Patent Grant
7827996
Certain filter materials have been suggested for incorporation into cigarette filters, including cotton, paper, cellulose, and certain synthetic fibers. However, such filter materials generally only remove particulate and condensable components from tobacco smoke. Thus, they are usually not optimal for the removal of certain gaseous components from tobacco smoke, e.g., volatile organic compounds.
Amphiphile-modified sorbents for removing one or more selected constituents from mainstream smoke are provided. In an embodiment, one or more constituents can be selectively removed from mainstream tobacco smoke, while retaining other constituents, such as those relating to flavor.
The selected constituent of mainstream smoke may be removed by the amphiphile-modified sorbent through molecular sieving, ion exchange, hydrophobic interactions, chelation, and/or chemical binding. Preferably, the selected constituent of mainstream smoke that is removed may be at least one of a hydrocarbon, polar organic and/or organic compound. Preferably, the selected constituent of mainstream smoke that is removed is an aldehyde, carbon monoxide, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, o-toluidine, 2-naphtylamine, nitrogen oxide, benzene, N-nitrosonornicotine, phenol, catechol, benz(a)anthracene, and/or benzo(a)pyrene. More preferably, the constituent is an aldehyde.
In an embodiment, a smoking article is provided, which comprises an amphiphile-modified sorbent having at least one amphiphilic compound bound to an inorganic molecular sieve substrate. Examples of smoking articles include, but are not limited to a cigarette, a pipe, a cigar and a non-traditional cigarette. Preferably, the smoking article is a cigarette. Preferably, the smoking article is a cigarette including from about 50 mg to about 300 mg of the amphiphile-modified sorbent, more preferably from about 100 mg to about 200 mg of the amphiphile-modified sorbent. Preferably, the amphiphile-modified sorbent is located in a filter of the smoking article.
In yet another embodiment, a cigarette filter is provided, which comprises an amphiphile-modified sorbent having at least one amphiphilic compound bound to an inorganic molecular sieve substrate. Examples of filters include but are not limited to a mono filter, a dual filter, a triple filter, a cavity filter, a recessed filter or a free-flow filter. Preferably, the amphiphile-modified sorbent of the cigarette filter removes at least some of at least one selected constituent of mainstream smoke, more preferably removes at least some of a hydrocarbon or a polar organic compound constituent from mainstream smoke, and most preferably removes at least some of an aldehyde constituent from mainstream smoke.
The filter preferably comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate tow, cellulose paper, mono cellulose, mono acetate, and combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the amphiphile-modified sorbent is incorporated into one or more cigarette filter parts selected from the group consisting of shaped paper insert, a plug, a space, cigarette filter paper, and a free-flow sleeve.
Preferably, the amphiphile-modified sorbent is incorporated with cellulose acetate fibers forming a plug or a free-flow filter element, or incorporated with polypropylene fibers forming a plug or free-flow filter element. The amphiphile-modified sorbent may also be incorporated in at least one of a mouthpiece filter plug, a first tubular filter element adjacent to the mouthpiece filter plug, and a second tubular filter element adjacent to the first tubular element. In yet another embodiment, the amphiphile-modified sorbent is incorporated in at least one part of a three-piece filter including a mouthpiece filter plug, a first filter plug adjacent to the mouthpiece filter plug, and a second filter plug adjacent to the first filter plug.
In another embodiment, a method of making a cigarette filter is provided, which comprises incorporating an amphiphile-modified sorbent having at least one amphiphilic compound bound to an inorganic molecular sieve substrate into a cigarette filter.
In yet another embodiment, a method of making a cigarette is provided, which comprises: (i) providing a cut filler to a cigarette making machine to form a tobacco column; (ii) placing a paper wrapper around the tobacco column to form a tobacco rod; (iii) providing a cigarette filter comprising an amphiphile-modified sorbent having at least one amphiphilic compound bound to an inorganic molecular sieve substrate; and (iv) attaching the cigarette filter to the tobacco rod to form the cigarette.
