AN ENDOSCOPE

Abstract

An endoscope including a handle and a distal tip. The distal tip includes with a transparent front window, an image sensor having a rectangular shape, and a lightguide. The lightguide includes a circumferential surface configured to provide total internal reflection of light emitted from a light source. Cross-sections of the lightguide include four corners arranged around a centre axis so as to define four edges subdividing the circumferential surface into four side surfaces. The edges extend with a predetermined angle with respect to the centre axis and have a curvature where the angle of the surface with respect to the centre axis increases from the edges towards the middle of the side surface.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of and priority from European Patent Applications Nos. 21176573 and 21176578, filed May 28, 2021; said applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to insertion endoscopes, in particular but not limited to a tip part of such an endoscope.

BACKGROUND

Insertable vision devices such as endoscopes are well known for visually inspecting inaccessible places such as body cavities, e.g. human body cavities. Typically, the endoscope comprises an elongated insertion cord with a handle at the proximal end as seen from the operator and visual inspections means, such as a builtin camera, at the distal end of the elongated insertion cord. Electrical wiring for the electronic vision receptor, e.g. the chip of a camera and other electronics such as LED lighting accommodated in the tip part at the distal end run along the inside of the elongated insertion cord from the handle to the tip part. Instead of using cameras, endoscopes may also be fibreoptic, in which case the optical fibres run along inside of the elongated insertion cord to the tip part.

In order to be able to manoeuvre the endoscope inside the body cavity, the distal end of the endoscope may comprise a bending section with increased flexibility, e.g. a number of articulated segments of which the tip part forms the distalmost segment. This is typically done by tensioning or slacking pull wires also running along the inside of the elongated insertion cord from the tip part through the remainder of articulated segments to a control mechanism of the handle. Furthermore, a working channel may run along the inside of the insertion cord from the handle to the tip part, e.g. allowing liquid to be removed from the body cavity or allowing the insertion of surgical instruments or the like into the body cavity.

As the name indicates, endoscopes, are used for seeing inside things, such as lungs or other human body cavities of a patient. Modern endoscopes are therefore typically equipped with at least one camera or similar image capturing device serving as an electronic vision receptor at the distal tip of the endoscope. Provided that sufficient light is present, this allows the operator to see where the endoscope is steered and to set the target of interest once the tip has been advanced thereto. This therefore normally requires illumination of the area in front of the distal tip of the endoscope, in particular the field of vision of the camera(s). One known way of achieving such illumination is to provide the above-mentioned LED lighting using one or more Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) in conjunction with lightguides in the tip of the endoscope, as e.g. formed integrally with a front window covering also the vision receptor as mentioned in EP 3539450 disclosing a disposable endoscope incorporated herein by reference. The light distribution in the emitted light from a light source such as an optical fibre or an LED is, however, not optimal as regards the field of vision of a vision receptor such as an image sensor, a video camera or an optical fibre. In particular, an LED may spread the emitted light over a wide angle from what is ideally a point source. The vision receptor on the other hand is typically a rectangular array or matrix, with a certain width-height aspect ratio.

It may therefore be problematic to have the corners of the field of vision of the vision receptor proper illuminated without overexposure of other parts. As an example, in many body cavities, in particular tubular ones, objects in the periphery of the field of vision will often be closer than those in the centre. Consequently, they will be stronger illuminated than those in the centre, which in turn leads to overexposure of the image at the periphery and underexposure in the centre where the object of interest is often likely to be. The opposite, however, may also be the case so that the centre is overexposed while corners of the field of vision is underexposed.

JP-8-122633 deals with the light distribution to the corners of the field of view of a reusable endoscope. However, rather than using lightguides in front of LEDs JP-8-122633 uses relatively complicated lens systems in front of optical fibres, providing the light at the tip of the endoscope.

SUMMARY

Based on this prior art, it is the object of the present disclosure to provide a tip part of an endoscope which overcomes at least some of the above problems.

According to a first aspect of the disclosure this object is achieved by an endoscope comprising a proximal handle and a distal tip with at least one transparent window part, said distal tip being arranged at the distal end of an insertion cord extending from said proximal handle, said distal tip comprising an electronic image capture device having an essentially rectangular receptor defining a vertical imaging direction (V) with a height (h) and a horizontal imaging direction (H) with a width (w), the distal tip comprises at least one light source, a lightguide with a centre axis, where the lightguide comprises a proximal end and a distal end and a circumferential surface extending between said proximal end and said distal end, wherein said circumferential surface is configured to provide internal reflection of light emitted from the light source, and said circumferential surface defines a cross-section of said lightguide, wherein said cross-section defines at least four corners arranged with an angular spacing around said centre axis, and where between two neighbouring corners said circumferential surface has a predetermined curvature between, wherein said predetermined curvature is so selected that incident light emitted from said centre axis is reflected at an angle ⊖ with respect to said horizontal direction (H), where the angle ⊖ is either ±arctan (h/w), or ±(180°−arctan (h/w)).

According to an embodiment of the first aspect of the disclosure said curvature is given by the formula: ⊖=2⊖₂−⊖₁, where ⊖₁ is the emission angle of a light ray with respect to said horizontal direction and ⊖₂ is the angle of the tangent to the circumferential surface with respect to horizontal at the point of incidence of said light ray. With this curvature rays emanating from the LED at the centre will be reflected in the preferred direction and rays emanating from parts of the LED slightly off-set from the centre axis will still largely be reflected in the desired direction.

According to a further embodiment of the first aspect of the disclosure said cross-section defines four corners arranged with a 90° spacing around said centre axis so as to provide a first pair and a second pair of mutually opposing corners, where a first corner of the first pair opposes the second corner of the first pair along a first diagonal coincident with said vertical imaging direction (V), and where a first corner of the second pair opposes the second corner of the second pair along a second diagonal coincident with said horizontal (H) imaging direction.

According to an embodiment of the first aspect of the disclosure the corners of said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners are concave corners as seen from the inside of the lightguide. This improves the light distribution over embodiments with versions with concave corners only.

According to an embodiment according to the first aspect of the disclosure the number of further corners is a multiple of four, in particular four or eight. Adding further corners in multiples of four, i.e. corresponding multiples of the number of corners in the imaging device may further improve the light distribution of light to those corners.

According to an embodiment of the first aspect of the disclosure, the corners of said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners are convex corners as seen from the inside of the lightguide.

