Patent Grant
10829805
The present invention relates to a simple method for detecting amplified nucleic acids and a device for use in the method.
Techniques for specifically amplifying a target nucleic acid sequence are very important for research and clinical applications (e.g. genetic testing) in molecular biology. An amplification product obtained by such a nucleic acid amplification technique can be specifically detected, for example, by a detection method using a target sequence-containing nucleic acid fragment immobilized on a solid phase. This method, which is designed to specifically capture a target nucleic acid on the solid phase, allows for easy removal of non-specific nucleic acids by washing or the like, and thus improves the detection specificity.
In this method, in order to capture a target nucleic acid on the solid phase, a technique using an antigen-antibody or ligand-receptor pair capable of specifically binding together may be used. For example, Non Patent Literature 1 discloses a method for detecting a product of PCR amplification using a primer terminally modified with biotin and another primer modified with a fluorescent substance. In this method, the PCR product is contacted with a solid phase containing streptavidin and agarose, and then bonded to the solid phase as a streptavidin-biotin complex, which can be measured for fluorescence to assay the target amplification product.
Unfortunately, the number of antigen-antibody or ligand-receptor combinations usable for labeling is limited, which makes it substantially difficult to simultaneously detect multiple target nucleic acids. Another problem is the cost: fluorescently labeled nucleic acids are expensive.
Another technique for capturing a target nucleic acid on a solid phase is to immobilize a probe containing an oligonucleotide having a complementary sequence to the target nucleic acid on the solid phase, which enables the target nucleic acid to be indirectly immobilized on the solid phase through hybridization of the target nucleic acid and the probe. This technique is accompanied with detection of the intensity of a signal of the formed hybrid. This type of nucleic acid analysis makes it possible to simultaneously assay multiple target sequences by using varied probe sequences.
In general, however, hybridization of an immobilized probe and a target nucleic acid on a solid phase requires heating treatment for denaturing a double-stranded nucleic acid amplified by PCR into single strands. Unfortunately, this heating treatment is troublesome and is also associated with a reduction in hybridization efficiency due to reannealing. Another problem is that single-stranded DNA tends to curl into a ball and is thus inferior in detection sensitivity. Although Patent Literature 1 discloses a technique for amplifying a single-stranded nucleic acid via nuclease treatment without heating treatment, this technique is also a troublesome procedure and has the problem of curling of single strands into balls.
Among nucleic acid detection methods, the method based on chromatography disclosed in Patent Literature 2 is easy to operate and allows for rapid and easy detection of target nucleic acids. This is a gene detection method that includes the steps of sampling genes from a cell, virus or bacterium, fragmenting the randomly sampled genes, and detecting a target gene, wherein these steps are continuously performed on a single device for gene detection by transferring a liquid sample containing the randomly sampled genes or fragments thereof by capillary action. This method allows not only assessment of the presence of a target gene but also identification of its type.
Also in Patent Literature 2, however, single-stranded nucleic acids are amplified by NASBA. The problems in the use of single-stranded nucleic acids are as described above.
In order to solve the above problems, Patent Literatures 3 and 4 disclose that a non-natural nucleic acid tag, a hairpin structure or a pseudoknot structure for inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis by DNA polymerase is present on the 5′ side of the primer region. Thus the single-stranded region is left at one end of the double-stranded nucleic acid after PCR reactions. This technique is advantageous in that an amplified double-stranded DNA product having a hybridizable single-stranded region at one end of the double-stranded DNA can be produced only by performing PCR reactions using such a special primer. However, since a fluorescent label or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging is required for detection, expensive special equipment is necessary. Additionally, there are problems with speed and simplicity.
Genetic diagnosis and genetic testing in clinical practice often impose the burdens of patient testing costs and several hospital visits because they require large-scale, expensive test equipment and take a long time for testing. Accordingly, there is a need for reducing the burdens on patients and testers without sacrificing the accuracy of testing, and thus simple, rapid, highly-specific, and low-cost methods that do not require special equipment are being sought. The present invention was made to solve the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a nucleic acid detection method which takes advantage of the high specificity of hybridization techniques, reduces the time length and the number of steps required for detection of PCR products, and allows for easy and highly accurate detection by visual observation without the need of special equipment; and a nucleic acid detection device or kit. Meanwhile, conventional techniques leave room for improvement in terms of time and costs because they require the preparation of an expensive label tag for each target nucleic acid.
As a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems, the present inventors have independently found that it is possible to easily and accurately detect an amplified DNA fragment without the need of special equipment by amplifying the target nucleic acid in the form of a double-stranded nucleic acid having a single-stranded region at each end thereof, allowing the amplified fragment to bind to a solid phase with an oligonucleotide probe capable of hybridizing to one of the single-stranded regions, and detecting the binding. Thus, the present invention has been completed.
Specifically, the present invention relates to a nucleic acid detection method, including the step of hybridizing a first oligonucleotide probe immobilized on a solid phase with one of single-stranded regions which contain natural nucleotides and are respectively located at opposite ends of an amplified double-stranded DNA fragment.
Preferably, the method further includes the step of hybridizing a second oligonucleotide probe labeled with a labeling substance with the other single-stranded region of the amplified DNA fragment.
Preferably, the labeling substance includes a colored carrier that allows the amplified DNA fragment to be visually detected.
Preferably, the method includes the step of detecting the presence of the amplified DNA fragment on a nucleic acid detection device.
Preferably, the presence of the amplified DNA fragment is detected by chromatography.
Preferably, the method includes the following steps (a) to (c):
(a) placing the amplified DNA fragment in a zone on the nucleic acid detection device which is different from a zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is immobilized;
(b) diffusing the amplified DNA fragment with a solvent on the device toward the zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is immobilized; and
(c) hybridizing the first oligonucleotide probe with the amplified DNA fragment in the zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is immobilized.
Preferably, the method further includes the step of hybridizing the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance with the amplified DNA fragment before the step (c).
Preferably, the method includes the following steps (d) to (h):
(d) placing the amplified DNA fragment and the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance respectively in discrete zones on the nucleic acid detection device which are different from a zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is immobilized;
(e) diffusing the amplified DNA fragment with a solvent toward the zone where the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance is placed;
(f) hybridizing the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance with the amplified DNA fragment in the zone where the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance is placed;
(g) diffusing a hybridization complex obtained in the step (f) on a development medium toward the zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is placed; and
(h) hybridizing the first oligonucleotide probe with the complex in the zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is immobilized.
Preferably, each of the single-stranded regions containing natural nucleotides has a sequence in the same orientation as the double-stranded DNA region.
Preferably, the amplified DNA fragment is a product obtained by a nucleic acid amplification technique using two primers each containing a tag region that is not made double-stranded by a nucleic acid amplification reaction.
Preferably, the amplified DNA fragment is a product obtained by a nucleic acid amplification technique using a first primer set including primers each containing a sequence capable of hybridizing to a template of the target nucleic acid and a common sequence incapable of hybridizing to the template, and a second primer set including primers each containing a sequence capable of hybridizing to a complementary sequence to the corresponding common sequence and a tag region that is not made double-stranded by a nucleic acid amplification reaction.
Preferably, the tag region that is not made double-stranded by a nucleic acid amplification reaction contains natural nucleotides, and the entire sequences of each primer of the second primer set is in the same orientation.
The present invention also relates to a nucleic acid detection device for use in the nucleic acid detection method, which includes a zone where the amplified DNA fragment is placed; a chromatographic carrier having the first oligonucleotide probe capable of binding to the amplified DNA fragment; and the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance.
The present invention further relates to an amplified double-stranded DNA fragment which is produced by a nucleic acid amplification technique using two primers each containing a tag region that is not made double-stranded by a nucleic acid amplification reaction, and which has at each end thereof a single-stranded region containing natural nucleotides.
Preferably, the tag region of each primer that is not made double-stranded by a nucleic acid amplification reaction contains natural nucleotides, and the entire sequence of each primer is in the same orientation.
The present invention allows an amplified DNA product to specifically bind to a solid phase via a single-stranded region of the amplified DNA product, and to form a complex with a labeling compound via the other single-stranded region thereof. This allows for easy and rapid detection of the amplified DNA product by visual observation without using special equipment. Additionally, the present invention, which involves detecting structurally stable double-stranded DNA, improves in detection sensitivity, compared to in the detection of entirely single-stranded sequences. Furthermore, two or more target nucleic acids in a sample can be assayed simultaneously by preparing multiple pairs of a single-stranded region of an amplification product to be bonded to the solid phase and an oligonucleotide probe on the solid phase that is complementary to that region. According to another embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to add a single kind of single-stranded region to any target nucleic acids through a low-cost joint primer. The use of a single kind of single-stranded region allows any detection to be carried out using a single kind of label tag and a single device. In this case, it is not necessary to prepare an expensive label tag for each target nucleic acid, which leads to a great improvement in terms of time and costs.
