Patent Application
20210284501
The invention relates to a polymer coated elevator tension member that carries the load of the cabin and the counterweight in an elevator. The elevator tension member is particularly suited for use in an elevator without machine room. Within the context of this application a tension member can be a single steel cord embedded in a polymer jacket, or multiple steel cords arranged parallel to one another in a single plane embedded in a polymer jacket.
High tensile, fine steel filaments (for example: filaments with a diameter of less than 0.30 mm and a tensile strength in excess of 2000 N/mm2) that are assembled into steel cords are increasingly being used in elevator tension members for a variety of reasons:
Hence, fine, high tensile filaments allow the use of smaller diverting pulleys and drive sheaves in the elevator. Additionally the ‘golden rule’ in that the diameter of a sheave or pulley had to be larger than 40 times the diameter of the steel rope has been abandoned and currently safe and certified installations are in operation wherein the diameter of the drive sheave is 30 times the tension member thickness while even 25 times the rope diameter is being contemplated.
The use of smaller drive pulleys allows for the use of compact, low torque motors without gearbox that can be mounted in the top of the shaft of an elevator. A machine room on top of the elevator shaft can thereby be eliminated.
The use of high tensile, thin filaments brings also some problems:
The above problems can be solved to a large extent by encasing the steel cord or cords in a polymer jacket. The presence of a polymer jacket results in different friction behaviour between the elevator tension member and sheave. Furthermore, the polymer jacket cushions and distributes the pressure on the steel cords at the drive sheave. Additionally, provided the polymer enters the steel cords sufficiently, inter-filament transversal stresses can be alleviated. As a shear stress is induced in the polymer squeezed between the steel cords or cord and the drive sheave during acceleration and deceleration of the elevator, a good adhesion between the polymer and the steel cords is crucial. The polymer jacket therefore becomes a part of the tension member that has an influence on many use parameters of the tension member.
It follows that the material properties of the polymer determine many of the properties of the tension member. While in prior art ropes polymer materials like polyamide, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and many others have been tried, it appears that thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers are best suited for this application, particularly for their resistance to wear, moisture and heat.
EP 2508459 B1 illustrates the point that the polymer of the jacket has a serious influence on the friction behaviour of the tension member. The preferred polymer is characterised in that it comprises a first and second resin compound at a mass ratio of between 90:10 to 70:30 wherein the difference in glass transition temperature between first and second resin is 20° C. of more. The disclosure mentions that the hardness of the polymer should not be too high as otherwise the tension member—in this case a rope—cannot longer be bent repeatedly (paragraph [0066]). Shore A values of 95 to 100 are too high according to this disclosure.
In U.S. Pat. No. 8,402,731 B2 the polymer should have a Shore A hardness of less than 98, preferably between 85 and 98. In this disclosure, the polymer is a mixture of a polyurethane elastomer and an isocyanate compound having two or more isocyanate groups per molecule. The inventors revealed that when the hardness of the polymer jacket becomes too high—larger than Shore A 98—the flexibility of the rope is impaired resulting in an increase in power consumption of the elevator.
The sizes of the steel cords considered in all these applications are larger than 8 mm.
The inventors found that the jacket polymer of the elevator tension member also has a profound, hitherto unsuspected influence on the fatigue life of the elevator tension members as will be disclosed in the subsequent sections.
It is an object of the invention to provide for an elevator tension member that has remarkable fatigue properties. These improved fatigue properties solely derive from the polymer properties of the polymer jacket. More in particular the improved fatigue properties correlate with specific thermal properties of the thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer used. The work of the inventors allows selecting those thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers that favourably influence the fatigue properties solely on the basis of the thermal properties of the polyurethane thereby offering a simple method for selecting such compounds. This selection method can be used for designing and producing an elevator tension member.
According a first aspect of the invention an elevator tension member is provided comprising all features of claim 1.