According to a further embodiment according to the first aspect of the disclosure said convex corners have an angle in the interval from 215° to 235°, preferably approximately 225°. This preferred angle, corresponding to 180°+2×22.5° with a proper interval around it, reflects at a 45° angle seen from the centre for the lightguide from where the light ideally enters the lightguide, although the LED is not an ideal point source.

According to an embodiment according to the first aspect of the disclosure, further corners are provided between said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners. This further improves the light distribution towards the corners of the field of view.

According to a further embodiment according to the first aspect of the disclosure said concave corners have an angle in the interval from 125° to 145°, preferably approximately 135°.

According to another embodiment of the first aspect of the invention the side surfaces between said edges are smooth, i.e. without any discontinuities such as concave corners between the convex corners forming the edges. This further improves the control of light emission through and from the lightguide and facilitates manufacturing of the lightguide as it is easier to e.g. injection mould.

According to a further embodiment of the first aspect of the disclosure the distal end face of the of the lightguide constitutes the front window or part of the front window. This may further improve the control of the light emitted from the endoscope directly from the lightguide rather than through a front windowpane or similar object without lightguide properties irrespective of the front windowpane is integral with the lightguide or not.

An endoscope according to the disclosure, wherein the light guide and the window is a single-piece integrally moulded component. This makes the manufacturing cost-efficient.

According to another embodiment of the disclosure, the light guide and the window is a single-piece integrally moulded component. This makes it easier to manufacture and, according to yet a yet further preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the disclosure, allows the angle of the edges with respect to the centre axis to be between 0° and 3°, preferably approximately 1°. This allows for easy manufacture of the lightguide by e.g. injection moulding without inhibiting the desired optical properties.

According to yet another preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the disclosure the maximum angle of the side surfaces with respect to the centre axis is in the interval from 2° to 10°, preferably approximately 5°. This provides a proper curvature to reflect some of the light incident on the side surfaces more towards the corners as seen in the cross-sectional plane and hence emanate in a corresponding direction from the lightguide into the field of view of the image capture device.

According to another embodiment of the disclosure, wherein the light guide and the window is a single-piece integrally moulded component, the single-piece integrally moulded component allows the distal end face of the lightguide to constitute the window part. Thus, the light emitted in the direction of the corners of the field of view will not be disturbed by passing and exiting from a thickness of transparent material. This in turn allows for the omission of any additional window in front of the imaging device except for e.g. lenses integrated in a camera.

According to an embodiment of a second aspect of the disclosure, the object is achieved by a visualization system comprising a video processing apparatus (VPA) and an endoscope according to the first aspect of the disclosure. The VPA is configured to receive live video from the endoscope and output a video based on the received live video.

In a variation of the present embodiment, the VPA comprises a display device.

In another variation of the present embodiment, the VPA does not comprise a display device, and the display device is communicatively connected to the VPA, either wirelessly or via a cable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure will now be made in greater detail based on non-limiting exemplary embodiments and with reference to the drawings, on which:

FIG. 1 shows an isometric view of the tip part of an endoscope implementing the disclosure,

FIG. 2 shows the inside of the tip part of FIG. 1 seen from the proximal end,

FIGS. 3a-3c shows a first embodiment of a lightguide that may be implemented in the tip part of FIG. 1,

FIGS. 3d-3f show emission diagrams for the first embodiment,

FIG. 3d illustrates luminous intensity distribution for the first embodiment in a 3-dimensional plot,

FIG. 3e illustrates luminous intensity distribution in the horizontal and the vertical plane for the first embodiment,

FIG. 3f illustrates luminous intensity distribution in the two diagonal planes for the first embodiment,

FIGS. 4a-4c shows a second embodiment of a lightguide that may be implemented in the tip part of FIG. 1,

FIG. 4d illustrates luminous intensity distribution for the second embodiment in a 3-dimensional plot,

FIG. 4e illustrates luminous intensity distribution in the horizontal and the vertical plane for the second embodiment,

FIG. 4f illustrates luminous intensity distribution in the two diagonal planes for the second embodiment,

FIGS. 5a-5c shows a third embodiment of a lightguide that may be implemented in the tip part of FIG. 1,

FIG. 5d illustrates luminous intensity distribution for the third embodiment in a 3-dimensional plot,

FIG. 5e illustrates luminous intensity distribution in the horizontal and the vertical plane for the third embodiment,

FIG. 5f illustrates luminous intensity distribution in the two diagonal planes for the third embodiment,

FIGS. 6a-6c shows a fourth embodiment of a lightguide that may be implemented in the tip part of FIG. 1,

FIG. 6d illustrates luminous intensity distribution for the fourth embodiment in a 3-dimensional plot,

FIG. 6e illustrates luminous intensity distribution in the horizontal and the vertical plane for the fourth embodiment,

FIG. 6f illustrates luminous intensity distribution in the two diagonal planes for the fourth embodiment,

FIGS. 7a-7c shows a fifth embodiment of a lightguide that may be implemented in the tip part of FIG. 1,

FIG. 7d illustrates luminous intensity distribution for the fifth embodiment in a 3-dimensional plot,

FIG. 7e illustrates luminous intensity distribution in the horizontal and the vertical plane for the fifth embodiment,

FIG. 7f illustrates luminous intensity distribution in the two diagonal planes for the fifth embodiment,

FIG. 8 shows a visualization system including an embodiment of a video processing apparatus and an endoscope with a tip part according to the disclosure,

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the video processing apparatus of FIG. 8,

FIG. 10 is a front view of another embodiment of the processing apparatus of FIG. 8,

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an embodiment of components of the tip part including the lightguide, and

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a variation of the embodiment of FIG. 11.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Turning first to FIG. 8, an embodiment of a visualization system 1 according to the second aspect of the disclosure is shown. The visualization system 1 comprises a video processing apparatus (VPA), illustratively a VPA 1a (shown in block form) including a display screen 1b, and an endoscope 2 connectable thereto via a wireless connection, for example via a wireless HDMI protocol, or, as shown, a cable 3. The visualization system 1 is configured to display live images or video based on video obtained by an image sensor of the endoscope 2 along with a graphical user interface to control video or image presentation and capture functions.

