Patent Application
20150225271
This invention relates to climate change, weather control, cloud-seeding and drought relief. It specifically relates to cloud-seeding with DMS (dimethylsulfide) and/or its oxidation products. The invention further relates to the release of DMS by marine algae such as Emiliania huxleyi (hereinafter E. huxleyi or EHUX), a species of marine algae which is one of Earth's primary producers of DMS. It further relates to ocean grazers which eat marine algae such as EHUX, and to the sharply increased quantities of DMS which the algae release when they are mechanically stressed or attacked by ocean grazers [Evans, et. al., 2007]. It especially relates to humanity's need to globally amplify DMS release by marine algae such as EHUX in order to seed rain-clouds and effect both targeted and general drought relief in the face of increasingly adverse and accelerating climate change.
Protracted drought, crop failure, famine, and forced animal and livestock herd reduction (or die-off) are among the most devastating impacts of global warming, and they are likely to get worse, becoming increasingly prevalent, and significantly more widespread across the interiors of multiple continents, as warming and climate change progress in the 21st century [Allison, et. al., 2009, and Solomon, et. al., 2007]. Warming raises ocean evaporation rates globally, which adds moisture to the atmosphere. The added water vapor is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) which further accelerates global warming in a positive feedback loop. However, increased moisture doesn't necessarily lead to increased average rainfall. In fact, with global warming, the opposite can occur. Increased drought may result in many regions, despite increased average global atmospheric humidity. The reason is that one of the primary natural cloud-seeding agents, DMS release from marine algae, may decline faster than atmospheric humidity rises with accelerating climate change.
In addition to increased ocean evaporation, global warming leads to increased stratification of warming ocean waters, producing a more pronounced ocean thermocline which blocks upwelling of nutrients from volcanic rifts in the deep ocean floor. This leads to greater depletion of nutrients in the warmer ocean surface waters and a corresponding decrease of average global algal blooming [Lovelock, 2006], including a decrease in EHUX blooming and a corresponding reduction in DMS release. Since DMS is a primary planetary cloud-seeding agent, its reduction may lead to a decrease in average rainfall in many parts of the world, especially in drought-prone regions, and an increase in global drought and famine, despite higher average atmospheric moisture levels as global warming progresses [Lovelock, 2006].
Drought is regionally spreading in many locations around the world. It is also intensifying, occurring more frequently, and lasting longer. It is expected to get far worse as global warming progresses. A tipping point for upward-spiraling positive feedbacks and setting irreversible, runaway warming in motion, with increasingly punishing drought, including mega-drought, accelerating global crop failure (leading to a rise in global famine), and accelerating forced herd reduction (or die-off) being anticipated as atmospheric carbon dioxide rises above 450 ppm [Lovelock, 2006, and Hansen, et al. 2008, 2009]. As the primary driver of climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are currently about 11 GtC/yr (carbon measure in billion metric tons carbon per year); the accumulation of atmospheric CO2 has reached 400 ppm (the highest level in 13 million years); and the accumulation is increasing at about 2 ppm/yr while CO2 emissions continue to rise at about 3.5% annually [Keeling, et. al., 2013, Solomon, et. al., 2007, Allison, et. al., 2009, McGee, 2013, and Rapier, 2012]. In an unchecked scenario, we calculate (and IPCC reports concur) that atmospheric CO2 accumulation will reach a 450 ppm tipping level by ˜2029 for irreversibly seeding runaway warming and catastrophic climate change.
Intervention is needed to prevent carbon dioxide from reaching the 450 ppm tipping point. Further intervention is needed to increase DMS production to stimulate cloud-seeding and bring rains and drought relief as long as elevated carbon dioxide levels persist. Accelerated global DMS production is anticipated to be necessary for at least the next 60 years.
Our calculations indicate that, if global carbon dioxide emissions are capped at 12 GtC/yr by 2023, and then reduced to 6 GtC/yr by 2050, further reduced to 3 GtC/yr by 2062, and finally stabilized at 1 GtC/yr by 2078 primarily via a combination of nuclear energy and invention-derived clean fossil-fueled energy and transportation alternatives, energy and fuel conservation, and improvements in energy and fuel efficiency, along with sweeping changes in agriculture, while concurrently invention-geoengineering-capturing an average of 10 GtC/yr (global impact basis) carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year from 2025-2070 (with capture ramp-up from 2019-2025), accumulated carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will be capped at ≦425 ppm by 2023, the 450 ppm tipping point may be (narrowly) averted, and atmospheric carbon dioxide may be restored to the (pre-industrial) level of 280 ppm by 2075. That will solve the carbon dioxide problem and substantially reduce drought in the long term, but extra drought relief will still be needed during the interim correction period (2019-2075), and possibly for some time afterward (owing to thermally-lagged equilibration delay). Invention-enhanced global DMS production will be needed to seed clouds, bring rain, and provide drought relief to semi-arid lands through at least 2075, and possibly longer. Invention-enhanced soil moisture retention will also be needed to maximize the effectiveness of rain and prevent rapid soil moisture loss by unimpeded runoff of rain water before it appreciably benefits crops.
The invention includes a fossil-fueled system and process for stimulating, and massively amplifying, heavier-than-water marine algae blooming such as EHUX blooms (hereinafter EHUX) in the oceans, yielding correspondingly amplified capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) at sea, and simultaneously triggering elevated DMS release by also invention-inciting ocean grazer attacks on the ocean-amplified EHUX blooms, at their bloom peak. It also includes means of targeting amplified DMS release from offshore EHUX blooms, or inland release of remotely produced DMS, to specific drought-stressed regions of the world and timing the amplified DMS release to coincide with on-shore (or inland) moisture-bearing winds to effect cloud seeding (and rain-making) over the drought-stressed regions during agricultural growing seasons. The invention involves large-scale, fossil-fuel combustion-CO2 fed, land-based, salt-water bioreactor production of EHUX plus auxiliary inland salt-water bioreactor production of ocean grazers such as zooplankton or krill. A minority fraction of the bioreactor EHUX will be fed to ocean grazers in auxiliary inland salt-water bioreactors to stimulate grazer production and also stimulate inland release of DMS in drought-stressed regions, or to stimulate inland production of DMS for collection, concentration, and transport to remote drought-stressed regions. A majority fraction of the bioreactor EHUX will be shipped to seaports for distribution and ocean seeding (with optimal nutrient) across ˜70% of the oceans to stimulate much larger secondary EHUX blooming and correspondingly amplified capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide at sea. Amplified secondary EHUX blooming will yield extra DMS release at sea and, as nature's primary cloud-seeding agent, the extra DMS should induce extra ocean cloud cover to be driven inland by onshore winds. This will help precipitate inland rain and alleviate drought. If desired, extra EHUX blooming and DMS release may be concentrated along the windward coastlines of drought-stressed and famine-prone countries with the extra DMS release being synchronized with developing weather patterns, the appearance of onshore winds, and the agricultural growing season.
Each ton of carbon in fossil-fuel combustion-CO2 fed invention bioreactor EHUX seed blooms will seed ˜14 more tons of atmospheric carbon capture (51 tons, CO2 measure) at sea, effecting an approximate 15× ocean amplification factor and massive invention-induced CO2 capture from the atmosphere. That is the means by which 10 GtC/yr (carbon measure) of atmospheric CO2 capture may be sustained from 2025-2070, enabling a return to 280 ppm atmospheric CO2 by 2075 (substantially reducing planetary greenhouse warming and associated drought in the long term) if emissions are also capped at 12 GtC/yr by 2023 and then reduced to 1 GtC/yr by 2078.
A fraction of that ocean-amplified 10 GtC/yr of EHUX blooming may be seeded along the windward coastlines of drought-stressed countries. Invention inland-bioreactor-produced ocean grazers may also be introduced in elevated numbers offshore—along the same coastlines in order to incite focused, directed, well-timed, and massively amplified grazer attacks at the peak of ocean-amplified EHUX blooming, thereby stimulating maximal secondary DMS release. If ocean-amplified DMS release is induced by well-timed invention-orchestrated grazer attacks on invention-amplified EHUX blooms concentrated along the windward coastlines of drought-stressed countries, rain should develop—sweeping inland to provide much-needed drought relief. Famine may be reduced or even eradicated by this means.
Release of DMS from well-placed land-based invention bioreactors should also help to bring rain to drought-stressed regions that are further inland, if it is properly timed with developing moisture fronts or periods of increased humidity in developing weather patterns. Invention bioreactors may finally produce DMS remotely, where it may be collected, concentrated, and transported for release in distant drought-stressed lands.
Fossil-fueled two-stage, 15× ocean-amplified EHUX blooming, correspondingly elevated DMS release at sea, capture of 10 GtC/yr of atmospheric carbon dioxide, fossil-fueled inland DMS production and release, and fossil-fueled inland DMS production with collection, concentration, transport, and remote release are all envisioned by the invention. These are key ingredients for interim drought relief and long term drought eradication. Another key ingredient will be invention-induced enhancement of soil moisture retention.
The first three points above pertain to (pending) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/999,195 (hereinafter “Ser. No. 13/999,195”). The latter three points summarize the current invention, which is a CIP of Ser. No. 13/999,195 that builds on the technology and processes established by the first invention (Ser. No. 13/999,195). The fossil-fueled invention combination has several stages. The first stage (Ser. No. 13/999,195) encompasses means for globally restoring 280 ppm atmospheric CO2 two centuries earlier than best-effort emissions-control-only, for re-establishing ideal ocean pH, and for creating global drought relief by reducing global CO2 emissions, and by concurrently capturing atmospheric CO2 at an unprecedented rate. The second stage (the current application—a CIP of Ser. No. 13/999,195) simultaneously orchestrates elevated release of DMS (nature's own cloud-seeding agent). Fossil-fueled two-stage amplified ocean algal blooming (Ser. No. 13/999,195) is the critical element required to deliver necessary CO2 capture capacity. Concentrated land-based-source CO2 would be captured and bioreactor-converted to marine algae such as Emiliania huxleyi (EHUX) for elevated ocean seeding (along with optimal nutrient) and accelerated secondary EHUX blooming, enabling massively ocean-amplified CO2 capture (Ser. No. 13/999,195) and increased DMS production at sea. Carbon-free energy and reduced transportation emissions alone, without simultaneous aggressive atmospheric CO2 capture, are insufficient to avoid impending 450 ppm CO2 tipping point crossings by about 2034. Fossil-fueled, invention-orchestrated, ocean-amplified CO2 capture, however, has the potential capacity and would impart a large negative carbon footprint to energy and transportation (Ser. No. 13/999,195), while also imparting a substantial DMS release profile (current CIP application). High-carbon fuel precursors and energy sources burning fossil fuels would supply concentrated CO2 to invention bioreactors, yielding large harvests of high-density marine algae (e.g., EHUX) needed to seed secondary ocean blooming on a much larger scale and corresponding maximally amplified capture of atmospheric CO2 at sea. Each ton of CO2 from concentrated, fossil-fueled, land-based sources such as CCS (carbon capture and sequestration) coal-fired and CCS gas-fired power plants, CCS cement production, and CCS building heating, plus CO2 from hydrogen production by CCS natural-gas reformation and by CCS oil and coal-gasification syngas reactors, would drive amplified capture of up to 14 tons of CO2 at sea (Ser. No. 13/999,195). Invention-produced two-stage amplification would impart a large negative carbon footprint (Ser. No. 13/999,195) and a substantial DMS release profile (current CIP application) to the largest traditional CO2 sources, spectacularly transforming them from CO2 emitters and drought instigators into primary engines for global warming reversal (Ser. No. 13/999,195) and drought/famine eradication (current application). Beneficial invention utilization of CO2 byproduct from hydrogen production would promote environmental viability and could vault H2 to a front-runner position in alternative fuels development. Invention-amplified secondary ocean blooming of E. huxleyi can also amplify DMS release at sea—the highest DMS levels occurring during invention-orchestrated attacks by ocean grazers. Timely introduction of extra grazers at the peak of amplified E. huxleyi (EHUX) blooming would maximize DMS release (nature's primary rainmaker). Concentrating this along the windward coastlines of drought-stressed continents and synchronizing it with developing weather patterns during agricultural growing seasons could bring much-needed rain and early drought relief. Inland DMS production by feeding a fraction of invention bioreactor-produced EHUX to ocean grazers, contained by adjacent inland secondary invention bioreactor stages, may be collected, concentrated, and transported for release over remote drought-stressed regions. That is another invention means of producing much-needed rain and drought relief in many parts of the world.