The elevator tension member comprises one or more steel cords and a jacket encasing the steel cords. The jacket comprises a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer. For the sake of brevity in what follows whenever the abbreviation TPE is mentioned it should be replaced with ‘thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer’. The TPE has a hard crystalline phase and a soft phase. Characteristic of the particul TPE used is that it has a glass transition temperature of the hard crystalline phase that is higher than 90° C. In a restricted version the elevator tension member consists of one or more steel cords and a jacket encasing the steel cords.
The jacket may optionally consist solely of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer.
These features are now clarified in more detail:
When there is only one steel cord present, the steel cord is situated central in the cross section of the elevator tension member. The cross section of the elevator tension member can have any polygonal shape such as square or hexagonal, although a round cross section is most preferred as this allows the tension member to rotate in the pulleys of the elevator installation. Such an elevator tension member is recognised as ‘an elevator rope’.
When more steel cords are present such as two, three or more up to twelve or twenty four these steel cords are arranged in a side by side relationship in a single plane. By preference the number of steel cords is even and there are as many steel cords that have a left turning lay—called ‘S’ lay—as there are steel cords with a right turning lay—called ‘Z’ lay.
Even more preferred is if the lay direction alters between neighbouring steel cords. The arrangement of the steel cords results in an elevator tension member that has a cross section with a width and a height, the width being substantially larger than the height. Such tension member is generally known as an ‘elevator belt’.
The steel cords comprise—and in examples may consist solely of—high tensile fine steel filaments. These high tensile fine steel filaments are derived from high carbon steel wire rods with a composition having a minimum carbon content of 0.65%, a manganese content ranging from 0.40% to 0.70%, a silicon content ranging from 0.15% to 0.30%, a maximum sulphur content of 0.03%, a maximum phosphorus content of 0.30%, all percentages being percentages by weight. There are only traces of copper, nickel and/or chromium in the steel. When using higher carbon contents of around 0.80 weight %, e.g. 0.78-0.82 weight % even higher tensile strengths can be obtained.
The steel filaments are assembled into steel cords in the manners known per sé. Particularly preferred are multi-strand cords wherein steel filaments are first assembled into strands. Subsequently the strands are twisted into a steel cord. Examples of such assemblies are 7×7 cords comprising one core strand around which six outer strands are wound. The core strand is made up of a king wire surrounded by six filaments, each of the outer strands likewise made up of a central wire around which six filaments are wound. Another example is 19+8×7 wherein the core strand is made up of one king wire surrounded by six intermediate layer filaments wound at a first lay length around which twelve outer layer filaments are twisted in a second layer with a second lay length. The core strand is surrounded by 8 strands of the type “1+6” i.e. one central wire around which six outer filaments are wound. These two types are particularly applicable for belt type tension members.
For elevator rope type tension members the core strand is replaced by a core rope for example a 7×7 core rope. Around the core rope six to twelve outer strands are wound. The outer strands preferably contain at least 19 filaments in order to have enough strength at low diameter and to ensure that the overall cord remains flexible. A particular advantageous assembly of 16, 19 or 22 wires are Warrington strands that are of type ‘d0+5×d1|5×d2/5×d3’ or ‘d0+6×d1|6×d2/6×d3’ or ‘d0+7×d1|7×d2/7×d3’. In a Warrington type strand all filaments are twisted into the strand with the same lay length. In for example the ‘d0+6×d1|6|×d2/6×d3’ strand the core filament of diameter do is surrounded by a first layer of six filaments of diameter d1. In the outbound recesses of the first layer, six outer filaments are positioned of diameter ‘d2’ larger than ‘d1’. In between these outer filaments smaller sized filaments of diameter ‘d3’ fit so that the outer circumscribed circle touches all outer 12 filaments. Warrington strands are particularly preferred in that they contain a large number of fine filaments that are in line contact with one another. Line contacts are preferred as they result in less transversal pressure in the fine high tensile wires. Other strand constructions like Seale constructions can also be envisioned. Seale constructions are of type ‘d0+N×d1|N×d2 wherein N is five, six, seven, eight or nine. Like a Warrington all filaments are twisted together with a single lay. In a Seale construction the filaments with diameter ‘d2’ of the second layer are thicker than the intermediate layer filaments d1 in as much they completely close the outer layer.
