Patent Grant
11562754
Lapped transforms have been developed for several audiocoding applications. These transforms are normally performed on consecutive blocks of a larger dataset (e.g., two consecutive frames) for an audio signal. Subsequent blocks may be overlapped. Accordingly, a last part of one block coincides with a first part of a subsequent block. A windowing function may be used.
Asymmetric modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) windows, asymmetric modified discrete sine transform (MDST), time to frequency transformations, have been developed which embody modulated lapped transforms.
Asymmetric modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) windows, asymmetric modified discrete sine transform (MDST) windows and other types of windows have been developed in the past years as they provide improved frequency responses compared to symmetric shapes, esp. for low delay signal applications, such as audio coding applications.
The first generation of window shapes just focused on the design of the frequency response, e.g. the G.718 or MPEG-4 AAC-ELD window. Recent developments also take the temporal shape of the window into account which is responsible for the temporal modulation of the quantization error, e.g. the ALDO window as used in the 3GPP EVS codec.
However, the design approach presented there comes along with the problem that the window shapes show a non-continuous differentiation which leads to a suboptimal frequency response. The described invention in this document presents a solution to overcome this problem.
According to an embodiment, an apparatus for decoding an information signal, or a processed version thereof, defined in the frequency domain, FD, may have:
wherein the linear function is a constant function with constant value 1.
According to another embodiment, a method for decoding an information signal, or a processed version thereof, defined in the frequency domain, FD, may have the steps of:
According to another embodiment, a non-transitory digital storage medium may have a computer program stored thereon to perform the inventive method, when said computer program is run by a computer.
In accordance to an aspect there is provided an apparatus for encoding an information signal comprising a plurality of frames, the apparatus comprising:
The analysis windowing function may be defined so that the maximum of the analysis windowing function is less than 25% greater than the value of the linear function at the same time instant.
The apparatus for encoding an information signal may comprise a plurality of frames, the apparatus may comprise:
The apparatus for encoding an information signal may comprise a plurality of frames, the apparatus may comprise:
The apparatus may comprise the modulated lapped transform tool is configured to:
The apparatus may comprise the modulated lapped transform tool is configured to use input buffers in the form of
t(n)=x(Z−NF+n) for n=0 . . . 2NF−1−Z, and
t(2N−Z+n)=0 for n=0 . . . Z−1
wherein x(n) is a TD sample of the information signal or a processed version of the information signal at the time instant n, NF is the number of samples processed in one frame, and Z is the number of leading zeros in modulated lapped transform window.
The apparatus may comprise the modulated lapped transform tool that is configured to perform:
where X(k) is the modulated lapped transform frequency value at a frequency index k, n is the time instant, wN(n) is the analysis windowing function, t(n) is a time input buffer, and NF is the number of samples processed in one frame.
The apparatus for decoding an information signal, or a processed version thereof, defined in the frequency domain, FD, the apparatus may comprise:
The apparatus may comprise
The apparatus for decoding an information signal, or a processed version thereof, defined in the frequency domain, FD, the apparatus may comprise:
An apparatus for decoding an information signal, or a processed version thereof, defined in the frequency domain, FD, the apparatus may comprise:
The apparatus wherein the inverse modulated lapped transform tool may be configured to:
The apparatus wherein the inverse modulated lapped transform tool may be configured to generate a time domain, TD, signal representation in the form of
wherein {circumflex over (t)}(n) is an aliasing buffer, {circumflex over (X)}(k) is the information signal or a processed version thereof, and NF is the number of samples for a TD frame.
The apparatus wherein the inverse modulated lapped transform tool may be configured to:
The apparatus wherein the inverse modulated lapped transform tool may be configured to perform a windowing operation by performing:
{circumflex over (t)}(n)=wN(2N−1−n)·{circumflex over (t)}(n) for n=0 . . . 2NF−1
The apparatus wherein the inverse modulated lapped transform tool may be configured to perform an overlap-and-add operation.
The apparatus wherein the inverse modulated lapped transform tool may be configured to perform an overlap-and-add operation as:
{circumflex over (x)}(n)=mem_ola_add(n)+{circumflex over (t)}(Z+n) for n=0 . . . NF−Z−1
{circumflex over (x)}(n)={circumflex over (t)}(Z+n) for n=NF−Z . . . NF−1
mem_ola_add(n)={circumflex over (t)}(NF+Z+n) for n=0 . . . NF−Z−1
wherein {circumflex over (x)}(n) is the output value, {circumflex over (t)}(.) is a windowed time-aliasing buffer, and NF is the number of samples in one frame.
The apparatus may be so that:
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
the analysis windowing function and/or synthesis windowing function is defined so as to present a first numerical differentiation between −0.01 and +0.01.
The apparatus may be so that
the analysis windowing function and/or synthesis windowing function is defined so as to present a second numerical differentiation between −10−4 and +10−4.
The apparatus may be so that
the analysis windowing function and/or synthesis windowing function is defined so as to present a second numerical differentiation between −10−5 and +10−5.
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may be so that
The apparatus may comprise:
The apparatus wherein the modified lapped transform may be a modified discrete cosine transform, MDCT, or a modified discrete sine transform, MDST, and the inverse modified lapped transform is an inverse modified discrete cosine transform, IMDCT, or inverse modified discrete sine transform, IMDST.
The apparatus may be so that
A system which may comprise:
The system wherein the encoder may comprise a communication unit configured to transmit a bitstream and/or the decoder comprises a communication unit configured to receive a bitstream.
According to an aspect there is provided a method which comprises performing a modified cosine transformation, MDCT, analysis for transforming a time domain, TD, representation of an information signal, or a processed version thereof, into a frequency domain, FD, representation, using an analysis windowing function having a meandering portion which passes a linear function in correspondence of at least four points.