Soil moisture retention may be improved by spreading organic matter (including highly porous calcified components) on agricultural soils, in the form of excess (dead) invention bioreactor EHUX and (dead) zooplankton grazers from secondary-stage invention bioreactors. Live inland-grown cultures would be transported for use at sea to seed secondary ocean blooms and ocean-amplified capture of atmospheric CO2, plus DMS release at sea, but the dead fraction may be invention-utilized inland as organic fertilizer and as spreads for soil moisture retention enhancement, which is almost as important (for drought and famine relief) as rain itself.
A series of one hundred and twelve specific invention inclusions are listed below as Ser. No. 13/999,1965 spin-off basis elements for CIP spin-off invention involving DMS production, rain-cloud seeding, enhanced soil moisture retention, drought-relief, and famine relief, with an appended list of CIP inclusions following thereafter in this section.
1. The invention specifically includes a system for production of algae, the system comprising a CO2 source and a bioreactor supplied with concentrated CO2 from the CO2 source, the bioreactor configured to encourage accelerated growth and reproduction of algae as well as to enable development of a more concentrated final algal bloom; in which optical opacity limits on seed level and bloom concentration are circumvented by an optical thinning effect which enables greater light penetration into more concentrated algae suspensions; wherein the greater light penetration enables higher level initial seeding or inoculation of the bioreactor bloom space; wherein the higher level of initial seed accelerates blooming as a result of starting higher on a nonlinear algal growth curve; and in which a normally inaccessible upper section of the nonlinear algal growth curve is conventionally inaccessible owing to optical opacity of concentrated algal suspensions; and in which the normally inaccessible upper section of the nonlinear growth curve is rendered accessible by the optical thinning effect which enables light penetration into optically thinned suspensions of concentrated algae.
2. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the optical thinning effect is produced by slinging an algae suspension as thin watery sheets off the perimeter edges of a rotating auger blade which lifts algae suspension out of a pool, elevates the suspension, and slings it outward by centrifugal force to form optically thin watery sheets, and wherein optical thinness of the slinging sheets enables improved optical penetration by rays from a light source shining through the slinging sheets.
3. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the optical thinning effect is produced by spraying, misting, or aerosolizing an algae suspension as droplets and particles to form optically thin sprays, mists, or aerosols, wherein optical thinness of the algal sprays, mists, or aerosols enables improved optical penetration by rays from a light source shining through the sprays, mists, or aerosols.
4. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the optical thinning effect is produced by directing a flow of an algae suspension through an annular space occurring between two axially concentric tubes, and wherein the annular space occurs between the outside diameter wall of the innermost tube of the two axially concentric tubes and the inside diameter wall of the outermost tube of the two axially concentric tubes, wherein the annular space is less than 50 mm thick, and wherein the optical thinness of the flow of algae suspension within the annular space enables improved optical penetration by rays from a light source shining through the flow of algae suspension contained within the optically thin annular space.
5. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, in which the algae suspension from the bioreactor proceeds to a flow-through separation tank after blooming, wherein the flow velocity of algae suspension through the separation tank is reduced, at constant flow rate, by means of enlarged tank diameter, and wherein the reduced flow velocity is low enough to permit algae that have flagella or other motility means to swim effectively against the flow current when presented with an upstream or side-stream attractant, and wherein the direction of algal swimming is toward the attractant, and wherein algal swimming toward the attractant produces a concentrating effect on the algal suspension, and wherein the concentration of algae proximal to the attractant is made higher by the concentrating effect than the concentration of algae at points located progressively downstream from the attractant and still within the main flow of the flow-through separation tank.
6. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 5, wherein the separation tank contains a main flow exit port and a secondary exit port which is designated as a harvest exit tee, and wherein the attractant is located at a position proximal to the mouth of the harvest exit tee, and wherein the mouth of the harvest exit tee is sufficiently narrow to raise the harvest exit flow velocity to exceed the capacity for algae to swim against the harvest exit current, wherein algae swimming toward the attractant from the main separation tank are sucked into the harvest exit tee upon reaching the attractant, and wherein the harvest exit tee outflow leads to an algal harvest output port, wherein the concentration of algae harvested at the harvest output port is higher than the concentration of algae entering the separation tank, and wherein the main flow of the flow through exit tank at points downstream of the attractant and having bypassed the harvest exit tee contains a reduced concentration of algae, relative to the concentration of algae entering the separation tank, and wherein the main flow of the flow through exit tank having bypassed the harvest exit tee exits the separation tank through the main flow exit port, and wherein flow exiting the main flow exit port is recirculated to the original bioreactor.
7. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 6, in which the attractant is one or more attractants selected from among a group of attractants consisting of a light source, a nutrient source, a nutrient source, a carbon dioxide source, an attractive water temperature, and an attractive water pH, and wherein the rest of the separation tank is dark and relatively devoid of the chosen attractant or combination of attractants.
8. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the CO2 source is a methane (or natural gas) reformation reactor.
9. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 8, wherein the methane (or natural gas) reformation reactor is a steam cracker with stages of the steam reactor operating at two different temperatures that are optimized for hydrogen production from natural gas.
10. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the CO2 source provides a concentrated flow of CO2 gas.
11. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 10 which further comprises a CO2 storage module.
12. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 11, wherein the CO2 storage module includes a CO2 liquefier.
13. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the bioreactor comprises an artificial light source.
14. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 4, wherein the light source is axially positioned proximal to the axial center-line of the innermost tube of the two axially concentric tubes, and wherein rays of light from the light source shine radially outward through the annular space and the flow of algae contained within the annular space.
15. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the bioreactor comprises a CO2 inlet for the introduction of concentrated CO2 gas.
16. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the heavier-than-water algae comprise an exoskeleton or protective coccolith plates.
17. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 16, wherein the heavier-than-water algae comprise at least one of a coccolithophore or a siliceous diatom algae.
18. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the CO2 source and the bioreactor are in fluid communication.
19. The invention further includes a system for production of algae, the system comprising a hydrocarbon cracking reactor configured to generate a stream of concentrated CO2 byproduct; and a bioreactor configured to produce heavier than water algae, the bioreactor supplied, at least in part, with CO2 from the stream of concentrated CO2 byproduct; and wherein the hydrocarbon cracking reactor produces H2 as its main product.
20. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 19, wherein the hydrocarbon cracking reactor is a methane cracking reactor.
21. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 20, wherein the methane cracking reactor is a steam cracker with stages of the steam reactor operating at two different temperatures that are optimized for hydrogen production from natural gas.
22. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 19, wherein the hydrocarbon cracking reactor is a coal-gasification reactor in which partial oxidation (with O2) converts coal to syngas—a mixture of CO and H2; wherein the CO is further converted to CO2 byproduct in a water-gas shift reaction with low temperature steam, and wherein the coal-gasification reactor produces H2 as its main product.
23. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 19, wherein the hydrocarbon cracking reactor is an oil-gasification reactor in which partial oxidation (with O2) converts oil to syngas—a mixture of CO and H2; wherein the CO is further converted to CO2 in a water-gas shift reaction with low temperature steam, and wherein the oil-gasification reactor produces H2.
24. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 19, which further comprises a CO2 storage module.
25. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 24, wherein the CO2 storage module includes a CO2 liquefier.
26. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 19, wherein the bioreactor comprises an artificial light source.
27. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 19, wherein the bioreactor comprises a CO2 inlet for the introduction of concentrated CO2 gas.
28. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 19, wherein the heavier-than-water algae comprise an exoskeleton or protective coccolith plates.
29. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 28, wherein the heavier-than-water algae comprise at least one of a coccolithophore or a siliceous diatom algae.
30. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 19, wherein the CO2 source and the bioreactor are in fluid communication.
31. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the CO2 source is a CC (carbon-capture) clean-coal-fired power plant, the power plant producing electricity as a public utility and concentrated CO2 byproduct as a supercritical fluid (SCF-CO2).
32. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 31, wherein the SCF-CO2 is decompressed to concentrated CO2 gas and introduced into the bioreactor.
33. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the CO2 source is a CC (carbon-capture) gas-fired power plant, the CC power plant producing electricity as public utility and concentrated CO2 byproduct as a supercritical fluid (SCF-CO2).
34. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 33, wherein the SCF-CO2 is decompressed to concentrated CO2 gas and introduced into the bioreactor.
35. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the CO2 source is a combination (CC or standard) gas-fired and CC (carbon-capture) clean-coal-fired power plant, the power plant producing electricity as a public utility and concentrated CO2 byproduct as a supercritical fluid (SCF-CO2).
36. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 35, wherein the SCF-CO2 is decompressed to concentrated CO2 gas and introduced into the bioreactor.
37. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the CO2 source is a CC (carbon-capture) cement plant, the CC cement plant producing cement and concentrated CO2 byproduct.
38. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 37, wherein the CO2 is captured as a supercritical fluid (SCF-CO2).
39. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 38, wherein the SCF-CO2 is decompressed to concentrated CO2 gas and introduced into the bioreactor.
40. The invention further includes a system for production of algae, the system comprising a CO2 source; and a means of concentrating CO2 from the CO2 source; and a bioreactor supplied with concentrated CO2 gas from the concentrating means; wherein the bioreactor is configured to encourage the rapid growth and reproduction of a heavier-than-water species of algae.
41. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 40, wherein the concentrating means produces supercritical fluid CO2 (SCF-CO2).
42. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 41, wherein the SCF-CO2 is decompressed to create the concentrated CO2 gas and introduce it into the bioreactor.
43. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 40, wherein the means of concentrating CO2 from the source is absorbing CO2 from the source by exposure of the CO2 to a solution of alkali metal hydroxide (e.g. sodium hydroxide) or alkaline-earth hydroxide (e.g. calcium hydroxide) to form a CO2 absorption product solution of alkali bicarbonate or alkaline-earth carbonate; wherein the alkali bicarbonate or alkaline-earth carbonate solution is subsequently (or downstream) acidified to re-release the captured CO2 as concentrated CO2 into an enclosure which is common to the bioreactor or in fluid communication with the bioreactor.
44. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 43, wherein the CO2 source is selected from among a group of CO2 sources consisting of a methane reformation cracker, an oil gasification syngas reactor, a coal gasification syngas reactor, a furnace flue, a water heater flue, an incinerator flue, a crematorium flue, a blast-furnace flue, a gas stove flue, a cement plant exhaust flue, a power plant exhaust flue, a refinery exhaust flue, a factory exhaust flue, and a system designed for CO2 capture from outdoor air.
45. The invention further includes a process of ocean-amplified CO2 capture, wherein algae plus nutrient are seeded into the ocean instead of nutrient-alone; the process comprising land-based capture of concentrated CO2 from a land-based CO2 source; land-based conversion of captured CO2 to heavier-than-water marine algae in at least one bioreactor configured to encourage the rapid growth and reproduction of the heavier-than-water marine algae as ocean seed; transport of the heavier-than-water marine algae as ocean seed to seaports for ocean distribution and dispersal with added micro-nutrients in order to seed ocean-amplified blooming (further growth and rapid reproduction at sea—essentially secondary blooming on a vast ocean scale); wherein the ocean-amplified blooming occurs essentially selectively for the heavier-than-water species of marine algae by virtue of the heavier-than-water marine algae being distributed, dispersed, and seeded into the ocean water at higher levels than existing natural buoyant ocean algal strains, the higher levels selectively accelerating ocean blooming rates of the heavier-than-water marine algae by virtue of seeding the ocean higher than normal on an upward-bending nonlinear algal growth curve and producing a species-selective dominance of the ocean-amplified bloom, and wherein the higher that the ocean blooming starts on the growth curve, the faster it proceeds, if sufficient nutrient is present or provided.
46. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 45 in which the species-selective bloom dominance is further enhanced by nutrient selection.
47. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 46 in which nutrient selection for E. huxleyi coccolithophore marine algae includes nutrients which are deficient in phosphate, wherein phosphate deficiency, while also concurrently providing other nutrients in abundance, promotes prodigious E. huxleyi growth at sea, to the exclusion of blooming by other species of marine algae.
48. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 45, wherein transport to seaport of the heavier-than-water marine algae seed occurs by flat-bed truck, flat rail car, or barge; and wherein the flat-bed truck, flat rail car, or barge carry the marine algae seed in stasis-supporting cargo containers which are transferrable by crane or other lifting means from one flat-bed transportation means to another, and wherein the cargo containers are designed to maintain conditions in support of a healthy stasis condition for the heavier-than-water marine algae seed.
49. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 48, wherein the stasis-supporting cargo containers may be loaded onto ocean freighters (ships) docked at seaports, the ocean freighters then distributing the stasis-supporting cargo containers to floating seed repositories at sea; wherefrom the stasis-supporting cargo containers may be transferred to seed dispersal boats which fan out from the floating seed repositories to disperse and dispense the heavier-than-water marine algae seed (plus micronutrients) into the ocean for ocean-amplified blooming to proceed, along with ocean-amplified CO2 capture as the heavier-than-water marine algae bloom prodigiously at sea.
50. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 49, wherein the micro-nutrient doses are metered to support heavier-than-water ocean-amplified algal blooming up to the light penetration (algal bloom opacity) limit and then run out.
51. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 50, wherein the ocean amplified bloom dies after the metered micro-nutrient doses run out; wherein the dead heavier-than-water amplified bloom sinks rapidly, clearing the ocean photic zone before the end of each month and enabling restored light penetration into the photic zone to support another amplified bloom following the next month's seeding.
52. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 51 in which 12 blooms/year may be seeded and achieved, with each ocean-amplified bloom reaching the light penetration (algal bloom opacity) limit before it dies and sinks.
53. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 52 in which accumulated amplified ocean blooming yields 14 GtC/yr of heavier-than-water algae (correspondingly capturing 14 GtC/yr of atmospheric CO2) globally for each 1-3 GtC/yr of seeding with land-based heavier-than-water algae seed produced by the land-based bioreactors.
54. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 51, wherein local forced re-aeration of previously seeded areas to an appropriate depth prevents post-bloom anoxia from secondary bacterial blooming.
55. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 51, wherein the seeding of amplified ocean blooming is restricted to the vast open ocean that is further out from shore, well beyond the realm of coastal waters and beyond the shallow coastal-shelf sea floor, out in the open seas where much deeper water prevails, wherein species-selective bloom dominance and rapid sinking quickly carry the dead algae below the ocean thermocline of the open seas and all the way to the deep-sea floor, wherein deep ocean temperatures at the deep-sea floor are quite low—near to zero degrees centigrade, and wherein low deep-sea temperatures preserve the dead algae and slow and/or suppress the onset of secondary bacterial action, algal decay, eutrophication, and post-bloom anoxia which would otherwise deplete ocean-dissolved oxygen, and wherein the slowing or suppression of bacterial action at low temperature at the deep-sea floor delays the onset of eutrophication and post bloom anoxia to an extent enabling ocean sedimentation, often referred to as marine “snow”, to essentially bury the dead algae before post-bloom anoxia or eutrophication can develop.
56. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 55 wherein the onset of post bloom anoxia is further delayed by calcareous exoskeletal armor plates of E. huxleyi, a preferred heavier-than-water algae for ocean amplification; and wherein delay by calcareous exoskeletal armor plating dominates dead algal blooms, owing to the species-selective bloom dominance of E. huxleyi enabled by high seed levels from land-based bioreactor seed sources, and further enabled by phosphate-depleted nutrients supplied during ocean seeding with E. huxleyi seed grown in land-based bioreactors.
57. The invention further includes the process of preceding section 53 wherein approximately 1 GtC/yr of seed triggers amplified ocean blooming of up to 14 GtC/yr of heavier-than-water algae; wherein another approximately 2 GtC/yr of seed are needed (and are provided from land-based bioreactor-produced seed) to satiate marine grazer appetites so that they leave the approximately 1 GtC/yr of seed uneaten so that it remains to trigger the amplified ocean blooming of the up to 14 GtC/yr of heavier-than-water algae and corresponding photosynthetic and/or coccolithogenic (calcification) capture of up to 14 GtC/yr of atmospheric CO2.
58. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, wherein the bioreactor comprises a shallow pool of seed algae; an enclosed headspace above the shallow pool; a vertical rotating auger; and overhead artificial lighting; wherein the concentrated CO2 is injected into the bioreactor headspace; wherein the lower blade extent of the rotating auger is immersed in the pool; wherein the rotating auger lifts algae suspension up out of the pool; and wherein the rotating auger slings algae suspension off the perimeter edges of the auger blades creating a helical fountain comprising thin watery sheets of suspended algae slinging within the bioreactor headspace; and wherein the artificial lighting shines down through the thin watery sheets; wherein an optical thinning effect of the thin watery sheets allows greater light penetration through the sheets than would otherwise be possible in the pool, owing to optical opacity limits of suspended algae in the pool; and wherein the greater light penetration enables bioreactor operation at higher algae seed levels and bloom levels than would otherwise be possible without encroaching on opacity limits in the pool; and wherein the higher seed levels accelerate algal bloom rates; and wherein the concentrated CO2 further accelerates algal bloom rates; and wherein the increased surface area of the thin watery sheets enhances algal exposure to CO2; and wherein the increased algal exposure to CO2 further accelerates algal bloom rates; and wherein optical thinning enables more concentrated algal blooms to develop—beyond normal opacity limits.
59. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 46, in which the rotating auger is downward tapered from top to bottom.
60. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 58, in which the bioreactor algae pool floor is funnel-shaped.
61. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 58, in which perimeter edges of the auger blade are up-angled, rather than flat.
62. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 61, in which the extent of up-angling diminishes with vertical height on the ascending auger blade.
63. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 58, in which the rotating auger is encased in a pipe, and in which section 58 slinging action is blocked by the pipe wall; and wherein auger action is limited to lifting algae suspension to the upper extent of the bioreactor, and wherein the lifted algae suspension spills out the top of the pipe-encased auger onto the apex of a dome-topped-but-otherwise-tiered-wedding-cake-shaped nebulizer; and wherein the algae suspension spreads out into a downward flowing film over the dome-topped-but-otherwise-tiered-wedding-cake-shaped nebulizer; wherein the dome-topped-but-otherwise-tiered-wedding-cake-shaped nebulizer converts the downward flowing film of suspended algae into an aerosol or mist, or spray, and wherein the misted algae particles are exposed to CO2 of the bioreactor headspace and to light from the bioreactor artificial lighting; and wherein the mist is optically thin and presents high surface area exposure to CO2; and wherein optical thinness and high surface area exposure accelerate algal blooming and yield a more concentrated final algal bloom.
64. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 63, in which the dome-topped-but-otherwise-tiered-wedding-cake-shaped nebulizer is hollow and internally pressurized in the range of 5-200 psi with CO2 from the CO2 source, introduced from the source inlet; and wherein the outward-facing essentially vertical tiered facets of the dome-topped-but-otherwise-tiered-wedding-cake-shaped nebulizer are perforated with a multiplicity of CO2-escape orifices; wherein pressurized CO2 escapes through the CO2 escape orifices to the bioreactor headspace; wherein the escaping CO2 interrupts the downward-flowing film of algae suspension covering the dome-topped-but-otherwise-tiered-wedding-cake-shaped nebulizer; and wherein the film-interruption is of sufficient velocity and turbulence to convert suspended algae to a spray, mist, or aerosol within the bioreactor headspace, and wherein the spray, mist, or aerosol is exposed to headspace CO2 and light from the artificial illumination.
65. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 64, in which the tiered wedding-cake structure of the nebulizer allows an unmisted fraction of the algae suspension, which missed (bypassed) each CO2 escape orifice, to continue in a downward flowing film on a first tier essentially vertical facet until it reaches the unperforated essentially horizontal upper facet of at least a second tier; where it can repool on the essentially horizontal at least a second tier upper facet; and wherein the repooled algae suspension subsequently overflows the essentially horizontal at least a second tier upper facet and spills down as a flowing film over the perforated side of the at least a second tier of the nebulizer.
66. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 60, wherein algae is removed from the bottom of the funnel shaped pool floor essentially as fast as it blooms, wherein removal is to an adjacent separation tank; and wherein the separation tank is a flow-through tank; and wherein the flow velocity of algae suspension through the separation tank is reduced, at constant flow rate, by means of enlarged tank diameter, wherein the reduced flow velocity is low enough to permit algae that have flagella or other motility means to swim effectively against the flow current when presented with an upstream or side-stream attractant, wherein the direction of algal swimming is toward the attractant, and wherein algal swimming toward the attractant produces a concentrating effect on the algal suspension, and wherein the concentration of algae proximal to the attractant is made higher by the concentrating effect than the concentration of algae at points located progressively downstream from the attractant and still within the main flow of the flow-through separation tank.
67. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 66, wherein the separation tank contains a main flow exit port and a secondary exit port which is designated as a harvest exit tee, wherein the attractant is located at a position proximal to the mouth of the harvest exit tee, and wherein the mouth of the harvest exit tee is sufficiently narrow to raise the harvest exit flow velocity to exceed the capacity for algae to swim against the harvest exit current, and wherein algae swimming toward the attractant from the main separation tank are sucked into the harvest exit tee upon reaching the attractant, and wherein the harvest exit tee outflow leads to an algal harvest output port, and wherein the concentration of algae harvested at the harvest output port is higher than the concentration of algae entering the separation tank, and wherein the main flow of the flow through exit tank at points downstream of the attractant and having bypassed the harvest exit tee contains a reduced concentration of algae, relative to the concentration of algae entering the separation tank, and wherein the main flow of the flow-through exit tank having bypassed the harvest exit tee exits the separation tank through the main flow exit port, and wherein flow exiting the main flow exit port is recirculated to the original bioreactor.
68. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 67, in which the attractant is one or more attractants selected from among a group of attractants consisting of a light source, a nutrient source, a nutrient source, a carbon dioxide source, an attractive water temperature, and an attractive water pH, and wherein the rest of the separation tank is dark and relatively devoid of the chosen attractant or combination of attractants.
69. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 67, wherein liquid replenishment is joined to the recirculation flow leading into the original bioreactor to maintain a constant liquid level in the bioreactor pool; and wherein replenishment micronutrients are added to the pool at the same rate as they are consumed by continuous blooming of the heavier-than-water algae; and wherein replenishment CO2 from the CO2 source is provided to the bioreactor as fast as CO2 is consumed in photosynthesis and/or coccolithogenesis (calcification) during algal blooming.
70. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 63, wherein algae is removed from the bottom of the bioreactor essentially as fast as it blooms, wherein removal is to an adjacent separation tank; and wherein the separation tank is a flow-through tank; and wherein the flow velocity of algae suspension through the separation tank is reduced, at constant flow rate, by means of enlarged tank diameter, wherein the reduced flow velocity is low enough to permit algae that have flagella or other motility means to swim effectively against the flow current when presented with an upstream or side-stream attractant, wherein the direction of algal swimming is toward the attractant, and wherein algal swimming toward the attractant produces a concentrating effect on the algal suspension, and wherein the concentration of algae proximal to the attractant is made higher by the concentrating effect than the concentration of algae at points located progressively downstream from the attractant and still within the main flow of the flow-through separation tank.
71. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 70, wherein the separation tank contains a main flow exit port and a secondary exit port which is designated as a harvest exit tee, wherein the attractant is located at a position proximal to the mouth of the harvest exit tee, wherein the mouth of the harvest exit tee is sufficiently narrow to raise the harvest exit flow velocity to exceed the capacity for algae to swim against the harvest exit current, wherein algae swimming toward the attractant from the main separation tank are sucked into the harvest exit tee upon reaching the attractant, wherein the harvest exit tee outflow leads to an algal harvest output port, wherein the concentration of algae harvested at the harvest output port is higher than the concentration of algae entering the separation tank, and wherein the main flow of the flow through exit tank at points downstream of the attractant and having bypassed the harvest exit tee contains a reduced concentration of algae, relative to the concentration of algae entering the separation tank, and wherein the main flow of the flow through exit tank having bypassed the harvest exit tee exits the separation tank through the main flow exit port, and wherein flow exiting the main flow exit port is recirculated to the original bioreactor.
72. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 71, in which the attractant is one or more attractants selected from among a group of attractants consisting of a light source, a nutrient source, a nutrient source, a carbon dioxide source, an attractive water temperature, and an attractive water pH, and wherein the rest of the separation tank is dark and relatively devoid of the chosen attractant or combination of attractants.
73. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 71, wherein liquid replenishment is joined to the recirculation flow leading into the original bioreactor to maintain a constant liquid level in the bioreactor pool; and wherein replenishment micronutrients are added to the pool at the same rate as they are consumed by continuous blooming of the heavier-than-water algae; and wherein replenishment CO2 from the CO2 source is provided to the bioreactor as fast as CO2 is consumed in photosynthesis and/or coccolithogenesis during algal blooming.
74. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 4, wherein algae is removed from the bottom of the bioreactor essentially as fast as it blooms, and wherein removal is to an adjacent separation tank; and wherein the separation tank is a flow-through tank; and wherein the flow velocity of algae suspension through the separation tank is reduced, at constant flow rate, by means of enlarged tank diameter, wherein the reduced flow velocity is low enough to permit algae that have flagella or other motility means to swim effectively against the flow current when presented with an upstream or side-stream attractant, and wherein the direction of algal swimming is toward the attractant, and wherein algal swimming toward the attractant produces a concentrating effect on the algal suspension, and wherein the concentration of algae proximal to the attractant is made higher by the concentrating effect than the concentration of algae at points located progressively downstream from the attractant and still within the main flow of the flow-through separation tank.
75. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 74, wherein the separation tank contains a main flow exit port and a secondary exit port which is designated as a harvest exit tee, wherein the attractant is located at a position proximal to the mouth of the harvest exit tee, and wherein the mouth of the harvest exit tee is sufficiently narrow to raise the harvest exit flow velocity to exceed the capacity for algae to swim against the harvest exit current, wherein algae swimming toward the attractant from the main separation tank are sucked into the harvest exit tee upon reaching the attractant, and wherein the harvest exit tee outflow leads to an algal harvest output port, wherein the concentration of algae harvested at the harvest output port is higher than the concentration of algae entering the separation tank, and wherein the main flow of the flow through exit tank at points downstream of the attractant and having bypassed the harvest exit tee contains a reduced concentration of algae, relative to the concentration of algae entering the separation tank, and wherein the main flow of the flow through exit tank having bypassed the harvest exit tee exits the separation tank through the main flow exit port, and wherein flow exiting the main flow exit port is recirculated to the original bioreactor.
76. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 75, in which the attractant is one or more attractants selected from among a group of attractants consisting of a light source, a nutrient source, a nutrient source, a carbon dioxide source, an attractive water temperature, and an attractive water pH, and wherein the rest of the separation tank is dark and relatively devoid of the chosen attractant or combination of attractants.
77. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 76, wherein liquid replenishment is joined to the recirculation flow leading into the original bioreactor to maintain a constant liquid level in the bioreactor pool; and wherein replenishment micronutrients are added to the pool at the same rate as they are consumed by continuous blooming of the heavier-than-water algae; and wherein replenishment CO2 from the CO2 source is provided to the bioreactor as fast as CO2 is consumed in photosynthesis and/or coccolithogenesis (calcification) during algal blooming.
78. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 58, wherein a headspace oxygen removal system removes headspace oxygen as fast as it is produced by bioreactor photosynthesis during algal blooming; and wherein the oxygen removal system maintains pseudo-anaerobic blooming conditions in the bioreactor; and wherein the pseudo-anaerobic blooming conditions further accelerate bloom rates.
79. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 63, wherein a headspace oxygen removal system removes headspace oxygen as fast as it is produced by bioreactor photosynthesis during algal blooming; and wherein the oxygen removal system maintains pseudo-anaerobic blooming conditions in the bioreactor; and wherein the pseudo-anaerobic blooming conditions further accelerate bloom rates.
80. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 4, wherein a headspace oxygen removal system removes headspace oxygen as fast as it is produced by bioreactor photosynthesis during algal blooming; and wherein the oxygen removal system maintains pseudo-anaerobic blooming conditions in the bioreactor; and wherein the pseudo-anaerobic blooming conditions further accelerate bloom rates.
81. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 78, wherein the headspace oxygen removal system comprises an oxygen permeable membrane; wherein a non-oxygenated gas flows across a far side of the oxygen permeable membrane producing an oxygen deficit on the far side; wherein the oxygen deficit is the driving force for oxygen produced within the bioreactor headspace on a near side of the oxygen permeable membrane to exit the headspace by permeating the oxygen permeable membrane from the near side of the oxygen permeable membrane through the oxygen permeable membrane to the far side of the oxygen permeable membrane; and wherein the oxygen permeable membrane blocks the exit of CO2 from the bioreactor headspace.
82. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 79, wherein the headspace oxygen removal system comprises an oxygen permeable membrane; wherein a non-oxygenated gas flows across a far side of the oxygen permeable membrane producing an oxygen deficit on the far side; wherein the oxygen deficit is the driving force for oxygen produced within the bioreactor headspace on a near side of the oxygen permeable membrane to exit the headspace by permeating the oxygen permeable membrane from the near side of the oxygen permeable membrane through the oxygen permeable membrane to the far side of the oxygen permeable membrane; and wherein the oxygen permeable membrane blocks the exit of CO2 from the bioreactor headspace.
83. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 80, wherein the headspace oxygen removal system comprises an oxygen permeable membrane; wherein a non-oxygenated gas flows across a far side of the oxygen permeable membrane producing an oxygen deficit on the far side; wherein the oxygen deficit is the driving force for oxygen produced within the bioreactor headspace on a near side of the oxygen permeable membrane to exit the headspace by permeating the oxygen permeable membrane from the near side of the oxygen permeable membrane through the oxygen permeable membrane to the far side of the oxygen permeable membrane; and wherein the oxygen permeable membrane blocks the exit of CO2 from the bioreactor headspace.
84. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 58, wherein the artificial lighting is intermittent, turning on and off on a schedule favoring maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae at the existing bioreactor temperature.
85. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 63, wherein the artificial lighting is intermittent, turning on and off on a schedule favoring maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae at the existing bioreactor temperature.
86. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 4, wherein the artificial lighting is intermittent, turning on and off on a schedule favoring maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae at the existing bioreactor temperature.
87. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 84, wherein the bioreactor temperature is controlled to maintain a value favoring maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae.
88. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 85, wherein the bioreactor temperature is controlled to maintain a value favoring maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae.
89. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 86, wherein the bioreactor temperature is controlled to maintain a value favoring maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae.
90. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 58, wherein the wavelength of artificial lighting emissions is selected to favor maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae.
91. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 63, wherein the wavelength of artificial lighting emissions is selected to favor maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae.
92. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 4, wherein the wavelength of artificial lighting emissions is selected to favor maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae.
93. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 90, wherein the spectrum of artificial lighting is selected to include at least two wavelengths with emission intensities at those at least two wavelengths balanced to favor maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae.
94. The invention further includes the system, of preceding section 91, wherein the spectrum of artificial lighting is selected to include at least two wavelengths with emission intensities at those at least two wavelengths balanced to favor maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae.
95. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 92, wherein the spectrum of artificial lighting is selected to include at least two wavelengths with emission intensities at those at least two wavelengths balanced to favor maximal blooming rate for the heavier-than-water algae.
96. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 58, wherein the pH of the heavier-than-water algae pool is buffered at approximately 8.32.
97. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 63, wherein the pH of the heavier-than-water algae pool is buffered at approximately 8.32.
98. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 4, wherein the pH of the heavier-than-water algae pool is buffered at approximately 8.32.
99. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 96, wherein buffering at pH 8.32 is achieved by dosing the algae pool with disodium phosphate and monosodium phosphate in a mole ratio of approximately thirteen-to-one.
100. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 97, wherein buffering at pH 8.32 is achieved by dosing the algae pool with disodium phosphate and monosodium phosphate in a mole ratio of approximately thirteen-to-one.
101. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 98, wherein buffering at pH 8.32 is achieved by dosing the algae pool with disodium phosphate and monosodium phosphate in a mole ratio of approximately thirteen-to-one.
102. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 99, wherein the mole ratio is other than thirteen-to-one and the pH is other than 8.32 during initial preparation; wherein other acids, bases, or amphoteric salts are added to readjust the actual solution concentrations of disodium phosphate and monosodium phosphate to a mole ratio of approximately thirteen-to-one via acid-base reaction; wherein the pH is thereby adjusted to approximately 8.32.
103. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 100, wherein the mole ratio is other than thirteen-to-one and the pH is other than 8.32 during initial preparation; wherein other acids, bases, or amphoteric salts are added to readjust the actual solution concentrations of disodium phosphate and monosodium phosphate to a mole ratio of approximately thirteen-to-one via acid-base reaction; wherein the pH is thereby adjusted to approximately 8.32.
104. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 101, wherein the mole ratio is other than thirteen-to-one and the pH is other than 8.32 during initial preparation; wherein other acids, bases, or amphoteric salts are added to readjust the actual solution concentrations of disodium phosphate and monosodium phosphate to a mole ratio of approximately thirteen-to-one via acid-base reaction; wherein the pH is thereby adjusted to approximately 8.32.
105. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 43, wherein the alkali metal hydroxide and/or the alkaline-earth hydroxide solution(s) are spread into an essentially downward continuous flowing film of exposed surface area, and wherein the source of CO2 is a continuous gaseous counter-flow (essentially an upward flow) exposed to the solution film.
106. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 105, wherein the essentially downward continuous flowing solution film flows spirally downward, covering and flowing down the blade or blades of a slowly rotating vertical auger, wherein the auger is housed within a silo or bin which is marginally larger in diameter than the auger diameter, and wherein the CO2 source is CO2-laden outdoor air, and wherein the silo or bin has outdoor air intake ports around the base of its perimeter proximal to the lower extent of the auger blades, and wherein rotation of the auger draws outdoor air into the bin or silo at its base and lifts it spirally upward through the bin or silo, ejecting it near the top, and wherein the spirally upward moving air moves in an upward spiral counter-flow to the downward-spiraling flowing solution film, and wherein the downward-spiraling flowing solution film absorbs CO2 from the upward-spiraling counter-flow of air, and wherein the downward-flowing film solution is converted to alkali bicarbonate or alkaline-earth carbonate solution by absorbing the CO2, and wherein the bicarbonate or carbonate solution spills off the bottom of the auger blades onto a surface which drains to an exit drain from the silo or bin.
107. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 105, wherein the essentially downward continuous flowing film is formed by a rising flow of alkali hydroxide or alkaline-earth hydroxide solution being directed upward through a vertical standpipe housed within a cylindrical chamber, and wherein the rising flow of solution continuously overflows the top of the vertical standpipe and spills down the exterior wall of the standpipe forming a downward-flowing film of solution on the exterior surface of the standpipe, flowing off the bottom of the standpipe exterior onto a chamber floor surface which is continuous with the exterior of the standpipe, and wherein the floor surface drains into an exit drain from the chamber, and wherein the CO2 source is a gaseous upward counter-flow of CO2-laden gas which enters the chamber tangentially at a point higher than the exit drain, and wherein the upward counter-flow of CO2-laden gas is a laminar counter-flow, a turbulent counter-flow, or a vortex counter-flow encircling the standpipe and rising concentrically around it in the annular space between the standpipe and the chamber wall, and wherein the upward counter-flow of CO2-laden gas exits the chamber near its upper extent, and wherein the upward laminar counter-flow, turbulent counter-flow, or vortex counter-flow of CO2-laden gas is exposed to the downward-flowing film of alkali hydroxide or alkaline-earth hydroxide solution, and wherein CO2 in the upward laminar counter-flow, turbulent counter-flow, or vortex counter-flow of gas is absorbed by the downward-flowing solution film, and wherein absorbing CO2 causes the downward-flowing solution film to be converted to alkali bicarbonate or alkaline-earth carbonate solution by the time it reaches the lower extent of the standpipe exterior, and wherein the alkali bicarbonate or alkaline-earth carbonate solution exits the exit drain.
108. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 1, in which heavier-than-water algae from the bioreactor proceed to an adjacent settling tank after blooming, and in which settling tank conditions are maintained that do not encourage algae to swim against a current, and in which the heavier-than-water algae instead sink toward a funnel shaped harvest exit port at the bottom of the settling tank, and in which optional recirculation of clarified liquid near the top of the settling tank is provided back to the main bioreactor, with top-water clarification occurring as the algae sink to the funnel shaped bottom, and in which a concentrating effect is achieved via sedimentation of the sinking algae prior to their exit at the harvest exit port.
109. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 60, in which heavier-than-water algae from the bioreactor proceed to an adjacent settling tank after blooming, and in which settling tank conditions are maintained that do not encourage algae to swim against a current, and in which the heavier-than-water algae instead sink toward a funnel shaped harvest exit port at the bottom of the settling tank, and in which optional recirculation of clarified liquid near the top of the settling tank is provided back to the main bioreactor, with top-water clarification occurring as the algae sink to the funnel shaped bottom, and in which a concentrating effect is achieved via sedimentation of the sinking algae prior to their exit at the harvest exit port.
110. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 63, in which heavier-than-water algae from the bioreactor proceed to an adjacent settling tank after blooming, and in which settling tank conditions are maintained that do not encourage algae to swim against a current, and in which the heavier-than-water algae instead sink toward a funnel shaped harvest exit port at the bottom of the settling tank, and in which optional recirculation of clarified liquid near the top of the settling tank is provided back to the main bioreactor, with top-water clarification occurring as the algae sink to the funnel shaped bottom, and in which a concentrating effect is achieved via sedimentation of the sinking algae prior to their exit at the harvest exit port.
111. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 4, in which heavier-than-water algae from the bioreactor proceed to an adjacent settling tank after blooming, and in which settling tank conditions are maintained that do not encourage algae to swim against a current, and in which the heavier-than-water algae instead sink toward a funnel shaped harvest exit port at the bottom of the settling tank, and in which optional recirculation of clarified liquid near the top of the settling tank is provided back to the main bioreactor, with top-water clarification occurring as the algae sink to the funnel shaped bottom, and in which a concentrating effect is achieved via sedimentation of the sinking algae prior to their exit at the harvest exit port.
112. The invention further includes the system of preceding section 2, wherein a motorized roller brush cleaning assembly, a squeegee cleaning assembly, or a combination motorized-roller-brush-and-squeegee cleaning assembly is parked above the rotating auger blade assembly during a bloom cycle, and wherein during periodic cleaning cycle, the bioreactor is drained of algae suspension and filled with cleaning solution which temporarily replaces the algae pool, and in which cleaning cycle, the auger rotation direction is reversed and the rotation speed is slowed to a low rotation speed, and in which the cleaning assembly is lowered to synchronously mesh with the auger blades, wherein the auger blade rotation draws the cleaning assembly down through the turns of the auger blade, and wherein the motorized roller brushes and/or squeegee elements of the cleaning assembly clean the auger blades over the entire length of the auger, and in which the auger stops when the cleaning assembly reaches the bottom of the auger and reverses direction, drawing the cleaning assembly back to the top along a vertical guide track, and in which the cleaning assembly disengages from the auger blades at the top and is reparked above the auger blades, and in which the bioreactor is rinsed of cleaning solution and refilled with seed algae suspension in preparation for the next bloom cycle.
This ends the listing of one hundred and twelve specific Ser. No. 13/999,1965 spin-off basis elements. Now continues (below) a list of CIP spin-off invention inclusions (variously spun-off in combination from the 112 basis elements and/or listed as stand-alone inclusions), involving DMS production, rain-cloud seeding, enhanced soil moisture retention, drought-relief, and famine relief, with an appended list of CIP inclusions following thereafter in this section.
113. A bioreactor containing a culture of ocean grazers selected from among a group of algae-consuming ocean grazers consisting of zooplankton, krill, small fish, mollusks, and crustaceans, in which the culture of ocean grazers is fed marine algae, and in which the ocean grazers eat the marine algae—causing it to release dimethylsulfide (DMS), a natural cloud seeding agent.
114. The bioreactor of inclusion 113, in which the bioreactor is the ocean and the marine algae is ocean-amplified stage-2 blooming from pertinent basis-elements of Ser. No. 13/999,195 inventions from the foregoing list of 112 basis elements.
115. The bioreactor of inclusion 113, in which the bioreactor is an inland bioreactor and the marine algae are harvested from inland algae bioreactors (e.g. silos) selected from pertinent basis-elements of Ser. No. 13/999,195 inventions from the foregoing list of 112 basis elements.
116. The inland bioreactor of inclusion 115, in which the bioreactor is located in proximity to a drought-stressed region and DMS is released directly to atmosphere, in order to locally seed rain-clouds.
117. The inland bioreactor of inclusion 115, in which the bioreactor is fed by marine algae from an algae bioreactor that is originally fed CO2 captured from a CCS source of concentrated CO2 selected from among a group of CO2 (CCS) sources consisting of CCS power plants, CCS home & building heating, CCS natural gas reformation, CCS coal gasification, CCS oil gasification, CCS fossil hydrogen production, CCS cement production, CCS blast furnaces, CCS kilns, CCS crematoriums, CCS factories, CCS refineries, CCS outdoor air capture, and any other CCS source of concentrated CO2.
118. The inland bioreactor of inclusions 113 and 115-116, in which a harvest outlet is provided for obtaining excess live ocean grazers for purposes of transporting the grazers to sea and releasing them in the midst of stage-2 Ser. No. 13/999,195 ocean-amplified algal blooms from pertinent basis-elements of Ser. No. 13/999,195 inventions from the foregoing list of 112 basis elements—at or approaching the peak of stage-2 ocean blooming, so that grazer feeding on the substantially peaked blooms triggers DMS release, and seeding of ocean cloud-cover.
119. The inland bioreactors of inclusions 113, 115, and/or 117, in which DMS is collected, and condensed for future use, or for transport to remote locations within, adjacent to or off-shore from distant drought-stressed lands for remote release in order to seed rain-clouds that will relieve drought and/or result in famine relief.
120. DMS-induced cloud-seeding offshore of drought-stressed lands, in which seeded clouds are driven inland by prevailing onshore winds.
121. DMS-induced cloud-seeding of inclusion 120 in which the DMS is released from a ship located along the wind-ward shores of drought-stressed lands.
122. DMS-induced cloud-seeding in which the DMS is released inland—from a station, vehicle, or moving vehicle inland, within or proximal to drought-stressed lands.
123. A combination system for production of algae and secondary production of dimethylsulfide (DMS), a natural cloud-seeding agent, the system comprising: a CO2 source; and a first algae-producing bioreactor supplied with concentrated CO2 from the CO2 source; and a second DMS-producing bioreactor supplied with algae produced by the first bioreactor; in which the first bioreactor is configured to encourage accelerated growth and reproduction of algae as well as to enable development of a more concentrated final algal bloom; in which optical opacity limits on seed level and bloom concentration are circumvented by an optical thinning effect which enables greater light penetration into more concentrated algae suspensions; wherein the greater light penetration enables higher level initial seeding or inoculation of the bioreactor bloom space; wherein the higher level of initial seed accelerates blooming as a result of starting higher on an upward-bending nonlinear algal growth curve; and in which a normally inaccessible upper section of the nonlinear algal growth curve is conventionally inaccessible owing to optical opacity of concentrated algal suspensions; and in which the normally inaccessible upper section of the nonlinear growth curve is rendered accessible by the optical thinning effect which enables light penetration into optically thinned suspensions of concentrated algae; and in which the second bioreactor contains a culture of grazers that eat the algae supplied by the first bioreactor; in which grazer feeding on the algae causes the algae to release DMS.
124. The system of inclusion 123, wherein the optical thinning effect in the first bioreactor is produced by slinging an algae suspension as thin watery sheets off the perimeter edges of a rotating auger blade which lifts algae suspension out of a pool, elevates the lifted suspension, and slings it outward by centrifugal force to form optically thin watery sheets, and wherein optical thinness of the slinging sheets enables improved optical penetration by rays from a light source shining through the slinging sheets.
125. The system of inclusion 123, in which the algae suspension from the first bioreactor proceeds to a flow-through separation tank after blooming, wherein the flow velocity of algae suspension through the separation tank is reduced, at constant flow rate, by means of enlarged tank diameter, and wherein the reduced flow velocity is low enough to permit algae that have flagella or other motility means to swim effectively against the flow current when presented with an upstream or side-stream attractant, and wherein the direction of algal swimming is toward the attractant, and wherein algal swimming toward the attractant produces a concentrating effect on the algal suspension, and wherein the concentration of algae proximal to the attractant is made higher by the concentrating effect than the concentration of algae at points located progressively downstream from the attractant and still within the main flow of the flow-through separation tank.
126. The system of inclusion 125, wherein the separation tank contains a main flow exit port and a secondary exit port which is designated as a harvest exit tee, wherein the attractant is located at a position proximal to the mouth of the harvest exit tee, and wherein the mouth of the harvest exit tee is sufficiently narrow to raise the harvest exit flow velocity to exceed the capacity for algae to swim against the harvest exit current, wherein algae swimming toward the attractant from the main separation tank are sucked into the harvest exit tee upon reaching the attractant, wherein the harvest exit tee outflow leads to an algal harvest output port of the first bioreactor, wherein the concentration of algae harvested at the harvest output port is higher than the concentration of algae entering the separation tank, and wherein the main flow of the flow through exit tank at points downstream of the attractant and having bypassed the harvest exit tee contains a reduced concentration of algae, relative to the concentration of algae entering the separation tank, and wherein the main flow of the flow through exit tank having bypassed the harvest exit tee exits the separation tank through the main flow exit port, and wherein flow exiting the main flow exit port is recirculated to the original bioreactor, and wherein algae produced at the algal harvest output port of the first bioreactor are introduced into the second bioreactor.
127. The system of inclusion 126, in which the attractant within the first bioreactor is one or more attractants selected from among a group of attractants consisting of a light source, a nutrient source, a carbon dioxide source, an attractive water temperature, and an attractive water pH, and wherein the rest of the separation tank is dark and relatively devoid of the chosen attractant or combination of attractants.
128. A system for production of algae and secondary production of dimethylsulfide (DMS), a natural cloud-seeding agent, the system comprising: a hydrocarbon cracking reactor configured to generate a stream of concentrated CO2 byproduct; and a first bioreactor configured to produce heavier-than-water algae, the first bioreactor supplied, at least in part, with CO2 from the stream of concentrated CO2 byproduct; and a second DMS-producing bioreactor supplied with algae produced by the first bioreactor; in which the hydrocarbon cracking reactor produces H2 as its main product; and in which the second bioreactor contains a culture of grazers that eat the algae supplied by the first bioreactor; in which grazer feeding on the algae causes the algae to release DMS.
129. The system of inclusion 128, wherein the hydrocarbon cracking reactor is a two-stage steam reactor operating with steam stages at two different temperatures, optimized for cracking methane as the principal component of natural-gas.
130. The system of inclusion 123 wherein the CO2 source is a CC (carbon-capture) clean-coal-fired power plant, the CC power plant producing electricity as a public utility and concentrated CO2 byproduct as the CO2 source in the form of a supercritical fluid (SCF-CO2).
131. The system of inclusion 130, wherein the SCF-CO2 is decompressed to concentrated CO2 gas and introduced into the first bioreactor.
132. The system of inclusion 123 wherein the CO2 source is a CC (carbon-capture) gas-fired power plant, the CC power plant producing electricity as public utility and concentrated CO2 byproduct as the CO2 source in the form of a supercritical fluid (SCF-CO2).
133. The system of inclusion 132, wherein the SCF-CO2 is decompressed to concentrated CO2 gas and introduced into the first bioreactor.
134. A process of ocean-amplified CO2 capture and amplified release of dimethylsulfide (DMS, a natural cloud seeding agent) at sea, wherein algae plus nutrient are seeded into the ocean instead of nutrient-alone; the process comprising: land-based capture of concentrated CO2 from a land-based CO2 source; land-based conversion of captured CO2 to heavier-than-water marine algae in at least one bioreactor configured to encourage the rapid growth and reproduction of the heavier-than-water marine algae as ocean seed; transport of the heavier-than-water marine algae as ocean seed to seaports for ocean distribution and dispersal with added nutrients in order to seed ocean-amplified blooming (further growth and rapid reproduction at sea—essentially secondary blooming on a vast ocean scale); attack on the secondary ocean algal blooms by ocean grazers such as zooplankton and krill (as nonlimiting examples) who eat the secondarily bloomed algae—causing the algae to release DMS at sea; wherein the ocean-amplified algal blooming occurs essentially selectively for the heavier-than-water species of marine algae by virtue of the heavier-than-water marine algae being distributed, dispersed, and seeded into the ocean water at higher levels than existing natural buoyant ocean algae, the higher levels selectively accelerating ocean blooming rates of the heavier-than-water marine algae by virtue of seeding the ocean with marine algae seed harvested from the at least one land-based bioreactor, wherein ocean seeding occurs higher than normal on a nonlinear algal growth curve and produces a species-selective dominance of the ocean algal bloom, wherein the higher that the ocean blooming starts on the growth curve, the faster it proceeds, if sufficient nutrient is present or provided, and wherein the ocean grazers are selected from among a group of ocean grazers consisting of ocean grazers naturally occurring in the ocean and a culture of ocean grazers produced by inland bioreactors, in which the ocean grazers produced by the inland bioreactors are transported for release at the ocean algal bloom site.
