Amine oxide wood preservatives

Abstract

The present inventors have discovered that amine oxides are highly effective as wood preservatives. The present invention provides a wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides. Preferably, the wood preservative composition is substantially free of halogenated compounds (such as halides and chlorinated compounds) and quaternary ammonium compounds. The wood preservative composition of the present invention exhibits low toxicity, high stability in water, low corrosivity to metal substrates (such as steel substrates), excellent penetration and uniform distribution into wood, low odor, waterproofing properties, and high leaching resistance. The wood preservative composition may be applied to the surface of a wood substrate or be applied by pressure treating the wood substrate with the wood preservative composition. Other cellulosic and fiber materials, such as cotton, burlap, and like materials, may be preserved with the composition of the present invention. Another embodiment is a method of controlling microorganisms, such as fungal decay organisms (generally known as white rot, brown rot, and soft rot fungi) and sapstain organisms, on and/or in a wood substrate, such as fresh cut lumber, comprising applying a biocidally effective amount of the composition of the present invention to the wood substrate.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to a wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of at least one amine oxide and a method of controlling microorganisms in a wood substrate or other cellulosic or fiber material with the wood preservative composition. This invention also relates to a method of removing algae from a substrate with one or more amine oxides.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Wood is an important building and construction material that is used in a variety of applications, such as housing material, utility poles, and railroad ties. Effective wood preservatives and waterproofing compounds that improve dimensional stability are necessary to maintain the integrity of these structures.

[0004] Quaternary alkyl ammonium compounds (QAC's), such as didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), have been shown to be effective as fungicides. However, QAC's do not readily penetrate and uniformly distribute into wood. Because of the poor penetration and distribution, certain areas of the wood do not receive adequate protection, often resulting in the wood rotting from the inside out. Furthermore, DDAC corrodes steel tanks and other metal components commonly used in wood treatment systems.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,163 discloses a chlorinated phenol wood treating composition containing a chlorophenol, a fatty acid amine oxide, and water. The amine oxide was included to increase penetration of the chelating agents and chlorophenols into the wood and to stabilize the chlorophenol in water.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,741 discloses a waterproofer wood preservative system comprising a waterproofing enhancing amount of waterproofer composition and a biocidally effective amount of a biocide. The waterproofer is an alkyl dimethyl amine oxide, an alkyl acetoacetate, or a waterproofing quaternary ammonium compound. The biocide comprises at least one biocidal quaternary ammonium compound. Generally, the concentration of biocide in the waterproofer wood preservative system is 0.25 to 4% by weight.

[0007] U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,296,145 and 3,484,523 disclose a composition for cleaning, softening, and sanitizing fabrics; cleaning and sanitizing walls and floors; and cleaning and degerming human skin and similar organic tissue. The composition contains a quaternary alkyl ammonium compound and a tertiary amine oxide.

[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,504 discloses alkyl amine oxides which are effective as ectoparasiticidal and ovicidal toxicants and their use in shampoos.

[0009] Devinsky et al., Chemical Abstracts 103:122986s (1 986), disclose certain N, N′-didecyl-N,N′-dimethyl-α,ω-alkanediamine dioxides which inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi.

[0010] Societe de Produits Chimiques et de Synthese, Chemical Abstracts 84849c (1966), discloses that dimethyl-laurylamine oxide, bis(β-hydroxyethyl)laurylamine oxide, and dimethylsoyaamine oxide were used for suppressing the growth of some dermal fungi or bacteria, such as C. perfringens, S. anaerobius, and A. niger.

[0011] However, prior to the present invention, there was no indication that amine oxides would be effective as wood preservatives. In fact, their inclusion in wood treating solutions was to either stabilize a preservative ingredient, such as chlorophenol as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,163, or act as a waterproofer in conjunction with a preservative ingredient, as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,741.

[0012] In light of the foregoing, it is desirable to have a wood preservative that has broad antifungal activity, low toxicity to non-target organisms, high phase stability in water, and low corrosivity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The present inventors have discovered that amine oxides are highly effective as wood preservatives. The present invention provides a wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides. Preferably, the wood preservative composition is substantially free of halogenated compounds (such as halides and chlorinated compounds) and quaternary ammonium compounds. The wood preservative composition of the present invention exhibits low toxicity, high stability in water, low corrosivity to metal substrates (such as steel substrates), excellent penetration and uniform distribution into wood, low odor, waterproofing properties, and high leaching resistance. The wood preservative composition may be applied to the surface of a wood substrate or be applied by pressure treating the wood substrate with the wood preservative composition. Other cellulosic and fiber materials, such as cotton, burlap, and like materials, may also be preserved with the composition of the present invention.

[0014] Another embodiment is a method of controlling microorganisms, such as fungal decay organisms (generally known as white rot, brown rot, and soft rot fungi) and sapstain organisms (e.g. stains, mold, and fungi) on and/or in a wood substrate, such as fresh cut lumber, comprising applying a biocidally effective amount of the composition of the present invention to the wood substrate.

[0015] Yet another embodiment is a method of controlling sapstain organisms and/or fungi (including mold) on and/or in a wood substrate, such as fresh cut lumber, comprising applying a sapstain and/or fungicidally (mold) inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides and one or more phosphonic iron stain inhibitors.

[0016] Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a wood preservative system comprising a wood substrate and a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides. Preferably, the wood substrate comprises a fungicidally or sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides. Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention provides a wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides. The composition of the present invention exhibits high penetration and uniform distribution into wood substrates as well as low corrosivity to metal substrates and high leaching resistance.

[0017] The amine oxide may be a trialkylamine oxide, an alkylcyclicamine oxide, a dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxide, an alkyldi(poly(oxyalkylene))amine oxide, a dialkylbenzylamine oxide, a fatty acylamidopropyldimethylamine oxide, a diamine dioxide; a triamine trioxide, or any combination of any of the foregoing.

[0018] Preferred trialkylamine oxides have the formula R1R2R3N→O, where R1 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C40 saturated or unsaturated group; and R2 and R3 independently are linear, branched, or any combination thereof C1 to C40 saturated or unsaturated groups. R1, R2, and R3 independently may be alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups. More preferably, R1 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group, such as coco, hydrogenated tallow, soya, decyl, and hexadecyl; and R2 and R3 independently are linear, branched, or any combination thereof C1 to C22 saturated or unsaturated groups, such as coco, hydrogenated tallow (which is typically about 70-75% by weight of C18 alkyl, about 20-25% by weight of C16 alkyl, and traces of lower derivatives), soya, decyl, and hexadecyl.