The one or more steel cords are encased in a jacket i.e. the jacket completely contains, covers, or encircles all the steel cords of the tension member. The purpose of the jacket is:
TPE's are reaction products of three basic components:
The examples of chemicals are not limiting to the invention.
When solidified TPE's show different material phases intermixed:
The properties of TPE's can be tuned by a proper choice of the three components. The proportion of hard segments (formed by the diisocyanate and the short chain diol) is the factor determining the majority of properties of the resulting material such as hardness, modulus, tear strength, and upper use temperature. If the hard segment content increases, the hardness, along with modulus, load bearing capacity (compressive stress), tear strength will also increase. The proportion of soft segments determines the elastic and low-temperature properties.
The number of different TPE grades offered in the market makes the choice of the proper grade for use in an elevator tension member an arduous task. In particular because in an elevator tension member different properties have to be reconciled such friction of the jacket to the drive sheave, wear resistance, fatigue, temperature resistance etc. . . . .
Much to their surprise the inventors found that the jacket has a large influence on the fatigue life of the elevator tension member as a whole. While normally it is expected that the fatigue life of the elevator tension member is determined by its strongest component namely the one or more steel cords, certain types of TPE turned out to have a strong non-linear effect on that fatigue life.
After careful analysis of the many grades of TPE tested, the inventors found that those TPE's with a glass transition temperature of the hard crystalline phase above 90° C. resulted in better than standard fatigue life of the elevator tension member. Even better is if the glass transition temperature of the hard crystalline phase is above 100° C. For the avoidance of doubt: ‘° C.’ refers to ‘degrees Celsius’.
For the purpose of this application a glass transition temperature ‘Tg’ is that temperature obtained by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) wherein upon heating an endothermic valley or step is noticed that is representative for the dissociation of the soft segments and the hard phase at the temperature Tg. The cooling-heating rate is set to 20° C./min.
TPE's generally exhibit two glass transitions upon heating: one at a low temperature wherein the soft segments melt in between the hard segments at Tg SS and one at a higher temperature Tg HS at which also the hard segments start to lose their coherence. For the TPEs of interest the Tg SS of the soft segments is always below 0° C. Tg SS has been found to be less relevant for the selection of the polymers of interest.
TPE's also exhibit a crystallisation temperature. When heating TPEs sufficiently also the hard phase like the soft segments will turn into a liquid. Upon cooling, they will first solidify from the melt into an amorphous solid that will further undergo glass transitions at Tg HS and at even lower temperature will completely crystalize below Tg SS. The exothermic peak of crystallisation is well recognisable at the crystallisation temperature Tc. The crystallisation peak is always determined during cooling from the melt for example at a rate of 20° C./min.
In a further preferred selection of TPE's the crystallisation temperature Tc is at least 20° C. higher, or even 25° C. or 30° C. higher than the glass transition temperature of the hard crystalline phase Tg HS. It is likewise preferred that the crystallisation temperature is less than 80° C. above the glass transition temperature of the hard crystalline phase. When the crystallisation temperature becomes too high the TPE becomes extremely difficult to process.
An independent selection of TPE's can be made on the criterion that the sum of the crystallisation temperature Tc and of the glass transition temperature of said hard crystalline segment Tg HS is higher than 200° C. or even higher than 210° C. or above 240° C. The higher Tg HS increases the maximum working temperature while the higher Tc results in better operational properties in the elevator tension member.
These TPEs are in general significantly harder than the TPE's that are presently considered useable in an elevator tension member. The inventors found that the type of TPE's specified above do work well when combined with steel cords having a lower diameter than 8 mm (end point not excluded). From the work of the inventors it appears that they still work well with cords that are thicker than 1 mm. Preferably the diameter range for the steel cords is between 1 and 5 mm, or between 2 and 5 mm, end points included.