In an embodiment, a method of smoking a cigarette is provided, which comprises lighting the cigarette to form smoke and drawing the smoke through the cigarette, wherein during the smoking of the cigarette, the amphiphile-modified sorbent removes one or more selected constituents from mainstream smoke.
Preferably, the amphiphilic compound may be covalently bound to the surface of the molecular sieve, or electrostatically bound to the surface of the molecular sieve.
Preferably, the amphiphile-modified sorbent is in particle form having an average mesh size from about 20 mesh to about 60 mesh.
Preferably, the amphiphilic compound comprises from about 4 to about 24 carbons, more preferably from about 6 to about 18 carbons. Preferably, the amphiphilic compound is an alkyl silane comprising an alkyl group having four or more linearly connected carbon atoms. Preferably, the amphiphilic compound is an alkyl quaternary ammonium cation or an alkyl silane.
Examples of inorganic molecular sieve substrates include, but are not limited to, the group consisting of zeolite, aluminophosphate, mesoporous silicate, mesoporous aluminosilicate, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the inorganic molecular sieve substrate is a zeolite selected from the group consisting of zeolite ZSM-5, zeolite A, zeolite X, zeolite Y, zeolite K-G, zeolite ZK-5, zeolite Beta, zeolite ZK-4, and mixtures thereof, and more preferably the zeolite is selected from the group consisting of zeolite A, zeolite ZSM-5, zeolite Y, and mixtures thereof.
The amphiphile-modified sorbents described-below can be used, for example, in smoking articles for selective removal of one or more selected constituents of mainstream smoke. By “selective removal” is meant that certain constituents are at least partially removed from mainstream smoke, while other constituents are not substantially removed. The term “selective” also encompasses preferential removal of certain constituents from mainstream smoke, i.e. where more than one constituent may be removed, but where one constituent is removed to a greater extent than another constituent.
With reference to a cigarette, the term “mainstream” smoke refers to the mixture of gases passing down the tobacco rod and issuing through the filter end, i.e. the amount of smoke issuing or drawn from the mouth end of a smoking article during smoking.
The term “molecular sieve” as used herein refers to an ordered porous material such as aluminosilicates, which are commonly called zeolites, or aluminophosphates, mesoporous silicates, and related porous materials such as various porous metal oxides, which may comprise further inorganic or organic ions and/or metals. A molecular sieve as used herein further refers to a material having pores with dimensions less than about 500 Å, preferably less than 300 Å, including microporous and mesoporous molecular sieves. The term “microporous molecular sieves” generally refers to such materials having pore sizes of about 20 Å or less, while the term “mesoporous molecular sieves” generally refers to such materials with pore sizes of about 20-500 Å and preferably 20 to 300 Å.
The term “sorption” denotes filtration through absorption and/or adsorption. Sorption is intended to cover interactions on the outer surface of the sorbent, as well as interactions within the pores, such as channels or cavities, of the sorbent. In other words, a sorbent is a substance that has the ability to condense or hold molecules of other substances on its surface, and/or the ability to take up another substance, i.e. through penetration of the other substance into its inner structure or into its pores. The term adsorption also denotes filtration through physical sieving, i.e. capture of certain constituents in the pores of the sorbent. The term “sorbent” as used herein refers to either an adsorbent, an absorbent, or a substance that functions as both an adsorbent and an absorbent.