[0019] A preferred trialkylamine oxide is a dialkylmethylamine oxide having the formula R1R2CH3N→O, where R1 and R2 are defined as above. Another preferred trialkylamine oxide is an alkyldimethylamine oxide having the formula R1(CH3)2N→O, where R1 is defined as above. More preferred alkyldimethylamine oxides have the formula R19(CH3)2N→O, where R19 is a linear or branched C8—C18 alkyl. Preferably, R19 is a linear or branched C10—C16 alkyl. Alkyldimethylamine oxides are non-toxic and non-mutagenic surfactants. Suitable alkyldimethylamine oxides include, but are not limited to, decyldimethylamine oxide, cocodimethylamine oxide, dodecyldimethylamine oxide, a C10—C14 alkyldimethylamine oxide, hexadecyldimethylamine oxide, a C16-C18 alkyldimethylamine oxide, and any combination of any of the foregoing. A more preferred wood preservative composition contains a mixture of dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide and hexadecyl dimethyl amine oxide.

[0020] Preferred alkylcyclicamine oxides have the formula R4R5R6N→O where R4 is defined as R1 above and R5 and R6 are linked to form a cyclic group. The cyclic group typically contains from 4 to 10 carbon atoms and may optionally contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or any combination of any of the foregoing. More preferred alkylcyclicamine oxides include, but are not limited to, an alkylmorpholine N-oxide, a dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxide, and any combination of any of the foregoing.

[0021] Preferred alkylmorpholine N-oxides have the formula 1

[0022] where R7 is defined as R1 above. According to a more preferred embodiment, R7 is a linear or branched C10 to C16 alkyl. Examples of preferred alkylmorpholine N-oxides include, but are not limited to, cetyl morpholine N-oxide and lauryl morpholine N-oxide.

[0023] Preferred dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxides have the formula 2

[0024] where R8 is defined as R1 above and R9 is defined as R2 above.

[0025] Preferred alkyldi(poly(oxyalkylene))amine oxides have the formula 3

[0026] where R10 is defined as R1 above; R11 and R12 independently are H or CH3; and m and n independently are integers from about 0 to about 10 and at least one of m and n is greater than 0.

[0027] Preferred dialkylbenzylamine oxides have the formula R13R14R15N→O, where R13 is defined as R1 above; R14 is defined as R2 above; and R15 is benzyl. More preferred dialkylbenzylamine oxides include, but are not limited to, alkylbenzylmethylamine oxides having the formula R13R15CH3N→O where R13 and R15 are defined as above. According to a more preferred embodiment, R13 is a linear or branched C8—C12 alkyl.

[0028] Preferred fatty acylamidopropyldimethylamine oxides have the formula 4

[0029] where R16 is defined as R1 above.

[0030] Preferred diamine oxides have the formula 5

[0031] where R17 is defined as R1 above; and m is an integer from about 1 to about 10.

[0032] Preferred triamine oxides have the formula 6

[0033] where R18 is defined as R1 above; and m and n independently are integers from about 1 to about 10.

[0034] Long chain (C16 or greater) amine oxides, such as hexadecylamine oxides and hydrogenated tallow amine oxides, are particularly preferable for imparting waterproofing properties to the composition. Short chain (C14 and shorter) amine oxides aide are water soluble and aide in solubilizing long chain amine oxides and are typically better preservatives.

[0035] A blend of long chain and short chain amine oxides is contemplated in one embodiment of the present invention. The long chain amine oxides are generally blended with the short chain amine oxides at a weight ratio of from about 5:1 to about 1:5 and preferably at a weight ratio of from about 2:1 to about 1:1.

[0036] According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains a mixture of C16—C18 long chain amine oxides to impart waterproofing properties and C10C14 short chain amine oxides to solubilize the long chain amine oxides. A particularly preferable blend is a mixture of hexadecyldimethylamine oxide and dodecyldimethylamine oxide at a weight ratio of about 5:2.

[0037] The wood preservative composition comprises a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides. Preferably, the composition comprises a fungicidally effective amount and more preferably a sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides.

[0038] The wood preservative composition can be used to prevent the growth of sapstain (e.g. stains, mold, and fungi) on fresh cut timber between the time the timber is cut into board and the time when the board has dried to a low moisture content.

[0039] An aqueous composition of the present invention generally contains from about 0.1 to about 5%, preferably from about 0.25 to about 3%, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.5% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of wood preservative composition. For application to pressure treated wood, the composition preferably contains from about 0.1 to about 5% and more preferably from about 0.25 to about 3% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of wood preservative composition. For controlling sapstain, the wood preservative composition preferably contains from about 0.1 to about 5% and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 1% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of wood preservative composition.

[0040] According to a preferred embodiment, the wood preservative composition comprises a waterproofing and biocidally, fungicidally, or sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides.

[0041] The wood preservative composition of the present invention may further comprise a solvent, such as water, a water miscible solvent, or a combination thereof. Suitable water miscible solvents include, but are not limited to, alcohols, glycols, esters, ethers, polyethers, amines, ketones, and any combination of any of the foregoing. Preferably, the solvent is water.

[0042] The wood preservative composition may also comprise further auxiliaries, such as corrosion inhibitors, iron stain inhibitors, wetting agents, adhesives, emulsifiers, fillers, carriers, viscosity and pH regulators, binders, tackifiers, other active ingredients (such as other biocidally active ingredients), and any combination of any of the foregoing.

[0043] Suitable iron stain inhibitors include, but are not limited to, phosphonic iron stain inhibitors, such as aminotri(methylenephosphonic acid), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic acid), bis-(hexamethylene)triamine phosphonic acid, and any combination of any of the foregoing. The inventors have discovered that the inclusion of a phosphonic iron stain inhibitor, such as 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid and bis-(hexamethylene)triamine phosphonic acid, improves the biological efficacy of the amine oxide. Furthermore, since many iron stain inhibitors are highly acidic, prior art treating solutions containing them typically have a pH of less than 2. In contrast, wood preservative compositions of the present invention which contain iron stain inhibitors typically have a pH ranging from about 3 to about 7.

[0044] Other adjuvants may be included in the composition as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0045] Generally, the wood preservative composition is neutral, i.e., has a pH of from about 6 to about 8.

[0046] According to a preferred embodiment, the wood preservative composition is substantially free (i.e., contains less than 0.1% by weight) of quaternary ammonium compounds, halogenated compounds (including halides and chlorinated compounds such as chlorophenols), or both. More preferably, the wood preservative composition contains less than 0.01, 0.001, or 0.0001% by weight of quaternary ammonium compounds, halogenated compounds (including chlorine containing compounds such as chlorophenols), or both. Most preferably, the wood preservative composition is free of quaternary ammonium compounds, halogenated compounds (including chlorine containing compounds such as chlorophenols), or both.