According to an aspect there is provided a method which comprises performing a modified cosine transformation, MDCT, analysis for transforming a time domain, TD, representation of an information signal, or a processed version thereof, into a frequency domain, FD, representation, using an analysis windowing function having a meandering portion which passes a linear function in correspondence of at least four points,
According to an aspect there is provided a method which comprises performing a modified cosine transformation, MDCT, analysis for transforming a time domain, TD, representation of an information signal, or a processed version thereof, into a frequency domain, FD, representation, using an analysis windowing function having a meandering portion which passes a linear function in correspondence of at least four points,
According to an aspect there is provided a method which comprises performing a modified cosine transformation, MDCT, synthesis for transforming a frequency domain, FD, representation of an information signal, or a processed version thereof, into a time domain, TD, representation, using a synthesis windowing function having a meandering portion which passes a linear function in correspondence of at least four points.
According to an aspect there is provided a method which comprises performing a modified cosine transformation, MDCT, synthesis for transforming a frequency domain, FD, representation of an information signal, or a processed version thereof, into a time domain, TD, representation, using a synthesis windowing function having a meandering portion which passes a linear function in correspondence of at least four points,
According to an aspect there is provided a method comprising performing a modified cosine transformation, MDCT, synthesis for transforming a frequency domain, FD, representation of an information signal, or a processed version thereof, into a time domain, TD, representation, using a synthesis windowing function having a meandering portion which passes a linear function in correspondence of at least four points,
A non-transitory storage unit storing instructions which, when running on a processor, may cause the processor to execute a method.
There is provided an apparatus for encoding an information signal comprising a plurality of frames, the apparatus comprising:
In examples, the MDCT tool is configured to scale time input buffers and/or cosine values with values of the analysis windowing function.
In examples, the MDCT tool is configured to use input buffers in the form of
t(n)=x(Z−NF+n) for n=0 . . . 2NF−1−Z,
wherein x(n) is a TD sample of the information signal or a processed version of the information signal at the time instant n, NF is the number of samples processed in one frame, and Z is the number of leading zeros in MDCT window.
In examples, an initialization may be performed as:
t(2N−Z+n)=0 for n=0 . . . Z−1
In examples, the MDCT (or MDST) tool is configured to perform:
where X(k) is the MDCT (or MDST) frequency value at a frequency index k, n is the time instant, wN(n) is the analysis windowing function, t(n) is a time input buffer, and NF is the number of samples processed in one frame.
In examples, there is provided an apparatus which comprises a bitstream reader configured to read a bitstream encoding the information signal; and
In examples, the IMDCT (or IMDST) tool is configured to scale values at a time domain aliasing buffer with values of the synthesis windowing function.
In examples, the IMDCT (or IMDST) tool is configured to generate a time domain, TD, signal representation in the form of
wherein {circumflex over (t)}(n) is an aliasing buffer, {circumflex over (X)}(k) is the information signal or a processed version thereof, and NF is the number of samples for a TD frame.
In examples, the IMDCT (or IMDST) tool is configured to perform a windowing of the time-aliased buffer.
In examples, the IMDCT (or IMDST) tool is configured to perform a windowing operation by performing:
{circumflex over (t)}(n)=wN(2N−1−n)·{circumflex over (t)}(n) for n=0 . . . 2NF−1
In examples, the IMDCT (or IMDST) tool is configured to perform an overlap-and-add operation, which may be, for example, as:
{circumflex over (x)}(n)=mem_ola_add(n)+{circumflex over (t)}(Z+n) for n=0 . . . NF−Z−1
{circumflex over (x)}(n)={circumflex over (t)}(Z+n) for n=NF−Z . . . NF−1
mem_ola_add(n)={circumflex over (t)}(NF+Z+n) for n=0 . . . NF−Z−1
wherein {circumflex over (x)}(n) is the output value, {circumflex over (t)}(.) is a windowed time-aliasing buffer, and NF is the number of samples in one frame.
In examples, the analysis windowing function and/or the synthesis windowing function is defined so as to be, in the meandering portion:
In examples, the analysis windowing function and/or the synthesis windowing function is defined so that the absolute maximum value is in the first or third interval.
In examples, the analysis windowing function and/or the synthesis windowing function is defined so that, in the meandering portion, a relative maximum value is in the first or third interval and a relative minimum value is in the second interval.
In examples, the analysis windowing function and/or the synthesis windowing function is defined so that, in the meandering portion, the value of the meandering window function in correspondence to at least one of the first and third interval is greater than 0.9.
In examples, the analysis windowing function and/or the synthesis windowing function is defined so as to present, in the meandering portion, a value greater than the linear function in an interval comprised of the 30% and 50% of two frames.
In examples, the analysis windowing function and/or the synthesis windowing function is defined so that the maximum of the analysis windowing function and/or the synthesis windowing function is less than 25% (in particular 5%) greater than the value of the linear function at the same time instant.
In examples, the analysis windowing function and/or the synthesis windowing function is defined so as to present a second numerical differentiation is between −3*10−4 and +3*10−4 and/or the third numerical differentiation is between −2*10−5 and +2*10−5.
In examples, the linear function is defined so as to have a value which is constant or varies of maximum +2% or −2%.
In examples, the linear function is defined so as to have increments between −0.05 and −0.20.
In examples, the analysis windowing function and/or the synthesis windowing function is defined so as to be asymmetric.
In examples, the analysis windowing function and the synthesis windowing function is defined are symmetric with each other.
In examples, a storage space to store the values of the analysis windowing function and/or the synthesis windowing function.
In examples, there is provided a system comprising:
In examples, the encoder comprise a communication unit configured to transmit a bitstream and/or the decoder comprises a communication unit configured to receive a bitstream.
In examples, there is also provided a method comprising performing an MDCT (MDST), analysis for transforming a time domain, TD, representation of an information signal, or a processed version thereof, into a frequency domain, FD, representation, using an analysis windowing function having a meandering portion which passes a linear function in correspondence of at least four points.
In examples, there is also provided a method comprising performing an MDCT (or MDST), synthesis for transforming a frequency domain, FD, representation of an information signal, or a processed version thereof, into a time domain, TD, representation, using a synthesis windowing function having a meandering portion which passes a linear function in correspondence of at least four points.
In has been noted that the analysis and/or synthesis windowing functions used for the invention are particularly suitable for performing MDCT (or MDST) synthesis and analysis.
Examples of analysis/synthesis windowing functions for modulated lapped transformation and methods and apparatus for using them are disclosed hereinafter.