135. The process of inclusion 134 in which the species-selective ocean algal bloom dominance is further enhanced by nutrient selection, and in which nutrient selection for E. huxleyi coccolithophorid marine algae blooming includes nutrients which are deficient in phosphate, wherein phosphate deficiency, while other nutrients are concurrently provided in abundance, promotes prodigious E. huxleyi growth at sea, essentially to the exclusion of blooming by other species of marine algae, including buoyant algae, in the seeded ocean area.
136. The process of inclusion 134, wherein transport to seaport of the heavier-than-water marine algae seed, and/or transport to seaport of the ocean grazer culture produced by inland bioreactors, occurs by flat-bed truck, flat rail car, or barge; wherein the flat-bed truck, flat rail car, or barge carry the marine algae seed, and/or the ocean grazer culture produced by inland bioreactors, in stasis-supporting cargo containers which are transferrable by crane or other lifting means from one flat-bed transportation means to another, and wherein the cargo containers are designed to maintain conditions in support of a healthy stasis condition for the heavier-than-water marine algae seed and/or the ocean grazer culture produced by inland bioreactors.
137. The process of inclusion 136, wherein the stasis-supporting cargo containers may be loaded onto ocean freighters docked at seaports, the ocean freighters then distributing the stasis-supporting cargo containers to floating seed and/or ocean grazer culture repositories at sea; wherefrom the stasis-supporting cargo containers may be transferred to dispersal boats which fan out from the floating seed and/or ocean grazer culture repositories to disperse and dispense the heavier-than-water marine algae seed (plus nutrients) and/or ocean grazer cultures produced by the inland bioreactors into the ocean for ocean-amplified algal blooming to proceed, along with ocean-amplified atmospheric CO2 capture as the heavier-than-water marine algae bloom prodigiously at sea, and for a fraction of the ocean-amplified marine algae bloom to release large amounts of DMS as the algae are eaten by the ocean grazers, and wherein a preferred embodiment of the invention involves delaying ocean-introduction of the ocean grazer cultures produced by the inland bioreactors until the ocean-amplified marine algal bloom has appreciably matured and already captured substantial amounts of atmospheric CO2 in the process of blooming.
138. The process of inclusion 137, wherein the nutrient doses are metered to support heavier-than-water ocean-amplified algal blooming up to the light penetration (algal opacity) limit and then run out.
139. The process of inclusion 138, wherein the ocean-amplified bloom dies a death selected from among a group of death categories consisting of death by starvation after the metered micro-nutrient doses run out or death by being eaten by ocean grazers; wherein death by being eaten by ocean grazers causes algal release of DMS, and wherein the dead heavier-than-water amplified bloom loses motility and residual (uneaten) dead algae sink rapidly, clearing the ocean photic zone before the end of each month and enabling restored light penetration into the photic zone to support another amplified bloom following a next month's seeding.
140. The process of inclusion 139 in which algal blooming and DMS release proceed with up to 12 batch algal blooms/year being seeded and achieved, with each ocean-amplified batch algal bloom approaching the light penetration (algal opacity) limit before it is eaten by grazers or dies of starvation and sinks, and in which accumulated amplified ocean blooming yields up to 14 GtC/yr of heavier-than-water algae (correspondingly capturing 14 GtC/yr of atmospheric CO2) globally for each 1-3 GtC/yr of seeding with land-based heavier-than-water algae seed produced by the land-based bioreactors, wherein the predominant heavier-than-water ocean algal bloom species are determined by the species of land-based bioreactor seed algae harvested from the bioreactor, and wherein the bioreactor seed algae are dominated by initially preseeding the bioreactor with a purified culture of the desired marine algae species, and wherein the desired marine algae species are selected from a group consisting of coccolithophore (e.g., E. huxleyi) and siliceous diatoms.
141. The process of inclusion 139, wherein the seeding of amplified ocean blooming and DMS release are restricted to the vast open ocean that is further out from shore, well beyond the realm of coastal waters and beyond the shallow coastal-shelf sea floor, out in the open seas where much deeper water prevails, wherein species-selective bloom dominance and rapid sinking quickly carries the uneaten fraction of dead heavier-than-water algae below the ocean thermocline of the open seas and all the way to the deep-sea floor, wherein deep ocean temperatures at the deep-sea floor are quite low—near to zero degrees centigrade, and wherein low deep-sea temperatures preserve the uneaten fraction of dead algae and slow and/or suppress the onset of secondary bacterial action, algal decay, eutrophication, and post-bloom anoxia which would otherwise deplete ocean-dissolved oxygen, and wherein the slowing or suppression of bacterial action at low temperature at the deep-sea floor delays the onset of eutrophication and post bloom anoxia to an extent enabling ocean sedimentation, often referred to as marine “snow”, to essentially bury the dead algae before significant post-bloom anoxia or eutrophication can develop.
142. The process of inclusion 140, wherein approximately 1 GtC/yr of seed algae triggers amplified ocean blooming of up to 14 GtC/yr of heavier-than-water algae and correspondingly elevated DMS release; but wherein approximately another 2 GtC/yr of seed algae are needed to satiate marine grazer appetites (among naturally occurring grazers), producing early DMS release, so that the satiated naturally occurring grazers leave the approximately 1 GtC/yr of seed uneaten so that it remains to trigger the amplified ocean blooming of the up to 14 GtC/yr of heavier-than-water algae and corresponding photosynthetic and/or coccolithogenic (calcification) capture of up to 14 GtC/yr of atmospheric CO2, and in which ocean seeding with approximately 3 GtC/yr of algal seed produced by land-based bioreactors provides both the 2 GtC/yr of algae to satiate the grazer appetites, producing an early DMS release, and the remaining 1 GtC/yr of uneaten seed that remain to trigger the amplified ocean blooming of the up to 14 GtC/yr of heavier-than-water algae, optionally followed by later DMS release upon delayed introduction of the bioreactor-produced grazer cultures.
143. A process in which algae is fed to fish farms, brine shrimp tanks, or tanks of other small marine life to raise schools of the small fish, brine shrimp, or other marine life comprising predators which prey on ocean grazers, and the small fish, brine shrimp, or other marine life are transported and released to control grazer populations at sea.
144. The fish farms, shrimp tanks, or other small marine life tanks of inclusion 143 in which the small fish, shrimp, or small marine life are fed to farms that raise larger fish.
145. An algal bioreactor in which liquid shearing forces are applied to bloomed algae, the mechanical stress of the shearing force causing bloomed algae to release DMS without being attacked by grazers.
146. An algal bioreactor in which sonication stresses bloomed algae, the sonication stress causing bloomed algae to release DMS without being attacked by grazers.
147. An algal bioreactor in which a combination of sonication and liquid shearing forces (e.g., as applied by a Polytron-type or Tekmar-type homogenizer) stress bloomed algae, the combination sonication and liquid shearing force stress causing bloomed algae to release DMS without being attacked by grazers.
148. An algal bioreactor in which microwaves stress bloomed algae, the microwave-induced stress causing bloomed algae to release DMS without being attacked by grazers.
149. An algal bioreactor in which blender blades stress bloomed algae, the blender-blade stress causing bloomed algae to release DMS without being attacked by grazers.
150. An auger-based, slinging sheet fountain algal bioreactor from Ser. No. 13/999,195 in which the bioreactor auger speed is increased to stress bloomed algae, the auger-speed stress causing bloomed algae to release DMS without being attacked by grazers.
151. An auger-based, slinging sheet fountain algal bioreactor from Ser. No. 13/999,195 in which the auger rotation is halted and grazers are added to the bioreactor after the algal bloom has reached maturity, the grazers then eating the algae, resulting in DMS release.
The remainder of
The figure includes prior-art, Ser. No. 13/999,195 invention, and current CIP invention elements. Items 30-37 comprise a prior art methane reformation system in which natural gas (methane—30) is injected into steam (33, 34) which (in two stages) cracks off the carbon in the prior-art reformation process, leaving a 2nd stage prior-art mixture of CO2 and H2. Separation stages (35) isolate the hydrogen for compression (36) and use as a transportation fuel (37) for hydrogen powered vehicles (38) which are illustrated as an automobile in this nonlimiting example. At this point, prior art ends. The Ser. No. 13/999,195 invention segment begins with isolating CO2 as a compressed gas, liquid, or super-critical fluid (SCF-CO2, 40).
Ser. No. 13/999,195 invention stage (39) isolates CO2 as a byproduct of methane reformation, and removes it (40) in the form of compressed CO2 (not illustrated), liquid CO2, or supercritical fluid (SCF-CO2, illustrated—40) in an invention separation stage (39) into purified components H2 (37) and CO2 (40). The hydrogen (H2) may be used to fuel transportation (37, 38) and the CO2 may be compressed and/or liquefied as super critical fluid (40, SCF-CO2). The SCF-CO2 may be stored (13), decompressed (14-17), and converted to salt water algae (18), and continuously harvested (20) for distribution to the next stage (stage-2, operations at sea), exactly as in
The remainder of
Curve (81) is the anticipated stage-2 15×-amplified ocean CO2 capture response enabled by 1 GtC/yr invention ocean seeding (82). Essentially, 14 GtC/yr of amplified natural ocean capture (CO2) is expected from 1 GtC/yr of invention seeding. Additional accounting for anticipated land-based capture of 3 GtC/yr raises the curve (81) total land-and-sea fair-weather, contingency capture rate to 17 GtC/yr, as required earlier by
Referring to
The separation tank (100) is relatively large diameter to cause a significant reduction in flow velocity at the same flow rate as 101. This velocity reduction is important, because it suddenly offers the tiny algae (e.g. 2 μm in diameter and having flagella for motility in a nonlimiting E. huxleyi example) an opportunity to swim against the current, if they so desire. What is needed next is a reason for the algae to swim against the current so that they will concentrate in the upper end of the separation tank. That impetus is provided by tank (100) and its main downward flow path being dark and essentially devoid of both CO2 and nutrient, whereas an attractant light beam (beacon 106, 107) is positioned within the mouth of a harvest exit tee (105) located near the upper extent of tank (100). With the main separation tank volume (100) and path (101→102) being essentially devoid of light, and with the flow velocity significantly reduced at large tank diameter, the algae may swim against downward current (101→102)—swimming upward instead toward the attractant beacon (107) and illuminator globe (106) supplied at the mouth of the harvest exit tee (105). The exit tee and harvest exit path (105) are smaller in diameter again and, even though the exit path (105) flow rate is low, this diameter reduction raises flow velocity (relative to path 101→102) enough that any algae which appear at the mouth of the exit tee (106, 105) will be sucked into harvest exit flow path (105). Marine algae may be continuously harvested as ocean seed at the harvest output of the silo. The harvest port (1) of
The
A pH buffer (e.g., phosphate buffer, in a nonlimiting example) added (21) to the
Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is continuously removed by an oxygen removal system (119, 110-116) based on at least one oxygen-permeable membrane (116), which is tubular in the nonlimiting
This stage-1 invention bioreactor system (90) may be considered a pseudo-anaerobic bioreactor since oxygen is removed (119) as fast as it is produced by photosynthesis. Algal blooming will therefore proceed under pseudo-anaerobic conditions which will enhance bloom rates, because oxygen otherwise acts as a photosynthetic inhibitor (above a certain point), and its continuous removal (119) will accelerate blooming.