When selecting TPEs in line with the above criteria, they turn out to have a hardness that is out of scale or at least at the very high side of Shore A hardness measurements. Their hardness is best assessed on a Shore D hardness scale. On that scale of Shore D hardness of the TPEs is between 40 to 90, preferably 45 to 70 or even better between 50 to 60. These are hardness values that in the prior art would have been considered not useable.
The contribution of the jacket to the bending stiffness of the tension member becomes higher than normal. The bending stiffness ‘(EI)tm’ of the tension member (expresses in Nmm2) is the proportionality factor that links the curvature ‘k’, expressed in 1/mm, taken by the tension member under action of a bending moment ‘Mb’, expressed in Nmm. In the case of an elevator belt, the bending stiffness is—for the purpose of this application—only considered in the direction of bending perpendicular to the length×width dimension of the elevator belt. The bending stiffness is determined in a three point bending test. In such a test a piece of tension member is supported without friction at the two ends. While the test piece is deflected in the middle by means of an impeller the force exerted on this impeller is measured. Out of the deflection-force diagram the bending stiffness ‘(EI)tm’ can be determined by conventional bending theory formula. The result includes thus the stiffness attributable to the steel cord or steel cords and the jacket.
Likewise one can measure the bending stiffness on the bare steel cord only: ‘(EI)sc’. With the ‘bare steel cord’ is meant the steel cord prior to being embedded into the jacket. In case there are more than one steel cord the bending stiffness of the individual steel cords simply add up. In this way a fraction of the total stiffness that is attributable to the steel cords only can be determined. This amounts to 100×((EI)sc/(EI)tm) when expressed in percent. The inventors have found that the tension members that perform best in fatigue tests are those of which the contribution of the steel cords is below 20%, preferably between 10 and 20% (limit values included). This means that the majority of the bending stiffness—more than 80%—of the tension member can be attributed to the polymer jacket.
Worded alternatively: the bending stiffness of the elevator tension member is at least five times the total bending stiffness of the bare one or more steel cords. This is much more than is customary in the field.
The contribution to the stiffness of the jacket of course also depends on the geometry of the cross section of the tension members: as the jacket is situated furthest away from the neutral plane of bending, its contribution will be higher than the steel cords that are closer to the neutral plane. Also when the polymer jacket becomes thicker also then the contribution to the bending stiffness of the jacket will rise. The inventors have found that the required contribution of the jacket to the total bending stiffness can be obtained when the thickness of the jacket is at least 8% of the largest diameter of the one or more steel cords. With ‘thickness of the jacket’ is meant the minimum of distances between any one of said one or more steel cords and the outer surface of said tension member.
On the other hand, the thickness of the polymer should not be more than 80% of the largest diameter of the one or more steel cords as then the outer surface of the polymer jacket is stretched too far when being bent. This may lead to premature cracking of the polymer. More preferred is if the thickness of the polymer is between 10% to 60% of the largest diameter of the one or more steel cords.
Another factor that greatly influences the contribution of the jacket to the overall stiffness of the tension member is to what degree the TPE has ingressed the one or more steel cords during manufacturing. In a cross section perpendicular to the tension member one can easily discriminate as to where the TPE is present in the tension member. When considering a steel cord, it can be circumscribed by a circle of minimum radius. Inside the circumscribed circle part of the area will be occupied by steel and the remaining part will be free of steel. The ‘available area’ inside the circumscribed circle of the steel cord is the area that is free of steel. At least 80% of that available area must be occupied by the TPE. Of course the ‘available area’ in cross section can be translated to an ‘available space or volume’ inside the circumscribed cylinder as the cross sectional area does not change over the length of the steel cord. If less of the available area is taken by the TPE, the tension member will not have the benefits of a composite: the jacket may act independently of the steel cord and may even loose hold to the steel cord(s). The penetration of the TPE into the steel cord ensures sufficient mechanical anchorage between steel and jacket during use. This is important as all force is transmitted form the steel cord to drive pulley through the jacket.