The terms “amphiphile” and “amphiphilic” as used herein refer to any substance comprising at least both a first portion (usually substantially non-polar) which, if separate from the amphiphile, would have a substantially greater solubility in, or a greater attraction to, an organic solvent, (i.e., acetonitrile, hexane, oil, and the like) than water, and a second portion (usually at least partially polar) which, if separate from the amphiphile, would be soluble in water or, if insoluble, may exist in a substantially hydrated form. The amphiphile itself may or may not be soluble in water or any particular organic solvent. For example, compounds such as alkyl quaternary ammonium cations are considered amphiphiles because the molecules comprise a more hydrophobic alkyl segment and a more hydrophilic ammonium group. Likewise, an alkyl silane is considered an amphiphile because the molecules comprise a more hydrophobic alkyl segment and a more hydrophilic silane group. In another sense of the term, for example, an amphiphile-modified sorbent is also amphiphilic because the insoluble inorganic substrate particles may commonly be substantially hydrated by themselves while the hydrophobic portions (i.e. alkyl chains) of the amphiphilic coating are more soluble in oil than in water.
With respect to the amphiphile-modified sorbents, a naturally hydrophilic molecular sieve substrate is rendered more hydrophobic by one or more amphiphilic compounds. Preferably, the amphiphile coating can create a more hydrophobic exterior surface of the inorganic molecular sieve substrate without changing the nature of the interior micropores, thus providing multiple selective sorbent functionality. For instance, the surface of the amphiphile-modified sorbent may be rendered capable of retaining organic constituents of smoke, while the internal pores of the inorganic molecular sieve substrate may retain the ability to adsorb constituents of smoke that are smaller than the internal pores.
In one embodiment, the amphiphilic compounds may comprise specific functional groups in order to confer certain desired properties, such as electrostatic charge, ion exchange capacity, and reactive functional groups. Selected constituents of mainstream smoke may be specifically targeted and removed by a combination of molecular sieving, ion exchange, hydrophobic interactions, chelation, and/or covalent binding.
Preferably the amphiphile and sorbed smoke constituents are prevented from entering or re-entering the smoke stream because the amphiphile is either electrostatically or covalently bound to the inorganic molecular sieve substrate. In a preferred embodiment, properties of the amphiphile and inorganic molecular sieve substrate may be varied individually or in combination to target specific classes of gas-phase smoke constituents. For example, the hydrophobicity of the amphiphile may be adjusted to target certain classes of constituents, and/or reactive functional groups of the amphiphile may be chosen to react with certain classes of constituents. Moreover, the molecular sieve pore sizes may be chosen or modified to match specific constituents, and/or catalytic constituents may be embedded within the molecular sieve to chemically react with specific constituents.
This aspect is advantageous over filter arrangements wherein gaseous constituents are non-selectively absorbed, adsorbed, or otherwise removed from a smoke stream. With an amphiphile coating the external surface of the molecular sieve, the surface chemistry is changed, which can lead to an increased capacity for the absorption of nonpolar organic compounds. Furthermore, the ion exchange capacity of the molecular sieve and the accessibility of polar molecules to the interior spaces of the molecular sieve and to catalytic sites which may be contained therein are maintained. By selecting the properties of the amphiphile, sequestration of specific hydrophobic constituents such as aromatic hydrocarbons may be optimized. By providing a specific functional group to the amphiphile, properties not inherent in inorganic molecular sieves may be incorporated into the filter arrangement. Examples include hydrophobicity, anion exchange, metal chelation, and specific reactivities. A preferred reactivity to aldehydes may be provided, for example, by primary amine groups which can covalently bind aldehydes. Anion exchange capacity may be provided to modified zeolites by positively charged functional substituents of the amphiphile. Metal chelation may be provided by including arrangements of acidic functional groups in a substituted alkyl chain of an amphiphile. For example, metal chelating groups may be covalently incorporated in some or all of the amphiphilic compounds coating the molecular sieve sorbent.