The endoscope 2 is preferably a forward looking, disposable, i.e. single use, endoscope that is to be discarded after use in a patient, rather than cleaned, sterilized and reused. The endoscope 2 comprises a position interface, illustratively a handle 4, at the proximal end. The handle 4 is adapted to be gripped by the hand of an operator. The endoscope 2 also includes a bendable insertion cord 5 extending towards the distal end of the endoscope 2 and adapted to be inserted into a patient. The insertion cord 5 includes an insertion tube 5a, a bending section 5b, and a tip part 8 according to the disclosure connected to the bending section 5b. The bending section 5b is highly bendable. The bending motion of the bending section is controlled by the user using an operating member 7 such as knob or a lever via control cables (not visible) connected to the tip part 8 or the distal end of the bending section 5b. The bending section 5b comprises a thin covering sheath, and the inner details are thus not visible in FIG. 8.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the VPA 1a, which can be referred to as a monitor. The VPA 1a includes a housing 1c, a receptacle 1d to receive a connector of the cable 3, and a handle 1e that also functions as a table stand when the monitor is positioned on a table or other support structure. The housing 1c encloses the display screen 1b and circuitry operable to configure the live video captured by the image sensor to the requirements of the display screen 1b. The circuitry also generates a graphical user interface configured to enable the operator to control the image or video capture and presentation functions, as is known in the art.

Another embodiment of a VPA, illustratively VPA 1f, is shown in FIG. 10, together with a display device 1j including the display screen 1b and the receptacle 1d (not shown). The VPA 1a and the VPA 1f may perform the same video processing functions. The VPA 1f includes a housing and a display support interface 1i, which supports the display device 1j via a support arm. The display device 1j can be separated or removed from the VPA 1f. The processed video can also be presented with a remote or separate display device communicatively connected, via a wired or wireless connection, with the VPA 1f. This enables placement of the VPA 1f in a location distinct from the location of the display device. This also enables use of a display device available in the operating room for other purposes.

A position interface functions to control the position of the insertion cord 5. A handle is an example of a position interface and, unless stated otherwise, the terms are used interchangeably. The handle also functions to provide manual control actuators, e.g. knobs, levers, buttons, and the like, to steer the tip part and control instruments guided through the insertion cord. Alternatively, a different position interface can be provided that is connected to the insertion cord and is detachably connected to a robotic arm. The insertion cord thus extends from the robotic arm, and the endoscope is thus detachable from the robotic arm. The tip part (described below) is the same regardless of the position interface used. The robotic arm responds to signals, such as voice commands from the operator, to rotate, translate, and otherwise position the proximal end of the insertion cord, as an operator would do manually. The position interface can include control actuators, including manual control actuators. Alternatively or additionally, control actuators can be provided in or on the robotic arm or by the robotic system including the robotic arm, thereby potentially reducing the cost of the endoscope. Example control actuators include single axis actuators, including linear motion actuators. A linear motion actuator may comprise a threaded rod coupled to a threaded nut portion, in which a motor rotates the rod to translate the nut portion.

Turning now to FIG. 1, the housing 9 of the tip part 8 of the endoscope 2 is shown in greater detail. The housing 9 may be moulded integrally in a two-stage two component injection moulding process so as to have a transparent housing part 10 and an opaque housing part 11. The transparent housing part 10 comprises a front window part 12 preferably covering, as seen from the distal end, an electronic imaging device 23 (an example is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12) provided in the tip housing 9. The front window part 12 furthermore comprises integrally formed lightguides 13 (shown in FIG. 11) adapted to guide and distribute light from light sources, such as LEDs 30 (shown in FIGS. 11 and 12), also provided in the tip housing 9, in order to provide illumination for the imaging device. It is, however, not excluded that the electronic image capture device 23 is provided with its own front window (which may be shaped to function as a lens) and the lightguides 13 themselves constitute a front window part 12 or, if the electronic image capture device 23 is provided with its own front window, that the front window part 12 is excluded and the base of the lightguide (described below) provides a front-facing surface exposed to the environment. Although shown proximally of the electronic image capture device 23, the LEDs 30 can be placed distally of the electronic image capture device 23. Furthermore, the LEDs 30 can be adhesively bonded to the lightguides 13 or, alternatively, a support frame can be placed therebetween to maintain the lightguides or the LEDs or both in place relative to the image capture device 23.

The tip housing may also enclose a lens and a lens holder or barrel 34 (shown in FIGS. 11 and 12). The electronic image capture device 23 has an optical axis 40. The cross-section of the image receptor 32 may be substantially rectangular or square, the shape defining a vertical and a horizontal imaging direction. The shape of the electronic image capture device 23 may also be circular or have other shapes. Typically, however, the image receptor 32, which converts light to pixel data constituting the live images, is substantially rectangular or square. It should be understood that a square is a species of a rectangle. The electronic image capture device 23 together with the lens(es) and associated circuitry (e.g. processor), may be referred to as a camera 36. The camera may be a commercially available wafer-level camera module communicatively coupled to the VPA by means of power connectors and serial communication connectors. The serial communication connectors establish serial communication via a serial communication protocol such as, for example, I2C. The VPA may provide configuration information to the camera on a periodic basis based on analysis, by the VPA, of the images to, for example, prevent overexposure or underexposure of the images. Such configuration information may comprise, for example, electronic shutter speed or exposure time.

The front window part 12 comprises a portion 12a (shown in FIGS. 11 and 12) positioned across the optical axis 40 of the camera, which thus may be referred to as the camera window. The front window part 12 also comprises a portion or portions positioned distally from the light source or sources, which may be referred to as the light window(s) 12b (shown in FIGS. 11 and 12). The camera window 12a and the light windows 12b can be integrally formed in one piece or can be provided as distinct pieces, as discussed above. Accordingly, the camera window can be combined and be part of the camera. A light window can be combined with and be part of a lightguide. Preferably, to reduce costs and complexity, the front window part 12 comprises, in one piece, the lightguides. The lightguides each comprise a proximal end 13a and a distal end 13b (shown in FIG. 11) and a circumferential surface surrounding a centre axis A and extending between said proximal end and said distal end. The circumferential surface is configured to provide internal reflection of light emitted from the light source and defines cross-sections 13c (an example shown in FIG. 11) of the lightguide, across the centre axis, the cross-sections comprising four corners arranged around the centre axis so as to define four edges subdividing the circumferential surface into four side surfaces. Each of the side surfaces comprises a curvature having an angle of curvature, the angle of curvature of each of the side surfaces increasing from the edges towards a middle of each of the side surfaces. Thus, the side surfaces, and the corresponding sides of the cross-sections, are curved.