[0047] According to another preferred embodiment, the wood preservative composition is substantially free (i.e., contains less than 0.1% by weight) of biocides, bactericides, or fungicides other than amine oxides. More preferably, the wood preservative composition contains less than 0.01, 0.001, or 0.0001% by weight of biocides, bactericides, or fungicides other than amine oxides. Most preferably, the wood preservative composition is free of biocides, bactericides, or fungicides other than amine oxides.

[0048] A particularly preferable sapstain inhibiting composition of the present invention comprises cocodimethylamine oxide and, optionally, an iron stain inhibitor. Also, special mention is made of cocodimethylamine oxide alone or in combination with hexadecyldimethylamine oxide as a preservative for use in pressure treating lumber.

[0049] The wood preservative composition may be applied to any wood substrate, such as any hard wood or soft wood, to present sapstain. Typically, for preventing or controlling sapstain and mold, the wood preservative composition is applied to green wood. The term “green” as used herein is defined as freshly cut, unseasoned, or the like. Examples of suitable wood substrates include, but are not limited to, maple, oak, birch, cherry, fir, and the like. The wood preservative composition may be applied to any wood substrate which is to be pressure treated. Preferably, the wood substrate is a soft wood, such as a pine, fir, or hemlock. Suitable pine wood substrates include, but are not limited to, southern yellow pine and ponderosa pine. More, preferably, the wood substrate is southern yellow pine.

[0050] Methods of applying the wood preservative composition include, but are not limited to, spraying, soaking, immersing, vacuum impregnation, pressure treatment, brushing, and the like. Preferably, the substrate is immersed in the wood preservative composition of the present invention or the substrate is pressure treated with the composition.

[0051] The composition may be prepared by dissolving the amine oxide and adjuvants in water. The mixture may be heated to a temperature of from about 50 to about 60° C. and/or stirred to expedite mixing. For example, a 30% (w/w) mixture of hexadecyl dimethyl amine oxide, available as Barlox® 16S from Lonza Inc. of Fair Lawn, N.J., which is a paste, may be mixed with a 30% (w/w) aqueous solution of coco-dimethylamine oxide and water to form a concentrated solution suitable for producing use dilutions of the wood preservative composition.

[0052] A wood substrate containing the wood preservative composition generally comprises from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, preferably from about 0.25 to about 3% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 2% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of preserved wood substrate.

[0053] Another embodiment is a method ofcontrolling microorganisms, such as fungi and sapstain organisms, on and/or in a wood substrate comprising applying a biocidally effective amount of the wood preservative composition of the present invention to the wood substrate. The term “controlling” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, such as fungi and sapstain organisms. Non-limiting examples of fungi are Trametes versicolor (T. versicolor),Gloeophyllum trabeum (G. trabeum), Poria placenta (P. placenta), Lentinus lepideus (L. lepideus), Coniophoraputeana (C. puteana), and Chaetomium globsum (C. globsum).

[0054] According to apreferred embodiment, the wood preservative composition further comprises one or more iron stain inhibitors, preferably phosphonic iron stain inhibitors, is applied to a wood substrate to control sapstain organisms. Generally, the composition contains from about 0.05 to about 1% by weight of phosphonic iron stain inhibitor, based upon 100% by weight of composition. Preferably, the composition contains from about 0.1 to about 0.5 and more preferably from about 0.15 to about 0.3% by weight of phosphonic iron stain inhibitor, based upon 100% by weight of composition.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0055] The following examples illustrate the invention without limitation. All parts and percentages are given by weight unless otherwise indicated. All Barlox® ingredients are available from Lonza Inc. of Fair Lawn, NJ.

EXAMPLE 1

[0056] A concentrate of a wood preservative composition was prepared as follows. 50 parts of Barlox® 16S, about 20 parts of Barlox® 12, and about 80 parts water were mixed. Barlox® 16S is an aqueous solution containing 30% by weight of hexadecyldimethylamine oxide. Barlox® 12 is an aqueous solution containing 30% by weight of coco-dimethylamine oxide. The mixture was heated and/or allowed to sit until a clear solution was obtained, e.g., by about 40 to 50° C. for about 2 to 4 hours or simply sitting at room temperature overnight. The resulting composition was clear.

EXAMPLE 2

[0057] The wood preserving efficacy of each aqueous test solution in Table 1 below was tested on freshly cut white birch wood as follows. All percentages in Table 1 are by weight. A branch of white birch tree measuring about 3 inches in diameter was cut into pieces about 6 inch in length. Each piece was then split into 4 sections. Each section was dipped into the test solution for about 1 minute and blotted with a paper towel to remove excess liquid. The sections were sealed in a clear plastic bag and stored at ambient conditions. The sections were observed after 1, 3, 7, and 12 weeks for the growth of stains, molds, and fungi. The aqueous test solutions were prepared by mixing the active ingredient with water. The results are shown in Table 1.

	TABLE 1
	Rating* of treated white
	birch sections vs. Time
Test solution	1 week	3 weeks	7 weeks	12 weeks
None	4	1	1	—
Water	3	2	1	—
1% Didecyldimethyl ammonium	4	4	3	3
chloride
1% Coco-dimethyl amine oxide	4	4	3	2
1% Tetradecyl dimethylamine	4	3	2	2
oxide
1% Decyl dimethylamine oxide	3	2	2	2
1% Hexadecyl dimethylamine	3	2	2	2
oxide
0.5% Hexadecyl dimethylamine	4	3	3	3
oxide and 0.5% dodecyldimethyl
amine oxide
*Rating scale:
4 - Clean with no visible stain or mold
3 - Trace amount of white/black fungal growth
2 - Black and/or white fungal growth visible on all faces and ends
1 - Heavy fungal growth

EXAMPLE 3

[0058] The wood preserving efficacy of each aqueous test solution in Table 2 below was tested on freshly cut green chestnut oak as described in Example 2. All percentages in Table 2 are by weight. The sections were observed after 2, 4, 5, and 9 weeks for the growth of stains, molds, and fungi. The results are shown in Table 2. The aqueous test solutions were prepared by mixing the active ingredient with water.

	TABLE 2
	Rating of treated green chestnut
	oak sections vs. Time
Test solution	2 weeks	4 weeks	5 weeks	9 weeks
None	1	1
Water	2	2	1
0.25% 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-	2	2	1	1
diphosphonic acid (HEDP)1
1% Didecyldimethyl ammonium	3	2	2	1
chloride
1% Dodecyl dimethylamine oxide	3	2	2	1
1% Dodecyl dimethylamine oxide	4	4	3	1
and 0.25% HEDP
1% Dodecyl dimethylamine oxide	4	4	3	2
and
0.2% bis-(hexamethylene)triamine
phosphonic acid2
1% Didecyldimethyl ammonium	3	2	1	1
chloride and 0.25% HEDP
11-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphonic acid (HEDP) is available as Unihib ® 106 from Lonza Inc. of Fair Lawn, NJ.
2Bis-(hexamethylene)triamine phosphonic acid is available as Unihib ® 1704 from Lonza Inc. of Fair Lawn, NJ.

