, a synthetic leather, rubber, other synthetic polymeric materials and/or combinations thereof. A lining 41 is positioned adjacent to the inner surface of the outermost layer 39. In one implementation, the lining 41 is bonded with an adhesive to the inner surface of the outer layer 39. In another implementation, the lining 41 is stitched to a portion of the outer layer 39. In other implementations, the lining 41 can be bonded, cured, stitched sewn, press-fit, and/or fastened to the outermost layer 39. In still other embodiments, the lining 41 can be a separate layer unattached to the outermost layer 39. The lining 41 is a layer of tough, durable material that increases the strength and durability of the football 10. The lining 41 is preferably formed of one or more layers of woven fabric and one or more layers of polyvinylchloride that are cured together to form an impregnated fabric layer. Alternatively, the lining 41 can be formed of unwoven fabric, layers of fibers, rubber, a latex, ethyl vinyl acetate (eva), other polymeric elastomeric materials and/or combinations thereof. The lining 41 enables the football 10 to retain its desired shape and firmness. Lace holes 43 can formed in the first and second cover panels 22 and 24.

In alternative preferred embodiments, the cover 12 can have alternate constructions and one or more of layers of different materials can be formed over the bladder 14 beneath the cover 12. Referring to FIGS. 28B through 28D, alternative constructions of the cover 12 and additional layers of the football 10 are shown. In FIG. 28B, the cover 12, as represented by the cover panel 28, is a multilayered structure including a layer of windings 47 applied over the bladder 14 and a layer of padding 49 such as a sponge rubber layer formed over the layer of windings 47. Alternatively, other types or layers of padding materials can be used such as foams, sponges, and/or fibrous materials. The lining 41 can be formed of varying thicknesses or removed entirely. In FIG. 28C, fabric layers 51 are sandwiched with layers of rubber 53 to form a lining layer positioned over the bladder 14. A layer of padding 49 can be positioned over the layers 51 and 53 and beneath the outermost layer 39 and optionally a liner 41. In FIG. 28D, yet another construction is shown with a layer of padding 49 applied over the bladder 14 with lining 41 and the outermost layer 39 positioned over the layer of padding 49. Accordingly, the present invention contemplates the construction of the football 10 surrounding the bladder 14 taking the form of any combination of an outermost layer, a lining, one or more layers of padding, a winding layer, one or more fabric layers and one or more layers of elastomeric material.

Referring to FIGS. 29 through 32, a football 110 is illustrated. The football 110 is another implementation of the present invention and is substantially similar to football 10 except the football 100 further includes a prep gauge and a plurality of grip zone elements. The football 110 includes the first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 having a pebbled texture including the plurality of pebble-like projections 40. Each of the first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 has an outer surface that defines first, second, third and fourth cover panel outer surface areas, respectively. At least one of the first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 includes a prep gauge portion 112 and a non-prep gauge portion 114. The prep gauge portion 112 is a portion of the cover panel outer surface area that includes a pretreated area that has a break-in color, tone and/or appearance that is darker than the color, tone and/or appearance of the non-prep gauge portion 114.

Leather footballs, such as football 110, are typically initially produced with a leather outer surface that is relatively stiff and can be often be somewhat slick due to the tanning process and the process used to form the pebbled texture. Newly produced leather footballs, such as football 110, also typically include a protective coating that can negatively affect the grip-ability of the football 110. As a result, it is very common for footballs used in organized play to be broken-in or prepped before use in actual games in order to make the outer surface of the cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 softer, easier to grip and generally more playable. Players, equipment managers and/or coaches typically employ several break-in or prep procedures in order to soften and break-in the leather football. The break-in or prep procedures can includes a combination of break-in steps such as, for example, scrubbing the leather outer cover of the football with a brush, soaking the balls, electric scrubbing of the outer cover of the football, extended use of the football in practice, and use of wax bars, wet towels, tack sprays and/or conditioners. The end result of such break-in procedures is that the leather football cover panels take on a darker color than the color of the leather panels before application of the break-in procedures. The broken in or prepped out surface of the leather outer cover is also generally softer and more grip-able than the original non-prepped or non-broken in condition. The prepping or break in process involves progressively wearing or breaking down the leather outer surface of the football. As the leather outer surface of the footballs is prepped or broken in, the color of the outer surface of the football becomes progressively darker. One of the important challenges of the break-in or prepping process is not to over-wear or over break-in the football. It is desired to perform the break-in or prepping procedures up until the point where the outer surface of the leather football becomes sufficiently soft, grip-able and playable. Excessive application of break-in procedures can result in excessive wearing away or breaking down of the pebbled texture and/or the structural integrity of the outer surface of the leather cover panels. A football that is over-prepped or excessively broken-in can develop a smooth, slick surface due to the wearing away of the pebbled texture and the outer surface of the cover panels themselves. Accordingly, players, equipment managers and/or coaches must take care not to over break-in or over prep the leather footballs.