Embodiments of the present invention will be detailed subsequently referring to the appended drawings, in which:
An information signal may be described in the time domain, TD, as a succession of samples (e.g., xb(n) for a block b and index, e.g., instant, n). The TD representation may be made of a plurality of frames, each associated to a plurality of samples. In the frequency domain, FD, a frame may be represented as a succession of bins (e.g., X(k), each associated to a particular frequency (each frequency being associated to an index k).
It is possible to convert a TD representation into an FD representation using a modulated lapped transform technique (such as a modified discrete cosine transform, MDCT, technique or a modified discrete sine transform, MDST, technique, for example). Such a technique may be implemented, for example, at an encoder side, so as to transform sampled values into frequency values.
It is possible to convert an FD representation into a TD representation using an inverse modulated lapped transform technique (such as an inverse modified discrete cosine transform, IMDCT, technique or an inverse modified discrete sine, IMDST, technique). Such a technique may be implemented, for example, at a decoder side, so as to transform frequency values into TD values (e.g., for performing reproduction).
The table below indicates symbols used in the following sections.
The encoder apparatus 130 or 130A may comprise a modulated lapped transform tool 131 (such as a low delay modified discrete cosine transform, MDCT, tool, or a low delay modified discrete sine transform, MDST, tool, or another type of modulated lapped transform tool) which may convert an information signal (e.g., an audio signal) from a time domain, TD, representation to a frequency domain, FD, representation. The modulated lapped transform tool 131 (e.g., MDCT or MDST tool) performs modulated lapped transform analysis (e.g., an MDCT analysis, MDST analysis).
Other tools may be provided. e.g., downstream to the modulated lapped transform tool 131 or operating in TD. Some of them are here mentioned.
The encoder apparatus 130 may comprise a linear predictive coding, LPC, tool 132 for performing an LPC analysis in the FD. The encoder apparatus 130A may comprise a spectral noise shaping, SNS, tool 132A for performing an LPC analysis in the FD.
SNS may be seen as a generalization of LPC and, therefore, in some examples, the LPC block 132 may be seen as a particular example of the SNS tool 132A (and the encoder apparatus 130 may be seen as a particular example of the encoder apparatus 130A).
Each of the encoder apparatus 130 and 130A may comprise a temporal noise shaping, TNS, tool 133, to control the temporal shape of noise within each window of the information signal (e.g., as output by the modulated lapped transform tool) in the FD.
Each of the encoder apparatus 130 and 130A may comprise a spectral quantizer 134 processing signals in the in the FD. The signal as output by the TNS tool 133 may be quantized, e.g., using dead-zone plus uniform thresholds scalar quantization.
Each of the encoder apparatus 130 and 130A may comprise a noise level estimator 136, e.g., downstream to the spectral quantizer 134.
Each of the encoder apparatus 130 and 130A may comprise a coder 135 processing signals in the FD, for example, to perform entropy coding, e.g., to compress a bitstream. The coder 135 may, for example, perform entropy coding.
Each of the encoder apparatus 130 and 130A may comprise a bandwidth detector 137a which may control, for example, a bandwidth controller at the decoder.
Each of the encoder apparatus 130 and 130A may comprise tools which process signals in the time domain, TD. For example, the encoder apparatus 130 or 130A may comprise a re-sampling tool 138a (e.g., a downsampler) and/or a long term postfiltering, LTPF, tool 138b, for controlling an LTPF active in TD at the decoder side.
Each of the encoder apparatus 130 and 130A may comprise a bitstream multiplexer tool (bitstream writer) 137 to prepare a bitstream with data obtained from TD and/or FD tools placed upstream. The bitstream may comprise a digital representation of an information signal together with control data to be used at the decoder side. The bitstream may be compressed or include portions which are compressed.
Each of the decoder apparatus 140 and 140A may comprise an inverse modulated lapped transform tool 147 (e.g., a low delay inverse MDCT tool or a low delay inverse DMST tool) to transform signal representations from FD to TD. The modulated lapped transform tool 147 performs a modulated lapped transform synthesis (e.g., an MDCT synthesis and/or an MDST synthesis, etc.).
Other tools may be provided, e.g., upstream to the inverse modulated lapped transform tool 147 or operating in TD. Some of them are here mentioned.
Each of the decoder apparatus 140 and 140A may comprise a bitstream multiplex tool 141 to obtain a bitstream (e.g., by transmission) from an encoder apparatus (e.g., the apparatus 130 or 130A). For example, an output from the encoder apparatus 130 or 130A may be provided as an input signal to the decoder apparatus 140 or 140A.
Each of the decoder apparatus 140 and 140A may comprise a decoder 142 which may, for example, decompress data in the bitstream. Arithmetic decoding may be performed. A residual decoding may be performed.
Each of the decoder apparatus 140 and 140A may comprise a noise filling tool 143 processing signals in the FD.
Each of the decoder apparatus 140 and 140A may comprise a global gain tool 144 processing signals in the FD.
Each of the decoder apparatus 140 and 140A may comprise a TNS decoder tool 145 processing signals in the FD.
The decoder apparatus 140 may comprise an MDCT (or MDST) shaping tool 146 (other lapped transformation tools are possible). The MDCT (or MDST) shaping tool 146 may process signals by applying gain factors computed from decoded LP filter coefficients (obtained from an LPC decoding tool 146a, for example) transformed to the FD spectrum (e.g., MDCT or MDST spectrum, etc.).
The decoder apparatus 140A may comprise an SNS decoder tool 146A′, for example, obtaining LPC coefficients from the SNS tool 132A.
Each of the decoder apparatus 140 and 140A may comprise an LTPF tool 148 for performing a postfilter in the TD.
The decoder apparatus 140A may comprise a decoder bandwidth controller 149 which may obtain bandwidth information from the bandwidth detector 137a, for example.
The encoder apparatus 130 (or 130A) and the decoder apparatus 140 (or 140A) may be composed to each other to form a system.
Basically, the tools downstream to the modulated lapped transform tool 131 in the encoder apparatus 130 or 130A and the tools upstream to the inverse modulated lapped transform tool 147 in the decoder apparatus 140 or 140A may perform signal processing in the FD and are therefore FD tools.