In the case of the tension member comprising one single steel cord, i.e. an elevator rope, the range of thickness of the polymer jacket is preferably between 8% and 20% of the diameter of the steel cord. In this case the tension member has a substantially circular cross section. With ‘substantially circular’ is meant that the deviation between the minimum and maximum calliper diameter is less than 10% of the average of minimum and maximum calliper diameter or preferably less than 5% of that average. The calliper diameter is the diameter measured by means of a calliper having parallel jaws wherein in between the diameter of the elevator rope is measured at touch.
In the case of the tension member comprising one steel cord, the bending stiffness of the bare one steel cords is between 8 and 17 kNmm2. The bending stiffness of the tension member is then respectively at least 40 kNmm2 to at least 85 kNmm2.
In the case of the tension member comprising one or more steel cords the cooperation of the one or more steel cords with the TPE jacket can be further improved by the application of an adhesion primer. Suitable adhesion primers to improve the chemical bond between the steel cord and the TPE are for example organo functional silanes, organo functional titanates and organo functional zirconates which are known in the art for said purpose. The advantage of using these primers—in contrast to other known adhesion primers—is that they form a nanoscale film (less than 5 nanometer thin) on the one or more steel cords. Thereby they do not jeopardise the ingress of TPE into to the steel cord.
Preferably, but not exclusively, the organo functional silane primers are selected from the compounds of the following formula:
Y—(CH2)n-SiX3
wherein:
The adhesion primer must enable a shear stress that is higher than 4 N/mm2. The shear stress is measured over a length of 10 mm.
In the case of a single steel cord, the jacket is cut at a distance of 10 mm from the end of the tension member. The maximum force needed to pull off the jacket is determined and divided by the inner surface area of the jacket i.e. πD×L, wherein D is the diameter of the steel cord in mm and L is 10 mm. An average of three values is taken;
In the case more than one steel cords are present in the tension member as in an elevator belt a steel cord other than the outer steel cords is singled out of the parallel arranged steel cords. The cords aside of the singled out cord are cut on one line perpendicular to the singled out cord and the singled out cord is cut 10 mm below the line. The maximum force needed to pull out the singled cord is determined and divided by the inner surface area of the jacket.
According a second aspect of the invention a method is presented to select a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer for use as a jacket encasing one or more steel cords in an elevator tension member. The method comprises the steps of obtaining a number of different TPEs from different suppliers. Then to perform a differential scanning analysis on the series of TPEs thereby determining:
Selecting the TPE for use as a jacket for encasing one or more steel cords in an elevator tension member if and only if:
In a further limitation of the method, only those TPE's are considered that, in addition to the previous requirements, have a hardness above 40 Shore D hardness or even above 45 Shore D hardness.
The thus selected TPE can be used in the third aspect of the invention namely a method to produce an elevator tension member comprising the steps of:
Whereby an elevator tension member according the invention is obtained.
{[(0.34+6×0.31)+6×(0.25+6×0.25)]+7×(0.34+6×0.31|6×0.33/6×0.25)}
The numbers indicate the diameters of the filaments in millimetre. The brackets indicate one operation wherein steel filaments are assembled into strands and strands into cord. The core of the steel cord 104 is of the 7×7 type, that has a king strand (0.34+6×0.31) surrounded with 6 strands of make (0.25+6×0.25). Around the 7×7 core 7 strands of the Warrington type are twisted, wherein all filaments are twisted in one single operation. The lay direction between different layers are alternating and have a magnitude between 5 to 12 times the diameter of the strand or cord. The steel cord can be circumscribed with a circle 102 and has a calliper diameter ‘D’ which is in this case 5.0 mm.