The prep gauge portion 112 is a region of the cover panel 22, 24, 26 or 28 that provides an indicator of when the football 110 is properly broken in and the prepping or breaking in procedures can be stopped. The prep gauge portion 112 is pretreated to include a prep color that is darker than the color of the non-prep portion 114 of the outer surface of the cover panel 22, 24, 26 and 28. The color of the prep gauge portion 112 provides the proper visual indicator to the player, equipment manager and/or coach of when the prep or break-in procedures can be stopped. The prep gauge portion 112 also retains the pebbled texture including the plurality of pebble-like projections 40. In one implementation, the average pebble height of the plurality of the pebble-like projections 40 in the prep gauge portion 112 of the first, second, third and/or fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 is at least 80 percent of the average pebble height of the plurality of the pebble-like projections in the non-prep gauge portion of the first, second, third and/or fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28. In another implementation, the average pebble height of the plurality of the pebble-like projections 40 in the prep gauge portion 112 of the first, second, third and/or fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 is at least 90 percent of the average pebble height of the plurality of the pebble-like projections in the non-prep gauge portion of the first, second, third and/or fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28. In another implementation, the average pebble height of the plurality of the pebble-like projections 40 in the prep gauge portion 112 of the first, second, third and/or fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 is at least 95 percent of the average pebble height of the plurality of the pebble-like projections in the non-prep gauge portion of the first, second, third and/or fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28.

In another implementation, the prep gauge portion 112 and the non-prep gauge portion 114 of the at least one of the first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 have first and second static coefficient of friction values, respectively, when measured in accordance with the standard test method for static coefficient of friction of ASTM D1894-14. The static coefficient of friction value of the prep gauge portion is at least 60 percent of the static coefficient of friction value of the non-prep gauge portion. In another implementation, the static coefficient of friction value of the prep gauge portion is at least 65 percent of the static coefficient of friction value of the non-prep gauge portion.

In one implementation, the prep-gauge portion 112 of the at least one of the first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 is formed using the laser ghosting process. In one implementation, the prep-gauge portion 112 extends over at least 5 percent, but less than 80 percent, of the outer surface area of the at least one first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28. In another implementation, the prep-gauge portion 112 extends over at least 10 percent, but less than 50 percent, of the outer surface area of the at least one first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28. Similarly, the non-prep-gauges extends over at least 20 percent, but less than 95 percent, of the outer surface area of the at least one first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28. In one implementation, the prep-gauge portion 112 is formed on the outer surface of only one of the first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28. In another implementation, the prep-gauge portion 112 is formed on the outer surface of only two of the first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28. In other implementations, the prep-gauge portion 112 is formed on the outer surface of three or all four of the first, second, third and fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28. The football 110 includes the first and second cover panels 22 and 24 including the prep gauge portion 112 and the third and fourth cover panels 26 and 28 are formed without the prep gauge portion 112. The football 110 can include at least one of the stripes 18. Each of the stripes can include first and second edges 116 and 118. In one implementation, as shown in FIGS. 29-32, each of the first and second cover panels 16 and 18 includes two of the stripes 18, and the prep gauge portion extends alone The prep gauge portion 112 can be formed so as to surround the lacing 16. The prep gauge portion 112 can also be formed so as to extend along one or both of the first and second edges 116 and 118 of at least one of the stripes 18. In other implementations, other combinations or extents of the prep-gauge portion 112 on the first, second, third and/or fourth cover panels 22, 24, 26 and 28 can be used.

The prep gauge portion 112 on the football 110 is advantageously positioned to surround the lacing 16 and to extend along both of the first and second edges 116 and 118 of the stripes 18. As a result, the player, equipment manager and/or coach can focus his or her break-in and/or prep procedure efforts, particularly any brushing or scrubbing procedures away from the lacing 18 and away from the stripes 18. Individuals experienced in breaking in or prepping leather footballs know that it is important to take care during brushing, scraping or scrubbing procedures not to contact the lacing 16 or the stripes 18 so as not to damage the lacing 16 and/or the stripes 18. The prep gauge portion 112 thereby provides a buffer zone between the non-prep gauge portion 114 and the lacing 16 and/or the stripes 18 and helps prevent inadvertent damage of the lacing 16 and/or the stripes 18 during the prep and/or break-in procedures. The prep gauge portion 112 helps a player, equipment manager and/or coach know when his or her football is ready for game day.