Techniques are here discussed regarding the conversion techniques, e.g., at the tools 131 and 147.
In general terms, the MDCT, MDST, etc., are discrete transforms which have the additional property of being lapped transforms. One of these transforms is performed on consecutive blocks of a larger dataset (e.g., two consecutive frames). Subsequent blocks may be overlapped. Accordingly, a last part of one block may coincide with a first part of a subsequent block. A windowing function wn (n=0, . . . , 2N−1) may be used. In particular, the windowing function may be used as a weight. An advantage is that it is possible to avoid or reduce discontinuities at the borders of the blocks.
At step S151, input buffers may be updated. The time input buffer for the modulated lapped transform t may be updated according to
t(n)=xb-1(Z+n) for n=0 . . . N−1−Z
t(N−Z+n)=xb(n) for n=0 . . . N−1
t(2N−Z+n)=0 for n=0 . . . Z−1
The latter is an initialization just used for consistency.
At step S152, a block of N time samples may be transformed to frequency coefficients X(k) using the following equation:
where wN is an asymmetric modulated lapped transform window (e.g., MDCT window) according to the used frame size.
(k) (i.e., a representation in the FD) may be transformed to TD by the following steps:
At step S161, a generation of time domain aliasing buffer (n) of frame b may be performed. For example:
At step S162, windowing of time domain aliasing buffer may be performed. For example:(n)=wN(2N−1−n)·
(n) for n=0 . . . 2N−1
At step S163, overlap-add operation to get reconstructed time samples (n) of frame b may be conducted. For example:
(n)=
(N+Z+n)+
(Z+n) for n=0 . . . N−Z−1
(n)=
(Z+n) for n=N−Z . . . N−1
Notably, the windowing function wN(n) at the analysis (analysis windowing function) and the windowing function wN(2N−1−n) at the synthesis (synthesis windowing function) may be defined so as to be time reversed with each other. The window coefficients of the analysis and synthesis window are time reversed versions of each other.
It has been noted that a particularly effective windowing function (e.g., synthesis windowing function) may be an analysis windowing function having a meandering portion crossing a linear function in correspondence of four points.
The analysis windowing function 40 may be defined, at least for one portion, with reference to a linear function 40′. In
The analysis windowing function 40 may comprise a meandering portion 44. The meandering portion 44 may be so that the analysis windowing function 40 encounters and/or crosses the linear function 40′ at four points #1, #2, #3, #4.
The meandering portion 44 may be so that the analysis windowing function 40 is different from the linear function 40′ at the majority of indexes e.g., for more than the 99% of the indexes.
The meandering portion 44 may be so that, at least at one index immediately preceding one of the indexes associated to the points (crossing points #1, #2, #3, #4, the value of the analysis windowing function 40 is greater than the value of the linear function (e.g., 1) at the crossing point (#1, #2, #3, of #4), and, at least at the index immediately subsequent the same index (associated to the crossing point), the value of the analysis windowing function 40 is smaller than the value of the linear function at the crossing point.
The meandering portion 44 may be so that, at least at one index immediately preceding one of the indexes associated to the crossing points #1, #2, #3, #4, the value of the analysis windowing function 40 is smaller than the value of the linear function (e.g., 1) at the crossing point (#1, #2, #3, of #4), and, at least at the index immediately subsequent the same index (associated to the crossing point), the value of the analysis windowing function 40 is greater than the value of the linear function at the crossing point.
The meandering portion 44 may be such that each of the crossing points #1, #2, #3, #4 is not immediately consecutive with the previous and the following ones. For example, between two crossing points #1, #2, #3, and #4, there is at least one index of the analysis windowing function 40 whose value does not coincide with the value of the analysis windowing function 40 at the same index.
The analysis windowing function 40 may be defined so as to be, in correspondence to the meandering portion 44:
The first crossing point #1 may precede the second crossing point #2, which may precede the third crossing point #3, which may precede the fourth crossing point #4.
The meandering portion 44 may extend between the first and the last (e.g., fourth) crossing point. The crossing points may be only four, in some examples.
The analysis windowing function 40 may also comprise an initial decreasing portion 45, in which a negative minimum may be reached. The negative minimum may be localized between the 6.25% of 2N and the 18.75% of 2N. The analysis windowing function 40 may also comprise a rapidly increasing portion 46, rapidly increasing from the negative minimum towards the meandering portion 44 (e.g., towards the first crossing point #1). The analysis windowing function 40 may also comprise a rapidly decreasing portion 47, rapidly decreasing from the meandering portion 44 to 0. The analysis windowing function 40 may also comprise a constantly null portion 48, which may start between the 80% and the 85% or 90% of 2N (size of two frames) and continue to the end of 2N.
The absolute maximum value 41′ is in the first interval 41 (or in the third interval).
The analysis windowing function 40 may, in the meandering portion 44, have a relative maximum value 43′ in the third interval 43 (or in the first interval) and a relative minimum value 42′ is in the second interval 42.
The analysis windowing function 40 may, in the meandering portion 44, have the values of the meandering window function 40 in correspondence to the second interval 42 greater than 0.9. The second interval 42 may be above 0.9.
The analysis windowing function 40 may present, in the meandering portion 44, a value lower than the linear function 40′ in an interval comprised of the 30% and 50% of two frames (2N). In examples, after the 50% of two frames (2N), the windowing function 40 may greater than the linear function 40′. Hence, point #3 may be in correspondence to the last index of the first frame or in correspondence to the first index of the second frame. In the interval 30% to 50% of two frames, the meandering window portion 44 may be below the linear function.
The maximum 41′ of the meandering window function 44 may be less than 25% (and advantageously less than 5% or 3%) greater than the value of the linear function 40′ at the same index n.
The analysis windowing function 40 may present a first numerical differentiation between 0.02 and −0.02. The second numerical differentiation may be between −5*10−4 and +5*10−4, and advantageously between −3*10−4 and +3*10−4. The third numerical differentiation may be between −2*10−5 and +2*10−5.
The linear function 40′ may be a non-increasing function. In their examples, the linear function 40′ may be a non-decreasing function. The linear function 40′ may have a value which is constant or varies of maximum +2% or −2%.