As can be seen, the lightguides 13 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 correspond specifically to the fifth embodiment shown in FIGS. 7a-7c but may in other embodiments of the housing 9 be substituted with other lightguides 13, such as corresponding to those depicted in FIGS. 3 to 6, as they all improve the light distribution according to the disclosure.

Turning now to FIGS. 3a to 3c, a first embodiment of a lightguide 13 is shown as seen from the proximal end corresponding to the direction of FIG. 2. For simplicity, the front window part 12 is just schematically shown as a square but could of course have the full complexity of the front window part 12 of FIGS. 1 and 2. The front window part 12 may be integrally moulded with the lightguide 13 but could also be a separate item. Furthermore, the end face of the lightguide 13 could itself constitute the front window. The same applies to other embodiments described below.

As can be seen, the body of the lightguide 13 is roughly the shape of a frustum of a four-sided pyramid. The base is contiguous with the front window part 12 and the top, i.e. the proximal end, comprises a plane surface 14 adapted to receive and be in good contact with the emission side of the LED. The plane surface 14 at the top is generally rectangular with four straight sides 17 except at the corners 15, which are slightly rounded for manufacturing reasons. Being a square, the corners are spaced with 90 degree spacing about a centre axis A-A. The sides are aligned with the horizontal imaging direction H and vertical imaging direction V defined by the image sensor or receptor of the electronic image capture device 23, schematically indicated with broken lines in FIGS. 5a, 6a and 7a and the corresponding rectangular display on the display device. In the illustrated examples the image sensor 32 is assumed to be square meaning that the width w and the height h, as indicated on FIG. 6a, are equal, i.e. that the aspect ratio h/w is 1. However, as will be explained below, other aspect ratios are also possible, within the scope of invention. The cross-section at the base is not entirely rectangular but rather somewhat cushion-shaped with four convexly curved sides 16. As far as the lightguide 13 itself is considered, it ends at the base with the sides 16 because the front window part 12 beyond that distal end of the lightguide does not contribute with any internal reflection (when the front window part 12 extends laterally from the base). In practice there will be some curvature in the transition between base formed by the sides 16 of the lightguide 13 and the front window part 12, which is also not considered to be a part of the lightguide. The same applies to all other embodiments shown in the figures.

The four side surfaces 18 which together with the rounded corners form the circumferential surface of the lightguide 13 are each smooth surfaces without discontinuities with a curvature that (as seen from the outside) increases in convexity from the top towards the base. The four edges 21 formed by the corners are preferably perpendicular to the exit surface of the front window part 12, as indicated by the axis C-C, or as close to perpendicular as the manufacturing methods allow. That is ideally to say approximately 0° angle to the centre axis A-A about which the lightguide 13 exhibits a fourth order of symmetry. Some deviation may be acceptable for manufacturing reasons and the angle may thus be anywhere between 0° and 3°, preferably approximately 1 degree.

From the corner, when moving towards the middle of the side surface, the angle of the surfaces increase slightly from approximately 0° to a maximum angle of the side surfaces with respect to the centre axis A-A as indicated by the axis B-B. Because the maximum angle increases away from each corner the maximum angle is found midway on the surface 18 between two edges 21 defined by the corners. This maximum angle is preferably in the interval from 2° to 10°, but is always larger than the angle of the corners with respect to the centre line A-A.

With properly selected transparent materials this shape of the lightguide provides total internal reflection of the light from the light source, but because of the curvature of the side surfaces more light is emitted in the directions away from the corners of the lightguide 13. That is to say, the light is collimated more at the sides where the angles are higher than in the corners where the angles are lower. Suitable transparent materials could include Polycarbonate, Cyclic Olefin Polymer, Cyclic Olefin Copolymer, Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer, Silicone or Polystyrene. If the orientation of the edges 17 of the square shape of the plane surface 14 is aligned with the sides of the normally rectangular image sensors of the imaging device, more light will be available in the corners of the field of view. This can be seen from the example shown in FIG. 3d to FIG. 3f, where the curves 20A, 20B indicate that more light is emitted in the direction corresponding to the dashed axes 22A, 22B than in the direction corresponding to the fully drawn axes H, V corresponding to the curves 19H, 19V. Deviations may occur as the emission from the LEDs is not necessarily coincident with the centre of the emission surface of the LED component, in turn involving a potential misalignment with the centre of the lightguide 13 that needs to be minimized during manufacture.

Turning now to FIGS. 4a to 4c, a second embodiment of a lightguide 13 is shown as seen from the proximal end corresponding to the direction of FIG. 2. Again, for simplicity, the front window part 12 is just schematically shown as a square but could of course have the full complexity of the front window part 12 of FIGS. 1 and 2.

As can be seen, the body of the lightguide 13 is roughly the shape of a frustum of a four-sided pyramid. The base is preferably contiguous with the front window part 12 and the top, i.e. the proximal end, comprises a plane surface 14 adapted to receive and be in good contact with the emission side of a LED component. In this and other embodiments, the base could, however, also constitute the front window, or the front window could be a separate part. The plane surface 14 at the top is generally rectangular, however with four concavely curved edges 17, meeting at the corners 15, which are also in this embodiment slightly rounded for manufacturing reasons. The corners are spaced with 90 degree spacing about a centre axis A-A, so as to provide a fourth order of rotational symmetry. In this second embodiment the cross-section at the base is square with straight sides 16 and rounded corners. The sides are aligned with the horizontal imaging direction H and vertical imaging direction V defined by the image sensor and the corresponding rectangular display on the display device.

The four side surfaces 18 which together with the rounded corners form the circumferential surface of the lightguide 13 are each smooth surfaces without discontinuities with a curvature that, like the first embodiment, increases in convexity from the top towards the base or, depending on how you 0 express it, decreases in concavity. Like the first embodiment, the four edges 21 formed by the corners are preferably perpendicular to the exit surface of the front window part 12, as indicated by the axis C-C, or as close to perpendicular as the manufacturing methods allow. That is ideally to say approximately 0° angle to the centre axis A-A about which the lightguide 13 exhibits a fourth order of symmetry. Some deviation may be acceptable for manufacturing reasons and the angle may thus be anywhere between 0° and 3°, preferably approximately 1 degree.

From the corner, the angle of the surfaces increases slightly from approximately 0° to a maximum angle of the side surfaces with respect to the centre axis A-A. Because the maximum angle increases away from each corner the maximum angle is found midway on the surface 18 between two edges 21 defined by the corners as indicated by the axis B-B. This maximum angle is preferably in the interval from 2° to 10°, but is always larger than the angle of the corners with respect to the centre line A-A.

