Patent Application
20060056547
The invention relates to a device for receiving a distorted signal, in particular an optical signal converted by an opto/electrical converter, comprising an analog/digital converter with adjustable thresholds and a Viterbi equalizer.
Digital optical signals traversing an optical fiber link are subject to distortion and noise which may produce bit errors at the receiver side. At higher transmission rates or longer span lengths, error correction may thus be performed at the receiver side to reduce the error rate of distorted signals. A known method of error correction, the Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) reducing errors caused by inter-symbol interference (ISI), uses a Viterbi equalizer. Viterbi equalizers require analog to digital conversion of received optical signals after signal detection in a photodiode.
Most analog to digital converters (ADC) follow a linear scale, i.e. the scale for a given bit resolution is subdivided in equidistant steps per bit. Optical noise, however, is signal dependent and therefore the optimum characteristic of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is not necessarily linear.
High speed ADC of 10-40 Gb/s data signals suffer from technological constraints. Therefore only 3 bit or 4 bit resolution can be used. On the other hand, in particular with low noise and distortions, i.e. at a low bit-error-ratio, a small number of thresholds can result in a significant higher bit-error-ratio. This results in only roughly estimated channel parameters and therefore not optimum operation.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,965 discloses an optical amplifier control system that uses a non-linear analog-to-digital converter with a logarithmic scale but does not show an implementation of such an ADC.
It is the object of the invention to provide a device of the above-mentioned kind in which for a given number of thresholds a bit-error-ratio is minimized.
This object is achieved by a device which comprises a histogram estimator for determining a probability density function of the distorted signal and a threshold estimator for dynamically adjusting at least one threshold of the analog/digital converter in an overlap region of a first signal amplitude attributed to a first symbol and a second signal amplitude attributed to a second symbol of the probability density function.
Symbols are defined by a number of channel parameters. Among these, the expected values and their standard deviation are the most relevant.
The above adaptation of ADC threshold levels sets these levels to relevant points in the voltage distribution of the distorted electrical signal, such that an optimized analog/digital conversion for further signal processing is possible. The invention is particularly suited for low resolution ADC (3-4 bit) and may be applied to receivers in systems with significant signal distortion which has to be mitigated and in systems which are operated close to noise limit.
In a preferred embodiment, the threshold is set at an intersection point of the first signal amplitude attributed to the first symbol and the second signal amplitude attributed to the second symbol. Intersection points of overlapping symbols are relevant points of the probability density function.
In a further preferred embodiment, the threshold is set such that a ratio of symbol counts in a first quantization stage is equal to a reciprocal ratio of symbol counts in a second, adjacent quantization stage, wherein the ratio of symbol counts in the first quantization stage is defined by a quotient of a number of bit counts attributed to the first symbol and a number of bit counts attributed to the second symbol. By using the above relation for fixing the threshold, an alternative way for determining relevant points of the distribution is provided.
In a preferred embodiment, the overlap region where the threshold is set is chosen in dependence of a bit error ratio of a forward error correction. In this way, those points in the probability density function which are most suited for placing threshold levels can be easily determined.
In a further preferred embodiment, a lower threshold is set in a first overlap region, an upper threshold is set in a second overlap region, a first supplementary threshold is set below the lower threshold, a second supplementary threshold is set above the upper threshold, and the remaining thresholds are set in between the lower threshold and the upper threshold. The upper and lower thresholds limit the range in which the quantization stages of the analog/digital converter are set. This range can be considerably smaller than the overall dynamic range of the analog/digital converter and of the data signal.
In a preferred embodiment, the histogram estimator comprises a comparator for determining a cumulative voltage distribution of the distorted signal by comparing the distorted signal with a varying threshold signal. In this way, the cumulative voltage distribution can be easily obtained. The probability density function can be determined by derivation of the cumulative voltage distribution after averaging.
In a further preferred embodiment the threshold signal is a finely quantized saw-tooth voltage generated in a counter and converted to an analog signal by a digital/analog converter. The finely quantized saw-tooth voltage covers the whole dynamic range of the ADC.
In another preferred embodiment, the histogram estimator comprises an averaging means for averaging the cumulative density function of the distorted signal. The averaging can be achieved by using a low-pass filter.
In a further preferred embodiment, the histogram estimator comprises a voltage histogram determination means for determining the probability density function as a derivative of the averaged cumulative density function. The probability density function, also called voltage histogram, yields the probability density of voltage values over the dynamic range of the analog/digital converter. Knowledge of this distribution allows to determine relevant regions of the distorted signal.
In another preferred embodiment, a parameter estimation means for estimating channel parameters of the Viterbi equalizer is provided. The parameter estimation means uses the probability density function for the determination of the channel parameters of the Viterbi equalizer. Precisely estimated channel parameters are crucial to ensure a low bit-error-ratio of the Viterbi equalizer.
