Patent Application
20190288570
This invention relates to rotary machines and generators in particular, and it relates specifically to an electromagnet component comprising magnetite for use in a generator.
An electric generator usually has an electromagnet as an essential part. Most electromagnets have a core made of steel (e.g., high nickel steel) as the material to generate the magnetic properties of the electromagnets. Windings, e.g. copper coils, are provided around the steel core and a current is passed through the windings to induce a magnetic field in and around the steel core. In order for the induced magnetic field to be useful, the electromagnet must have certain properties. For example, it needs to be able to produce magnetic flux of a sufficiently high density, dispersed in the right directions, and (depending on the construction of the generator) the core needs enough strength to be able to carry a centrifugal load necessitated by the operation of the generator.
Although steel has some favourable characteristics (that is, it is strong and produces useful magnetic flux), it also has unfavourable characteristics: it is heavy, it is difficult to machine, and it is relatively expensive. The Inventor aims to provide an electromagnet or a component for an electromagnet which overcomes or ameliorates at least one, and ideally more, of these drawbacks. It is an object of the invention to provide an electromagnet or an electromagnet component for a generator which is made from a combination of materials including magnetite, one material compensating for a weakness of another material.
The closest prior art of which the Inventor is aware is as follows:
It is pointed out that both of these patent documents relate to motors and their teachings are thus a degree removed from generators.
Accordingly, the present invention provides an electromagnet component for use in a generator, the electromagnet component comprising:
The electromagnet component may comprise two magnetic shoes, namely an inner shoe and an outer shoe, each of the shoes comprising magnetite and a binder. Each of the shoes may have an arcuate cross section. The shoes may be operatively radially spaced relative to each other. The metallic core may be provided between the shoes.
The core may serve as a spacer to support the two shoes apart, e.g., a short distance apart. In one embodiment, the core may be elongate and cylindrical, e.g., having a round or rectangular cross-sectional profile. In another embodiment, the core may have a T-shaped cross-sectional profile or an I- or H-shaped cross-sectional profile.
The core may be of steel. The core may be smaller than that of a comparable prior art generator (i.e., a generator not having at least one magnetic shoe comprising magnetite and a binder).
The (or each) shoe may include a reinforcing component embedded therein. The reinforcing component may increase a structural strength or rigidity of the shoe. The reinforcing component may be a mesh. The reinforcing component may be fibres. The reinforcing component may be steel wire.
The binder may comprise resin. The resin may be high-strength resin.
The magnetite may be high-quality magnetite with >90% magnetics for improved magnetic dispersion properties. Magnetic particles in the magnetite may be aligned for improved magnetic properties.
The (or each) shoe may have, or may be, a sacrificial layer. The sacrificial layer may take the place of an air gap in a prior art generator. The shoe may have two layers: a basal, non-sacrificial layer and the sacrificial layer which may be a surface layer.
The electromagnet component may include a dispersion layer. The dispersion layer may be a metallic layer. The dispersion layer may be a thin metallic layer or plate, e.g., high nickel steel or electric steel. The shape of the dispersion layer may match the shape of the shoe, with the dispersion layer and the shoe being in contact with each other.
The electromagnet component may include windings. The windings may be coiled around the core. The windings may be embedded in the shoe.
The invention extends to an electromagnet assembly comprising plural electromagnet components, which may be arranged side by side in a circle around an axis of rotation of a generator.
The invention extends to a generator including the electromagnet component as defined above. The generator may include plural electromagnet components. The generator may include one electromagnet component for each pole of the generator, e.g., a four pole generator may include four electromagnet components. The plural electromagnet components may be arranged side by side in a circle around an axis of rotation of the generator.
The invention will now be further described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings.
In the drawings:
The following description of the invention is provided as an enabling teaching of the invention. Those skilled in the relevant art will recognise that many changes can be made to the embodiment described, while still attaining the beneficial results of the present invention. It will also be apparent that some of the desired benefits of the present invention can be attained by selecting some of the features of the present invention without utilising other features. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will recognise that modifications and adaptations to the present invention are possible and can even be desirable in certain circumstances, and are a part of the present invention. Thus, the following description is provided as illustrative of the principles of the present invention and not a limitation thereof.
The Inventor notes that magnetite (in its natural state) can be granular and soft. Even when compacted into a solid mass (without a binder) it is relatively soft and therefore easy to work and machine into different shapes. In this example, the shoes 102 are generally arcuate cross-sectional profile, each having an accurate main portion. The inner shoe 102a has straight side edges either side of the main portion, while the outer shoe 102b has inwardly stepped edges.