The present invention relates to a nucleic acid detection method including the step of hybridizing a first oligonucleotide probe immobilized on a solid phase with one of single-stranded regions which contain natural nucleotides and are respectively located at opposite ends of an amplified double-stranded DNA fragment.
The amplified double-stranded DNA fragment is obtained by a nucleic acid amplification reaction of a sample DNA as a template using a certain primer set.
The sample DNA is not particularly limited and may be any one usable as a template in the nucleic acid amplification reaction. Specific examples include any DNAs derived from biological samples such as blood, biological fluids, tissues, oral mucosa, hairs, nails, cultured cells, animals, plants, and microorganisms. The sample DNA may be genomic DNA, cDNA, mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA, or the like. Moreover, a cDNA synthesized from a RNA template by reverse transcription may be also used. A suitable one can be appropriately selected from these DNAs according to the DNA fragment to be amplified. The sample DNA needs not be purified DNA, and cells or a tissue containing the sample DNA can be used directly, without being purified, in the nucleic acid amplification reaction.
The amplified double-stranded DNA fragment having a single-stranded region at each end is preferably a product obtained by a nucleic acid amplification technique using two primers each containing a tag region that is not made double-stranded by a nucleic acid amplification reaction. In this case, the single-stranded regions at both ends of the amplified double-stranded DNA fragment are derived from the tag regions which are not made double-stranded by a nucleic acid amplification reaction, in the primers used in the nucleic acid amplification reaction.
The amplified double-stranded DNA fragment is preferably a product obtained by a nucleic acid amplification technique using a first primer set including primers each containing a sequence capable of hybridizing to a template of the target nucleic acid and a common sequence incapable of hybridizing to the template, and a second primer set including primers each containing a sequence capable of hybridizing to a complementary sequence to the corresponding common sequence and a tag region that is not made double-stranded by a nucleic acid amplification reaction.
The term “primer main region” refers to an oligonucleotide region having a base sequence capable of functioning as a primer in the nucleic acid amplification reaction. Specifically, it is a base sequence that is capable of hybridizing to the 5′ end or 3′ end of a target base sequence of a target nucleic acid, and in general, is a base sequence complementary to a base sequence at the 5′ end or 3′ end of the target base sequence. The primer main regions may contain base deletions, insertions, and mismatch sites as long as they are capable of specifically binding to the target nucleic acids. The primer main regions preferably have a length of at least 8 bases, more preferably at least 12 bases, and still more preferably at least 15 bases. The maximum chain length of the primers is not particularly limited, and is generally 50 bases or less, preferably 40 bases or less, from the viewpoint of their synthesis costs and other factors.
The tag regions of the primers are not particularly limited, provided that they contain natural nucleotides. The term “natural nucleotide” means a nucleotide composed of a natural base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil), a sugar moiety (deoxyribose or ribose), and phosphate group(s), all of which are not artificially modified. The natural nucleotides may be D-nucleotides or L-nucleotides. The term “D-nucleotide” refers to a nucleotide containing D-deoxyribose or D-ribose. Likewise, the term “L-nucleotide” refers to a nucleotide containing L-deoxyribose or L-ribose. The effect of such tag regions containing natural nucleotides is to allow easy synthesis at low cost. The proportion of natural nucleotides in the tag region of the primer is preferably at least 5%, more preferably at least 20%, still more preferably at least 50%, further more preferably at least 70%, and most preferably at least 90%. The length of the tag region is not particularly limited, and the tag region has only to be long enough to hybridize to a complementary nucleic acid strand. The length is generally 5 bases to 60 bases, preferably 6 bases to 40 bases.
The tag regions of the primers each preferably have a nucleic acid sequence in the same orientation as the primer main region. The effect of the tag regions of the primers each having a nucleic acid sequence in the same orientation as the primer main region is to allow easy synthesis at low cost. Even if the tag region and the primer main region are not directly linked to each other (e.g., a non-natural compound such as azobenzene is inserted between the tag region and the primer main region), these regions preferably have sequences in the same orientation as each other. The nucleic acids being in the same orientation means that adjacent nucleotides are linked to each other via a 5′-3′, not a 3′-3′ or 5′-5′, phosphodiester bond between the sugar moieties of the nucleotides. For example, in the case of a tag region where nucleotides are linked to one another via a 5′-3′ phosphodiester bond between the sugar moieties, the nucleotides in the main region are also linked to one another via a 5′-3′ bond between the sugar moieties.
The polymerase reaction inhibitory region is not particularly limited, provided that it inhibits a nucleic acid extension reaction catalyzed by a polymerase to maintain the single-stranded structure in the region. Examples of such a structure include nucleic acid sequences having a three-dimensional structure that inhibits the progress of DNA polymerase, such as a tight hairpin structure and a pseudoknot structure; non-natural nucleic acids such as L-nucleic acids and artificial nucleic acids, RNA, and non-nucleic acid structures such as aliphatic chains.
The terms “hairpin structure” and “pseudoknot structure” refer to stable loop structures formed by pairing with another single-stranded region in the same molecule. L-DNA, which is DNA containing L-deoxyribose, does not function as a template in DNA extension reactions because it is not recognized by generally used DNA polymerases. In addition, L-DNA forms a left-handed double helix, and thus is incapable of hybridizing to naturally-occurring D-nucleic acids and capable of hybridizing only to nucleic acids of the same L-form. The term “artificial nucleic acids” refers to nucleic acids into which a compound that is not present in natural nucleic acid sequences is artificially inserted. Examples include, but are not limited to, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), bridged nucleic acids (BNA and LNA), azobenzene, fluorescein, Cy3, and Cy5.
PNA refers to a molecule having a structure similar to DNA and RNA but having a backbone including a peptide structure. The backbone includes N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine units linked by amide bonds. Further, purine and pyrimidine rings, which correspond to nucleic-acid bases, are linked to the backbone through a methylene group and a carbonyl group. BNA (LNA) refers to nucleic acids artificially synthesized by modifying the sugar moiety of DNA or RNA to form a bridge.
In the case that the tag region consists only of natural nucleotides and has a nucleic acid sequence in the same orientation as the primer main region, the polymerase reaction inhibitory region is typically necessary between the tag region and the primer region. On the other hand, in the case that the tag region is incapable of functioning as a template in the reaction catalyzed by a DNA polymerase and thus is not made double-stranded by the nucleic acid amplification reaction, just like L-nucleic acids, artificial nucleic acids and the like, the polymerase reaction inhibitory region can be omitted. Moreover, the primer in the present invention may contain only one of structures such as stable loop structures (e.g. hairpin structures, pseudoknot structures), non-natural nucleic acids (e.g. L-nucleic acids, artificial nucleic acids), and non-nucleic acid structures (e.g. aliphatic chains), or may contain two or more of these structures in combination.
The primer can be labeled with various molecules generally used for oligonucleotide labeling. Examples of such molecules include enzymes, magnetic particles, fluorescent pigments, and radioisotopes. Any of these may be used alone, or two or more of these may be used in combination.
The primers thus designed can be produced by any methods without particular limitation, and known methods can be used. Specifically, the designed primers can be easily obtained with a DNA synthesizer or from a custom synthesis service.
The nucleic acid amplification technique is not particularly limited, provided that it produces an amplified double-stranded DNA fragment having at each end thereof a single-stranded region containing natural nucleotides, using the primers mentioned above. One example thereof is PCR. Isothermal amplification techniques such as LAMP and ICAN may also be used.
In the case where the nucleic acid amplification technique is PCR, a pair of reverse and forward primers for the PCR reaction may be designed such that both primers contain different polymerase reaction inhibitory regions from each other, or such that one of them contains a polymerase reaction inhibitory region and the other is free of any polymerase reaction inhibitory region but is modified with biotin or the like.
The PCR conditions are not particularly limited, provided that a target region of the above-described sample DNA is amplified by PCR using the sample DNA as a template and the primer set. Specifically, the polymerase used in the PCR is not particularly limited, and is preferably a heat-stable DNA polymerase, and more preferably a heat-stable polymerase that does not substantially have a 3′-to-5′ exonuclease activity. One non-limiting example of such heat-stable DNA polymerases is Ex-Taq (available from TAKARA BIO INC.). Likewise, the PCR reaction conditions including temperature, time, and buffer composition are not particularly limited, and may appropriately be determined according to the DNA polymerase selected to use, the sequences of the primers, the length of the target sequence, and other factors. The length of the DNA to be amplified by the nucleic acid amplification reaction is preferably at least 20 bases, and more preferably at least 40 bases. If the length is less than 20 bases, the probability of non-specific amplification tends to be increased.
PCR can be carried out in a conventional manner using the primer set to provide an amplification product in which a single-stranded region is added to each end of the target nucleic acid sequence.
The first forward primer 18 contains a primer main region 19 having the same sequence as a part of the 5′ end of a target nucleic acid sequence 17, and a common sequence region 20 located on the 5′ end of the primer main region 19. The first reverse primer 21 contains a primer main region 22 having a complementary sequence to a part of the 3′ end of the target nucleic acid sequence, and a common sequence region 23 located on the 5′ end of the primer main region 22. The added common sequence regions of both primers typically have different sequences from each other. The first primer set is used in the PCR reaction to afford an amplified double-stranded DNA product 24 containing the common regions.