The analysis windowing function may be defined so as to be asymmetric.
In some examples, the analysis windowing function may be such that some of the interval (subsections) of the meandering portion 44 are in reverse order with respect to the description above.
The analysis windowing function 40 may be defined, at least for one portion, with reference to a linear function 240′. In
However, the linear function 40′ may be in general a linear function, e.g., defined in terms of y=an+b, where n is the index between the 0 and 2N (or its non-zero portion) and a and b are constants (e.g., a=0, b=1).
The analysis windowing function 240 may comprise a meandering portion 244. The meandering portion 244 may be so that the analysis windowing function 240 encounters and/or crosses the linear function 240′ at four points #1, #2, #3, #4.
The meandering portion 244 may be so that the analysis windowing function 240 is different from the linear function 240′ at the majority of indexes e.g., for more than the 99% of the indexes.
The meandering portion 244 may be so that, at least at one index immediately preceding one of the indexes associated to the points (crossing points) #1, #2, #3, #4, the value of the analysis windowing function 240 is greater than the value of the linear function 240′ at the crossing point (#1, #2, #3, of #4), and, at least at the index immediately subsequent the same index (associated to the crossing point), the value of the analysis windowing function 240 is smaller than the value of the linear function 240′ at the crossing point (#1, #2, #3, of #4).
The meandering portion 244 may be so that, at least at one index immediately preceding one of the indexes associated to the crossing points #1, #2, #3, #4, the value of the analysis windowing function 40 is smaller than the value of the linear function 240′ at the crossing point (#1, #2, #3, of #4), and, at least at the index immediately subsequent the same index (associated to the crossing point), the value of the analysis windowing function 40 is greater than the value of the linear function 240′ at the crossing point.
The meandering portion 244 may be such that each of the crossing points #1, #2, #3, #4 is not immediately consecutive with the previous and the following ones. For example, between two crossing points #1, #2, #3, and #4, there is at least one index of the analysis windowing function 240 whose value does not coincide with the value of the analysis windowing function 240 at the same index.
The analysis windowing function 240 may be defined so as to be, in correspondence to the meandering portion 244:
The first crossing point #1 may precede the second crossing point #2, which may precede the third crossing point #3, which may precede the fourth crossing point #4.
The meandering portion 244 may extend between the first and the last (e.g., fourth) crossing point. The crossing points may be only four, in some examples.
The analysis windowing function 240 may have all positive values. The minimum may be a 0 value, which may be at the first index of the analysis windowing function 240 and/or at the last indexes of the analysis windowing function 240. The analysis windowing function 240 may comprise a rapidly increasing portion 246, rapidly increasing towards the meandering portion 244 (e.g., the first crossing point #1). The analysis windowing function 240 may also comprise a rapidly decreasing portion 247, rapidly decreasing from the meandering portion 244 to 0. The analysis windowing function 240 may comprise a constantly null portion 248, which may start between the 84% and the 90% of 2N (size of two frames) and continue to the end of 2N.
The absolute maximum value 241′ is in the first interval 41 (or in the third interval).
The analysis windowing function 240 may, in the meandering portion 244, have a relative maximum value 243′ in the third interval 243 (or in the first interval) and/or a relative minimum value 242′ is in the second interval 242.
The analysis windowing function 240 may, in the meandering portion 244, have the values of the meandering window function 240 in correspondence to the second interval 242 greater than 0.95. The second interval 242 may be above 0.95. The first and/or third interval 241 and/or 243 may be less than 1.05.
The analysis windowing function 240 may present, in the meandering portion 244, a value lower than the linear function 240′ in an interval comprised of the 30% and 50% of two frames (2N). In examples, after the 50% of two frames (2N), the windowing function 240 may greater than the linear function 240′. Hence, point #3 may be in correspondence to the last index of the first frame or in correspondence to the first index of the second frame. In the interval 30% to 50% of two frames, the meandering window portion 244 may be below the linear function.
The maximum 241′ of the meandering window function 244 may be less than 25% (and advantageously less than 5% or 3%) greater than the value of the linear function 240′ at the same index n.
The analysis windowing function 240 may present a first numerical differentiation between −0.01 and +0.01. The second numerical differentiation may be between −10−4 and +10−4. The third numerical differentiation may be between −10−5 and +10−5.
The linear function 40′ may be a non-increasing function. In their examples, the linear function 40′ may be a non-decreasing function. The linear function 40′ may have a value which is constant or varies of maximum +2% or −2%.
The analysis windowing function may be defined so as to be asymmetric.
In some examples, the analysis windowing function 240 may be such that some of the interval (subsections) of the meandering portion 244 are in reverse order with respect to the description above.
In this case, the analysis windowing function 60 may be defined, at least for one portion, with reference to a linear function 60′. In
The meandering portion 64 may be so that the analysis windowing function 60 encounters and/or crosses the linear function 60′ at four points.
The analysis windowing function 40 may be defined so as to be, in correspondence to the meandering portion 64:
The absolute maximum value may be in the first interval 61′ (in other examples, e.g., where the linear function is increasing, may be in the fifth interval).
The analysis windowing function 60 may, in the meandering portion 64, have a relative maximum value in the third interval 63′ and/or in the fifth interval 65′, a relative minimum value being in the second interval 62′ and/or in the fourth interval 64′.
The analysis windowing function 60 may, in the meandering portion 64, have the value of the windowing function in correspondence to at least one of the first and third interval greater than 0.9 and in particular 0.95 (in other examples, e.g., where the linear function is increasing, may be in the third and fifth interval).
The analysis windowing function 60 may present, in the meandering portion 64, a value greater than the linear function 60′ in an interval comprised of the 30% and 50% of two frames (2N).
The maximum of the windowing function 60 may be less than 25% (and advantageously less than 5%) greater than the value of the linear function 60 at the same index n.
The linear function 60′ may be a non-increasing function, in particular a strictly decreasing function.
The analysis windowing function may be defined so as to be asymmetric.
In examples, the analysis windowing function may have the intervals which are reversed with respect to
In examples, a synthesis windowing function may be construed to be symmetric with respect to the analysis windowing function. For example, the symmetry axis may be in the middle of the 2N range (479 or 480, for example).