[0059] The pH of the 1% didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride and 0.25% HEDP solution was about 1.9 while the pH of the 1% dodecyl amine oxide and 0.25% HEDP solution was about 4.8.

EXAMPLE 4

[0060] The efficacy of aqueous solutions of amine oxides and didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride to inhibit fungus growth was evaluated by the agar plate method known in the art. The concentration (IC50) of each aqueous solution at which 50% retardation of the growth of the fungi is observed was determined. The fungi tested were Trametes versicolor (T. versicolor), a white rot fungus; Gloeophyllum trabeum (G. trabeum), a brown rot fungus which is tolerant of arsenic and phenolic type wood preservatives; Poria placenta (P. placenta), a brown rot fungus which is tolerant to copper in wood preservatives; Lentinus lepideus (L. lepideus), a brown rot fungus which is tolerant to creosote; Coniophora puteana (C. puteana), a brown rot fungus; and Chaetomium globsum (C. globsum), a soft rot fungus. The results are shown in Tables 3A and 3B below.

	TABLE 3A
	IC50 (ppm)
	T.
Aqueous Test Solution	versicolor	G. trabeum	P. placenta
Octyldimethylamine oxide	800	250-400	300
Decyldimethylamine oxide	300-500	20-40	15-25
Coco-dimethylamine oxide	40-50	10-15	3-7
Tetradecyl dimethylamine oxide	70	15-25	2-5
Hexadecyl dimethylamine oxide	30	25-30	5-25
Octadecyl dimethylamine oxide	800	250	20-50
Mixture of hexadecyl dimethyl-	10	4	3
amine oxide and coco-dimethyl-
amine oxide at a 5:2 weight ratio
Didecyldimethyl ammonium	30-50	10-40	5-25
chloride

[0061]

	TABLE 3B
	IC50 (ppm)
	L.
Aqueous Test Solution	lepideus	C. puteana	C. globsum
Octyldimethylamine oxide	—	—	400
Decyldimethylamine oxide	—	—	50-100
Coco-dimethylamine oxide	15	80	50-70
Tetradecyl dimethylamine oxide	—	—	80-100
Hexadecyl dimethylamine oxide	3	80	20-50
Octadecyl dimethylamine oxide	—	—	600
Mixture of hexadecyl dimethyl-	10	3	10
amine oxide and coco-dimethyl-
amine oxide at a 5:2 weight ratio
Didecyldimethyl ammonium	—	—	10-20
chloride

EXAMPLE 5

[0062] The aqueous test solutions in Table 4 below were prepared and tested as follows.

[0063] Wafers about ¼ inch thick were cut from southern yellow pine board and placed in a vacuum desiccator. The vacuum pressure was maintained at about −80 kPa for about 15 minutes. Test solutions listed in Table 4 were injected into the vacuum. Vacuum was broken by the addition of air and the board was allowed to stand for about 10 minutes. Excess solution was blotted from the wafers. The wafers were returned to the desiccator and another vacuum was drawn to about −80 kPa pressure for about 15 minutes to remove any kickback solution.

Leaching in Water

[0064] About 10 g of the test solution treated wafers were vacuum impregnated with about 200g of water and soaked in water for about 5 days with occasional shaking. After the 5 days, the concentration of preservative in the water and in the wafers was determined. The concentration of preservative in the water was determined by American Wood-Preserver's Association Standard No. A18-99. The concentration of preservative in the wood was determined by the high performance liquid chromatography method described in American Wood-Preserver's Association Standard No. A16-93.

Leaching in Water and Soil

[0065] About 10 g of the test solution treated wafers and about 10 g of air dry organic forest soil were vacuum impregnated with about 150g water, slowly agitated for about 5 days, and separated. After the 5 days, the concentration of preservative in the soil and in the wafers was determined as described above.

[0066] The results are shown in Table 4.

	TABLE 4
		Wafer treated with
	Wafer treated with Water	Water and Soil
	Concentration	Concentration	Concentration	Concentration
	of	of	of	of
	Preservative in	Preservative in	Preservative in	Preservative
Aqueous Test	Wafer after 5	Water after 5	Wafer after 5	in Soil after 5
Solution	days (% w/w)	days (ppm)	days (% w/w)	days (% w/w)
1.5% Didecyldimethyl	1.5	40	1.1	0.4
ammonium chloride
1.5% Octadecylbenzyl	2.0	50	1.3	0.1
dimethyl ammonium
chloride
1.5%	1.5	90	0.7	05
Dodecyldimethyl-
amine oxide
1% Dodecyldimethyl	1.5	140	0.7	05
amine oxide and 0.5%
decyldimethyl amine
oxide

EXAMPLE 6

[0067] Southern yellow pine (SYP) lumber pieces were pressure treated to assess penetration of amine oxides. An aqueous test solution containing 1.7% by weight of hexadecyl dimethylamine oxide (hexadecyl DMAO) and 0.6% by weight of dodecyl dimethylamine oxide (dodecyl DMAO) was prepared. Two 2′ pieces of kiln dried #1 grade SYP 2×4's were end coated with an epoxy paint. The wood pieces were placed in a pressure treating cylinder for about 30 minutes at about −90 kPa, injected with the aqueous test solution, and pressurized to about 950 kPa for about 30 minutes. The pressure was released by the addition of air, the solution was drained, and the wood pieces were exposed to a vacuum of about −90 kPa for about 30 minutes. After air drying, the pieces were cut in the middle and several ¼″ wafers were removed from the outer 0.3″, second 0.3″, and inner 0.3″. The wafers were analyzed by HPLC to determine the concentration of amine oxide in the wafers.

[0068] The results are shown in Table 5.

	TABLE 5
		Amine Oxide
		found in zones (%)
	Retention (%)	Outer	Second
Piece	Preservative	Target	Actual	3″	3″	Inner 3″
#1	Hexadecyl DMAO	1.9	2.3	2.9	2.0	1.7
	Dodecyl DMAO	0.7	1.1	2.4	1.4	0.8
#2	Hexadecyl DMAO	1.7	2.0	2.5	2.1	2.1
	Dodecyl DMAO	0.6	0.8	2.0	1.2	1.1

[0069] The target retention is the desired amount of the ingredient to be retained in the wood substrate.