Moreover, the second forward primer 25, which is shown around the common sequence region at either end of the amplified DNA product 24, contains a primer main region 26 having a sequence common to a part of the 5′ end of the amplified double-stranded DNA product 24 containing the common regions, and a tag region 27 located on the 5′ end of the primer main region 26. The second reverse primer 28 contains a primer main region 29 having a complementary sequence common to a part of the 3′ end of the amplified double-stranded DNA product 24 containing the common regions, and a tag region 30 located on the 5′ end of the primer main region 29. The linked tag regions of both primers typically have different sequences from each other. The primer set is used in PCR to afford an amplified DNA product 31 having a single-stranded region at each end because the added tag regions of both primers are not substantially involved in the PCR reaction. In this embodiment, the PCR reaction using the first primers and then the PCR reaction using the second primers are sequentially carried out as shown in
The amplified DNA fragment having a single-stranded region at each end refers to an amplified DNA product having a double-stranded DNA part that is the same as the target DNA region, and also having single-stranded regions which are respectively located as 5′ end tag parts at opposite ends of the double-stranded DNA part, as denoted by the reference numeral 31 in
In the case of using such first and second primer sets, a single set of second primers can be used for different target nucleic acids to provide the same single-stranded tag sequences, as long as these primer sets are designed to have the same common sequences. The amplified DNA fragment more specifically refers to an amplified double-stranded DNA fragment having at each end thereof a single-stranded region that includes non-modified nucleic acids, wherein the single-stranded region at each end has a sequence in the same orientation as the corresponding DNA strand which it is located next to.
The single-stranded regions of the amplification product synthesized using the primers are used to forma hybridization complex. The term “hybridization” means that molecules containing nucleic acids complementarily form a complex (e.g. DNA/DNA, DNA/RNA, DNA/PNA, L-DNA/L-DNA). In the nucleic acid detection method of the present invention, the amplified DNA product obtained in the nucleic acid amplification step can be used in a hybridization reaction without the need of a treatment for making the amplified product single-stranded (e.g. heat treatment) and other treatments because the amplified DNA fragment contains the single-stranded regions.
It is possible to hybridize a first oligonucleotide probe immobilized on a capture carrier (solid phase) with one of single-stranded tag regions which contain natural nucleotides and are respectively located at opposite ends of the amplified double-stranded DNA fragment. The detection method preferably further includes the step of hybridizing a second oligonucleotide probe labeled directly or indirectly with a labeling substance with the other single-stranded region of the amplified double-stranded DNA fragment. The formation of a triple complex of the amplified double-stranded DNA fragment, the first oligonucleotide probe, and the second oligonucleotide probe is called “sandwich hybridization”. The order of hybridization of the three substances is not particularly limited.
The length of the first oligonucleotide probe is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of hybridizing to the single-stranded region of the amplified double-stranded DNA fragment, and is preferably 5 to 60 bases, and more preferably 10 to 40 bases.
The length of the second oligonucleotide probe is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of hybridizing to the single-stranded region of the amplified double-stranded DNA fragment, and is preferably 5 to 60 bases, and more preferably 10 to 40 bases.
The labeling substance bound to the second oligonucleotide probe is not particularly limited as long as it enables the amplified double-stranded DNA fragment to be detected. The labeling substance is preferably a colored carrier that enables the amplified double-stranded DNA fragment to be visually detected. Examples of such colored carriers include colored particles, and enzyme- or pigment-bound carriers. Preferred among these are colored particles.
Examples of the colored particles include colloidal particles of metals such as gold, silver, copper and platinum, colored latexes which are latexes colored with a pigment, a dye or the like, and silica nanoparticles which are silica (silicon dioxide) particles in which pigment molecules are immobilized. Preferred among these are colloidal gold particles and colored (e.g. blue, red) latex particles made of a water-dispersible polymer. The use of such colored particles allows the amplified DNA fragment to be visually determined more easily. In particular, in the case of simultaneously detecting multiple analytes, colored particles of different color is used for each analyte to allow the multiple analytes to be visually determined easily at the same time.
In the case where colored particles are used, the particles size is not particularly limited. Preferably, the particle size is determined such that the colored particles have less adverse effect on the formation of a sandwich hybridization complex and on the capturing of the target sequence-containing amplification product on the solid phase, and provide good color development in the detection. The particle size of colored particles is selected to be smaller than the pore size of a later-described chromatographic medium. Specifically, the particle size is typically not more than 500 nm, preferably 0.1 nm to 100 nm, and more preferably 1 nm to 50 nm. The enzymes usable as the colored carrier are proteins that catalyze reactions of substrates to develop a color or emit light. Examples include peroxidases, alkaline phosphatases, and luciferases, although the enzymes are not limited to these examples, provided that they allow detection by observation with the naked eye.
The conditions of the hybridization of the single-stranded region at the end of the amplified double-stranded DNA fragment and the first or second oligonucleotide probe are not particularly limited, provided that they can hybridize to each other. Preferably, they are reacted at room temperature in 10 mM phosphate buffer. In this case, the hybridization rate can be increased by adding a salt such as sodium chloride.
The presence of the target nucleic acid can be assessed by detecting the target substance in the sandwich hybridization complex formed in an identifiable zone on the capture carrier (solid phase). The detection is preferably based on visual observation. According to the detection method of the present invention, the amplification product of the nucleic acid amplification reaction can be used directly in the hybridization reaction without the need of any treatment for making the amplification product single-stranded (e.g. heat denaturation). In addition, it is possible to easily and rapidly assess the presence of the target nucleic acid by visual observation without the need of special equipment.
The nucleic acid detection method involving the formation of a sandwich hybridization complex is preferably carried out on a nucleic acid detection device. In addition, it is preferable to use chromatography for the detection of the amplified DNA product.
The nucleic acid chromatography device of
Preferably, the chromatography is carried out to detect the amplified double-stranded DNA fragment by a method including the following steps (a) to (c): (a) placing the amplified DNA fragment in a zone on the nucleic acid detection device which is different from a zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is immobilized; (b) diffusing the amplified DNA fragment with a solvent on the device toward the zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is immobilized; and (c) hybridizing the first oligonucleotide probe with the amplified DNA fragment in the zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is immobilized.
For example, in the nucleic acid chromatography device of
Preferably, the detection method further includes the step of hybridizing the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance with the amplified DNA fragment before the step (c). For example, in the case of the nucleic acid chromatography device of
Moreover, the chromatography is preferably carried out by the following steps (d) to (h): (d) placing the amplified DNA fragment and the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance respectively in discrete zones on the nucleic acid detection device which are different from a zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is immobilized; (e) diffusing the amplified DNA fragment with a solvent toward the zone where the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance is placed; (f) hybridizing the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance with the amplified DNA fragment in the zone where the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance is placed; (g) diffusing a hybridization complex obtained in the step (f) on a development medium toward the zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is placed; and (h) hybridizing the first oligonucleotide probe with the complex in the zone where the first oligonucleotide probe is immobilized.
For example, in the case of the nucleic acid chromatography device of
On the test line on the membrane, an oligonucleotide probe having a complementary sequence to one of the tag regions of the amplified DNA fragment is immobilized as the first oligonucleotide probe for capturing. The first oligonucleotide probe for capturing may be bound to the membrane directly or via a functional group or a certain substance. Examples of such mediating substances include, but are not limited to, peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. In the case where avidin is used as a mediating substance, the capture oligonucleotide should be modified with biotin.
On the control line on the membrane, an oligonucleotide probe for capturing the colored carrier is immobilized. The oligonucleotide probe for the control line has a complementary sequence to the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance so that it certainly captures the labeling substance when the sample solution is developed. The oligonucleotide probe for the control line may also be bound to the membrane directly or via a functional group or a substance, as described above. Examples of mediating substances include, but are not limited to, peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. In the case where avidin is used as a mediating substance, the capture oligonucleotide should be modified with biotin.
The presence of the target nucleic acid in a sample can be assessed by visually observing a color on the test line. Also, a color on the control line can be visually observed to determine whether the development and the color reaction are normally carried out. The “to visually observe” means observation with the naked eye to assess the color.
Examples of the chromatographic medium include paper filters such as qualitative filters, quantitative filters, phase separating filters, glass fiber filters, silica fiber filters, and bicomponent fiber filters. Other examples include filters made of celluloses (e.g. nitrocellulose), synthetic resin films such as polyethersulfone membranes, and porous gels such as silica gel, agarose, dextran, and gelatin. Nylon membranes can also be suitably used. In practical use, the form and size of the chromatographic medium are not particularly limited, and may be any suitable ones in operation and observation of the reaction results.
These carriers may be modified in various ways to improve the hydrophilicity and affinity for the compound. In order to make the operation easier, the back surface of the chromatographic medium whose opposite surface is provided with reaction sites is preferably provided with a supporting material made of plastic or the like.