An example of synthesis windowing function 90 is provided in
The synthesis windowing function 90 may be defined, at least for one portion, with reference to a linear function (which in this case is not shown but is a constant value 1). In
The synthesis windowing function 90 may comprise a meandering portion 94. The meandering portion 94 may be so that the synthesis windowing function 90 encounters and/or crosses the linear function 90′ (constant 1, only partially shown for the sake of clarity) at four crossing points #1, #2, #3, #4 (only #2 being illustrated). The synthesis windowing function may cross the value 1 in the middle of the window (point #2), i.e. between sample N−1 and N.
The meandering portion 94 may be so that the synthesis windowing function 90 is different from the linear function 90′ at the majority of indexes e.g., for more than the 99% of the indexes.
The meandering portion 94 may be so that, at least at one index immediately preceding one of the indexes associated to the points #1, #2, #3, #4, the value of the synthesis windowing function 90 is greater than the value of the linear function (e.g., 1) at the point (#1, #2, #3, of #4), and, at least at the index immediately subsequent the same index (associated to the point), the value of the synthesis windowing function 90 is smaller than the value of the linear function at the crossing point. The meandering portion 94 may be so that, at least at one index immediately preceding one of the indexes associated to the points #1, #2, #3, #4, the value of the synthesis windowing function 90 is smaller than the value of the linear function at the point (#1, #2, #3, of #4), and, at least at the index immediately subsequent the same index (associated to the crossing point), the value of the synthesis windowing function 90 is greater than the value of the linear function at the crossing point (#1, #2, #3, of #4).
The meandering portion 94 may be such that each of the points #1, #2, #3, #4 is not immediately consecutive with another of the points #1, #2, #3, #4. For example, between two points of #1, #2, #3, and #4, there may be at least one index of the synthesis windowing function 90 whose value does not coincide with the value of the synthesis windowing function 90 at the same index.
The synthesis windowing function 90 may be defined so as to be, in correspondence to the meandering portion 94:
The synthesis windowing function 90 may also comprise a constantly null portion 98, which may be located between the 10% and the 15% of 2N. The synthesis windowing function 90 may also comprise a rapidly increasing portion 97, rapidly increasing towards the meandering portion 94 from 0. The synthesis windowing function 90 may also comprise a rapidly decreasing portion 96, rapidly decreasing towards a negative minimum from the meandering portion 94. The negative minimum may be localized between the 81.25% of 2N and the 93.7% of 2N. The synthesis windowing function 90 may also comprise a final increasing portion 95, which reaches 0 from the negative minimum.
The absolute maximum value may be in the third interval 93 (or in the first interval).
The synthesis windowing function 90 may, in the meandering portion 94, have a relative maximum value in the first interval 91 (or in the third interval) and a relative minimum value is in the second interval.
The synthesis windowing function 90 may, in the meandering portion 94, have the value of the meandering window function in correspondence to at least one of the first and third interval (91, 93) greater than 0.9. The third interval may be above 0.9.
The synthesis windowing function 90 may present, in the meandering portion 94, a value greater than the linear function in an interval comprised of the 30% and 50% of two frames (2N).
The maximum of the synthesis windowing function 90 may be less than 25% (and advantageously less than 5%) greater than the value of the linear function at the same index n.
The synthesis windowing function 90 may present a numerical differentiation between 0.02 and −0.02. The second numerical differentiation may be between −5*10−4 and +5*10−4, and advantageously between −3*10−4 and +3*10−4. The third numerical differentiation may be between −2*10−5 and +2*10−5.
The synthesis linear function 90 may be a non-increasing function. In other examples, the synthesis linear function 90 may be a non-decreasing function. The synthesis linear function may 90 have a value which is constant or varies of maximum +2% or −2%.
The synthesis windowing function 90 may be defined so as to be asymmetric.
In some examples, the synthesis windowing function 90 may be a function symmetrical with respect to the shape shown in
An example of synthesis windowing function 290 is provided in
The synthesis windowing function 290 may be defined, at least for one portion, with reference to a linear function 290′ (which in this case is not shown but is a constant value 1).
In
The synthesis windowing function 290 may comprise a meandering portion 294. The meandering portion 294 may be so that the synthesis windowing function 290 encounters and/or crosses the linear function 290′ (constant 1, only partially shown for the sake of clarity) at four crossing points #1, #2, #3, #4 (only #2 being illustrated). The synthesis windowing function may cross the value 1 in the middle of the window (point #2), i.e. between sample N−1 and N.
The meandering portion 294 may be so that the synthesis windowing function 290 is different from the linear function 290′ at the majority of indexes e.g., for more than the 99% of the indexes.
The meandering portion 294 may be so that, at least at one index immediately preceding one of the indexes associated to the points #1, #2, #3, #4, the value of the synthesis windowing function 90 is greater than the value of the linear function (e.g., 1) at the point (#1, #2, #3, of #4), and, at least at the index immediately subsequent the same index (associated to the crossing point), the value of the synthesis windowing function 90 is smaller than the value of the linear function at the crossing point.
The meandering portion 294 may be so that, at least at one index immediately preceding one of the indexes associated to the points #1, #2, #3, #4, the value of the synthesis windowing function 290 is smaller than the value of the linear function at the crossing point (#1, #2, #3, of #4), and, at least at the index immediately subsequent the same index (associated to the crossing point), the value of the synthesis windowing function 290 is greater than the value of the linear function at the crossing point (#1, #2, #3, of #4).
The meandering portion 294 may be such that each of the crossing points #1, #2, #3, #4 is not immediately consecutive with another of the points #1, #2, #3, #4. For example, between two crossing points of #1, #2, #3, and #4, there may be at least one index of the synthesis windowing function 290 whose value does not coincide with the value of the synthesis windowing function 290 at the same index.
The synthesis windowing function 290 may be defined so as to be, in correspondence to the meandering portion 294:
The synthesis windowing function 290 may comprise a constantly null portion 298, which may be located. at one border of the window (2N samples) and may comprise between 10% and 15% of the samples. The synthesis windowing function 290 may also comprise a rapidly increasing portion 297, rapidly increasing towards the meandering portion 294 from 0. The synthesis windowing function 290 may comprise a rapidly decreasing portion 296, rapidly decreasing towards 0 from the meandering portion 294
The absolute maximum value may be in the third interval 293 (or in the first interval).
