Patent Application
20060182710
The invention relates to polymeric micelles, and more particularly, polymeric micelles comprising amphiphilic block copolymers.
Polymeric micelles appear to be one of the most advanced carriers for the delivery of drugs. The advantages of polymeric micelles include increased drug efficiency, low cellular toxicity, protection and stabilization of the drug, and targeting efficiency. In addition, the nano-sized micelles provide a prolonged circulation in the blood and also dodge mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and reticular endothelial system (RES). Therefore, polymeric micelles are the most attractive drug delivery system. In general, a micelle is an aggregate of amphiphilic copolymers. In an aqueous milieu, the hydrophobic compartment of an amphiphilic polymer has a tendency to self-assemble in order to avoid water and to minimize free interfacial energy of the system. A core-shell structure is formed and the hydrophobic inner core serves as a microenvironment for the solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs. Previous studies also confirm that polymeric micelles carrying anti-cancer drugs effectively increase the stability and efficiency of the drugs.
Drugs encapsulated in nanoparticles must be stable and not leak in large amounts. A high release rate may lead to the precipitation of a hydrophobic drug in the blood vessels. In addition, low release rate is beneficial for the deposition of nanoparticles in appropriate tissues, improving local release. Conventional nanoparticles, however, release drugs by diffusion which is slow, and the diffusion site is not selective, thus, the effect of controlled release is reduced.
Accordingly, an amphiphilic block copolymer is provided, comprising a (poly(lactide)) (PLA) as a hydrophobic block, and a (poly(oxazoline)) (POz) as a hydrophilic block.
One embodiment of the amphiphilic block copolymer is as shown in formula (I):
wherein
L represents H or C1-6 alkyl;
Z represents H or C2-21 acyl or phenyl;
J represents H or an organic residue derived from a ring-opening polymerization initiator; and
x, y, m represent an integer of 1 to 10,000.
Another embodiment of the amphiphilic block copolymer is as shown in formula (II):
wherein
D represents H or C1-6 alkyl;
E represents H or C2-21 acyl or phenyl;
G represents a residue derived from a nucleophilic reagent;
Q represents H or an organic residue derived from a ring-opening polymerization initiator; and
a, b represent an integer of 1 to 10,000.
A pharmaceutical formulation is also provided, comprising a micelle composed of the amphiphilic block copolymer, and a bioactive agent encapsulated in the micelle. In a neutral aqueous milieu, the micelle maintains its core-shell structure in which the hydrophilic blocks form the outer hydrophilic compartment and the hydrophobic blocks form the core compartment to encapsulate the bioactive agent. When the environmental pH value changes, for example, the pH value decreases, the micelles aggregate and the core-shell structure is destroyed to release the bioactive agent from the micelles.
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
Amphiphilic block copolymer and pharmaceutical formulation comprising the same can be more fully understood and further advantages become apparent when reference is made to the following description and the accompanying drawings in which:
An amphiphilic block copolymer and a pharmaceutical formulation comprising the same are provided.
pH-responsive polymeric micelles have attracted considerable interest for several years, however, most studies focus on the physical properties of micelles rather than their application in controlled release of active drugs and other therapeutic compounds. The polymeric micelles were designed to have polyelectrolytes which alter aggregate morphologies of micelles in response to the dissociation status in aqueous solution. Supramolecular studies relating polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-PAA) by A. Eisenberg et al. published in Science, 268, 1728(1995); and Science, 272, 1777(1996) reveal that PS-PAA has multiple morphologies at different pH milieu or in different salt concentrations, including spheres, rods, vesicles, and large compound vesicles (LCVs). The morphological changes are governed by the repulsion produced by the dissociation of PAA, or the interaction of ion bonds or bridging formed by Na+ or Ca2+ to PAA.
pH-responsive poly[4-vinylbenzoic acid-b-2-(N-morpholino)ethyl methacrylate (PVBA-PMEMA) zwitterionic diblock copolymer published by S. P. Armes is an example of the reversion of micelles in which the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of blocks are shifted in response to the dissociation of polyelectrolytes (Langmuir, 19, 4432(2003)). PVBA dissociates at high pH while PMEMA dissociates at low pH. The dissociated polymer has higher hydrophilicity, therefore, PVBA-core micelles form in acidic milieu and PMEMA-core micelles form in basic milieu. The micellar morphology of block copolymers can be reversed in certain conditions by salt-out. For example, poly[2-dimethylamino]ethyl methacrylate (PDEA) and poly[2-(N-morpholino)ethyl methacrylate] (PMEMA) have pKa of 7.3 and 4.9, respectively. Addition of Na2SO4 to PDEA-PMEMA biblock copolymer in aqueous phase at pH 6.7 leads to PMEMA-core micelle formation in response to the aggregation of PMEMA block (Macromolecules, 34, 1503(2001)).