The developing direction in the device is not particularly limited, and may be horizontal or vertical as shown in
With reference to
The complex 41 comes into contact with a capture oligonucleotide probe 43 that is previously allowed to be bound in an identifiable zone on a chromatographic medium 42 made of a porous membrane or the like, on the development medium. The capture oligonucleotide 43 has a complementary sequence to the other tag sequence 15 of the amplified DNA fragment, and thus hybridizes to the complex 41 to form a sandwich hybridization complex.
The order of procedures for forming such a sandwich hybridization complex is not particularly limited. It is preferable that the amplified DNA fragment and the second oligonucleotide probe labeled with the labeling substance form a complex 41, and then the complex and the first oligonucleotide probe for capturing form a complex. Alternatively, a sandwich hybridization complex may be formed by enriching the amplified DNA fragment via the first oligonucleotide probe for capturing on the development medium, and then developing the second oligonucleotide labeled with the labeling substance.
Another example of the nucleic acid detection device is a microarray (DNA chip) as shown in
Still another example is a bead form as shown in
The nucleic acid detection method and the nucleic acid detection device of the present invention can be used for any techniques involving a nucleic acid amplification step. In other words, the nucleic acid detection method and the nucleic acid detection device of the present invention can be used for techniques in any fields which involve detection of an amplified DNA fragment (e.g. PCR product) obtained by a nucleic acid amplification technique. Specifically, they are used for, for example, molecular biology research, detection of pathogens, detection of foreign matter such as allergens in foods, food quality control (inspection of mislabeled foods and genetically modified foods), livestock control, detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (hereinafter, also referred to as “SNP”), screening of diseases such as cancer, and so on. Accordingly, the present invention encompasses methods for detecting a pathogenic infectious disease, methods for detecting foreign matter (e.g. allergen) in foods, food quality control methods, livestock control methods, methods for detecting a single nucleotide polymorphism, and like methods which include a step of performing the nucleic acid detection method of the present invention.
As embodiments of application of the present invention, a pathogen detection method and an allergen detection method according to the present invention are described in detail below.
The pathogen detection method according to the present invention may be any method including the step of detecting a gene specific to a pathogen by the nucleic acid detection method of the present invention. The pathogen is not particularly limited, and specific examples include pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic viruses, food poisoning bacteria, and bacteria and viruses causing hospital infections. More specifically, there may be mentioned, for example, viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpesviruses, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); bacteria such as Escherichia coli (e.g. O157), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi, salmonella bacteria, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus; and microorganisms such as mycoplasma.
More specifically, the pathogen detection method according to the present invention includes determining, by the nucleic acid detection method, whether a gene specific to a pathogen is present, for example, in a DNA sample prepared from a sample to be assessed for the presence of the pathogen. Or, a sample to be assessed for the presence of the pathogen may be directly used for a template for nucleic acid amplification without preparing a DNA sample. For example, in the case where the pathogen to be detected is a bacterium such as Escherichia coli, a bacterial colony suspension can be used for a template. Then, if the gene specific to the pathogen is detected, it can be determined that the sample contains the pathogen. In this manner, it is possible to easily and highly accurately determine whether a sample contains a pathogen without the need of special equipment. Thus, the pathogen detection method according to the present invention can be used for the diagnosis of microbial infectious diseases.
The allergen detection method according to the present invention may be any method including the step of detecting a gene encoding an allergen by the nucleic acid detection method of the present invention. The allergen is not particularly limited, and specific examples include allergens contained in foods. More specifically, there may be mentioned, for example, egg albumen allergens, milk allergens, wheat allergens, buckwheat allergens, peanut allergens, and so on. More specifically, the allergen detection method according to the present invention includes determining, by the nucleic acid detection method, whether a gene encoding an allergen derived from egg, milk, wheat, buckwheat, peanut or the like is present, for example, in a DNA sample prepared from a food. Then, if such a gene is detected, it can be determined that the food contains an ingredient containing the allergen.
In this manner, it is possible to easily and highly accurately determine whether a sample such as food contains an ingredient containing an allergen without the need of special equipment. It should be noted that the allergen origin is not limited to those described above. For example, taking the example of grains, the allergen origin may be any type of rice, corn, Italian millet, proso millet, Japanese millet, buckwheat, or pulses. Since DNA is thermally stable, a trace amount of DNA can be detected even in processed foods. Thus, the allergen detection method according to the present invention provides data that can be used not only for food labeling and allergen information of foods but also for detection of minute amounts of residual food additives (e.g. processing materials, carry-overs) and detection of contaminants that are not intended by a manufacturer (e.g. the presence or absence of cross-contamination between the manufacturing lines).
In addition to these applications, the present invention is applicable to determination of the parentage of a mammal including human, identification of the pedigree of livestock, variety identification for agricultural products, SNP detection, detection of diseases (e.g. cancer) caused by gene mutations, and the like. More specifically, for example, taking the example of livestock, the present invention can be used for pedigree registration, individual identification, parentage determination, removal of a carrier individual with a disease-causing gene, and the like. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments mentioned above, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims. An embodiment based on a proper combination of technical means disclosed in different embodiments is encompassed in the technical scope of the present invention.
The present invention is described in more detail below, referring to examples which are not to be construed as limiting the technical scope of the present invention.
(1) Synthesis of L-DNA-Tagged Primers
In this example, a forward primer (F) and a reverse primer (R) were designed to be able to amplify about 330 base pairs by PCR amplification using pUC19 (available from Takara Bio, Inc.) as a template. Then, tag sequences T1 and T2 which are non-natural (L-)DNA strands were respectively introduced into the 5′ ends of these primers to construct L-DNA-tagged primers T1-F and T2-R. The synthesis of these L-DNA-tagged primers was carried out by a general phosphoramidite method using a DNA automatic synthesizer (H-8-SE: Gene World) with a 0.2 μM column.
The following shows the primer set prepared in this study.
Dd(GGAAACAGCTATGACCATGA)-3′
Dd(CTATGCGGCATCAGAGCAG)-3′
(2) PCR Using L-DNA-Tagged Primer Set
PCR was performed using the primer set prepared by performing the above step (1). Specifically, a 100 μl PCR mixture was prepared by putting the prepared primer F and primer R (15 pmol each) and pUC19 (10 ng) in a 0.2-ml PCR tube, and following the instruction manual of a PCR device ExTaq (available from Takara Bio, Inc.). Thereafter, the tube was set in a thermal cycler (GeneAmp PCR System, available from Applied Biosystems), and subjected to heat treatment at 95° C. for five minutes and then exposed to 35 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds. Consequently, the target fragment of about 330 bp was amplified. Separately, the same reaction was carried out in the absence of pUC19 as a negative control.
(3) Preparation of Latex-Bound L-Oligonucleotide Probe
A carboxyl group-containing polystyrene latex (solids content: 10% (w/w), available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc.) and an amino-group containing L-oligonucleotide probe (SEQ ID No:7, strand complementary to SEQ ID No:3) were bonded by mixing them in MES buffer containing a necessary amount of a water-soluble carbodiimide, and the resulting product was blocked with monoethanolamine. The reaction solution was centrifuged, and the supernatant was then removed. The obtained precipitate was washed with water, and then resuspended in HEPES buffer with a surfactant. The suspension was uniformly applied to a glass fiber pad, and the pad was dried in a vacuum oven. In this manner, a conjugate pad was obtained.
(4) Immobilization of L-Oligonucleotide Probe on Solid Phase
A nylon membrane modified with carboxyl groups (available from Pall Corporation, 6 mm×60 mm) was treated with a water-soluble carbodiimide, and washed with deionized water. An amino group-containing L-oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:8) complementary to SEQ ID No:4 was applied to the activated membrane with a dispenser along a line drawn 30 mm from one end of the membrane, and air-dried for 15 minutes. Subsequently, the membrane was treated with Tris buffer and blocked, and then washed with water and dried.
(5) Preparation of Nucleic Acid Chromatography-Like Test Strip
A test strip to be used for detection of the PCR product amplified using the L-DNA-tagged primer set was prepared by attaching a chromatographic medium consisting of the nylon membrane prepared above, the conjugate pad prepared above, a general sample pad as a sample application zone, and an absorption pad for absorbing the developed sample and the labeling substance to a substrate consisting of a backing sheet as shown in
(6) Detection of PCR Product Using Test Strip
The PCR product obtained in the step (2) was immediately, without being denatured, applied to the sample application zone on the test strip prepared in the step (5) to perform detection by chromatography. A colored line specific to the target nucleic acid was detected along the test line for the sample prepared using pUC19 as an analyte in the step (2). In contrast, there was no line detected for the negative control prepared using water instead. The detection by chromatography took as short a time as 10 to 15 minutes.
(1) Synthesis of Hairpin-Tagged Primers
In the same manner as in the step (1) in Example 1, a forward primer (F) and a reverse primer (R) were designed to be able to amplify about 330 base pairs by PCR amplification using pUC19 (available from Takara Bio, Inc.) as a template. Then, a polymerase reaction inhibitory region (H) having a hairpin structure and a tag sequence T3 or T4 were introduced into the 5′ end of each corresponding primer to synthesize tagged primers T3-H-F and T4-H-R.