Further advantages may be extracted from the description and the enclosed drawings. The features mentioned above and below may be used in accordance with the invention either individually or collectively in any combination. The embodiments mentioned are not to be understood as an exhaustive enumeration but rather have an exemplary character for the description of the invention.
The invention is shown in the drawings, wherein:
The threshold estimator 4 is provided with the probability density function of the distorted signal of the signal input DI. Thresholds are adapted in such a way that a bit-error-ratio of a subsequent Viterbi equalizer 10 is optimized, as described below. The Viterbi equalizer 10 receives a first digital bit signal 11 from the analog/digital converter 1 as an input and provides an equalized digital one-bit signal 12 as an output.
For determining the regions of the probability density function in which thresholds are most advantageously set, the threshold estimator 4 is provided with a connection means 5 for being connected to a forward error correction means (FEC, not shown). The bit-error ratio of the FEC can be used to identify relevant voltage values of the probability density function.
In order to obtain the probability density function, the input signal from the sample-and-hold circuit 3 is compared with a varying threshold signal in a comparator C8 of the histogram estimator 13. The varying threshold signal, a finely quantized saw-tooth voltage, is generated in a counter CO and converted into an analog signal in a digital/analog converter A8. For a noisy polarization mode distorted input data signal with Γ=0.3, the output signal of the converter C8 is shown in
Since the statistics of the input signal is only slowly varying, the probability distribution function, i.e. the cumulative distribution function, can be obtained by averaging the output signal of C8. Therefore, after passing through a D-flip-flop D8, the signal is averaged in a low-pass filter 6 and then passed on to a high-resolution analog/digital converter 7. Since the signal is averaged over a large number of data bits a low speed ADC 7 can be taken.
In the example shown in
The first symbol is defined by a first expected value X01 coinciding with X10 and a standard deviation σ10 coinciding with σ01. A second and third symbol are defined by an expectation value of X11 resp. X00 and a standard deviation σ11 resp. σ00. The first and the second symbol overlap in a second region R2. The first and the third symbol overlap in a first region R1.
In the threshold estimator 4, an upper threshold Uth3 is set in the second region R2 at an intersection point of the first symbol with the second symbol. A lower threshold Uth1 is set at an intersection point of the first symbol with the third symbol. A first supplementary threshold Uth0 is set below the lower threshold Uth1 and a second supplementary threshold Uth4 is set above the upper threshold Uth3. The remaining number of thresholds of the analog/digital converter 1 is set in between the lower threshold Uth, and the upper threshold Uth3, as this region is identified to be the most relevant part of the dynamic range of the analog/digital converter 1. Therefore a high number of threshold levels is placed between the upper and the lower thresholds Uth1 and Uth3, of which only one threshold Uth2 is exemplarily shown.
The thresholds between the lower and upper thresholds Uth1 and Uth3 may be set in equidistant stages. For more complicated power density functions with more than three symbols, some of the threshold levels between the upper and lower thresholds Uth1 and Uth3 may be fixed in the way described above.
The determination of threshold levels is possible by using intersection points of symbols. However, it is also possible to determine threshold levels with a procedure described in the following, exemplarily explained for the upper threshold level Uth3. This method is advantageously applied in cases when intersection points are not known precisely, for example when channel parameters are not known with high accuracy.
The starting point of the method is to define a first quantization stage i and a second, adjacent quantization stage i+1 between which the threshold level Uth3 has to be fixed. In the first stage i, a number of bit counts a01,i attributed to the first symbol defined by channel parameters σ0, X01, represented in
Likewise, a number of bit counts a01,i+1 attributed to the first symbol in stage i+1 and a number of bit counts a11,i+1 attributed to the second symbol in stage i+1 are determined. The upper threshold Uth3 is determined in such a way that the following formula holds:
a01,i/a11,i=a11,i+1/a01,i+1.
The above formula may also be rewritten in the following form:
a01,i·a01,i+1=a11,i+1·a11,i.
The above reformulation makes clear that a threshold level between the first stage i and the second stage i+1 is set such that products of bit counts attributed to a specific symbol in the first stage i and the second stage i+1 are equal. It is to be understood that the upper threshold Uth3 shown in
In summary, the invention makes available adapted threshold levels of an analog/digital converter and as well channel parameters of a Viterbi equalizer with high resolution. Evaluation of the voltage histogram of the input data signal with high resolution is possible. The adaptation of ADC threshold levels increases the resolution in significant amplitude regions, whereas non significant regions have reduced resolutions. Therefore, the invention increases performance of receivers with low resolution ADC.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 04292152.8 | Sep 2004 | EP | regional |