The synthesis windowing function 290 may, in the meandering portion 294, have a relative maximum value in the first interval 291 (or in the third interval) and a relative minimum value is in the second interval.
The synthesis windowing function 290 may, in the meandering portion 294, have the value of the meandering window function in correspondence to at least one of the first and third interval (291, 293) greater than 0.9 or 0.95. The third interval may be above 0.95.
The synthesis windowing function 290 may present, in the meandering portion 294, a value greater than the linear function in an interval comprised of the 30% and 50% of two frames (2N).
The maximum of the synthesis windowing function 290 may be less than 25% (and advantageously less than 5% or 3%) greater than the value of the linear function at the same index n.
The synthesis windowing function 290 may present a numerical differentiation between −0.01 and +0.01. The second numerical differentiation may be between −10−4 and +10−4. The third numerical differentiation may be between −10−5 and +10−5.
The synthesis linear function 90 may be a non-increasing function. In other examples, the synthesis linear function 90 may be a non-decreasing function. The synthesis linear function may 90 have a value which is constant or varies of maximum +2% or −2%.
The synthesis windowing function 90 may be defined so as to be asymmetric.
In some examples, the synthesis windowing function 90 may be a function symmetrical with respect to the shape shown in
Discussion
It has been noted that this function has particularly interesting features which are extremely suited for the MDCT (or MDST or other) and IMDCT (or IMDST or other) techniques, in particular for audio coding.
As a metric for the smoothness of MDCT window shape, we use the numerical differentiation like
Another metric in order to assess the quality of MDCT window is temporal shape of the quantization error which is described by
Sq(t)=w2(t+N)+w2(t) for t=0 . . . N−1
The quantization error may be introduced in the spectral domain as part of an audio coding process.
The ALDO window is here discussed. ALDO is a design approach for asymmetric window providing an improved temporal shape. The design process of the ALDO window as used in the EVS codec is described in (3GPP) and [2].
An ALDO window consists of four sections, a raising function, a section of strict ones, a decay function and zeros. The number of zeros in w4 also determines the number of ones in w2, with w2=2*w4. How to obtain w1 and w3 is described in [1] and [2].
As can be seen in the fourth subplot of
The drawbacks of this design approach are mainly visible in the second subplot of
The present invention breaks up with the design constraint to maintain a section of strict ones in order to optimize the temporal shape. Instead, the ones are replaced by a sequence of values meandering around a linear function (e.g., a constant value, such as “1”). This solution allows the smooth and continuous window shape while keeping the temporal shape close to an optimal state.
Such a window can be the result of a mathematical optimization process combining one error function for the frequency response with and error function representing the deviation from the optimal temporal shaping of the quantization noise.
Some implementation involved specific data formats, e.g. fix-point implementations. For such implementation, the value range of the window coefficients might be scales as values above one involve a different scaling. In such cases, the meandering section might not be around one. Only after descaling, the values get into the obvious range.
Considering a general case, the window does not necessarily meander around 1 but may meander around a virtual diagonal line without crossing the one.
The described MDCT window fulfils the perfect reconstruction property. For that, we consider the MDCT to be decomposed as a windowing operation, a time domain alias cancellation (TDAC) step and a discrete cosine transform (DCT) type IV kernel, as for instance described in [3].
Therefore, the windowing and TDAC can be seen as a folding step on analysis and an unfolding step on synthesis side. At the latter one, the unfolded sequences of two blocks are combined in the overlap-and-add operation. See
For the overlapping region on the analysis side, the windowing and TDAC of block 1 can be described as
For the syntheses side, P1 and P2 are folded-out, windowed and overlap-and-add is performed:
This can be written as
O(n)=wa(N+n)ws(N+n)−wa(2N−1−n)ws(N+n)+wa(n)ws(n)+wa(N-1−n)ws(n)
which can be separated into two components:
Reference is now made to
By considering also the 2nd and 3rd numerical differentiation, it is possible to clearly distinguish the properties of present examples (e.g.,
As a metric for the smoothness of modulated lapped transform window shape (e.g., MDCT or MDST window shape), we may use the numerical differentiation like:
In order to weight the importance of each coefficient, i.e. higher amplitudes have a higher weight, the following describes a weighted
This allows neglecting low level window coefficients in the analysis of the continuity of the window shape.
In
For the 2nd and 3rd numerical differentiation (ND), the weighted version of the 1st one is used. 1910 and 3110 refer to the weighted version of the 2nd numerical differentiation for the inventive windowing function. 2010 refers to the weighted version of the 2nd numerical differentiation for the ALDO windowing function. 1920 refers to the weighted version of the 3rd numerical differentiation for the inventive windowing function. 2020 and 3120 refer to the weighted version of the 3rd numerical differentiation for the ALDO windowing function.
As can be observed, the 2nd ND version shows some clear peaks 2021 for the ALDO window while the inventive windows show only moderate changes. For the 3rd ND, also the amplitude level of both windows clear differentiate and can be expressed.
An analysis of the degree of freedom for window design for ALDO and for the inventive window function is here presented.
The ALDO design approach [2] offers only the parameters C1, C2 and the number of zeros Lz as degree of freedom. Any focus regarding near field or far field attenuation is not possible by the proposed method as the given degree of freedom in the design process is very limited.
In order to extend the ALDO algorithm and allowing a higher degree of freedom, the design approach in [2] has to be given up and has to be exchanged by a numerical optimization method. In a first step the section of strict ones in the middle of the window is maintained while the free window coefficients (or design parameter) are optimized.
Assuming that analysis and synthesis window are typically time reversed versions of each other, the perfect reconstruction constraint can be expressed by
wa(N+n)ws(N+n)+wa(n)ws(n)=1 for n=0 . . . N-1
→w(N+n)w(2N−n)+w(n)w(N+n)=1 for n=0 . . . N-1
This can typically be fulfilled by restricting the number of free coefficients to 1.5N, e.g. by
w(2N−n)=(1−w(n)w(N+n))/w(N+n) for n=0 . . . N-1
The zero section is located inside w(2N−n). For the constraint of the strict ones in the middle, 2*Lz of the window coefficients are considered as non-free coefficients. For a transformation length of N=480 and a window size of 2N and Lz=180, this leads to a degree of freedom of 1.5N−2*Lz=360 free coefficients. This window is referred to as intermediate window.