The following shows the primer set prepared in this study. Polymerase reaction inhibitory sequence H:
(2) PCR Using Hairpin-Tagged Primer Set
PCR was performed using the primer set prepared by performing the above step (1). Specifically, a 100 μl PCR mixture was prepared by putting the prepared primer F and primer R (15 pmol each), and pUC19 (10 ng) in a 0.2-ml PCR tube, and following the instruction manual of a PCR device ExTaq (available from Takara Bio, Inc.). Thereafter, the tube was set in a thermal cycler (GeneAmp PCR System, available from Applied Biosystems), and subjected to heat treatment at 95° C. for five minutes and then exposed to 35 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds. Consequently, the target fragment of about 330 bp was amplified. Separately, the same reaction was carried out in the absence of pUC19 as a negative control.
(3) Preparation of Latex-Bound Oligonucleotide Probe
A carboxyl group-containing polystyrene latex (solids content: 10% (w/w), available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc.) and an amino-group containing oligonucleotide probe (SEQ ID No:14, strand complementary to SEQ ID No:10) were bonded by mixing them in MES buffer containing a necessary amount of a water-soluble carbodiimide, and the resulting product was blocked with monoethanolamine. The reaction solution was centrifuged, and the supernatant was then removed. The obtained precipitate was washed with water, and then resuspended in HEPES buffer with a surfactant. The suspension was uniformly applied to a glass fiber pad, and the pad was dried in a vacuum oven. In this manner, a conjugate pad was obtained.
(4) Immobilization of Oligonucleotide Probe on Solid Phase
A nylon membrane modified with carboxyl groups (available from Pall Corporation, 6 mm×60 mm) was treated with a water-soluble carbodiimide, and washed with deionized water. An amino group-containing L-oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:15) complementary to SEQ ID No:11 was applied to the activated membrane with a dispenser along a line drawn 30 mm from one end of the membrane, and air-dried for 15 minutes. Subsequently, the membrane was treated with Tris buffer and blocked, and then washed with water and dried.
(5) Preparation of Nucleic Acid Chromatography-Like Test Strip
A test strip to be used for detection of the PCR product amplified using the hairpin-tagged primer set was prepared by attaching a chromatographic medium consisting of the nylon membrane prepared above, the conjugate pad prepared above, a general sample pad as a sample application zone, and an absorption pad for absorbing the developed sample and the labeling substance to a substrate consisting of a backing sheet as shown in
(6) Detection of PCR Product Using Test Strip
The PCR product obtained in the step (2) was immediately, without being denatured, applied to the sample application zone on the test strip prepared in the step (5) to perform detection by chromatography. A colored line specific to the target nucleic acid was detected along the test line for the sample prepared using pUC19 as an analyte in the step (2). In contrast, there was no line detected for the negative control prepared using water instead. The detection by chromatography took as short a time as 10 to 15 minutes.
(1) Synthesis of Artificial Nucleic Acid (Azobenzene)-Inserted Primers
In the same manner as in the step (1) in Example 1, a forward primer (F) and a reverse primer (R) were designed to be able to amplify about 330 base pairs by PCR amplification using pUC19 (available from Takara Bio, Inc.) as a template. Then, a polymerase reaction inhibitory region (X) containing azobenzene (artificial nucleic acid) and a tag sequence T5 or T6 were introduced into the 5′ end of each corresponding primer to synthesize tagged primers T5-X-F and T6-X-R. These two azobenzene-inserted primers were purchased as products custom-synthesized by TSUKUBA OLIGO SERVICE CO., LTD. The following shows the primer set prepared in this study.
The azobenzene inserted into the primers is represented by the following formula (1).
(2) PCR Using Azobenzene-Inserted Primer Set
PCR was performed using the primer set prepared by performing the above step (1). Specifically, a 100 μl PCR mixture was prepared by putting the primer T5-X-F and primer T6-X-R (15 pmol each) and pUC19 (10 ng) in a 0.2-ml PCR tube, and following the instruction manual of a PCR device ExTaq (available from Takara Bio, Inc.). Thereafter, the tube was set in a thermal cycler (GeneAmp PCR System, available from Applied Biosystems), and subjected to heat treatment at 95° C. for five minutes and then exposed to 35 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds. Consequently, the target fragment of about 330 bp was amplified. Separately, the same reaction was carried out in the absence of pUC19 as a negative control.
(3) Preparation of Latex-Bound Oligonucleotide Probe
A carboxyl group-containing polystyrene latex (solids content: 10% (w/w), available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc.) and an amino-group containing oligonucleotide probe (SEQ ID No:20, strand complementary to SEQ ID No:16) were bonded by mixing them in MES buffer containing a necessary amount of a water-soluble carbodiimide, and the resulting product was blocked with monoethanolamine. The reaction solution was centrifuged, and the supernatant was then removed. The obtained precipitate was washed with water, and then resuspended in HEPES buffer with a surfactant. The suspension was uniformly applied to a glass fiber pad, and the pad was dried in a vacuum oven. In this manner, a conjugate pad was obtained.
(4) Immobilization of Oligonucleotide Probe on Solid Phase
A nylon membrane modified with carboxyl groups (available from Pall Corporation, 6 mm×60 mm) was treated with a water-soluble carbodiimide, and washed with deionized water. An amino group-containing D-oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:21) complementary to SEQ ID No:17 was applied to the activated membrane with a dispenser along a line drawn 30 mm from one end of the membrane, and air-dried for 15 minutes. Subsequently, the membrane was treated with Tris buffer and blocked, and then washed with water and dried.
(5) Preparation of Nucleic Acid Chromatography-Like Test Strip
A test strip to be used for detection of the PCR product amplified using the azobenzene-inserted primer set was prepared by attaching a chromatographic medium consisting of the nylon membrane prepared above, the conjugate pad prepared above, a general sample pad as a sample application zone, and an absorption pad for absorbing the developed sample and the labeling substance to a substrate consisting of a backing sheet as shown in
(6) Detection of PCR Product Using Test Strip
The PCR product obtained in the step (2) was immediately, without being denatured, applied to the sample application zone on the test strip prepared in the step (5) to perform detection by chromatography. A colored line specific to the target nucleic acid was detected along the test line for the sample prepared using pUC19 as an analyte in the step (2). In contrast, there was no line detected for the negative control prepared using water instead. The detection by chromatography took as short a time as 10 to 15 minutes.
(1) Preparation of Gold Colloid-Bound Oligonucleotide Probe
Gold Colloid (40 nm, 9.0×1010 (particles/ml), available from British BioCell International) and a thiol group-containing oligonucleotide probe (SEQ ID No:22, strand complementary to SEQ ID No:16) were mixed and incubated at 50° C. for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was removed. The residue was combined and mixed with 0.05 M sodium chloride and 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7), and then incubated again at 50° C. for 40 hours.
After the incubation, the resulting mixture was centrifuged (6000 rpm, 15 minutes). The supernatant was removed, and the residue was combined with 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7). This buffer replacement procedure was performed again.
The obtained gold colloid solution was uniformly applied to a glass fiber pad, and the pad was dried in a vacuum oven. In this manner, a conjugate pad was obtained.
(2) Immobilization of Oligonucleotide Probe on Solid Phase
A 3′-biotin-modified oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:23) complementary to SEQ ID No:17 was mixed with streptavidin. The resulting mixture was applied along a line on a nitrocellulose membrane (product name: Hi-Flow 180, available from Millipore Corporation) with a dispenser, and air-dried at 40° C. for 30 minutes.
(3) Preparation of Nucleic Acid Chromatography-Like Test Strip
A test strip to be used for detection of the PCR product amplified using the azobenzene-inserted primer set was prepared by attaching a chromatographic medium consisting of the nitrocellulose membrane prepared above, the conjugate pad prepared above, a general sample pad as a sample application zone, and an absorption pad for absorbing the developed sample and the labeling substance to a substrate consisting of a backing sheet as shown in
(4) Detection of PCR Product Using Test Strip
The PCR product obtained in the step (2) in Example 3 was immediately, without being denatured, applied to the sample application zone on the test strip prepared in the step (3) to perform detection by chromatography. A colored line specific to the target nucleic acid was detected along the test line for the sample prepared using pUC19 as an analyte in the step (2) in Example 3. In contrast, there was no line detected for the negative control prepared using water instead. The detection by chromatography took as short a time as 10 to 15 minutes.
(1) Immobilization of Oligonucleotide Probe on Solid Phase
An oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:24) complementary to SEQ ID No:17 was applied along a line on an UltraBind affinity membrane (available from Pall Corporation) with a dispenser, and air-dried at 80° C. for one hour.