The inorganic molecular sieve substrate may be a zeolite. Zeolites are porous materials predominantly comprised of aluminosilicate. Zeolite pores may be more or less uniform micropores and may have pore dimensions over a range of sizes, e.g., below 20 Å; the material may further comprise additional metals and metal oxides. Synthetic zeolite materials may have more uniform pore dimensions and a more ordered structure. Various zeolite types are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,702,886 (zeolite ZSM-5), 2,882,243 (zeolite A), 2,882,244 (zeolite X), 3,130,007 (zeolite Y), 3,055,654 (zeolite K-G), 3,247,195 (zeolite ZK-5), 3,308,069 (zeolite Beta), 3,314,752 (zeolite ZK-4). A source of natural zeolite in North America is the St. Cloud Mining Company, Truth or Consequences, N. Mex. One preferred characteristic for the zeolites is a well defined pore size. Preferred zeolite molecular sieve substrate materials include A, ZSM-5 and Y-type zeolites, or combinations thereof.
The surface of a preferred zeolite has a permanent negative charge. Therefore, when zeolite is used as the molecular sieve substrate, the amphiphile compounds may be any amphiphile compound possessing a cationic charge. Preferably, the cationic charge is a permanent charge. The interaction of the negatively charged surface and the positively charged amphiphile serves to stably bind the amphiphile to the substrate. The amphiphile may thus be retained on the zeolite surface without substantial loss during washing and processing steps of manufacturing and may be retained on the substrate under the conditions of intended use. Alternatively, silicate groups at the surface of zeolite may be utilized to covalently bind an alkyl silane amphiphile to the surface of a molecular sieve substrate. In this embodiment, the amphiphile is covalently bonded to the molecular sieve throughout processing and intended use and is therefore a preferred embodiment.
The inorganic molecular sieve substrate may be a mesoporous silicate, a mesoporous aluminosilicate, or a silica gel. Mesoporous silicates are described, for example, in patents relating to MCM-41 and MCM-48 and SBA-15; such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,098,684, 5,102,643 and 5,108,725, which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Silica gel materials and methods for making such materials, are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,148,864, 5,376,348 and 6,168,773, which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Cationic amphiphiles may be electrostatically bound to a negatively charged molecular sieve such as a zeolite. Cationic amphiphiles exist as ions in solution and the cationic portion of the compound is surface active. Quaternary ammonium compounds may be regarded as analogous to an ammonium chloride salt molecule in which all four hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic radicals. When one of these replacement radicals is a straight-chain, primary alkyl of about 6-18 carbon atoms chain length and the others are of about 1-3 carbon atoms, then the compound will be reasonably water soluble and surface active. If two or more of the substituent radicals are higher alkyls, then the compound retains its cationic nature but may become water-insoluble. For example, suitable quaternary ammonium cationic alkyl compounds include, but are not limited to, those with the general formula:
(CH3(CH2)n)3—N—R1; (I)
A primary amine group is useful for the specific removal of aldehydes. Carboxyl and/or sulfides may be chosen to chelate metals. A second same or different alkyl chain may replace one of the (CH3(CH2)n)— groups. The amphiphile composition may comprise a single species or a mixture of amphiphile compounds. Various aliphatic chain lengths, degree and mode of unsaturation (cis and/or trans), branched and unbranched chains may be combined in mixtures in order to convey a desired spectrum of adsorptivity. Such compounds are widely available from a variety of manufacturers. The amphiphile compounds may be prepared using any suitable method; for example, see March, Advanced Organic Chemistry (John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1995); House, Modern Synthetic Reactions (Benjamin Cummings, 1972); or U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,982,000; 5,545,749 and the patents referenced therein. The amphiphile may also be any other cationic amphiphile. Acceptable alternatives which are commercially available or which may be made by well known synthetic methods include, for example, imidazolines, ethoxylated amines, and quaternary phospholipids.
In an embodiment, an amphiphile-modified molecular sieve sorbent may be made by combining an amphiphile compound in solution and a zeolite molecular sieve substrate. The amphiphile may be in the form of a chloride salt in aqueous solution. Certain amphiphile compounds such as un-substituted alkyl quaternary ammonium cations can form bilayers on the substrate surface at sufficiently high concentrations. However, the outer-layer may be removed by repeated washing. Amphiphile concentrations below the critical micellar concentration may be used for formation of a monolayer of amphiphile on the exterior of a zeolite. The amphiphile is generally too large to enter the interior channels of a microporous molecular sieve (i.e., having a pore diameter of about 20 Å or less). After a period of time sufficient to allow cation exchange, the amphiphile-modified zeolite material is removed from the solution and may be washed with water. The amphiphile-modified zeolite material may be dried and incorporated into filter arrangements.