In addition to diblock copolymers, triblock copolymers can be designed as responsive micelles. Poly(acrylic acid)-b-polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PAA-PS-P4VP) ABC triblock copolymer has hydrophobic PS in the middle with acidic, hydrophilic PAA and basic, hydrophilic P4VP at the two ends. In acidic milieu, repulsion produced by the dissociation of P4VP results in the formation of micelles with PAA- and PS-core. On the contrary, the micelles reverse while the pH value increases (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 15059(2003)).
The above mentioned studies all focus on the physical properties, and no discussion relating to the biocompatibility of these block copolymers is disclosed.
Moreover, Kataoka et al. link adriamycin and amphiphilic block copolymer, PEG-p(Asp-Hyd), with an acid-labile hydrazone bond to form PEG-p(Asp-Hyd-ADR) block copolymer. In acidic milieu, the cleavage of the acid-labile hydrazone bonds releases adriamycin (Angrw. Chem. Int. Ed., 42, 4640 (2003)). Covalent bonding, however, provides only small amounts of drug loading. In addition, the cleavage of hydrazone bonds may not be as effective as expected. For example, the release rate of PEG-p(Asp-Hyd-ADR) was less than 30% after 72-hour exposure at pH 5.0.
Diblock copolymer of POz and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (WO 0110934, Feb. 15 (2001)) can be applied in biomedical field. Polyethylenimine (PEI) formed by the hydrolysis of POz is a hydrophilic polymer. PEI linked to negatively charged DNA may have increased hydrophobicity and a complex with PEI/DNA-core and PEO-outer layer can be formed (Macromolecules, 33, 5841 (2000)). The complex is a kind of non-viral gene vectors. The copolymer, however, loses environmentally sensitive properties after hydrolysis and DNA-bonding.
The inventors designed an environment-sensitive copolymer as a smart drug carrier and proved that the copolymer can release drug in accordance with the environmental pH changes. It is, therefore, provided an amphiphilic block copolymer including a poly(lactide) as a hydrophobic block and a (poly(oxazoline)) as a hydrophilic block.
The amphiphilic block copolymer can be the structure of formula (I):
wherein
L represents H or C1-6 alkyl;
Z represents H or C2-21 acyl or phenyl;
J represents H or an organic residue derived from a ring-opening polymerization initiator; and
x, y, m represent an integer of 1 to 10,000.
Alternatively, the amphiphilic block copolymer can be the structure of formula (II):
wherein
D represents H or C1-6 alkyl;
E represents H, or C2-21 acyl or phenyl;
G represents a residue derived from a nucleophilic reagent;
Q represents H or an organic residue derived from a ring-opening polymerization initiator; and
a, b represent an integer of 1 to 10,000.
The ratio of (x+y)/m in the amphiphilic block copolymer is preferably 0 to 5, more preferably 0 to 1.
“L” includes, but is not limited to, for example, methyl amino, carboxyl, or hydroxyl; preferably, methyl.
“z” includes, but is not limited to, for example, propionyl, acetyl, formyl, or carboxyl; preferably propionyl.
The ratio of a/b in the amphiphilic block copolymer is preferably 0 to 5, more preferably 0 to 1.
“D” includes, but is not limited to, for example, methyl, amino, carboxyl, or hydroxyl; preferably, methyl.
“E” includes, but is not limited to, for example, propionyl, acetyl, formyl, or carboxyl; preferably propionyl.