With properly selected transparent materials this shape of the lightguide provides total internal reflection of the light from the light source, but because of the curvature of the side surfaces, the light is collimated more at the sides where the angles are higher than in the corners where the angles are lower, and accordingly light is emitted more to the sides than forwardly at the corners of the lightguide 13 than at the side surfaces where the angles are larger. If the orientation of the edges 17 of the plane surface 14 is aligned with the sides of the normally rectangular image sensors of the imaging device, more light will be available in the corners of the field of view. This can be seen from the example shown in FIG. 4d to FIG. 4f, where the curves 20A, 20B indicate that more light is emitted in the direction corresponding to the dashed axes 22A, 22B than in the direction corresponding to the fully drawn axes H, V corresponding to the curves 19H, 19V. Deviations may occur as the emission from the LEDs is not necessarily coincident with the centre of the emission surface of the LED component, in turn involving a potential misalignment with the centre of the lightguide 13 that needs to be minimized during manufacture.

Turning now to FIGS. 5a to 5c an alternative embodiment of the lightguide 13 adapted for increasing light emission towards the corners of the field of view of the imaging device is shown. The lightguide 13 in this embodiment is not a truncated pyramid but rather a column. That is to say the base and the top 14 have essentially the same shape and area. Accordingly, the sides 18 and the edges 21 are perpendicular to the end surface, except for whatever deviation may be necessary for other reasons, i.e. small deviation in the interval from 0° to 3°. Such reasons may include manufacturing reasons but also collimation, e.g. to generally keep as much light as possible withing the field of view of the imaging device.

As can be seen the areas of top 14 and base has four corners 15 but is not quite square, but rather somewhat cushion-shaped, i.e. with a convex curvature as seen from the outside. This again applies to the entire surface outer 18 between the corners.

However, as seen from the inside of the lightguide 13 where incident light from the LED is subject to internal reflection the light is thus reflected of a concave surface. That is to say, the surface as seen from the inner of the light guide 13 is a concave mirror. Since, as will be understood, reflection is the issue, all references to convex and concave corners and surfaces will be made accordingly, i.e. as seen from the inside of the light guide 13, rather than in the conventional way for polygons in geometry. In this respect, corners will be understood as convex if the angle at which the surface meet, is larger than 180°, as seen from the inside, and concave if the angle with which they meet is smaller than 180°, as seen from the inside. In other words a convex corner points towards the centre of the light guide 13, and concave corners point away from the centre of the light guide 13. With the corners 15 arranged as two pairs of opposing concave corners 15 one pair opposing each other in the vertical direction V and the other pair opposing each other in the horizontal direction H, as defined with respect to the image receptor and display, it is possible to reflect more light towards the corners of the image than the sides of the field of view of the square image receptor as illustrated in FIG. 5a. As can be seen the curvature of the surface 18 is concave and so selected that light impinging midway on the surface is reflected straight back towards the centre line A-A whereas light impinging closer to and at the corners 15 are reflected back at an angle so that all light is generally directed more in a direction between the horizontal and vertical directions. The curvature may be selected differently from that shown, but ideally at the corners the angle β of the tangent to the surface with respect to vertical or horizontal direction should be 22.5° or at least in the interval between 20° and 25° in order to achieve the desired reflection at an angle of 45° with respect to vertical or horizontal as illustrated. In the example illustrated in FIGS. 5a to 5c, this results in a concave corner 15 as seen from within the lightguide 13 with an angle α of 135° or at least between 125° and 145°.

Thus, with opposing corners 15 and resulting edges 12 arranged along the vertical and horizontal direction and suitably selected angles of the corners 15, more light will be available in the corners of the field of view of the imaging device. This can be seen from the example shown in FIG. 5d to FIG. 5f, where the curves 20A, 20B indicate that more light is emitted in the direction corresponding to the dashed axes 22A, 22B than in the direction corresponding to the fully drawn axes H, V corresponding to the curves 19H, 19V. Deviations may occur as the emission from the LEDs is not necessarily coincident with the centre of the emission surface of the LED component, in turn involving a potential misalignment with the centre of the lightguide 13 that needs to be minimized during manufacture.

Irrespective of whether the corners are arranged exactly opposite each other and whether the image sensor is generally rectangular i.e. height h differs from width w, the curvature between two neighbouring corners is so selected that the reflection angle ⊖ with respect to horizontal H is so selected that the reflection angle (⊖) is either ±arctan (h/w), or ±(180°−arctan (h/w)). That is to say if the aspect ratio of the image sensor is not 1, the angles towards the corner are not 45°, the curvature is still adapted to reflect light towards the corners, and does thus not deviate from the scope of the disclosure.

As illustrated in FIG. 5a this can be achieved if the tangent T to the reflecting surface is at an angle ⊖₂ to horizontal, where ⊖₂ is so selected that ⊖=2⊖₂−⊖₁, where ⊖₁ is the emission angle of a light ray emanating from the centre axis with respect to said horizontal direction H.

In FIGS. 6a to 6c another embodiment of the lightguide 13 adapted for increasing light emission towards the corners of the field of view of the imaging device is shown. Like the lightguide illustrated in FIGS. 5a-5c, the lightguide 13 in this embodiment is also not a truncated pyramid but rather a column. That is again to say the base and the top 14 have essentially the same shape and area. Accordingly, the sides 18 and the edges 21 are perpendicular to the end surface, except for whatever deviation may be necessary for other reasons, i.e. small deviation in the interval from 0° to 3°. Such reasons may include manufacturing reasons but also collimation, e.g. to generally keep as much light as possible withing the field of view of the imaging device. As can be seen the areas of top 14 is also not quite square, and has not only four corners 15 arranged as two pairs of opposing corners 15 one pair opposing in the vertical direction V and the horizontal direction H, as defined with respect to the image receptor and display, but four additional corners 15′. These additional corners are essential concave right-angled corners as seen from the inside of the lightguide 13.

As will be noticed, the opposing corners 15 in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction are not concave corners 15 but instead convex corners 15.

As seen from the inside of the lightguide 13 incident light from the LED is subject to internal reflection the light is also in this embodiment reflected off a concave surface 18, of which there are eight. The curvature of the surface 18 is so selected that no light impinging on any of the surfaces 18 is reflected straight back towards the centre line A-A but all reflected back at an angle so that all light is generally directed more in a direction between the horizontal and vertical directions.