A preferred amphiphile-modified sorbent can be prepared as follows: Add about 10 grams of ZSM-5 zeolite powder to about 100 mL of a aqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (10% by weight) followed by stirring at room temperature for about 2 hours. The mixture is then transferred into a Teflon-lined pressure vessel and heated at about 150° C. for about 48 hours. The final solid product is filtered, washed with distilled water, and dried in air about 100° C. for about 12 hours. In this procedure the loading of the amphiphile is controlled by the concentration of the alkyl quaternary ammonium compound in the starting aqueous solution.
In an alternative embodiment, the amphiphile may be an alkyl silane. Examples include alkyl silane compounds such as those with the general formula:
(X)3—Si—R1; (II)
The amphiphile compounds may be prepared using any suitable technique. For routine synthetic methods see for example: March, Advanced Organic Chemistry (John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1995) and House, Modern Synthetic Reactions (Benjamin Cummings, 1972). In addition, a variety of amphiphilic compounds are commercially available from a variety of manufacturers, such as Dow Corning and Union Carbide.
Thus, in an alternative embodiment, an alkyl silane amphiphile may be covalently bonded to the surface of a molecular sieve substrate material. A zeolite substrate may be prepared by drying at a temperature and pressure sufficient to remove essentially all bound water, for example at 100°-200° C. for 1 or 2 or more hours and optionally under a reduced pressure and/or in an atmosphere of dry inert gas. An alkyl trichlorosilane may be dissolved in methanol which can result in the substitution of three methoxy groups bound to the silicon atom; a resulting alkyl trimethoxysilane may be distilled under conditions sufficient to remove substantially all of the liquid methanol and residual water without decomposing the alkyl methoxysilane composition. An alkyl methoxysilane composition and the molecular sieve may be combined in an organic solvent such as toluene, benzene, xylene, hexanes, cyclo-hexane, alcohols or other well known solvents which may dissolve or suspend the alkyl silane. The organic solvent is preferably anhydrous and capable of dissolving the amphiphile. The suspension of molecular sieve particles such as zeolite and alkyl silane in organic solvent may be stirred and the temperature may be maintained at an elevated temperature sufficient to allow the covalent reaction of the silane with the silica groups of the molecular sieve. The temperature is preferably at or lower than the boiling point of the anhydrous organic solvent. For example, the temperature of the mixture of molecular sieve particles and alkyl silane in organic fluid may be maintained at 100° to 200° C. for 1 to 4 or more hours. The mixture may be maintained in an inert gas atmosphere such as dry nitrogen gas or argon. The amphiphile-modified sorbent may be separated from the solvent for example by filtration or decanting. The amphiphile-modified sorbent may optionally be washed one or more times with one or more solvents such as water or alcohols. The amphiphile-modified sorbent may then be dried at an elevated temperature, for example about 100° C. for 1-8 hours or more.
Another preferred amphiphile-modified sorbent can be prepared as follows: Add about 10 grams of ZSM-5 zeolite powder to a solution containing about 100 mL of dry toluene and about 25 grams of octadecytrimethoxysilane followed by vigorous shaking or stirring at room temperature for about 10 minutes. The suspension is then transferred into a Teflon-lined pressure vessel, sealed and heated at about 100° C. for about 12 hours. The final solid product is filtered, washed with about 100 mL of dry toluene followed by about 500 mL of dichloromethane twice, and dried in air at about 120° C. for about 12 hours. In this procedure for producing an amphiphile-modified sorbent, octadecytrichlorosilane can be used as a substitute for octadecytrimethoxysiliane, and the amount of the silane dissolved in dry toluene can vary depending on the desired loading of amphiphile on the zeolite molecular sieve.