(2) Preparation of Nucleic Acid Chromatography-Like Test Strip
A test strip to be used for detection of the PCR product amplified using the azobenzene-inserted primer set was prepared by attaching a chromatographic medium consisting of the UltraBind affinity membrane prepared above, the conjugate pad prepared above, a general sample pad as a sample application zone, and an absorption pad for absorbing the developed sample and the labeling substance to a substrate consisting of a backing sheet as shown in
(3) Detection of PCR Product Using Test Strip
The PCR product obtained in the step (2) in Example 3 was immediately, without being denatured, applied to the sample application zone on the test strip prepared in the step (2) to perform detection by chromatography. A colored line specific to the target nucleic acid was detected along the test line for the sample prepared using pUC19 as an analyte in the step (2) in Example 3. In contrast, there was no line detected for the negative control prepared using water instead. The detection by chromatography took as short a time as 10 to 15 minutes.
(1) Synthesis of Artificial Nucleic Acid (Azobenzene)-Inserted Primers
In this example, three pairs of primers, a forward primer (F1) and a reverse primer (R1), a forward primer (F2) and a reverse primer (R2), and a forward primer (F3) and a reverse primer (R3), were designed to be able to amplify about 330 base pairs, about 200 base pairs, and about 100 base pairs, respectively, by PCR amplification using the three genes: pUC19 (available from Takara Bio, Inc.), an EcoRI methylase gene, and a BamHI methylase gene as target nucleic acid templates, respectively. Then, a polymerase reaction inhibitory region (X) containing azobenzene (artificial nucleic acid) and a tag sequence T10 or T11, or a tag sequence T12 or T13, or a tag sequence T14 or T15 were introduced into the 5′ end of each corresponding primer to synthesize tagged primers T10-X-F1 and T11-X-R1, T12-X-F2 and T13-X-R2, and T14-X-F3 and T15-X-R3. These six azobenzene-inserted primers were purchased as products custom-synthesized by TSUKUBA OLIGO SERVICE CO., LTD. The following shows the three primer sets prepared in this study.
(2) PCR Using Three Azobenzene-Inserted Primer Sets
PCR was performed using the three primer sets prepared by performing the above step (1). Specifically, a 100 μl PCR mixture was prepared by putting the primer T10-X-F1 and primer T11-X-R1, the primer T12-X-F2 and primer T13-X-R2, and the primer T14-X-F3 and primer T15-X-R3 (15 pmol each) and the template(s) (10 ng each) in a 0.2-ml PCR tube, and following the instruction manual of a PCR device ExTaq (available from Takara Bio, Inc.). The following five kinds of PCR mixtures were prepared:
(i) a PCR mixture containing pUC19 (available from. Takara Bio, Inc.) as a template;
(ii) a PCR mixture containing the EcoRI methylase gene as a template;
(iii) a PCR mixture containing the BamHI methylase gene as a template;
(iv) a PCR mixture containing all the three templates pUC19 (available from Takara Bio, Inc.), the EcoRI methylase gene, and the BamHI methylase gene; and
(v) a PCR mixture containing no template.
After these PCR mixtures were prepared, the tubes were set in a thermal cycler (GeneAmp PCR System, available from Applied Biosystems), and subjected to heat treatment at 95° C. for five minutes and then exposed to 30 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds. Consequently, the following DNA fragments containing the target sequences were amplified: (i) about 330 bp; (ii) about 200 bp; (iii) about 100 bp; (iv) three fragments of about 330 bp, about 200 bp, and about 100 bp; and (v) no amplified DNA fragment (negative control).
(3) Preparation of Latex-Bound Oligonucleotide Probes
Each pair of a carboxyl group-containing polystyrene latex (blue) (solids content: 10% (w/w), available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc.) and an amino group-containing oligonucleotide probe 16 (SEQ ID No:37, strand complementary to SEQ ID No: 25), a carboxyl group-containing polystyrene latex (orange) (solids content: 10% (w/w), available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc.) and an amino group-containing oligonucleotide probe 17 (SEQ ID No:38, strand complementary to SEQ ID No:29), and a carboxyl group-containing polystyrene latex (green) (solids content: 10% (w/w), available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc.) and an amino group-containing oligonucleotide probe 18 (SEQ ID No:39, strand complementary to SEQ ID No:33) were bonded by mixing the pair in MES buffer containing a necessary amount of a water-soluble carbodiimide, and the resulting products were blocked with monoethanolamine. The reaction solutions were centrifuged, and the supernatants were then removed. The obtained precipitates were individually washed with water and then resuspended in HEPES buffer with a surfactant to prepare an oligonucleotide probe 16-bound latex (blue), an oligonucleotide probe 17-bound latex (orange), and an oligonucleotide probe 18-bound latex (green), respectively.
These three latexes were uniformly applied to a glass fiber pad, and the pad was dried in a vacuum oven. In this manner, a conjugate pad was obtained.
(4) Immobilization of Three Oligonucleotide Probes on Solid Phase
A 3′-biotin-modified oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:40) complementary to SEQ ID No:26, a 3′-biotin-modified oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:41) complementary to SEQ ID No:30, and a 3′-biotin-modified oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:42) complementary to SEQ ID No:34 were individually mixed with streptavidin. The resulting mixtures were applied with a dispenser respectively along three separated lines on a nitrocellulose membrane (product name: Hi-Flow 135, available from Millipore Corporation) in the stated order from the upstream, and air-dried at 40° C. for 30 minutes. In this manner, three detection lines were formed.
(5) Preparation of Nucleic Acid Chromatography-Like Test Strip
A test strip to be used for detection of the PCR products amplified using the azobenzene-inserted primer sets was prepared by attaching a chromatographic medium consisting of the nitrocellulose membrane prepared above, the conjugate pad prepared in the step (3), a general sample pad as a sample application zone, and an absorption pad for absorbing the developed sample and the labeling substances to a substrate consisting of a backing sheet as shown in
(6) Detection of PCR Products Using Test Strip
Each of the PCR products (i) to (v) prepared in the step (2) was immediately, without being denatured, applied to the sample application zone on the test strip prepared in the step (5) to perform detection by chromatography. The results are shown below.
(i): Only the first detection line turned blue.
(ii): Only the second detection line turned orange.
(iii): Only the third detection line turned green.
(iv): The first, second, and third detection lines turned blue, orange, and green, respectively.
(v): No color change was observed for all the detection lines.
The results confirmed that it is possible to specifically detect each of the target genes and to simultaneously detect the three kinds of genes.
The detection by chromatography took as short a time as 10 to 15 minutes.
(1) Synthesis of Joint Primers
In this example, three pairs of primers, a forward primer (Fj1) and a reverse primer (Rj1), a forward primer (Fj2) and a reverse primer (Rj2), and a forward primer (Fj3) and a reverse primer (Rj3)), were designed to be able to amplify about 330 base pairs, about 200 base pairs, and about 100 base pairs, respectively, by PCR amplification using the three genes: pUC19 (available from Takara Bio, Inc.), an EcoRI methylase gene, and a BamHI methylase gene as target nucleic acid templates, respectively. Then, common sequences KF1 and KR1, common sequences KF2 and KR2, or common sequences KF3 and KR3 were introduced into the 5′ ends of each corresponding primer pair to synthesize common sequence-added primers KF1-Fj1 and KR1-Rj1, KF2-Fj2 and KR2-Rj2, and KF3-Fj3 and KR3-Rj3. These six common sequence-added primers (joint primers) were purchased as products custom-synthesized by TSUKUBA OLIGO SERVICE CO., LTD. The following shows the three primer sets prepared in this study.
(2) Synthesis of Artificial Nucleic Acid (Azobenzene)-Inserted Primers
In this example, three pairs of primers containing the same common sequences as those of the respective joint primers prepared in the step 1 were designed to be able to respectively bind to the three kinds of PCR fragments amplified respectively using the joint primer sets. Then, a polymerase reaction inhibitory region (X) containing azobenzene (artificial nucleic acid) and a tag sequence T22 or T23, or a tag sequence 124 or T25, or a tag sequence T26 or T27 were introduced into the 5′ end of each corresponding primer to synthesize tagged primers T22-X-KF1 and T23-X-KR1, T24-X-KF2 and T25-X-KR2, and T26-X-KF3 and T27-X-KR3. These six azobenzene-inserted primers were purchased as products custom-synthesized by TSUKUBA OLIGO SERVICE CO., LTD. The following shows the three primer sets prepared in this study.
(3) PCR Using Joint Primers and Azobenzene-Inserted Primers
PCR was performed using the six primer sets prepared by performing the above steps (1) and (2). Specifically, a 100 μl PCR mixture was prepared by putting the primer KF1-Fj1, the primer KR1-Rj1, the primer KF2-Fj2, the primer KR2-Rj2, the primer KF3-Fj3, the primer KR3-Rj3, the primer T22-X-KF1, the primer T23-X-KR1, the primer T24-X-KF2, the primer T25-X-KR2, the primer T26-X-KF3, and the primer T27-X-KR3 (8 pmol each), and the template(s) (10 ng each) in a 0.2-ml PCR tube, and following the instruction manual of a PCR device ExTaq (available from Takara Bio, Inc.). The following five kinds of PCR mixtures were prepared:
(i) a PCR mixture containing pUC19 (available from. Takara Bio, Inc.) as a template;
(ii) a PCR mixture containing the EcoRI methylase gene as a template;
(iii) a PCR mixture containing the BamHI methylase gene as a template;
(iv) a PCR mixture containing all the three templates pUC19 (available from Takara Bio, Inc.), the EcoRI methylase gene, and the BamHI methylase gene; and
(v) a PCR mixture containing no template.