The curvature may be selected differently from that shown, but ideally at the corners the angle β of the tangent to the surface with respect to vertical or horizontal direction should be 22.5° (or −22.5°) in order to achieve the desired reflection at an angle of 45° with respect to vertical or horizontal as illustrated for the square image receptor 23. In the example illustrated in FIGS. 6a to 6c, this results in a convex corner 15 as seen from within the lightguide 13 with an angle α of 225°.

Thus, with opposing corners 15 and resulting edges 12 arranged along the vertical and horizontal direction and suitably selected angles of the corners 15, more light will be available in the corners of the field of view of the imaging device. This can be seen from the example shown in FIG. 6d to FIG. 6f, where the curves 20A, 20B indicate that more light is emitted in the direction corresponding to the dashed axes 22A, 22B than in the direction corresponding to the fully drawn axes H, V corresponding to the curves 19H, 19V. Deviations may occur as the emission from the LEDs is not necessarily coincident with the centre of the emission surface of the LED component, in turn involving a potential misalignment with the centre of the lightguide 13 that needs to be minimized during manufacture. It will be noticed that the light emission towards the corners of the field of view is better for this embodiment than for the previously described embodiment, but that this comes at the expense of higher complexity, such as inter alia the sharp corners 15′, leading to more complicated tooling in manufacture.

Similar to the previously described embodiment, irrespective of whether the corners are arranged exactly opposite each other, the curvature between two neighbouring corners is so selected that the reflection angle ⊖ with respect to horizontal H is so selected that the reflection angle (⊖) is either ±arctan (h/w), or ±(180°−arctan (h/w)). That is to say, if the aspect ratio of the image sensor 23 differs from 1 and the angles towards the corner are not 45°, the curvature is still adapted to reflect light towards the corners. As can be seen from FIG. 6a, this again can be achieved when the tangent T to the reflecting surface is at an angle ⊖₂ to horizontal, where ⊖₂ is so selected that ⊖=2⊖₂−⊖₁, where ⊖₁ is the emission angle of a light ray emanating from the centre axis with respect to said horizontal direction H.

A further embodiment of the lightguide 13, which can be seen as a hybrid between the two previously described embodiments is shown in FIGS. 7a to 7c avoids these sharp corners. This embodiment, which as the two previously described embodiments, comprises only concave inner surfaces 18 for total internal reflection, but has another four additional corners 15′ compared to FIGS. 6a to 6c and accordingly twelve corners 15, 15′ in total and a corresponding number of concave surfaces 18 for total internal reflection. The shown embodiment is, like the previous ones especially adapted for a square image receptor 23, but is like those previous embodiments, also generally applicable to other aspect ratios without deviating from the disclosure.

It thus has not only four convex corners 15, arranged as two pairs of opposing corners 15, one pair opposing in the vertical direction V and the horizontal direction H, as defined with respect to the image receptor and display, but eight additional corners 15′. These additional corners 15′ are essential concave corners as seen from the inside of the lightguide 13, but with a much more obtuse angle than in the previously described embodiment. The additional surface 18 provided this way provides internal reflections similar to the ones achieved in the embodiment of FIG. 5a to FIG. 5c, i.e. more backwards in direction of the centre line A-A from which it was ideally emitted.

Accordingly, the curvature between neighbouring corners is so selected that the reflection angle ⊖ with respect to horizontal H is so selected that the selected that the reflection angle (⊖) is either ±arctan (h/w), or ±(180°−arctan (h/w)). So also here, if the aspect ratio of the image sensor 23 differs from 1 and the angles towards the corner are not 45°, the curvature is still adapted to reflect light towards the corners. Although not shown, this is also in this case fulfilled when the tangent T to the reflecting surface is at an angle ⊖₂ to horizontal, where ⊖₂ is so selected that ⊖=2⊖₂−⊖₁, where ⊖₁ is the emission angle of a light ray emanating from the centre axis with respect to said horizontal direction H.

Further corners 15′, i.e. higher multiples of four than eight can be envisaged.

The curvature may be selected differently from that shown, but ideally at the convex corners 15 as seen from within the lightguide 13 are also with an angle of 225° in this embodiment.

In general, for the above embodiments, especially adapted for image sensors with square imaging surface, it should be noted that arctan (1/1) is 45. Accordingly, the reflection angle may also be expressed as: ⊖=−45°+N·90°, where N is an integer.

As mentioned above, if the aspect ratio differs from 1, as in many commonly used rectangular image sensor formats, the angles towards the corners will differ.

Thus if h/w=9/16, the angles ⊖ will be ±arctan (9/16), or ±(180°−arctan (9/16)) or approximately: 29.4°=(arctan(9/16)), 150.6°=(180°−arctan(9/16)), (209.4° (−150.6°) or 330.6° (−29.4°).

Similarly, if h/w=3/4, the angles ⊖ will be ±arctan (3/4), or ±(180°−arctan (3/4)) or approximately: 36.9°=(arctan(3/4)), 143.1°=(180°−arctan(3/4)),) 216.9° (−143.1° or 323.1° (−36.9).

It may furthermore be envisaged that features of the embodiments of FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 may be combined with the features of the embodiments of FIG. 5 to FIG. 7 and vice versa.

Turning now to FIGS. 11 and 12, there are shown two variations of components of the tip part discussed above, including the front window part 12 preferably covering, as seen from the distal end, the electronic imaging device 23. As seen in FIG. 11, the front window part 12 includes a camera window 12a and two light windows 12b. Integrally formed therewith are the lightguides 13, including proximal ends 13a, distal ends 13b, an arbitrarily placed line 13c denoting a cross-section of the lightguide 13, light sources 30 adjacent the plane surfaces 14 of the light guides, and axis A of the lightguides. In FIGS. 11 and 12 the lightguides are shown without the curvature of the side surfaces, for simplicity. In FIG. 12 the camera window 12a and the light windows 12b are not integrally formed with the lightguides 13, thus are shown the base or distal face 13d of the lightguides 13 and the abutting surfaces 12b″ of the light windows, opposite the surfaces 12b′ of the light windows, which face the environment. As discussed, in some variations the light windows are integrally formed with the lightguides but not the camera window, which could be incorporated with the electronic image capture device. In other variations the light windows are omitted and the distal face 13d of the lightguides face the environment.