When a molecular sieve substrate is chosen with a pore size larger than the amphiphile molecule as is possible with some mesoporous molecular sieves, such as some mesoporous silicates, the amount of amphiphile associated with the molecular sieve may be greater because the amphiphile may also bind within the molecular sieve. In such an arrangement, the choice of amphiphile may modify the interior of the molecular sieve as well as the exterior and also may modify the effective pore size and may thereby further tailor the adsorption profile of the amphiphile-modified sorbent.
In one embodiment, amphiphile-modified sorbent is incorporated into and/or onto a support such as paper inserted into a hollow portion of the cigarette filter. The support is preferably in the form of a sheet material such as crepe paper, filter paper, or tipping paper. However, other suitable support materials such as organic or inorganic cigarette compatible materials can also be used.
The amphiphile-modified sorbent can be incorporated into the filter paper in a number of ways. For example, the amphiphile-modified molecular sieve can be mixed with water to form a slurry. The slurry can then be coated onto pre-formed filter paper and allowed to dry. The filter paper can then be incorporated into the filter portion of a cigarette in the manner shown in
Alternatively, the amphiphile-modified molecular sieve is added to the filter paper during the paper-making process. For example, the amphiphile-modified molecular sieve can be mixed with bulk cellulose to form a cellulose pulp mixture. The mixture can be then formed into filter paper according to methods known in the art.
In another embodiment, the amphiphile-modified sorbent is incorporated into the fibrous material of the cigarette filter portion itself. Such filter materials include, but are not limited to, fibrous filter materials including paper, cellulose acetate fibers, and polypropylene fibers. This embodiment is illustrated in
Various techniques can be used to apply the amphiphile-modified sorbent to filter fibers or other substrate supports. For example, the amphiphile-modified sorbent can be added to the filter fibers before they are formed into a filter cartridge, e.g., a tip for a cigarette. The amphiphile-modified sorbent can be added to the filter fibers, for example, in the form of a dry powder or a slurry. If the amphiphile-modified sorbent is applied in the form of a slurry, the fibers are allowed to dry before they are formed into a filter cartridge.
In another preferred embodiment, the amphiphile-modified sorbent is employed in a hollow portion of a cigarette filter. For example, some cigarette filters have a plug/space/plug configuration in which the plugs comprise a fibrous filter material and the space is simply a void between the two filter plugs. That void can be filled with the amphiphile-modified sorbent. An example of this embodiment is shown in
In another embodiment, the amphiphile-modified sorbent is employed in a filter portion of a cigarette for use with a smoking device as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,692,525, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In such a cigarette, amphiphile-modified sorbent can be incorporated in various ways such as by being loaded onto paper or other substrate material which is fitted into the passageway of the tubular free-flow filter element 102 therein. It may also be deployed as a liner or a plug in the interior of the tubular free-flow filter element 102. Alternatively, the amphiphile-modified sorbent can be incorporated into the fibrous wall portions of the tubular free-flow filter element 102 itself. For instance, the tubular free-flow filter element or sleeve 102 can be made of suitable materials such as polypropylene or cellulose acetate fibers and the amphiphile-modified sorbent can be mixed with such fibers prior to or as part of the sleeve forming process.
In another embodiment, the amphiphile-modified sorbent can be incorporated into the mouthpiece filter plug 104 instead of in the element 102. However, as in the previously described embodiments, amphiphile-modified sorbent may be incorporated into more than one constituent of a filter portion such as by being incorporated into the mouthpiece filter plug 104 and into the tubular free-flow filter element 102.
The filter portion 62 of
As explained above, amphiphile-modified sorbent can be incorporated in various support materials. When the amphiphile-modified sorbent is used in filter paper, the particles may have an average particle diameter of up to 100 μm, preferably 2 to 50 μm. When the amphiphile-modified sorbent is used in filter fibers or other mechanical supports, larger particles may be used. Such particles preferably have a mesh size from 20 to 60, and more preferably from 35 to 60 mesh.