Items 90-119 and 21 are the same as invention Ser. No. 13/999,195 used to produce algal seed at ports (20) of reactors (65) in
This is a multi-stage invention system comprising a multiplicity of individual stage-1 inventions or an initial prior-art concentrated carbon dioxide source combined with at least one of the individual stage-1 land-based invention capture and algae conversion systems and stage-2 invention process-enhanced ocean-amplified capture, in which all stages (and the
Note: In order for multiple, globally-distributed copies of the multi-stage CO2 capture and storage system to restore the atmosphere to 280 ppm CO2 by 2075, global emissions need to be capped at 12 GtC/yr by 2023 (Ser. No. 13/999,195) and gradually reduced to 6 GtC/yr by 2050, 3 GtC/yr by 2062, and 1 GtC/yr by 2078, in addition to multi-stage Ser. No. 13/000,195 system contingency capture of 17 GtC/yr CO2 and 10 GtC/yr impact capture continuously each year from 2025-2070 (or within about 2 years of that interval), and permanent safe storage of the accumulated capture form (˜0.45 tera-tons, carbon measure which is ˜1.65 tera-tons CO2—converted to marine algae which gets eaten and/or sinks to the bottom of the ocean and gets buried by ocean sedimentation). This global emissions cap and reduction schedule will be achieved, in part, from more diligent and widespread application of certain prior-art technologies and practices such as clean-coal (CCS) and nuclear energy, with smaller contributions from wind and solar energy, energy efficiency and conservation, and in part from re-forestation and sweeping changes in agriculture (especially 3rd world agriculture), agricultural product usage, and the western diet, transportation (e.g. fuel efficient and/or electric cars), travel (increased teleconferencing and reduced business air travel), and commuting practices (living closer to work, increased carpooling, and greater use of mass transit). Items listed in the preceding sentence are all prior-art, with more diligent and widespread application required to contribute substantially to the Ser. No. 13/999,195 global emissions cap and reduction schedule. Ser. No. 13/995,195 targets will also be achieved, in substantial part, by converting a major fraction of transportation to hydrogen (H2) fueling by about 2050. Hydrogen-powered vehicles already exist in prior-art, such as the Honda FCX-Clarity (a fuel-cell car operating on hydrogen). What doesn't exist in prior art is a significant source of hydrogen fuel (or means of making it), enough to fuel a substantial fraction of all transportation by 2050 without releasing CO2 in hydrogen production. Prior-art solar energy systems may be used to generate hydrogen by electrolyzing water, but solar energy is only viable where abundant sunshine exists and that excludes most of the industrial world. Prior-art natural-gas (methane) reformation is the primary means of today's hydrogen production, but methane reformation releases CO2 as a major prior-art byproduct.
In our multi-stage invention, the concentrated CO2 byproduct of hydrogen production by natural-gas reformation, oil gasification, and/or coal gasification will be converted to high density marine algae in stage-1 invention silos (
Note: In some embodiments, portions of the multi-stage invention system may be borrowed from prior-art and from Ser. No. 13/999,195 and then incorporated into a new larger CIP invention system for relieving drought and famine. Prior-art items and Ser. No. 13/999,195 items are not separately claimed in this CIP, and CIP invention claims only involve them as components of a larger invention system and/or of a globally-distributed multi-stage CIP invention combination system, which larger CIP invention system and/or multi-stage CIP combination system is (at once) novel, non-obvious, and desperately needed for simultaneously avoiding impending near term 450 ppm CO2 tipping points, for restoring 280 ppm CO2 by 2075, setting the stage for subsequent global warming reversal and the elimination of ocean acidification, and ultimately for eliminating drought and famine. In addition, some portions of the larger CIP invention and/or the multi-stage CIP combination involve device claims and other portions involve process claims. This mixture of device and process claims is required in a single CIP patent application in order to present the case and demonstrate the potential for an overall 17 GtC/yr CO2 contingency capture and 10 GtC/yr impact capture (Ser. No. 13/999,195), which are both required to offset global emissions anticipated to reach 12 GtC/yr by 2023, thereby enabling the stage to be set for gradual reversal of global warming, and for ocean-amplified DMS production, inland DMS production and release, seeding of ocean cloud-cover to cool and shade oceans, seeding of polar cloud cover to shade and cool polar ice sheets in summer, seeding of rain-clouds in semi-arid drought-stressed lands, and for soil moisture retention enhancement in semi-arid lands.
Stage-1 is land-based capture of 1-3 GtC/yr CO2 (
These multi-stage invention systems relate to global climate change, ocean acidification geo-engineering, more specifically to global climate restoration, ocean revitalization, and fueling ultra-clean transportation with hydrogen (H2), more specifically yet to drought and famine relief, and finally to primary and secondary global cooling and polar ice stabilization. Climate restoration would be achieved by capturing (Ser. No. 13/999,165) the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) from Earth's atmosphere significantly faster than it is produced, and doing that over an extended period, e.g. from 2025-2075. The recommended collective capture rate by globally distributed copies of our multi-stage invention is 17 GtC of CO2 per year contingency (fair-weather capture rate) and 10 GtC/yr net impact rate each year from 2025-2070, in order to reduce Earth's atmospheric accumulation of CO2 to the ideal (pre-industrial) level of 280 ppm (parts-per-million) by 2075.
(Note: The Ser. No. 13/999,195 system 17 GtC/yr contingency capture target, 10 GtC/yr net impact target and Ser. No. 13/999,195 accumulation impact assume global CO2 emissions would be capped at 12 GtC/yr by 2023 and then reduced to 6 GtC/yr by 2050, 3 GtC/yr by 2062, and 1 GtC/yr by 2075.)
Total multi-stage capture of CO2 for the period 202-2070 would amount to approximately 0.45 tera-tonnes (450 billion metric tons, carbon measure), which is 1.65 tera-tonnes (actual CO2 measure), and permanent safe storage for that much captured CO2 is a further requirement for safely reducing Earth's atmospheric accumulation to 280 ppm CO2 in the 21st century.
The multi-stage Ser. No. 13/999,165 invention systems relate more specifically yet to selectively amplified ocean algal blooming for large scale (14 GtC/yr) photosynthetic and/or coccolithophore calcification capture of CO2 by accelerated ocean algal blooming (
The CIP invention systems relate even more specifically to spin-off technology from Ser. No. 13/999,165 which allow spin-off benefits in the realm of amplified DMS release, seeding of ocean cloud cover to shade and cool the oceans (providing yet another secondary cooling benefit to both planetary climate and polar ice stabilization) via cloud albedo cooling, seeding of rain-clouds at sea which are driven inland by onshore winds, and direct seeding of inland rain-clouds for drought and famine relief in semi-arid lands. The CIP invention systems also relate specifically to the production of organic fertilizer and agricultural soil spreads that enhance soil moisture retention in semi-arid lands. The CIP invention improvement of soil moisture retention is almost as important as invention rain-making in semi-arid lands. The overall benefits in meeting U.N.-projected need for a 60% increase in food production by 2050, world-wide famine relief, and significantly boosting the global agricultural economy are expected to be enormous.
Turning now to the drawings,
In the CIP portion of
Further yet,
In the CIP portion of
Further yet, the Ser. No. 13/999,195 multi-stage system relates to cement production in which an optimized Type #1 stage-1 invention captures cement production byproduct CO2 as SCF-CO2 or liquid CO2 in a third embodiment (not shown) and imparts a negative carbon footprint to the cement production by transferring captured cement production byproduct CO2 to the multiple invention bioreactors (18) where it is rapidly converted by the bioreactor accelerated photosynthesis and/or coccolithogenesis to the desired form of marine seed algae at a rate contributing substantially to the stage-1 land-harvest (up to 3 GtC/yr total), the substantially negative carbon footprint being imparted to the cement production by the up to 3 GtC/yr of the stage-1 invention bioreactor seed algae being transported to sea-ports (
In the CIP portion of the cement production invention, marine algae produced by bioreactor 18 is introduced (1) into tank (2) which contains a culture of live marine grazers that eat the marine algae. Voracious grazer attack causes the marine algae to release prodigious quantities of DMS, which is volatile and rises in tank (2), to exit at port (3), further rising in the atmosphere and photo-oxidizing to form DMSO which seeds rain-clouds (4). Live ocean grazer harvest may be taken at output 5. Excess algae and grazer harvests (20, 5, and/or detritus (dead) or waste organic material outputs (not shown—see
The multi-stage invention system further relates to capture of CO2 from outdoor air, building flues, incinerators, crematoriums, kilns, blast-furnaces, refineries, factories, cement plants, power plants, natural-gas reformation systems, oil gasification systems and/or coal gasification systems in which additional invention Type #2 stage-1 embodiments are based on sodium hydroxide (NaOH, caustic soda, lye) capture of CO2 from CO2-laden gas mixtures as in
In the CIP portion of the sodium hydroxide capture or carbonate solution starting point inventions of
In Type #2 embodiments of the multi-stage naturally amplified global scale carbon dioxide capture system,
In the CIP portion of the inventions of
Other preferred embodiments of the
In the CIP portion of the inventions of
One preferred embodiment of Type #2 land-based algal conversion is illustrated in
In
In the CIP portion of the invention of
In Type #3 (NaHCO3 starter) embodiments of the multi-stage naturally amplified global scale carbon dioxide invention capture system,
In the CIP portion of the inventions of
Further yet, the multi-stage invention system relates to capture of CO2 from outdoor air, building flues, incinerators, crematoriums, kilns, blast-furnaces, refineries, factories, cement plants, power plants, natural-gas reformation systems, oil gasification systems, or coal gasification systems, in which a final group of invention stage-1 embodiments are based on any means of CO2 capture (including prior-art stage-1 capture means with invention diversion of captured CO2 to invention stage-1 holding stations or reservoirs or invention stage-1 processing stations) in which the any means of CO2 capture yields relatively concentrated CO2 as a gas, liquid, super-critical fluid, carbonate solution, or bicarbonate solution, and in which the final-group invention multi-stage embodiments impart a negative carbon footprint to the outdoor air, building flue, incinerator, crematorium, kilns, blast-furnaces, refineries, factories, cement plants, power plants, natural-gas reformation systems, oil gasification systems, or coal gasification systems by transferring the captured final-group embodiment stage-1 outdoor air, building flue, incinerator, crematorium, kiln, blast-furnace, refinery, factory, cement plant, power plant, natural-gas reformation system, oil gasification system, or coal gasification system, relatively concentrated CO2 to the multiple invention acidification sections and/or bioreactors (18, 65, 90) of
In the CIP portion of the inventions of
Stage-1 land-based CO2 capture includes arrays of at least one high capacity invention algae bioreactor (
Referring to
Photosynthetic and/or coccolithogenic (calcification) acceleration (accelerated algal blooming) will be due in further part to exceptionally high seed levels of the coccolithophore or siliceous diatom algae introduced into the invention bioreactor algae pool (94), the seed levels for constant blooming in the invention bioreactor being unusually high—up to 15% solids (by weight) in a non-limiting example, and this will radically accelerate blooming by continuously operating the bioreactor exceptionally high on the (upward-bending) nonlinear growth curve. Normally, this solids level would exceed optical opacity limits and photosynthesis could not proceed, owing to lack of light penetration, however a novel invention optical thinning effect (see below) will circumvent prior-art opacity limits.
In
A second smaller transfer auger (not shown) will be turned on and operated to continuously remove algae suspension from the bioreactor as fast as it blooms (in excess of 15% solids). In one non-limiting embodiment, the funnel shaped silo floor would enable excess bloom removal at outlet 99. The concept here is that high seed levels (15% solids) drive very high bloom rates, but outlet 99 removal of excess bloom from the bioreactor occurs as fast as it develops, leaving a constant seed level of 15% solids behind in the reactor. This is a continuous reactor which doesn't require reseeding, once the solids level reaches 15% and the transfer auger (not shown) is turned on to keep it from going higher by continuously removing excess bloom at 99. As excess bloom is removed from the bioreactor (99), water, buffer, and nutrient are continuously replenished (21), but no new algae seed is required—enough seed remains behind from the bloom, if the transfer auger removal rate (99) is balanced exactly at the bloom level and it isn't turned on until the bloom level first reaches 15%. The transfer auger then removes excess bloom continuously (as fast as it develops), without diminishing the 15% solids level, which then becomes the continuous seed level.