A pharmaceutical formulation is also provided, including a micelle composed of the aforementioned amphiphilic block copolymers, and a bioactive agent encapsulated therein. When the pH value of the milieu changes, for example, the pH value decreases, the bioactive agent can be released from the micelle. In addition, the particle size of the micelle is 10 nm to 1,000 nm in diameter; preferably, 20 nm to 200 nm in diameter. Moreover, the bioactive agent of the micelle is about 1 wt. % to about 60 wt. %; preferably, about 20 wt. % to about 40 wt. %.
The micelle is composed of (poly(oxazoline)/poly(lactide) (POz/PLA). PLA is a hydrophobic and biodegradable polyester, and POz is a hydrophilic polymer. Both have low toxicity and good biocompatibility. In one embodiment of the preparation of the micelle, an example of the preparation of (poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(2-ehtyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly(L-actide) (PLLA-PEOz-PLLA) is shown as
The formation of micelles of PLLA-PEOz-PLLA in response to environmental changes is shown in
Practical examples are described herein.
Four hundred twenty mg (2 mmol) of bifunctional initiator, 1,4-dibromo-2-butene, was added to a two-necked rounded bottom flask connecting to a cold finger and a sleeve stopper. The device connected to vacuum tube and dry nitrogen was introduced thereto. Sixty mL of acetonitrile was introduced. The reaction was controlled at 100° C. in oil bath. Ten mL of dehydrated monomer, 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline, (100 mmol) was then added and the reaction was performed under a recirculating system for 16 hours. The device was cooled down to room temperature at the end of the reaction. Then, 0.1 N of KOH aqueous solution was added and mixed for 1 hour to introduce —OH to the two ends of PEOZ. The product was dried and dissolved again in chloroform. Silica gel chromatography was performed to eliminate salts and impurities. The product was finally precipitated in diethyl ether twice. After drying at 40° C. for 24 hours, the purified product was identified as HO-PEOZ-OH with a yield of over 98%.
The purified L-lactide (582 mg) and HO-PEOz-OH (2 g) were placed in a two-necked rounded bottom flask connected to a cold finger and a vacuum tube. After drying at 50° C. for 30 min and nitrogen replacement for three times, 7.5 mL of chlorobenzene was introduced. Raising the temperature to 140° C. under a recirculation system, the reaction was performed for 16 hours in the presence of 1 wt. % of Sn(Oct)2 as a catalyst. After the reaction, impurities were eliminated by silica gel chromatography with chlorobenzene as mobile phase. The product was precipitated by diethyl ether for three times. The obtained PLLA-PEOZ-PLLA triblock copolymer was dried at 40° C. for 24 hours and collected. The yield was>90%.
Different formulations of PLLA-PEOz-PLLA, including ABA-5K20, ABA-5K40, ABA-10K20, ABA-10K40, and ABA20K40 (A, B are as shown in
Micelles formulated by ABA5K20 (ABA ratio: 0.2) of PLLA-PEOz-PLLA were analyzed before and after doxorubicin loading by a particle size analyzer. The measurement was performed in DMSO at 485 nm. The results were shown in
In vitro release of doxorubicin was measured in acidic and neutral aqueous milieu. Since doxorubicin appears red in color, it could be detected by UV/Vis spectrophotometer (Uv/Vis: Perkin Elmer Lamda 2S). The results were shown in
In vitro toxicity test is directed to cytotoxicity of micelles. Human cervical cancer cell line HeLa was applied. Micelle formulation of PLLA-PEOZ-PLLA (ABA-5K20) and branched polyethylenimine (B-PEI) as control at different concentrations were used. Cell viability was read in a 96-well plate by ELISA reader (Awareness Stat Fax 2100) with MTT assay. The results were shown in
Growth inhibition of micelles containing doxorubicin or doxorubicin alone was examined in HeLa cell line. One ug/mL, 10 ug/mL, 100 ug/mL, and 1000 ug/mL of doxorubicin or micelles containing doxorubicin were applied to HeLa cells. Cell viability was measured after 24- or 72-hour treatment in a 96-well plate by ELISA reader (Awareness Stat Fax 2100) with MTT assay. The results were shown in
The endocytosis of micelles and the release of doxorubicin were observed under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM: Zeiss) and phase contrast microscopy (Wild MPS 51S) and the results were shown in
While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 93141735 | Dec 2004 | TW | national |