The amount of amphiphile-modified sorbent employed in the cigarette filter by way of incorporation on a suitable support such as filter paper and/or filter fibers depends on the amount of constituents in the tobacco smoke and the amount of constituents desired to be removed. As an example, the filter paper and the filter fibers may contain from 10% to 50% by weight of the amphiphile-modified sorbent.
Another embodiment relates to methods of making a filter. The methods comprise incorporating an amphiphile-modified sorbent having at least one amphiphilic compound bound to an inorganic molecular sieve substrate into a cigarette filter.
Most filters contain four main constituents: filter tow, plasticizer, plug wrap and adhesive. Often the filter tow comprises a bundle of cellulose acetate fibers or papers that are bound together using the plasticizer, which acts as a hardening agent. The filter is contained in the plug wrap, usually a paper wrapper, which is secured using an adhesive. Any conventional or modified method of making cigarette filters may be used to incorporate the amphiphile-modified sorbent.
Another embodiment relates to methods of making cigarettes. In one embodiment, the method comprises: (i) providing a cut filler to a cigarette making machine to form a tobacco column; (ii) placing a paper wrapper around the tobacco column to form a tobacco rod; and (iii) attaching a cigarette filter incorporating an amphiphile-modified sorbent to the tobacco rod to form the cigarette.
Examples of suitable types of tobacco materials which may be used include flue-cured, Burley, Md. or Oriental tobaccos, the rare or specialty tobaccos, and blends thereof. The tobacco material can be provided in the form of tobacco lamina; processed tobacco materials such as volume expanded or puffed tobacco, processed tobacco stems such as cut-rolled or cut-puffed stems, reconstituted tobacco materials; or blends thereof. Tobacco substitutes may also be used.
In cigarette manufacture, the tobacco is normally employed in the form of cut filler, i.e., in the form of shreds or strands cut into widths ranging from about 1/10 inch to about 1/20 inch or even 1/40 inch. The lengths of the strands range from between about 0.25 inches to about 3.0 inches. The cigarettes may further comprise one or more flavorants or other additives (e.g., burn additives, combustion modifying agents, coloring agents, binders, etc.) known in the art.
Cigarettes can be manufactured to any desired specification using standard or modified cigarette making techniques and equipment. The cigarettes may range from about 50 mm to about 120 mm in length. Generally, a regular cigarette is about 70 mm long, a “King Size” is about 85 mm long, a “Super King Size” is about 100 mm long, and a “Long” is usually about 120 mm in length. The circumference is from about 15 mm to about 30 mm in circumference, and preferably around 25 mm. The packing density is typically between the range of about 100 mg/cm3 to about 300 mg/cm3, and preferably 150 mg/cm3 to about 275 mg/cm3.
Yet another embodiment relates to methods of smoking the cigarette described above, which involve lighting the cigarette to form smoke and drawing the smoke through the cigarette, wherein during the smoking of the cigarette, the amphiphile-modified sorbent is capable of selectively adsorbing one or more selected constituents from mainstream smoke. Preferably at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% or more of the selected constituent is removed from the tobacco smoke by the sorbent.
“Smoking” of a cigarette means the heating or combustion of the cigarette to form smoke, which can be drawn in through the cigarette. Generally, smoking of a cigarette involves lighting one end of the cigarette and drawing the smoke through the mouth end of the cigarette, while the tobacco contained therein undergoes a combustion reaction. However, the cigarette may also be smoked by other means. For example, the cigarette may be smoked by heating the cigarette and/or heating using an electrical heater, as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,026,820; 5,988,176; 5,915,387; 5,692,526; 5,692,525; 5,666,976; and 5,499,636, for example.
While the invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes can be made, and equivalents employed, without departing from the scope of the invention.
All of the above-mentioned references are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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