Referring to FIGS. 33 through 35, the football 110 includes a plurality of grip zone elements for improving a player's ability to grasp and/or pass the football 110. In the implementation of FIGS. 33 through 35, the football 110 includes an index fingertip grip zone element 120, a middle fingertip grip zone element 122, a ring finger grip zone element 124 and a pinky fingertip grip zone element 126. The index fingertip grip zone element 120, the middle fingertip grip zone element 122, the ring finger grip zone element 124 are structural elements added to the football 110 for providing gripping structure for the index finger, middle finger and ring finger of most quarterbacks.

Wilson Sporting Goods Co. conducted a detailed examination of the hand size and grip placement on the football of the throwing hand of over 100 quarterbacks. The quarterbacks included high school level quarterbacks, college level quarterbacks and professional NFL quarterbacks. From this analysis, Wilson Sporting Goods Co. identified a significant majority of quarterbacks place their index fingers, middle fingers and ring fingers in locations on the football that previously lacked additional gripping structure other than the pebbled texture of the outer surface of the cover panels. Using their analysis of the quarterback grip locations, Wilson Sporting Goods placed structural grip zone elements in these three areas to provide the quarterbacks with additional structural for contact by the quarterback's index, middle and ring fingertips. The result is a football that is easier to grip, grasp, control and throw. Table 1 below illustrates a summary of the hand size data collected from measuring the hands of well over 100 quarterbacks. Table 2 below illustrates the fingertip and thumb tip grip locations of over 100 high school quarterbacks.

TABLE 1

QUARTERBACK HAND SIZE MEASUREMENT

PROFESSIONAL
COLLEGE
HIGH SCHOOL

Pinky

Pinky

Pinky

Middle
Middle
Finger
Middle
Middle
Finger
Middle
Middle
Finger

Finger
Finger
to Thumb
Finger
Finger
to Thumb
Finger
Finger
to Thumb

Length
to Wrist
Span
Length
to Wrist
Span
Length
to Wrist
Span

Avg.
3.64
7.93
9.75
3.47
7.67
9.64
3.37
7.49
9.31

(in.)

Std.
0.24
0.24
0.71
0.13
0.30
0.46
0.19
0.30
0.54

Dev.

TABLE 2

FINGERTIP GRIP LOCATIONS OF HIGH SCHOOL QUARTERBACKS

Index
Clocking
Middle
Clocking
Ring
Clocking
Pinky
Clocking

Clocking

Finger
about
Finger
about
Finger
about
Finger
about
Thumb
about

Z-Loc.
Z-axis
Z-Loc.
Z-axis
Z-Loc.
Z-axis
Z-Loc.
Z-axis
Z-Loc.
Z-axis

(in.)
(deg.)
(in.)
(deg.)
(in.)
(deg.)
(in.)
(deg.)
(in.)
(deg.)

6.93
35.51
4.69
25.45
3.28
14.48
1.82
340 to 15
5.04
212.46

0.47
41.57
0.47
6.38
0.40
5.44
0.52

0.67
9.63

Table 1 above illustrates that the average hand size of quarterbacks increase in size from the high school level, to the college level and then to the professional level. Table 2 above identified that the placement locations of the fingertips of high school quarterbacks on footballs. Referring to FIG. 34, the quarterback fingertip locations were taken with respect to a transverse plane 150 extending along the end of the lacing 16 of the football 110. The Z dimensions were recorded from the transverse plane 150 in a direction extending parallel to a longitudinal axis, z, of the football 110 toward a first end 152 of the football 110. The quarterback tip locations were also recorded using a clocking measurement in degrees. The clocking measurements are taken with respect or about the z-axis with the 0 degree position aligning with the longitudinal dimension of the lacing 16. Accordingly, the index fingertip grip locations have the largest z-dimension value, followed by the thumb tip location, then the middle fingertip grip location, the ring fingertip grip location, and the pinky fingertip location. The clocking position of the index fingertip on the football 110 has a large amount of variability with the most common location being at 35.51 degrees. The middle fingertip and the ring fingertip grip locations were much more consistent with a relatively small amount of variability. The pinky fingertip location also had a large amount of variability, but generally also fall on or directly adjacent to the lacing 16. Accordingly, the pinky fingertip location generally includes the lacing 16 which provide structure for the quarterback to apply his pinky to in order to improve his ability to throw the football well. Referring to FIG. 35, the thumb grip location occurs on the backside of the football 110, and in particular, on the fourth cover panel 28. The thumb grip locations were also found to have a large degree of variability.