EXAMPLE 7

[0070] Wafers were prepared as described in Example 5 with the aqueous treatment solution described in Example 6 and with an aqueous solution containing 1% (w/w) of didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC). The samples were shaken for 7 days instead of the 5 days described in Example 5. The results are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6
	Concentration			Concentration
	of	Concentration	Concentration	of	Concentration
	Preservative	of	of	Preservative	of
	in Unleached	Preservative	Preservative	in Wafer after	Preservative
	Wood after 7	in after 7 days	in Water after	7 days	in Soil after 7
Sample	days (% w/w)	(% w/w)	7 days (ppm)	(% w/w)	days (% w/w)
Hexadecyl-	2.3	2.6	<10	1.5	0.33
DMAO
Dodecyl-	1.1	1.7	<10	0.5	0.15
DMAO
DDAC	1.25	1.24	<10	0.95	0.5

EXAMPLE 8

[0071] Southern yellow pine lumber pieces were pressure treated with an aqueous solution containing hexadecyldimethylamine oxide and dodecyldimethylamine oxide by the procedure described in Example 6. Two pieces were treated with an aqueous solution containing 1.65% by weight of hexadecyldimethylarnine oxide and 0.6% by weight of dodecyldimethylamine oxide and two pieces were treated with an aqueous solution containing 0.8% by weight of hexadecyldimethylamine oxide and 0.3% by weight of dodecyldimethylamine oxide. The treated pieces were placed outside on a rack and the effect of natural weathering was observed after 2, 6, and 10 months.

[0072] This procedure was repeated with aqueous solutions containing 0.5% or 1% by weight of copper chromium arsenate or 0.5% or 1% by weight of didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride.

[0073] Four pieces were treated with water (untreated lumber pieces) and tested as described above.

[0074] The results are shown in Table 7.

	TABLE 7
	Observations
Test Solution	After 2 Months	After 6 Months	After 10 Months
Untreated	Generally darker	The pieces were	The pieces were dark
	surface with sections	darker overall, had	black with numerous
	quite dark. A new	many cracks, and a	cracks.
	crack developed on	wet appearance.
	one piece.
Hexadecyldimethyl-	All four pieces	Two of the four	All four pieces were
amine oxide (1.65	clean, clear, and	pieces were clean	a uniform light gray
and 0.8%) and	unchanged from the	and clear. The other	color and had some
dodecyldimethyl-	start.	two pieces had	cracks.
amine oxide (0.6		darker sections and
and 0.3%)		fine cracks.
Copper chromium	General covering of	Small mildew spots	The pieces were
arsenate (0.5 and	small dark spots.	and many small	brownish with
1%)	Surface integrity is	cracks were present	brown and black
	unchanged.	in all four pieces	spots and many
			cracks
Didecyldimethyl	Few spots and	Three of the four	The pieces were a
ammonium chloride	darker black sections	pieces had dark	gray black color with
(0.5 and 1%)	covering two of the	sections and many	many cracks.
	four pieces. A crack	cracks.
	developed in one of
	the pieces

EXAMPLE 9

[0075] The corrosivity of each aqueous amine oxide solution and each aqueous didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride solution in Table 8 and water on steel substrates was determined as follows. A carbon steel coupon was submerged into the aqueous solution so that the coupon was about ¾ covered and stored for two weeks. The coupon was shaken occasionally so that the top of the coupon was wetted periodically. After two weeks, the coupon was weighed to determine the amount of steel corroded and the surface of the coupon was observed. The results are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8
Test Solution	Weight Lost (%)	Observations
Water	0.28	Solution is rust colored.
		Coupon is rusted.
0.3% didecyldimethyl	0.44	Black corrosion
ammonium chloride
1% didecyldimethyl	0.40	Black corrosion
ammonium chloride
1% hexadecyl	−0.021	Coupon and solution
dimethylamine oxide		both clear
1% decyl dimethylamine	−0.02	Coupon and solution
oxide		both clear
1% decyl dimethylamine	−0.01	Coupon and solution
oxide and 0.1% ammonia		both clear
1% decyl dimethylamine	0.4	Orange rust
oxide and 0.1% acetic acid
(the pH of the solution was
5.1)
1% decyl dimethylamine	0.01	Coupon and solution
oxide and 0.01% acetic acid		both clear
(the pH of the solution was
6.7)
1% decyl dimethylamine	0.01	Coupon and solution
oxide and 0.1% lauric acid		both clear
(the pH of the solution was
6.7)
*A negative weight loss means a gain in weight.

EXAMPLE 10

[0076] Ponderosa pine wafers and southern yellow pine sticks were treated with the aqueous test solutions shown in Tables 9-12 by the procedures described above to determine their waterproofing efficacy. The treated wafers and sticks were air dried and weathered for up to 700 days. A water uptake test was performed to determine the water resisting efficacy of each wafer or stick. The water uptake was determined by air drying the wafer or stick to a constant weight, immersing the wafer or stick in water for 30 minutes, weighing the wafer or stick, and calculating the water uptake. The percentage water resisting efficiency (% WRE) was determined by the following formula:

[0077] % WRE=100*(Weight of Immersed Treated Wood−Weight of Immersed Untreated Wood)/(Weight of Immersed Untreated Wood)

[0078] The weight of the immersed untreated wood was measured after 30 minutes and used as the control. The results are shown in Tables 9-12 below.

	TABLE 9
	Water Uptake (%) of
	Weathered Ponderosa Pine Wafers
		% WRE
		Start	Day	Day	Day
Test solution	Day 0	(Day 0)	170	330	690
Control (Untreated)	58	—	104	154	161
Thompson's Waterseal ™*	11	87	13	43	119
1% Didecyldimethyl	58	33	73	87	107
ammonium chloride
1%hexadecyl	35	60	51	77	89
dimethylamineoxide
*Thompson's Waterseal is available from Thompson and Formby of Memphis, TN.

[0079]

	TABLE 10
	Water Uptake (%) of
	Weathered Ponderosa Pine Wafers
Test solution*	Day 0	Day 105	Day 430
Untreated	47	64	124
	48	63	123
1% Didecyldimethyl ammonium	35	56	71
chloride	38	58	80
1.5% hexadecyl dimethylamine	16	23	38
oxide and 0.6% dodecyl	17	25	38
dimethylamine oxide
0.4% Didecyldimethyl	16	29	53
ammonium chloride and 0.6%	18	41	60
HT-AO1
*Each testing solution was tested twice, yielding two sets of test results.
1 HT-AO is hydrogenated tallow derivative (about 72% octadecyl dimethylamine oxide, about 24% hexadecyl dimethylamine oxide, and about 3% tetradecyl dimethylamine oxide).