Although shown proximally of the electronic image capture device 23, the LEDs 30 can be placed distally of the electronic image capture device 23. Furthermore, the LEDs 30 can be adhesively bonded to the lightguides 13 or, alternatively, a support frame can be placed therebetween to maintain the lightguides or the LEDs or both in place relative to the image capture device 23.

The electronic image capture device 23 has an optical axis 40. The cross-section of the image receptor 32 may be substantially rectangular or square. The electronic image capture device 23 together with the lens(es), lens holder 34, and associated circuitry (e.g. image receptor and processor included in an integrated circuit of the electronic image capture device 23), may be referred to as a camera 36. The camera 36 may be a commercially available wafer-level camera module. The camera may be communicatively coupled to the VPA by means of power connectors and serial communication connectors. The serial communication connectors establish serial communication via a serial communication protocol such as, for example, I2C. The VPA may provide configuration information to the camera on a periodic basis based on analysis, by the VPA, of the images to, for example, prevent overexposure or underexposure of the images. Such configuration information may comprise, for example, electronic shutter speed or exposure time.

The following items are examples of various embodiments disclosed above:

• • 1. An endoscope comprising a proximal handle and a distal tip with at least one transparent window, said distal tip being arranged at the distal end of an insertion cord extending from said proximal handle, said distal tip comprising
  • an electronic image capture device having an essentially rectangular receptor defining a vertical and horizontal imaging direction,
  • the distal tip comprises at least one light source,
  • a lightguide is associated with the at least one light source, where
  • the lightguide comprises a proximal end and a distal end and a circumferential surface surrounding a centre axis and extending between said proximal end and said distal end, wherein
  • said circumferential surface is configured to provide internal reflection of light emitted from the light source, and said circumferential surface defines cross-sections of said lightguide, wherein said cross-sections comprise four corners arranged around said centre axis so as to define four edges subdividing the circumferential surface into four side surfaces, where
  • said edges extend with a predetermined angle with respect to the centre axis and said side surfaces having a curvature where the angle of the surface with respect to the centre axis increases from the edges towards the middle of the side surface.
  • 2. An endoscope according to item 1, wherein the edges are arranged with a 90 degree spacing around said centre axis.
  • 3. An endoscope according to item 1, wherein said side surfaces between said edges are smooth.
  • 4. An endoscope according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the distal end face of the of the lightguide constitutes the front window or part of the front window.
  • 5. An endoscope according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the light guide and the window is a single-piece integrally moulded component.
  • 6. An endoscope according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the angle of the edges with respect to the centre axis is between 0 and 3 degrees, preferably approximately 1 degree.
  • 7. An endoscope according to any one of the preceding items wherein the maximum angle of the side surfaces with respect to the centre axis is in the interval from 2 to 10 degrees, preferably approximately 5 degrees.
  • 8. An endoscope according to anyone of the preceding items wherein, the at least one light source is arranged in alignment with the centre axis of the lightguide.
  • 9. An endoscope according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the curvature of each of said side surfaces is the same.
  • 10. An endoscope according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the light source is arranged in alignment with the centre axis of the lightguide
  • 11. An endoscope comprising a proximal handle and a distal tip with at least one transparent window part, said distal tip being arranged at the distal end of an insertion cord extending from said proximal handle, said distal tip comprising
  • an electronic image capture device having an essentially rectangular receptor defining a vertical imaging direction (V) with a height (h) and horizontal imaging direction (H) with a width (w),
  • the distal tip comprises at least one light source,
  • a lightguide with a centre axis, where
  • the lightguide comprises a proximal end and a distal end and a circumferential surface extending between said proximal end and said distal end, wherein
  • said circumferential surface is configured to provide internal reflection of light emitted from the light source, and said circumferential surface defines a cross-section of said lightguide, wherein said cross-section defines at least four corners arranged with an angular spacing around said centre axis, and where between two neighbouring corners said circumferential surface has a predetermined curvature between,
  • wherein said predetermined curvature is so selected that incident light emitted from said centre axis is reflected at an angle (⊖) with respect to said horizontal direction (H), where (⊖) is either ±arctan (h/w), or ±(180°−arctan (h/w))
  • 12. An endoscope according to item 11, wherein said curvature is given by the formula: ⊖=2⊖₂−⊖₁, where ⊖₁ is the emission angle of a light ray with respect to said horizontal direction and ⊖₂ is the angle of the tangent to the circumferential surface with respect to horizontal at the point of incidence of said light ray.
  • 13. An endoscope according to any one of items 11 or 12, wherein said cross-section defines four corners arranged with a 90 degree spacing around said centre axis so as to provide a first pair and a second pair of mutually opposing corners, where a first corner of the first pair opposes the second corner of the first pair along a first diagonal coincident with said vertical imaging direction (V), and
  • where a first corner of the second pair opposes the second corner of the second pair along a second diagonal coincident with said horizontal (H) imaging direction.
  • 14. An endoscope according to any one of items 12 or 13, wherein further corners are provided between said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners.
  • 15. An endoscope according to any one of items 12 to 14, wherein the number of further corners is a multiple of four, in particular four or eight.
  • 16. An endoscope according to any one of items 12 to 15, wherein the corners of said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners are convex corners as seen from the inside of the lightguide.
  • 17. An endoscope according to item 16, wherein said convex corners have an angle in the interval from 215 to 235 degrees, preferably approximately 225 degrees.
  • 18. An endoscope according to any one of items 12 to 15, wherein the corners of said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners are concave corners as seen from the inside of the lightguide.
  • 19. An endoscope according to any one of the preceding items, wherein said concave corners have an angle in the interval from 125 to 145 degrees, preferably approximately 135 degrees.
  • 20. An endoscope according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the light guide and the window is a single-piece integrally moulded component.
  • 21. An endoscope according to any one of the preceding items wherein the distal end face of the lightguide constitutes the window part.
  • 22. An endoscope according to item 20, wherein the cross-section comprises four curved surfaces joining in four concave corners where the angles of the joining surfaces at the concave corners are approximately 135 degrees.
  • 23. An endoscope according to item 20, wherein the cross-section comprises eight curved surfaces joining in four concave corners and four convex corners where the angles of the joining surfaces at the concave corners are approximately 90 degrees and the angles of the joining surfaces at the convex corners are approximately 225 degrees.
  • 24. An endoscope according to item 20, wherein the cross-section comprises twelve curved surfaces joining in eight concave corners and four convex corners where the angles of the joining surfaces at the concave corners are approximately 135 degrees and the angles of the joining surfaces at the concave corners are approximately 225 degrees.
  • 25. A system comprising a display unit and an endoscope according to any one of the preceding items.