In this example, the shoes 102 have no external support structure. Accordingly, a reinforcing mesh 114 is provided inside (and co-planar with) each shoe 102. The reinforcing mesh 114 is of stainless steel and provides the shoe 102 with structural rigidity and strength (in similar fashion to rebar embedded in concrete). The mesh 114 does not add significantly to the weight of the shoe 102 (which, relative to stainless steel, is light).
A steel core 110 is provided between the shoes 102. In this example, the steel core has a rectangular cross-sectional profile but other profiles may be practicable. The steel core 110 provides a dual purpose in this example: it spaces the shoes 102 apart and it provides a core for the electromagnet component. The shoes 102 and core 110 are radially aligned relative to an axis of rotation of a generator (not illustrated) in the following order, moving outward from the axis: inner shoe 102a, core 110, and outer shoe 102b. A clearance gap 112 is provided between the shoes 102.
Windings (not illustrated) will be wound around the core 110 within the clearance gap 112.
Four similar or identical electromagnet components 100 are mounted side-by-side in a circular or annular series to provide a four-pole electromagnet arrangement for the generator.
Two of the layers 202, 204 comprise the magnetite and binder, while a third layer 206 is a metallic dispersion layer. Each shoe (a, b) has two magnetite layers 202, 204 because one layer 202, a surface layer 202a, 202b (collectively referred to with numeral 202) is sacrificial while the other magnetite layer 204, a mid or basal layer 204a, 204b (collectively referred to by numeral 204) of magnetite which is a permanent layer attached to the dispersion layer 206. The dispersion layer 206 is a relatively thin layer or plate of high nickel steel. The dispersion layer 206 assists in creating a desired magnetic flux density and layout.
The two shoes (a, b), and specifically the dispersion layers 206 of each shoe (a, b), are arranged either side of a steel core 210 which serves to space the shoes (a, b) a short distance 212 apart.
The width of the sacrificial layer 202 is matched to the width of an air gap in a conventional generator. Accordingly, the air gap in the present generator (which uses the electromagnet components 200) is replaced with the sacrificial layer and is therefore non-existent or much smaller. As a rotor (which will typically carry the electromagnet component 200) and stator of the generator rotate relative to each other, an exposed face of the sacrificial layer 202 will typically make contact with a relatively moving part (e.g., on the stator) and be worn away. As magnetite is relatively soft, this should cause no or negligible damage to the moving part and cause the sacrificial layer 202 to be worked for a perfect fit.
In a conventional (prior art) electromagnet design for generators, the steel core performs the dual function of generating magnetic flux and of dispersing the magnetic field. In the present invention, the magnetic flux generation and magnetic flux dispersion may be performed by one or two different materials: the magnetite shoe and/or the steel core.
The Inventor believes that the invention, as exemplified, has a number of advantages. Importantly, magnetite is much easier than steel to work, machine, form, and shape as desired. Accordingly, specific shapes and profiles of the magnetite shoes can easily be formed.
In an embodiment with a sacrificial magnetite layer (as in
Another potential advantage of magnetite is that copper wire forming the windings can be embedded into the magnetite layer and then the copper wire can perform the dual function of providing the current for magnetic field and providing strength for the rotor.
Because the magnetite is so easy to machine, the electromagnet surface provided by the shoe can be shaped in such a way that the magnetic field flux increases progressively to the centre from both sides by the effect of the decreasing air gap.
In another embodiment, the combination of the increasing copper windings within the magnetite shoe and the decreased air gap in the centre increases the rate of change which is directly proportional EMF generated. According to the Maxwell equation, the higher the rate of change of magnetic flux, the higher the EMF generated; that is to say that EMF is a derivative of the Magnetic Flux. This rate of change in other embodiments can be achieved by changing the surface area of the electromagnet, by making the surface area uniformly smaller towards the ends on both sides. By doing this, the centre becomes a stronger magnetic field and the strength progressively decreases towards the end and this increase the rate of change. In other embodiments, the combination of the decreasing air gap towards the centre, the increasing copper windings towards the centre and the increasing surface area of the electromagnet towards the centre will increase the rate of change and therefore the EMF generated.
Importantly, magnetite is relatively cheap, and in some industries is even considered a wasteful by-product. Thus, use of magnetite can vastly reduce overall cost of materials for manufacturing a generator.
Magnetite is also lighter than steel, which can reduce the weight of the generator, reduce momentum in use, increase life of bearings and axles, etc.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016/07301 | Oct 2016 | ZA | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2017/056569 | 10/23/2017 | WO | 00 |