[0080]

	TABLE 11
	Water Uptake (%) of
	Weathered SYP Treated Sticks
Test solution	Day 0	Day 220	Day 610
Untreated	23	27	77
1% decyl dimethylamine oxide	22	39	71
1% didecyldimethyl ammonium	17	22	36
chloride
1% hexadecyl	12	14	17
dimethylamine oxide

[0081]

	TABLE 12
	Water Uptake (%) of Weathered SYP Treated Sticks
		% WRE
		start
Test solution	Day 0	(Day 0)	Day 90	Day 310	Day 480
Untreated	36	—	35	65	74
1% didecyldimethyl	17	53	24	36	29
ammonium chloride
1% hexadecyl di-	10	72	13	18	14
methylamine oxide
1% dodecyl di-	14	61	15	20	24
methylamine oxide
1% hexadecyl	7	81	14	17	23
dimethylamine
oxide and 0.5%
didecyldimethyl
ammonium chloride

EXAMPLE 11

[0082] The procedure for determining waterproofing efficacy was repeated with southern yellow pine sticks, southern yellow pine end grain wafers, and ponderosa pine wafers and the aqueous solutions in Table 13 below by the procedure described in Example 10.

[0083] The results are shown in Table 13.

	TABLE 13
	Water Uptake % of Weathered Wood
Test solution	Day 0	Day 100	Day 225
SYP sticks ¼ × ¾ × 10″
Untreated	37	45	55
1% didecyldimethyl ammonium	27	34	26
chloride
1.5% HT-AO and 0.75% dodecyl	9	11	8
dimethylamine oxide
SYP end grain wafers
Untreated	40	71	77
Thompson's Waterseal ™ 2	13	24
1% didecyldimethyl ammonium	41	41	56
chloride
1.5% HT-AO1 and 0.75% dodecyl	22	29	15
dimethylamine oxide
Ponderosa Pine wafers
Untreated	75	89
Thompson's Waterseal ™ 2	11	12
1% didecyldimethyl ammonium	62	73
chloride
1.5% HT-AO1 and 0.75% dodecyl	24	33
dimethylamine oxide
1HT-AO is hydrogenated tallow derivative.
2Thompson's Waterseal is available from Thompson and Formby of Memphis, TN.

EXAMPLE 12

[0084] The efficacy of the aqueous amine oxide solutions in Table 14 at various concentrations against the wood rot fungi T. versicolor (white rot fungi), G. trabeum (brown rot fungi), P. placenta (brown rot fungi), and C. globosum (soft rot decay fungi) were determined using the agar dilution plate method well known in the art. The minimum concentration of each amine oxide required to achieve 100% growth retardation of each specific organism, i.e., the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), was determined. The percent retardation of the fungi was determined by the percentage change in the diameter of the fungi on the agar plate (i.e. Percent Retardation=((Diameter of Control)−(Diameter of Treated Fungi))/(Diameter of Control)*100%).

[0085] The results are shown in Table 14 below.

	TABLE 14
	MIC (ppm of amine oxides)
	T.	G.	P.	C.
	versicolor	trabeum	placenta	globosum
Amine Oxide	(ppm)	(ppm)	(ppm)	(ppm)
Octyldimethylamine	750	1000	1000	>1000
oxide
Decyl-DMAO	750	250	500	>1000
Coco-DMAO	750	500	500-1000	>1000
Branched alkyl (C10-	500	250	500	>1000
C14) DMAO
Dodecyl-DMAO	250	250	250	>1000
Tetradecyl-DMAO	>1000	>1000	>1000	>1000
Hexadecyl-DMAO	>1000	>1000	>1000	>1000
Oleyl-DMAO	>1000	>1000	>1000	>1000
Octadecyl-DMAO	>1000	>1000	>1000	>1000
Coco-	500	500	500	>1000
di(hydroxyethyl)-
amine oxide
Tallow	>1000	>1000	>1000	>1000
di(hydroxyethyl)-
amine oxide
Dodecyl-BMAO	>1000	1000	>1000	>1000
Lauryl morpholine N-	750	1000	500	>1000
oxide

[0086] The minimum concentration of the aqueous amine oxide solutions in Table 15 required to achieve 50% growth retardation of each specific organism, i.e., IC50, was estimated from the data obtained using Table2D curve fitting. The results are shown in Table 15.

	TABLE 15
	Barlox ® 12		Barlox ® 12i		Bardac ® 2280
	IC50	MIC	IC50	MIC	IC50	MIC
Fungi	(ppm)	(ppm)	(ppm)	(ppm)	(ppm)	(ppm)
T. versicolor	51	750	84	500	28	>1000
G. trabeum	9	250	44	250	8	>1000
P. placenta	5	1000	89	500	<5	<1000
C. globosum	47	>1000	153	>1000	28	>1000
Barlox ® 12 is an aqueous solution containing 30% by weight of coco-DMAO. Barlox ® 12i is an aqueous solution containing 30% by weight of branched (C10-C14) alkyl-DMAO. Bardac ® 2280 is 80% by weight of didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride in ethanol and water

EXAMPLE 13

[0087] 40″ by ¾″ by ¾″ pieces of southern yellow pine lumber were treated with the aqueous solution prepared in Example 1 according to the procedure described in the American Wood Preservers' Association test method E7, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The procedure is generally as follows. The southern yellow pine lumber pieces were placed in a pressure treating cylinder for about 30 minutes at about −90 kPa, injected with the aqueous solution, and pressurized to about 800 kPa for about 30 minutes. The pressure was released by the addition of air and the solution was drained.

[0088] This procedure was repeated with aqueous solutions containing 0.5 or 1.0% by weight of copper chromium arsenate (CCA) and aqueous solutions containing 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5% by weight of didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC).

[0089] From each treated piece, two matched 18″ stakes and one 4″ center piece were obtained. The 18″ stakes were placed in the ground at different field sites, field sites A and B. A total of 10 test stakes treated with each aqueous solution were placed in each field site. After 11 months, the stakes were observed. The results are shown in Table 16 below.

	TABLE 16
	Rating* after 11 Months
	Target	Field Site A		Field Site B
Aqueous Treatment	Retention		Termite		Termite
Solution	(kg/m3)	Decay	Attack	Decay	Attack
Untreated	—	6.2 ± 2.4	4.4 ± 4.2	7.2 ± 4.2	8.5 ± 3.1
0.5% (w/w) CCA	3	10	10	10	10
1.0% (w/w) CCA	6	10	10	10	10
0.5% (w/w) DDAC	3	9.9 ± 0.3	9.3 ± 0.9	10	10
1.0% (w/w) DDAC	6	10	9.9 ± 0.3	10	10
1.5% (w/w) DDAC	9	10	8.9 ± 1.3	10	10
0.82% (w/w) of	5 (Coco) +	9.5 ± 0.	9.0 ± 1.2	9.9 ± 0.3	10
coco-DMAO and	2 (C16)
0.33% (w/w) of
hexadecyl-DMAO
at a 5:2 weight ratio
1.65% (w/w) of	10 (coco) +	10	9.8 ± 0.4	10	10
coco-DMAO and	4 (C16)
0.67% (w/w) of
hexadecyl-DMAO
at a 5:2 weight ratio
2.5% (w/w) of	15 (coco) +	9.8 ± 0.4	9.9 ± 0.3	10	10
hexadecyl-DMAO	6 (C16)
and 1.0% (w/w) of
coco-DMAO at a
5:2 weight ratio
The target retention is the desired amount of the ingredient to be retained in the wood substrate.
*A rating of 10 means that all 10 stakes remained in tact and free of decay or termite attack. A rating of 0 means that the stakes were completely decayed or attacked by termites.