Claims

1. An endoscope comprising: an insertion cord comprising a distal tip arranged at a distal end of the insertion cord, said distal tip comprising:an electronic image capture device having an image receptor having a height h in a vertical imaging direction and a width h in a horizontal imaging direction,a light source,a lightguide positioned distally from the light source, the lightguide comprising a proximal end, a distal end and a circumferential surface surrounding a centre axis and extending between said proximal end and said distal end,wherein said circumferential surface is configured to provide internal reflection of light emitted from the light source, and said circumferential surface defines cross-sections of said lightguide,wherein said cross-sections comprise four corners arranged around said centre axis, the four corners subdividing the circumferential surface into side surfaces,wherein each of said side surfaces comprises a curvature having an angle of curvature, andwherein said curvature is so selected that incident light emitted about said centre axis is reflected at an angle (⊖) with respect to said horizontal imaging direction, where (⊖) is either ±arctan (h/w), or +180°−arctan (h/w).

2. (canceled)

3. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein the cross-section comprises four curved surfaces joining in four concave corners, and wherein the angles of the joining surfaces at the concave corners are approximately 135°.

4. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein the cross-section comprises eight curved surfaces joining in four concave corners and four convex corners, and wherein the angles of the joining surfaces at the concave corners are approximately 90° and the angles of the joining surfaces at the convex corners are approximately 225°.

5. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein the cross-section comprises twelve curved surfaces joining in eight concave corners and four convex corners where the angles of the joining surfaces at the concave corners are approximately 135° and the angles of the joining surfaces at the concave corners are approximately 225°.

6. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein the angle of curvature of each of the side surfaces increases from two of the corners adjacent to each other toward a middle of each of the side surfaces.

7. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein the curvature of each of said side surfaces is the same.

8. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein each of said corners extends at an angle with respect to the centre axis, and wherein the angle is constant.

9-11. (canceled)

12. The endoscope of claim 8, wherein the angle of the corners with respect to the centre axis is between 0 and 3 degrees.

13-17. (canceled)

18. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein a maximum angle of the side surfaces with respect to the centre axis is in the interval from 2 to 10.

19-23. (canceled)

24. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein said curvature is given by the formula: ⊖=2⊖2−⊖1, where ⊖1 is the emission angle of a light ray with respect to said horizontal direction and ⊖2 is the angle of the tangent to the circumferential surface with respect to horizontal at the point of incidence of said light ray.

25. The endoscope of claim 24, wherein said cross-section defines four corners arranged with a 90° spacing around said centre axis so as to provide a first pair and a second pair of mutually opposing corners, wherein a first corner of the first pair opposes the second corner of the first pair along a first diagonal coincident with said vertical imaging direction, and wherein a first corner of the second pair opposes the second corner of the second pair along a second diagonal coincident with said horizontal imaging direction.

26. The endoscope of claim 25, wherein further corners are provided between said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners.

27. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein said cross-section defines four corners arranged with a 90° spacing around said centre axis so as to provide a first pair and a second pair of mutually opposing corners, wherein a first corner of the first pair opposes the second corner of the first pair along a first diagonal coincident with said vertical imaging direction, and wherein a first corner of the second pair opposes the second corner of the second pair along a second diagonal coincident with said horizontal imaging direction.

28. The endoscope of claim 27, wherein further corners are provided between said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners.

29. The endoscope of claim 28, wherein the number of further corners is a multiple of four, in particular four or eight.

30. The endoscope of claim 29, wherein the corners of said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners are convex corners as seen from the inside of the lightguide.

31. The endoscope of claim 30, wherein said convex corners have an angle in the interval from 215° to 235°.

32. The endoscope of claim 24, wherein the corners of said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners are convex corners as seen from the inside of the lightguide.

33. An endoscope according to claim 32, wherein said convex corners have an angle in the interval from 215° to 235°.

34. The endoscope of claim 27, wherein the corners of said first pair of mutually opposing corners and said second pair of mutually opposing corners are concave corners as seen from the inside of the lightguide.

35. The endoscope of claim 34, wherein said concave corners have an angle in the interval from 125° to 145°.

36-40. (canceled)

41. The endoscope of claim 24, wherein the angle of the corners with respect to the centre axis is between 0 and 3 degrees.

42. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein the maximum angle of the side surfaces with respect to the centre axis is in the interval from 2 to 10 degrees.

43-44. (canceled)

45. A visualization system comprising a video processing apparatus (VPA) and the endoscope of claim 1, wherein the endoscope is connectable to said VPA.

46. The visualization system of claim 45, wherein the VPA is configured to receive live video from the endoscope and output a video based on the received live video.

47. (canceled)

48. An endoscope comprising: an insertion cord comprising a distal tip arranged at a distal end of the insertion cord, said distal tip comprising:an electronic image capture device having an image receptor having a height h in a vertical imaging direction and a width h in a horizontal imaging direction, a light source,a lightguide positioned distally from the light source, the lightguide comprising a proximal end, a distal end and a circumferential surface surrounding a centre axis and extending between said proximal end and said distal end,wherein said circumferential surface is configured to provide internal reflection of light emitted from the light source, and said circumferential surface defines cross-sections of said lightguide,wherein said cross-sections comprise four corners arranged around said centre axis, the four corners subdividing the circumferential surface into side surfaces,wherein each of said side surfaces comprises a curvature having an angle of curvature, andwherein the curvature of each of said side surfaces is the same.

49. An endoscope comprising: an insertion cord comprising a distal tip arranged at a distal end of the insertion cord, said distal tip comprising:an electronic image capture device having an image receptor having a height h in a vertical imaging direction and a width h in a horizontal imaging direction,a light source,a lightguide positioned distally from the light source, the lightguide comprising a proximal end, a distal end and a circumferential surface surrounding a centre axis and extending between said proximal end and said distal end,wherein said circumferential surface is configured to provide internal reflection of light emitted from the light source, and said circumferential surface defines cross-sections of said lightguide,wherein said cross-sections comprise four corners arranged around said centre axis, the four corners subdividing the circumferential surface into side surfaces,wherein each of said side surfaces comprises a curvature having an angle of curvature, andwherein each of said corners extends at a constant angle with respect to the centre axis.