The tension member has a jacket 110 that is extruded around the steel cord 106. The jacket has a substantial circular cross section with a total diameter ‘Dtot’ of 6.5 mm. The thickness—indicated with ‘t’—is therefore about 0.75 mm which corresponds to the minimal of distances between the steel cord 106 and the outer surface of the tension member. The polymer fills to a large degree—in this case 85%—the available area inside the circumscribed circle 102.
[(0.21+6×0.19)+6×(0.19+6×0.175)]
The cords are encased, embedded, surrounded in a polymer jacket 210 consisting of a TPE.
The inventors evaluated a large number of commercially available TPE's as obtainable from known suppliers such as Bayer, BASF, Teknor-Apex, Lubrizol, etc. . . . . The same one steel cord as depicted in
The thermal properties of the TPEs were determined in a DCS measurement.
The extruded samples of elevator ropes were tested for fatigue life in a test system such as depicted in
The ratio D/Dtot was intentionally chosen low to test the elevator tension member in extreme conditions. The test is continued till the jacket of the elevator tension member cracks or shears off. For a single cord this can take between 50 000 to 2 000 000 bends. As one bend takes about one second the duration of one test is between ½ and 24 days. There is therefore a large benefit if one can reduce the selection of the TPE by performing a simple DCS test. Based on this test, the number of candidate TPEs can already be largely reduced before having to resort to elaborated fatigue testing of the elevator tension member in its entirety.
In Table 1 an overview of the samples tested is shown: Column (1) identifies the TPE type, the second column (2) is the glass transition temperature of the hard segments (Tg HS (° C.)), column (3) is the melting temperature of the TPE, column (4) is the crystallisation temperature Tc (° C.), column (5) is the difference of the crystallisation temperature and the glass transition temperature of the hard segments (Tc−Tg HS (° C.)), followed by the sum of both ((Tc+Tg HS (° C.)), column (6)). Column (7) lists the Shore D hardness values. Column (8) lists the number of bends (per 1000 bends or kBends) attained with each cord. The last column (9) is the measured bending stiffness on the elevator tension member (in Nmm2).
TPE 1 to 7 and TPE 12 all have a hard segment glass transition temperature above 90° C. (indicated bold). Of those TPE 1, 3, 4, and 7 have a crystallisation temperature that is at least 20° C. above the hard segments glass transition temperature (indicated bold underlined).
From another perspective, the TPEs 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 12 have the sum of the hard segment glass transition and the crystallisation temperature above 200° C. (indicated bold double underlined).
Table 1 proves the assertion of the inventors that in order to obtain more than 490 000 bends in the test system a TPE with a hard segment glass transition temperature that is larger than 90° is needed. Even longer fatigue life can be obtained when the crystallisation temperature is at least 20° C. higher than the hard segment glass transition temperature. There appears also a trend that the fatigue life increases with the sum of the hard segment glass transition temperature and the crystallisation temperature. This is graphically represented in
Next to that the bending stiffness of the elevator tension member was determined. To this end a specimen of the elevator tension member is supported horizontally between two frictionless fulcrums 50 times the diameter of the steel cord (5.00 mm for this steel cord) apart. The wire is deflected at the middle with a roll indenter. The force exerted on and the displacement of the indenter are recorded. Out of classical bending theory the bending stiffness can be derived from:
Wherein L is the distance between the support fulcrums, ΔF, ΔX indicated the change in force and the change in displacement in the upper linear region of the curve.
For the bare steel cord i.e. the steel cord used prior to extrusion the bending stiffness measured was 14 000 Nmm2. The elevator ropes that attain the best fatigue results have a bending stiffness that is at least 5 times the bending stiffness of the bare cord.
It is remarkable that fatigue results increase so drastically in function of the TPEs used, while the steel cord remains exactly the same. The selection of TPEs is by the invention much easier and only relies on a simple DCS measurement.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16180131.1 | Jul 2016 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2017/066955 | 7/6/2017 | WO | 00 |