In one implementation, referring to FIGS. 35, 36A and 36B, the index fingertip grip zone element 120 is a raised stitching applied through the leather cover panel 24 and extending along the first and second cover panels 122 and 124 about an index fingertip plane 130. The index fingertip grip zone element plane 130 is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the football 110 (the z-axis). The index fingertip grip zone element 120 can extend as a stitching in a direction that is parallel to the longitudinal dimension of the stripe 18. In other implementations, the index fingertip grip zone element 120 can be an elongate raised projection (see FIG. 36D), a plurality of raised projections, an elongate recess (see FIG. 36C), a plurality of recesses or a combination thereof. The projection of FIG. 36D provides a structure for engagement with the index fingertip of the player. The projection can be formed of an elastomeric material and/or a rigid material. The grip study results of Table 2 indicate that the standard deviation of the angular location of the index fingertip location on the football 110 is quite large, 41.57. Accordingly, a quarterback is likely to place his index fingertip at across a wide angular dimension. The raised stitching of the index fingertip grip element 120 addresses this wide variation by extending along the entire first and second cover panels 22 and 24. It is important to note that since the football 110 is symmetrical about a central transverse plane and a central longitudinal plane, the fingertip grip locations of the player can occur on the opposite end of the football or on the opposite side of the football 110. Accordingly, the index fingertip grip element 120 is positioned adjacent both ends of the football 110, and the index fingertip grip element 120 extends along the first and second cover panels 22 and 24 on both ends of the football 110.

In one implementation, the middle fingertip grip element 122 is a stitching extending in a transverse direction from the lacing toward each side of the football 110, when viewed from the top of the ball as shown in FIG. 34. Referring to Table 2, the middle fingertip grip location was identified as being more consistent from quarterback to quarterback with little variation. The middle fingertip grip element 122 extends along the entire location or size of the middle fingertip grip location. The middle fingertip grip element is spaced apart from the lacing 16 and the strip 18. In other implementations, the middle fingertip grip element 122 can be formed of other structures or configurations, similar to the index fingertip grip elements 120 illustrated on FIGS. 36C and 36D.

Referring to FIG. 34, in one implementation, the ring fingertip grip element 124 is formed by a second stitching generally surrounding the lacing 16. Many existing footballs include a single first stitching 160 directly adjacent to the lacing 16. The ring fingertip grip element 124 includes a second stitching 162 positioned so as to be slightly spaced apart from the first stitching 160. The first and second stitchings 160 and 162 form a spaced apart area 164 between the first and second stitchings 160 and 162. The first and second stitchings 160 and 162 also serve as lacing reinforcers and improve the structural integrity of the football 110. The quarterback can use the single stitching 160 directly adjacent to the lacing 16, the second stitching 162 positioned around the lacing 16 and the first stitching 160, and/or the spaced area 164 for placement of his ring fingertip onto the football 110. In one implementation, the spaced area between the first and second stitchings can be slightly recessed. In another implementation, the spaced area can be consistent with the other portions of the cover panels 22 and 24.

Referring to FIG. 36B, the index, middle and ring fingertip grip elements 120, 122 and 124 can have a grip zone element height, H, measured from the base region 80 of the cover panel, such as the second cover panel 24, to the top-most or outermost surface of the index, middle and/or ring fingertip grip elements 120, 122 and/or 124. In one implementation, the grip zone element height His at least 0.030 inch. In another implementation, the grip zone element height His at least 0.050 inch. In yet another implementation, the grip zone element height His at least 0.100 inch.

Accordingly, the index, middle and ring fingertip grip elements 120, 122 and 124 provide additional structure for use by the quarterback to apply his index, middle and ring fingertips to the football 110 enabling the quarterback to better control and throw the football. The index, middle and ring fingertip grip elements 120, 122 and 124 maximize grip interaction between the index, middle and ring fingertips of the quarterback with the football 110. The index, middle and ring fingertip grip elements 120, 122 and 124 improve the feel of the football 110 when grasping the football 110, improve the quarterback's ball security and leverage, and improve the quarterback's ability to “flick” the football 110 while passing the football 110. The additional structure provided by the index, middle and ring fingertip grip elements 120, 122 and 124 provides the quarterback with a better feel and more control of the football enabling the quarterback to throw the football 110 with greater accuracy and to impart more spin onto the football 110 when throwing the football 110. The index, middle and ring fingertip grip elements 120, 122 and 124 can also provide aerodynamic advantages by serving as airflow boundary layer trip mechanisms that can improve the flight of the thrown or kicked football.

Referring to FIG. 35, in one implementation, the thumb grip location of quarterbacks occurs on the third or fourth cover panels 26 and 28, and no additional grip structure is added to the football 110 except for the pebbled texture of the cover panels 26 and 28. The absence of additional structure on the third and fourth cover panels 26 and 28 keeps the backside of the football 110 clean and clear of structure so as not to interfere with kicking or punting of the football or the aerodynamic flight characteristics of the football 110. In other implementations, one or more grip elements can be added to the third and/or fourth cover panels 26 and 28 for engaging the thumb of a quarterback.

While the preferred implementations of the present invention have been described and illustrated, numerous departures therefrom can be contemplated by persons skilled in the art. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the foregoing description but only by the scope and spirit of the appended claims.

AMERICAN-STYLE FOOTBALL

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