After these PCR mixtures were prepared, the tubes were set in a thermal cycler (GeneAmp PCR System, available from Applied Biosystems), and subjected to heat treatment at 95° C. for five minutes and then exposed to 30 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds. Consequently, the following DNA fragments containing the target sequences were amplified: (i) about 360 bp; (ii) about 230 bp; (iii) about 130 bp; (iv) three fragments of about 360 bp, about 230 bp, and about 130 bp; and (v) no amplified DNA fragment (negative control).
(4) Preparation of Latex-Bound Oligonucleotide Probes
Each pair of a carboxyl group-containing polystyrene latex (blue) (solids content: 10% (w/w), available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc.) and an amino group-containing oligonucleotide probe 28 (SEQ ID No:67, strand complementary to SEQ ID No:55), a carboxyl group-containing polystyrene latex (orange) (solids content: 10% (w/w), available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc.) and an amino group-containing oligonucleotide probe 29 (SEQ ID No:68, strand complementary to SEQ ID No:59), and a carboxyl group-containing polystyrene latex (green) (solids content: 10% (w/w), available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc.) and an amino group-containing oligonucleotide probe 30 (SEQ ID No:69, strand complementary to SEQ ID No:63) were bonded by mixing the pair in MES buffer containing a necessary amount of a water-soluble carbodiimide, and the resulting products were blocked with monoethanolamine. The reaction solutions were centrifuged, and the supernatants were then removed. The obtained precipitates were individually washed with water and then resuspended in HEPES buffer with a surfactant to prepare an oligonucleotide probe 28-bound latex (blue), an oligonucleotide probe 29-bound latex (orange), and an oligonucleotide probe 30-bound latex (green), respectively.
These three latexes were uniformly applied to a glass fiber pad, and the pad was dried in a vacuum oven. In this manner, a conjugate pad was obtained.
(5) Immobilization of Three Oligonucleotide Probes on Solid Phase
A 3′-biotin-modified oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:70) complementary to SEQ ID No: 56, a 3′-biotin-modified oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:71) complementary to SEQ ID No:60, and a 3′-biotin-modified oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:72) complementary to SEQ ID No:64 were individually mixed with streptavidin. The resulting mixtures were applied with a dispenser respectively along three separated lines on a nitrocellulose membrane (product name: Hi-Flow 135, available from Millipore Corporation) in the stated order from the upstream, and air-dried at 40° C. for 30 minutes. In this manner, three detection lines were formed.
(6) Preparation of Nucleic Acid Chromatography-Like Test Strip
A test strip to be used for detection of the PCR products amplified using the azobenzene-inserted primer sets was prepared by attaching a chromatographic medium consisting of the nitrocellulose membrane prepared above, the conjugate pad prepared in the step (4), a general sample pad as a sample application zone, and an absorption pad for absorbing the developed sample and the labeling substances to a substrate consisting of a backing sheet as shown in
(7) Detection of PCR Products Using Test Strip
Each of the PCR products (i) to (v) prepared in the step (3) was immediately, without being denatured, applied to the sample application zone on the test strip prepared in the step (6) to perform detection by chromatography. The results are shown below.
(i): Only the first detection line turned blue.
(ii): Only the second detection line turned orange.
(iii): Only the third detection line turned green.
(iv): The first, second, and third detection lines turned blue, orange, and green, respectively.
(v): No color change was observed for all the detection lines.
The results confirmed that it is possible to specifically detect each of the target genes and to detect the three kinds of genes. The detection by chromatography took as short a time as 10 to 15 minutes.
(1) Synthesis of Joint Primer
In this example, a forward primer (F) and a reverse primer (R) were designed to be able to amplify about 330 base pairs by PCR amplification using pUC19 (available from Takara Bio, Inc.) as a target nucleic acid template. Then, common sequences KF and KR were respectively introduced into the 5′ ends of these primers to synthesize common sequence-added primers KF-F and KR-R. These two common sequence-added primers (joint primers) were purchased as products custom-synthesized by TSUKUBA OLIGO SERVICE CO., LTD. The following shows the primer set prepared in this study.
(2) Synthesis of Biotin-Modified Primer and FITC-Modified Primer
In this example, primers containing the same common sequences as those of the respective joint primers prepared in the step (1) were designed to be able to bind to the PCR fragment amplified using the joint primer set. One of these primers synthesized had a 5′ end modified with biotin, and the other had a 5′ end modified with FITC. These two modified primers were purchased as products custom-synthesized by TSUKUBA OLIGO SERVICE CO., LTD. The following shows the primer set prepared in this study.
(3) PCR Using Joint Primer and Modified Primer
PCR was performed using the primer sets prepared by performing the above steps (1) and (2). Specifically, a 100 μl PCR mixture was prepared by putting the primer KF-F, the primer KR-R, the primer KF2, and the primer KR2 (8 pmol each), and pUC19 (10 ng) as a template in a 0.2-ml PCR tube, and following the instruction manual of a PCR device ExTaq (available from Takara Bio, Inc.). After the preparation of the PCR mixture, the tube was set in a thermal cycler (GeneAmp PCR System, available from Applied Biosystems), and subjected to heat treatment at 95° C. for five minutes and then exposed to 30 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds. Consequently, an about 360-bp DNA fragment containing the target sequence was amplified.
(4) Preparation of Latex-Bound Streptavidin
A carboxyl group-containing polystyrene latex (blue) (solids content: 10% (w/w), available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc.) and streptavidin (available from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were bonded by mixing them in MES buffer containing a necessary amount of a water-soluble carbodiimide, and the resulting product was blocked with monoethanolamine. The reaction solution was centrifuged, and the supernatant was then removed. The obtained precipitate was washed with water, and then resuspended in HEPES buffer with a surfactant to prepare a streptavidin-bound latex (blue). This latex solution was uniformly applied to a glass fiber pad, and the pad was dried in a vacuum oven. In this manner, a conjugate pad was obtained.
(5) Immobilization of Anti-FITC (Fluorescein Isothiocyanate) Antibody to Solid Phase
An anti-FITC antibody (available from Invitrogen) was dissolved in 5 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.5), and applied with a dispenser along a line on a nitrocellulose membrane (product name: Hi-Flow 135, available from Millipore Corporation), and then air-dried at 40° C. for 30 minutes. In this manner, a detection line was formed.
(6) Preparation of Nucleic Acid Chromatography-Like Test Strip
A test strip to be used for detection of the PCR product amplified using the set of the biotin-modified primer and the FITC-modified primer was prepared by attaching a chromatographic medium consisting of the nitrocellulose membrane prepared above, the conjugate pad prepared in the step (4), a general sample pad as a sample application zone, and an absorption pad for absorbing the developed sample and the labeling substance to a substrate consisting of a backing sheet as shown in
(7) Detection of PCR Product Using Test Strip
The PCR product obtained in the step (3) was immediately, without being denatured, applied to the sample application zone on the test strip prepared in the step (6) to perform detection by chromatography. Consequently, a colored line specific to the target nucleic acid was detected along the test line for the sample prepared using pUC19 as an analyte in the step (3). In contrast, there was no line detected for the negative control prepared using water instead. The detection by chromatography took as short a time as 10 to 15 minutes.
(1) Synthesis of Joint Primers
In this example, three pairs of primers, a forward primer (Fj1) and a reverse primer (Rj1), a forward primer (Fj2) and a reverse primer (Rj2), and a forward primer (Fj3) and a reverse primer (Rj3), were designed to be able to amplify about 330 base pairs, about 200 base pairs, and about 100 base pairs, respectively, by PCR amplification using the three genes: pUC19 (available from Takara Bio, Inc.), an EcoRI methylase gene, and a BamHI methylase gene as target nucleic acid templates, respectively. Then, common sequences KF1 and KR1, common sequences KF2 and KR2, or common sequences KF3 and KR3 were introduced into the 5′ ends of each corresponding primer pair to synthesize common sequence-added primers KF1-Fj1 and KR1-Rj1, KF2-Fj2 and KR2-Rj2, and KF3-Fj3 and KR3-Rj3. These six common sequence-added primers (joint primers) were purchased as products custom-synthesized by TSUKUBA OLIGO SERVICE CO., LTD. The following shows the three primer sets prepared in this study.