EXAMPLE 14

[0090] The wood preserving efficacy of each aqueous test solution in Table 17 below was tested on freshly cut tulip wood (also known as Tulip-Popular, Yellow Popular, and Liriodendron tulipfera L.) as follows. All percentages in Table 17 are by weight. Pieces of tulip wood cut from a 4″ debarked branch were cut into pieces. Each piece was then split into 4 sections. Each section was dipped into the test solution for about 1 minute and blotted with a paper towel to remove excess liquid. The sections were sealed in a clear plastic bag and stored at ambient conditions. The sections were observed after 1, 3, 7, and 11 weeks for the growth of stains, molds, and fungi. The aqueous test solutions were prepared by mixing the active ingredient with water. The results are shown in Table 17.

	TABLE 17
	Rating* of treated
	tulip sections vs. Time
	1	3	7	11
Aqueous test solution	week	weeks	weeks	weeks
None	3	2.5	2	1
Water	4	2	1	1
0.65% Didecyldimethyl ammonium	4	4	4	4
chloride
0.32% Didecyldimethyl ammonium	4	4	3.5	3.5
chloride
1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO and	4	3	2	1
0.4% Dodecyl DMAO
0.5% Hexadecyl DMAO and	5	5	3	2
0.2% Dodecyl DMAO
1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO,	4	4	3.5	3
0.4% Dodecyl DMAO, and
0.15% 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-
diphosphonic acid (HEDP)
0.5% Hexadecyl DMAO,	4	4	2	1
0.2% Dodecyl DMAO, and
0.08% HEDP
1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO,	4	4	3.5	3
0.4% Dodecyl DMAO, and
0.045% Ammonia
1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO,	4	4	3	2
0.4% Dodecyl DMAO,
0.15% HEDP, and 0.045% Ammonia
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO	4	4	4	4
0.5% Dodecyl DMAO	4	3	2	1
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and	3	3	2	1
0.045% Ammonia
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and	3.5	3.5	3	2
0.15% HEDP, and 0.045% Ammonia
None	3	3	2	—
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO	4	4	3	—
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and	4	4	3.5	—
1.0% Coco-dimethyl amine1
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and	4	4	4	—
0.5% Coco-dimethyl amine
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and	4	4	4	—
0.25% Coco-dimethyl amine
0.5% Hexadecyl dimethylamine	4	3	3	3
oxide and 0.5% dodecyldimethyl
amine oxide
*Rating scale:
4 - Clean with no visible stain or mold
3 - Trace amount of white/black fungal growth
2 - Black and/or white fungal growth visible on all faces and ends
1 - Heavy fungal growth
1Coco-dimethylamine is available as Barlene ® 12C from Lonza Inc. of Fair Lawn, NJ.

EXAMPLE 15

[0091] The wood preserving efficacy of each aqueous test solution in Table 18 below was tested on freshly cut beech wood (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) as follows. All percentages in Table 18 are by weight. A 1″ branch of a beech tree was split into two pieces. The bark was left on the pieces. Each piece was dipped into the test solution for about 1 minute and blotted with a paper towel to remove excess liquid. The pieces were sealed in a clear plastic bag and stored at ambient conditions. The pieces were observed after 1, 3, 7, and 11 weeks for the growth of stains, molds, and fungi. The aqueous test solutions were prepared by mixing the active ingredient with water. The results are shown in Table 18.

	TABLE 18
	Rating* of treated
	tulip sections vs. Time
	1	3	7	11
Aqueous test solution	week	weeks	weeks	weeks
None	3	3	2	1
Water	4	3	2	1
0.65% Didecyldimethyl ammonium	4	3.5	2	2
chloride
0.32% Didecyldimethyl ammonium	4	2	2	2
chloride
1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO and	4	2	1	1
0.4% Dodecyl DMAO
0.5% Hexadecyl DMAO and	4	3	2	1
0.2% Dodecyl DMAO
1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO,	4	3.5	2.5	2
0.4% Dodecyl DMAO, and
0.15% 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-
diphosphonic acid (HEDP)
0.5% Hexadecyl DMAO,	4	3	2	1
0.2% Dodecyl DMAO, and
0.08% HEDP
1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO,	4	2	2	1
0.4% Dodecyl DMAO, and
0.045% Ammonia
1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO,	4	3	2.5	2
0.4% Dodecyl DMAO,
0.15% HEDP, and 0.045% Ammonia
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO	4	2	2	2
0.5% Dodecyl DMAO	4	4	2.5	2.5
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and	4	3	2.5	2
0.045% Ammonia
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and	4	2.5	2	2
0.15% HEDP, and 0.045% Ammonia
None	3.5	3	2.5	—
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO	3.5	3	2	1
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and	4	3.5	3.5	—
1.0% Coco-dimethyl amine1
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and	3.5	2	2	1
0.5% Coco-dimethyl amine
1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and	4	3	2	—
0.25% Coco-dimethyl amine
*Rating scale:
4 - Clean with no visible stain or mold
3 - Trace amount of white/black fungal growth
2 - Black and/or white fungal growth visible on all faces and ends
1 - Heavy fungal growth
1Coco-dimethylamine is available as Barlene ® 12C from Lonza Inc. of Fair Lawn, NJ.

[0092] All patents, applications, articles, publications, and test methods mentioned above are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0093] Many variations of the present invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above detailed description. Such obvious variations are within the full intended scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides, the wood preservative composition being substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.

2. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a fungicidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides.

3. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides.

4. The wood preservative composition of claim 2, wherein said amine oxide is selected from the group consisting of (i) a trialkylamine oxide; (ii) an alkylcyclicamine oxide; (iii) a dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxide; (iv) an alkyldi(poly(oxyalkylene))amine oxide; (v) a dialkylbenzylamine oxide; (vi) a fatty acylamidopropyldimethylamine oxide; (vii) a diamine oxide; (viii) a triamine oxide; and (ix) any combination of any of the foregoing.

5. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said trialkylamine oxide has the formula R1R2R3N→O, wherein R1 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C40 saturated or unsaturated group; and R2 and R3 independently are linear, branched, or any combination thereof C1 to C40 saturated or unsaturated groups.

6. The wood preservative composition of claim 5, wherein R1 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group; and R2 and R3 independently are linear, branched, or any combination thereof C1 to C22 saturated or unsaturated groups.

7. The wood preservative composition of claim 6, wherein R2 and R3 independently are linear, branched, or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated groups.

8. The wood preservative composition as defined in claim 5, wherein said trialkylamine oxide is a dialkylmethylamine oxide having the formula R1R2CH3N→O, wherein R1 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C40 saturated or unsaturated group; and R2 is a linear, branched, or any combination thereof C1 to C40 saturated or unsaturated group.

9. The wood preservative composition as defined in claim 8, wherein R1 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22saturated or unsaturated group; and R2 is a linear, branched, or any combination thereof C1 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

10. The wood preservative composition of claim 5, wherein said trialkylamine oxide is an alkyldimethylamine oxide having the formula R1(CH3)2N→O, wherein R1 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C40 saturated or unsaturated group.

11. The wood preservative composition of claim 10, wherein R1 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

12. The wood preservative composition of claim 11, wherein R1 is a linear or branched C10 to C18 alkyl.

13. The wood preservative composition of claim 12, wherein R1 is a linear or branched C10 to C16 alkyl.

14. The wood preservative composition of claim 10, wherein said alkyldimethylamine oxide is selected from the group consisting of a C10 alkyldimethylamine oxide, C10—C14 alkyldimethylamine oxide, C16—C18 alkyldimethylamine oxide, and any combination of any of the foregoing.

15. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said alkylcyclicamine oxide has the formula R4R5R6N→O wherein R4 is a linear, branched, cyclic, or any combination thereof C8—C40 saturated or unsaturated group and R5 and R6 are linked to form a cyclic group.

16. The wood preservative composition of claim 15, wherein R4 is a linear, branched, cyclic, or any combination thereof C8-C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

17. The wood preservative composition of claim 15, wherein the cyclic group contains from 4 to 10 carbon atoms.

18. The wood preservative composition of claim 15, wherein the ring of the cyclic group contains oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or any combination of any of the foregoing.

19. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said alkylcyclicamine oxide is selected from the group consisting of an alkylmorpholine N-oxide, a dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxide, and any combination of any of the foregoing.

20. The wood preservative composition of claim 19, wherein said alkylmorpholine N-oxide has the formula

21. The wood preservative composition of claim 20, wherein R7 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

22. The wood preservative composition of claim 21, wherein R7 is a linear or branched C10 to C16 alkyl.

23. The wood preservatice composition of claim 4, wherein said dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxide has the formula

24. The wood preservative composition of claim 23, wherein R8 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group; and R9 is is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C1 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

25. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said alkyldi(poly(oxyalkylene))amine oxide has the formula

26. The wood preservative composition of claim 25, wherein R10 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

27. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said dialkylbenzylamine oxide has the formula R13R14R15N→O, wherein R13 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C40 saturated or unsaturated group; R14 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C1 to C40 saturated or unsaturated group; and R15 is benzyl.

28. The wood preservative composition of claim 27, wherein R13 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group; and R14 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C1 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

29. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said dialkylbenzylamine oxide is an alkylbenzylmethylamine oxide having the formula R13R15CH3N→O, wherein R13 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C40 saturated or unsaturated group; and R15 is benzyl.

30. The wood preservative composition of claim 27, wherein R13 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

31. The wood preservative composition of claim 30, wherein R13 is a linear or branched C8 to C12 alkyl.

32. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said fatty acylamidopropyldimethylamine oxide has the formula

33. The wood preservative composition of claim 32, wherein R16 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

34. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein diamine oxide has the formula

35. The wood preservative composition of claim 34, wherein R17 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

36. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein triamine oxide has the formula

37. The wood preservative composition of claim 36, wherein R18 is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated group.

38. The wood preservative composition of claim 2, wherein the wood preservative composition comprises two or more amine oxides.

39. The wood preservative composition of claim 2, wherein the wood preservative composition comprises a waterproofing and flngicidally effective amount of amine oxide.

40. The wood preservative of claim 2, wherein the wood preservative composition comprises from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of the wood preservative composition.

41. The wood preservative of claim 40, wherein the wood preservative composition comprises from about 0.5 to about 2% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of the wood preservative composition.

42. The wood preservative of claim 41, wherein the wood preservative composition comprises from about 1 to about 2% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of the wood preservative composition.

43. The wood preservative composition of claim 2, further comprising a solvent.

44. The wood preservative composition of claim 43, wherein said solvent is water.

45. The wood preservative composition of claim 44, wherein said solvent is water and optionally water miscible solvents selected from the group consisting of alcohols, glycols, esters, ethers, polyethers, amines, and any combination of any of the foregoing.

46. The wood preservative composition of claim 2, further comprising a corrosion inhibitor, iron stain inhibitor, wetting agent, adhesive, emulsifier, filler, carrier, viscosity regulator, pH regulator, binder, tackifier, and any combination of any of the foregoing.

47. The wood preservative composition of claim 46, wherein the iron stain inhibitor is a phosphonic iron stain inhibitor.

48. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.

49. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorine containing compounds and quaternary ammonium compounds.

50. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the wood preservative composition is substantially free of biocides other than amine oxides.

51. The wood preservative composition of claim 50, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of biocides other than amine oxides.

52. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the wood preservative composition is substantially free of fungicides other than amine oxides.

53. The wood preservative composition of claim 52, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of fungicides other than amine oxides.

54. A wood preservative composition consisting essentially of a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides.

55. A wood preservative composition consisting essentially of a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides, the wood preservative composition being substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.

56. A method of controlling microorganisms on and/or in a wood substrate comprising applying a wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides to the wood substrate, the wood preservative composition being substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein a fungicidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides is applied to the substrate.

58. The method of claim 56, wherein a sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides is applied to the substrate.

59. The method of claim 56, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.

60. The method of claim 56, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorine containing compounds and quaternary ammonium compounds.

61. A method for controlling sapstain organisms on and/or in a wood substrate comprising applying a sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides and one or more phosphonic iron stain inhibitors.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein the wood preservative composition is substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.

63. The method of claim 61, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.

64. The method of claim 61, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorine containing compounds and quaternary ammonium compounds.

65. A wood preservative system comprising (a) a wood substrate; and (b) a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides, the wood preservative system being substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.

66. A wood preservative system consisting essentially of (a) a wood substrate; and (b) a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides, the wood preservative system being substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.