The transfer auger removes 15% algae suspension to an adjacent separation tank (100). The separation tank (100) is relatively large diameter to cause a significant reduction in flow velocity at the same flow rate as 101. This velocity reduction is important, because it suddenly offers the tiny algae (e.g. 2 μm in diameter and having flagella for motility in a nonlimiting E. huxleyi example) an opportunity to swim against the current, if they so desire. What is needed next is a reason for the algae to swim against the current so that they will concentrate in the upper end of the separation tank. That impetus is provided by tank (100) and its main downward flow path being dark and essentially devoid of both CO2 and nutrient, whereas an attractant light beam (beacon 106, 107) is positioned within the mouth of a harvest exit tee (105) located near the upper extent of tank (100). With the main separation tank volume (100) and path (101→102) being essentially devoid of light, and with the flow velocity significantly reduced at large tank diameter, the algae may swim against downward current (101→102)—swimming upward instead toward the attractant beacon (107) and illuminator globe (106) supplied at the mouth of the harvest exit tee (105). The exit tee and harvest exit path (105→20) are smaller in diameter again and, even though the exit path (105→20) flow rate is low, this diameter reduction raises flow velocity (relative to path 101→102) enough that any algae which appear at the mouth of the exit tee (106, 105) will be sucked into harvest exit flow path (105). Marine algae may be continuously harvested as ocean seed at the harvest output of the silo (20). The bioreactor is continuous, self-concentrating, and will promote prodigious algal blooming at output (20). About 85% of the algal bloom will continuously exit via the harvest path (105) in a nonlimiting example, with about 15% recirculating via path (102-104). Any dead algae will sink and may be periodically removed at (109).
In an alternate embodiment, heavier-than-water algae from the bioreactor may proceed to an adjacent settling tank after blooming, in which the settling tank replaces the aforementioned separation tank; and in which settling tank conditions are maintained that do not encourage algae to swim against a current, and in which the heavier-than-water algae instead sink toward a funnel shaped harvest exit port at the bottom of the settling tank, and in which optional recirculation of clarified liquid near the top of the settling tank is provided back to the main bioreactor, with top-water clarification occurring as the algae sink to the funnel shaped bottom, and in which a concentrating effect is achieved via sedimentation of the sinking algae prior to their exit at the harvest exit port.
In both embodiments, a pH buffer (e.g., phosphate buffer, in a nonlimiting example) added (21) to the algae pool (94), buffers the pool against acidification (carbonation) from high level headspace CO2. Buffering the pH at nominally 8.2 will maximize coccolithophore algae blooming and prevent softening or acidic dissolution of the coccolithophore exoskeleton (CaCO3). As algae is continuously harvested (20) as a concentrated suspension, replenishment sea water or salt water, nutrient, and pH buffer are provided at the replenishment inputs (21) to the silo algae pool (94).
Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is continuously removed by an oxygen removal system (119, 110-116) based on at least one oxygen-permeable membrane (116), which is tubular in the nonlimiting
This stage-1 invention bioreactor system (90) may be considered a pseudo-anaerobic bioreactor since oxygen is removed (119) as fast as it is produced by photosynthesis. Algal blooming will therefore proceed under pseudo-anaerobic conditions which will enhance bloom rates, because oxygen otherwise acts as a photosynthetic inhibitor (above a certain point), and its continuous removal (119) will accelerate blooming.
If sufficient numbers of these
Stage-2 of the multistage capture system involves
To accomplish all of that,
The invention cargo containers (73) would be stasis-supporting. In a non-limiting example, they would have a power source, built-in chillers to lower temperature to a stasis-inducing level in hot climates (or heaters in cold climates), enough nutrient (and just enough light) to keep the seed alive in stasis, and a slowly churning auger to prevent the seed from colonizing (agglomerating). The containers may be transferred by crane from flat-bed trucks to inland docks, from inland docks to flat-rail cars or barges, from rail-cars or barges to seaport docks, from seaport docks to ocean freighter decks and holds, from ocean freighter decks and holds to floating repository decks, and from floating repository decks to individual seed boat decks. Each of the aforementioned transfers can easily be made by large fork lifts, dock cranes, or deck cranes and the containers will maintain stasis-support at all stages of shipment and transfer, until the seed is dispensed into the ocean sea-lanes for enhanced stage-2 blooming.
Dispensing of seed and nutrient into sea-lanes from the seed boats will be at a measured rate while the boat is moving. In a non-limiting example, seed levels would be at least 20 mg/m3 in alternating sea lanes which are nominally 60 feet wide and 10 meters deep, which would be higher than the average natural algae levels occurring across most of the oceans south of Spain, Japan, and Seattle. This will give our high-density fast sinking seed algae a competitive advantage (among natural algae species) regarding nutrient, and ocean blooming will be dominated by the desired high-density, fast-sinking marine algae of stage-1 silo harvests (20, 72—
In one embodiment of stage-2 operations-at-sea, alternating sea lanes will be temporarily deaerated to a depth of 10 meters (in a non-limiting example) by bubbling N2 behind the seed boat as the seed and nutrient are dispensed. This will temporarily displace dissolved oxygen (but not dissolved CO2 (normal level maintained by the excess bicarbonate content of the sea)) to a depth of 10 meters (only) and a pseudo-anaerobic condition will be temporarily created in each localized sea-lane being seeded. The pseudo-anaerobic condition may accelerate blooming, especially if the algae seed are nitrogen-fixing. Adjacent lanes will be seeded two weeks out of phase with one another, so that the pseudo-anaerobic condition is both transient and localized (beneficial, rather than harmful).
Micro-nutrient will be dispensed in metered doses to support only about a 2 week bloom in each sea-lane. With the high seed level (e.g., at least 20 mg/m3) inherent with invention stage-2 seeding “algae+micro-nutrient” (in contrast to prior-art systems which dose “micro-nutrient-alone” and start their bloom from a much lower point (e.g., 0.1 mg/m3)), prodigious invention stage-2 bloom rates will occur, reaching the light penetration limit (˜400 mg/m3 in a nonlimiting example) within about 2 weeks in alternating lanes.
Grazers may eat up to ⅔ of the seed before it blooms, but that is the reported limit of their appetites at this seed level, so ⅓ should remain to bloom to the light penetration limit within 2 weeks. At this point the metered micro-nutrient doses are calculated to run out and the bloom will die. The important point is that the invention bloom is dominated by high-density algae which will lose motility (post mortem), sink, and easily clear the photic zone in time for next month's reseeding. Thus, the invention stage-2 operations-at-sea will enable 12 large ocean blooms per year, instead of just one or two blooms which is the limit of prior art systems which dose nutrient-only, start at a much lower point on the growth curve, are subject to getting eaten out (before blooming) by grazers, and even if prior-art systems could get past the grazers (which they can't), they'd bloom up buoyant strains of algae that don't sink (post mortem) or clear the photic zone at the end of a bloom cycle. A persistent floating light-block would prevent a second bloom from occurring with prior-art ocean fertilization, which will generally bloom buoyant strains of algae rather than (preferred) high-density, fast-sinking strains. Prior-art ocean fertilization systems (dosing micro-nutrient-only) would, under the most favorable of conditions (where grazers don't interfere—but not much chance of that happening) yield 1 or 2 blooms/year, capturing about 1½-3 GtC/yr CO2 at best.
(Note: Even natural ocean blooming during the ice-ages would have been limited by grazers and the light penetration limits imposed by buoyant natural strains, but stage-2 invention ocean blooming won't be subject to these limits.)
In contrast, the multi-stage invention system which starts higher on the nonlinear ocean algae growth curve (by seeding algae+micro-nutrient), pre-satiates grazer appetites (2 GtC/yr) so there will remain 1 GtC/yr of (net) uneaten seed remaining to bloom (after grazer feasting), and which selectively blooms only the high-density, fast-sinking strains of coccolithophore or siliceous diatom algae (seed selectively pre-grown in stage-1 bioreactors) at sea will capture a total of 17. GtC/yr to meet the curve 81 target of
The above-listed invention system enhancements are anticipated to accelerate stage-2 ocean blooming significantly beyond the ice-age blooming rates. We project acceleration will be enough to enable 12 blooms/yr and meet the performance required by curve 81 of
In one embodiment of an invention stage-2 ocean capture process, aerator boats will bubble compressed air or oxygen to within 5 meters of the sea floor in coastal waters to reaerate the lanes at the end of each monthly bloom cycle and prevent proximal post-bloom anoxia (which would otherwise greatly harm coastal marine life and raise legal objections with prior-art ocean fertilization attempts). Anoxia is typically a coastal water phenomenon which isn't prevalent in the open sea, where most of our stage-2 seeding will be done. In the open sea, re-aeration shouldn't be necessary, species-selective bloom dominance and use of heavier-than-water stage-1 algae seed will enable rapid sinking each month, sinking the dead algae quickly below the deep ocean thermocline and all the way to the cold deep sea floor, before anoxia has any chance of developing. Low deep ocean floor temperatures approaching zero degrees centrigrade and heavy coccolith plates should further delay the onset of bacterial action that could otherwise induce post-bloom anoxia. Delay may occur until sedimentation burial eliminates any further chance of developing anoxia. The localized, transient nature of invention system induced algal blooming and marine life feeding on the dead algae on the way down or at the sea floor may further suppress anoxic development.
If the 17 GtC/yr total multi-stage CO2 contingency capture rate and 10 GtC/yr impact capture (
The CIP two-stage invention goal which builds on the Ser. No. 13/999,195 goals is addressed beginning with
In another CIP embodiment (
In addition to the invention bioreactors contributing significantly to climate restoration and ocean revitalization, other applications will include high capacity algal production for silage, animal feed, feed supplements, fertilizer, biofuels, agricultural runoff control, food for fish and seafood farming involving fish or mollusks which directly feed on algae, and bottom-rung food for fish farming involving predator fish (as seafood) such as compano and cobia which feed on lower marine life (e.g, brine shrimp). In the latter case, invention high capacity algal production will feed the brine shrimp in adjacent tanks, raising shrimp for secondary feeding to predator fish.
In these other applications, the algae silos (18, 65, 90) would be used seed species optimized for silage, animal feed (or supplement), fertilizer, biofuel, agricultural runoff control, or food for fish and seafood farming and the bioreactor output (20) would be directed to those applications which end with stage-1 without sending algae for stage-2 (
Using invention bioreactors along inland lake shores and rivers, invention fresh-water algal production can further aid in revitalization of inland lakes and rivers by removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds added by agricultural runoff. This would be accomplished by diverting the bioreactor output (20) directly into the lake or river. In this case, it would be desirable for the bioreactor algae to be a high density, fast sinking variety of fresh water algae. The algae bloom need not be supplemented with nutrient as it is dosed into the lake or river. As the algae bloom proceeds in lakes and rivers, it will consume nutrient provided by agricultural runoff, and in doing so, it will clear the river of these agricultural pollutants. As the algae blooms die and settle to the lake or river bottom, some periodic dredging may be required to keep the main channels open and an aerator boat may need to patrol up and down the rivers and on the lakes to restore dissolved oxygen levels to prevent post-bloom anoxia as algae blooms die and sink. With re-aeration, inland freshwater algae blooms will be beneficial as they will feed the lake and river food chain and increase fresh-water fish populations which will also flourish (and be healthier for fresh-water fishermen to catch and eat) as agricultural runoff chemicals are removed.
Lake and river bacteria levels will also drop sharply as another benefit of this program. This will improve the health of fish, water birds, and essentially all creatures and humans living in or along the lakes and rivers. This includes impacting water-borne disease, the eradication or minimization of which will benefit 3rd world countries.
Clearing major rivers of agricultural runoff and bacteria will improve public health and will further stop coastal water harmful algae blooms (HAB's) such as the notorious “red tide” in Florida, which are otherwise fed from agricultural runoff at major river delta outflows. This will be accomplished by the invention high density fresh water algae having cleared the rivers of agricultural phosphorus and nitrogen compounds upstream from the delta outflow. The coastal water HAB's will simply die as their food supply will have been cut off upstream in the rivers which normally supply them with agricultural runoff. By clearing up the agricultural runoff, downstream HAB's in the gulf won't survive. By these invention means, lakes, rivers, and coastal waters will be revitalized. Even the tourism industry around lakes, rivers, and coastal waters will benefit as a result of better fishing everywhere with larger populations of bigger, healthier fish which are safer to eat as a result of growing in the cleaner, less polluted water.
The specification figures and description are of non-limiting examples and the invention systems and processes may be envisioned beyond the scope of specific embodiments, settings, and regions described herein, and the scope of the invention must therefore be considered to be limited only by the claims. While the invention system and processes have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
This application claims benefit of provisional application No. 61/965,961 filed on Feb. 11, 2014 and 62/071,049 filed on Sep. 13, 2014. This is also a CIP of Pending Utility application Ser. No. 13/999,195 filed on Jan. 27, 2014.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61965961 | Feb 2014 | US | |
| 62071049 | Sep 2014 | US |