(2) Synthesis of Artificial Nucleic Acid (Azobenzene)-Inserted Primers and Biotin-Modified Primers
In this example, three pairs of primers containing the same common sequences as those of the respective joint primers prepared in the step (1) were designed to be able to respectively bind to the three kinds of PCR fragments amplified respectively using the joint primer sets. As one primer of each of these three pairs, primers modified with biotin at the 5′ end, i.e., KF1, KF2 and KF3, were synthesized. Also, as the other primer of each of these three pairs, tagged primers having at the 5′ end a polymerase reaction inhibitory region (X) containing azobenzene (artificial nucleic acid), and a tag sequence T34, T35 or T36, i.e., T34-X-KR1, T35-X-KR2, and T36-X-KR3, were synthesized. These six modified primers were purchased as products custom-synthesized by TSUKUBA OLIGO SERVICE CO., LTD. The following shows the three primer sets prepared.
(3) PCR Using Joint Primers and Azobenzene-Inserted Primers
PCR was performed using the six primer sets prepared by performing the above steps (1) and (2). Specifically, a 100 μl PCR mixture was prepared by putting the primer KF1-Fj1, the primer KR1-Rj1, the primer KF2-Fj2, the primer KR2-Rj2, the primer KF3-Fj3, the primer KR3-Rj3, the primer KF1, the primer T34-X-KR1, the primer KF2, the primer T35-X-KR2, the primer KF3, and the primer T36-X-KR3 (8 pmol each), and the template(s) (10 ng each) in a 0.2-ml PCR tube, and following the instruction manual of a PCR device ExTaq (available from Takara Bio, Inc.). The following five kinds of PCR mixtures were prepared:
(i) a PCR mixture containing pUC19 (available from. Takara Bio, Inc.) as a template;
(ii) a PCR mixture containing the EcoRI methylase gene as a template;
(iii) a PCR mixture containing the BamHI methylase gene as a template;
(iv) a PCR mixture containing all the three templates pUC19 (available from Takara Bio, Inc.), the EcoRI methylase gene, and the BamHI methylase gene; and
(v) a PCR mixture containing no template.
After these PCR mixtures were prepared, the tubes were set in a thermal cycler (GeneAmp PCR System, available from Applied Biosystems), and subjected to heat treatment at 95° C. for five minutes and then exposed to 30 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds. Consequently, the following DNA fragments containing the target sequences were amplified: (i) about 360 bp; (ii) about 230 bp; (iii) about 130 bp; (iv) three fragments of about 360 bp, about 230 bp, and about 130 bp; and (v) no amplified DNA fragment (negative control).
(4) Preparation of Gold Colloid-Bound Streptavidin
Gold Colloid (particle size: 40 nm, available from British BioCell International) and streptavidin were mixed and incubated at 50° C. for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was removed. The residue was combined and mixed with 0.05 M sodium chloride and 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7), and then incubated again at 50° C. for 40 hours.
After the incubation, the resulting mixture was centrifuged (6000 rpm, 15 minutes). The supernatant was removed, and the residue was combined with 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7). This buffer replacement procedure was performed again.
The obtained gold colloid solution was uniformly applied to a glass fiber pad, and the pad was then dried in a vacuum oven. In this manner, a conjugate pad was obtained.
(5) Immobilization of Three Oligonucleotide Probes on Solid Phase
An oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:100) complementary to SEQ ID No:91, an oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:101) complementary to SEQ ID No:94, and an oligonucleotide probe having a sequence (SEQ ID No:102) complementary to SEQ ID No:97 were synthesized. The resulting probe solutions were applied with a dispenser respectively along three separated lines on a nitrocellulose membrane (product name: Hi-Flow 135, available from Millipore Corporation) in the stated order from the upstream, and air-dried at 40° C. for 30 minutes. In this manner, three detection lines were formed.
(6) Preparation of Nucleic Acid Chromatography-Like Test Strip
A test strip to be used for detection of the PCR products amplified using the sets of the biotin-modified primers and the azobenzene-inserted primers was prepared by attaching a chromatographic medium consisting of the nitrocellulose membrane prepared above, the conjugate pad prepared in the step (4), a general sample pad as a sample application zone, and an absorption pad for absorbing the developed sample and the labeling substance to a substrate consisting of a backing sheet as shown in
(7) Detection of PCR Products Using Test Strip
Each of the PCR products (i) to (v) prepared in the step (3) was immediately, without being denatured, applied to the sample application zone on the test strip prepared in the step (6) to perform detection by chromatography. The results are shown below.
(i): Only the first detection line was colored.
(ii): Only the second detection line was colored.
(iii): Only the third detection line was colored.
(iv): All the first, second, and third detection lines were colored.
(v): No color change was observed for all the detection lines.
The results confirmed that it is possible to specifically detect each of the target genes and to detect the three kinds of genes. The detection by chromatography took as short a time as 10 to 15 minutes.
(1) Synthesis of Artificial Nucleic Acid (Azobenzene)-Inserted Primer
In this example, Escherichia coli (E. coli DH5α) transfected with the plasmid pUC19 was used as a target. A forward primer (F) and a reverse primer (R) were designed to be able to amplify about 330 base pairs by PCR amplification using pUC19 as a template. Then, a polymerase reaction inhibitory region (X) containing azobenzene (artificial nucleic acid), and a tag sequence T37 or T38 were introduced into the 5′ end of each corresponding primer to synthesize tagged primers T37-X-F and T38-X-R. These two azobenzene-inserted primers were purchased as products custom-synthesized by TSUKUBA OLIGO SERVICE CO., LTD. The following shows the primer set prepared in this study.
(2) PCR Using Azobenzene-Inserted Primer Set
A colony of Escherichia coli (E. coli DH5α) cells transfected with the plasmid pUC19 was collected and mixed in 1 ml of water. PCR was performed using the primer set prepared in the above step (1). Specifically, a 25 μl PCR mixture was prepared by putting the primer F and primer R (5 pmol each) and the Escherichia coli suspension (1 μl) in a 0.2-ml PCR tube, and following the instruction manual of a PCR device ExTaq (available from. Takara Bio, Inc.). Subsequently, the tube was set in a thermal cycler (GeneAmp PCR System, available from Applied Biosystems), and subjected to heat treatment at 95° C. for five minutes and then exposed to 30 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 30 seconds. Consequently, the target fragment of about 330 bp was amplified. Separately, the same reaction was carried out in the absence of the suspension as a negative control.
(3) Preparation of Gold Colloid-Bound Oligonucleotide Probe
Gold Colloid (10 nm, 5.7×1012 (particles/ml), available from British BioCell International) and an anti-FITC antibody solution (5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7) were mixed and left to stand still for 20 minutes at room temperature. To the resulting mixture, one half volume of a solution of 1% BSA and 0.1% PEG was added, and the mixture was centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 25 minutes. After removing the supernatant, the residue was combined and mixed with the solution of 1% BSA and 0.1% PEG, and the mixture was then centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 25 minutes. After the centrifugation, the supernatant was removed and the residue was combined with 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7). This buffer replacement procedure was performed again.
The obtained gold colloid solution was mixed with a 3′-FITC-modified oligonucleotide probe 40 (SEQ ID No:109, strand complementary to SEQ ID No:103). The mixture was uniformly applied to a glass fiber pad, and the pad was then dried in a vacuum oven. In this manner, a conjugate pad was obtained.
(4) Immobilization of Oligonucleotide Probe on Solid Phase
A 3′-biotin-modified oligonucleotide probe 41 having a sequence (SEQ ID No:110) complementary to SEQ ID No:104 was mixed with streptavidin. The resulting mixture was applied with a dispenser along a line on a nitrocellulose membrane (product name: Hi-Flow 180, available from Millipore Corporation), and air-dried at 40° C. for 30 minutes.
(5) Preparation of Nucleic Acid Chromatography-Like Test Strip
A test strip to be used for detection of the PCR product amplified using the azobenzene-inserted primer set was prepared by attaching a chromatographic medium consisting of the nitrocellulose membrane prepared above, the conjugate pad prepared above, a general sample pad as a sample application zone, and an absorption pad for absorbing the developed sample and the labeling substance to a substrate consisting of a backing sheet as shown in
(6) Detection of PCR Product Using Test Strip
The PCR product obtained in the step (2) was immediately, without being denatured, applied to the sample application zone on the test strip prepared in the step (5) to perform detection by chromatography. A colored line specific to the target nucleic acid was detected along the test line for the sample prepared using Escherichia coli cells as an analyte in the step (2). In contrast, there was no line detected for the negative control prepared without using Escherichia coli cells. The detection by chromatography took as short a time as 10 to 15 minutes.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010-261728 | Nov 2010 | JP | national |
| 2011-143424 | Jun 2011 | JP | national |
This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/989,207 filed May 23, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,920,356 B2, which is the National Phase filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT/JP2011/077050 filed on Nov. 24, 2011; and this application claims priority to Application No. 2010-261728 filed in Japan on Nov. 24, 2010, and Application No. 2011-143424 filed in Japan on Jun. 28, 2011, under 35 U.S.C. § 119; the entire contents of all are hereby incorporated by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20180155771 A1 | Jun 2018 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 13989207 | US | |
| Child | 15887334 | US |