The new invention increases the degree of freedom to the maximum by exchanging the portion of strict ones by a meandering section (e.g., 44, 64, 94) around one or around any other linear (e.g., diagonal) line (e.g., 40′, 60′, 90′). Thus, only half of the middle section needs to be excluded from the free coefficients. Consequently, the number of available coefficients is increased to 1.5*480−180=540 free coefficients. This allows to maximally optimize the frequency response towards any indented focus.
The intermediate window and the new invention window are optimized towards the same focus.
With reference of the time modulation of window, it is noted that the main motivation for the ALDO window was to combine an asymmetric shape with a maximum amplitude of 1, in order to avoid large temporal fluctuations of the quantization error. The quantization error is added in the frequency domain and its temporal shape is controlled by the synthesis window shape.
Actually, here also the meandering sequence even improves this window property.
In examples above, the meandering portion may be, for example, in correspondence (at least partial) with the DCT kernel. In examples, at least one first crossing point (e.g., #1) is in the first frame, while at least another crossing point (e.g., #3) is in the subsequent frame. In examples, one crossing point (e.g., #2) at the border between the first and the subsequent frames.
In examples, “meandering” refers to the fact that there are at least four intersections with a linear function (the meandering portion crosses the linear function in at least two or in some cases in at least four points). For example, a meandering portion may have an increasing part, followed by a decreasing part, followed by an increasing part, and so on, or a decreasing part, followed by an increasing part, followed by a decreasing part, and so on.
In examples, the apparatus 110 and 120 may be the same device. In examples, the apparatus 110 and 120 exchange information signals and/or control data e.g., wirelessly, e.g., using protocol Bluetooth.
Depending on certain implementation requirements, examples may be implemented in hardware. The implementation may be performed using a digital storage medium, for example a floppy disk, a Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), a Blu-Ray Disc, a Compact Disc (CD), a Read-only Memory (ROM), a Programmable Read-only Memory (PROM), an Erasable and Programmable Read-only Memory (EPROM), an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) or a flash memory, having electronically readable control signals stored thereon, which cooperate (or are capable of cooperating) with a programmable computer system such that the respective method is performed. Therefore, the digital storage medium may be computer readable.
Generally, examples may be implemented as a computer program product with program instructions, the program instructions being operative for performing one of the methods when the computer program product runs on a computer. The program instructions may for example be stored on a machine readable medium.
Other examples comprise the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein, stored on a machine-readable carrier. In other words, an example of method is, therefore, a computer program having a program instruction for performing one of the methods described herein, when the computer program runs on a computer.
A further example of the methods is, therefore, a data carrier medium (or a digital storage medium, or a computer-readable medium) comprising, recorded thereon, the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein. The data carrier medium, the digital storage medium or the recorded medium are tangible and/or non-transitionary, rather than signals which are intangible and transitory.
A further example comprises a processing unit, for example a computer, or a programmable logic device performing one of the methods described herein.
A further example comprises a computer having installed thereon the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein.
A further example comprises an apparatus or a system transferring (for example, electronically or optically) a computer program for performing one of the methods described herein to a receiver. The receiver may, for example, be a computer, a mobile device, a memory device or the like. The apparatus or system may, for example, comprise a file server for transferring the computer program to the receiver.
In some examples, a programmable logic device (for example, a field programmable gate array) may be used to perform some or all of the functionalities of the methods described herein. In some examples, a field programmable gate array may cooperate with a microprocessor in order to perform one of the methods described herein. Generally, the methods may be performed by any appropriate hardware apparatus.
The above described examples are illustrative for the principles discussed above. It is understood that modifications and variations of the arrangements and the details described herein will be apparent. It is the intent, therefore, to be limited by the scope of the impending patent claims and not by the specific details presented by way of description and explanation of the examples herein.
Some Examples of Windowing Functions
Numerical examples are here provided. As no mathematical formula in closed form for obtaining the function has been found, examples are herewith provided. The values hereinbelow may be provided in backward or forward order, in the sense that in some examples the first value is associated to the time instant n=0 and the last value is associated to the last time instant n=2N−1 (forward direction), while in some examples the first value is associated to the time instant n=2N−1 and the last value is associated to the first time instant n=0 (backward direction). In some cases, the analysis windowing function and the synthesis windowing function are taken from the same list, but the analysis windowing function is read in the backward (or forward) direction, while the synthesis windowing function is read in the forward (or backward) direction.
In order to embody at least one of the examples below, it is possible to extract a sub-succession of at least 10 values (e.g., consecutive values), when the 10 values are different from 0 (e.g., all the samples or at least the majority thereof may form the at least 10 values). A tolerance or ±1% may be possible; in some cases ±0.5%, ±0.05%, in other cases, ±2%, ±5%, in other cases 0%.
Examples Associated to
In the examples, a notation such as −7.078546706512391e−04f means
−7.078546706512391*10−4. “f” refers to the notation in floating point (in some cases, it may be omitted).
A numerical example of windowing function w80, for frame size N=80, is herewith provided by the 160 entries for n=0 . . . 2N−1. As explained above, the last values may be constantly 0.
−7.078546706512391e−04f, −2.098197727900724e−03f, −4.525198076002370e−03f, −8.233976327300612e−03f, −1.337713096257934e−02f, −1.999721557401502e−02f, −2.800909464274782e−02f, −3.721502082245055e−02f, −4.731768261606175e−02f, −5.794654834034055e−02f, −6.867606753531441e−02f, −7.904647440788692e−02f, −8.859705468085925e−02f, −9.688303623049199e−02f, −1.034961241263523e−01f, −1.080766457616878e−01f, −1.103242262600913e−01f, −1.099809851424550e−01f, −1.068172142230882e−01f, −1.006190418791648e−01f, −9.116452506492527e−02f, −7.820617483254730e−02f, −6.146688124166948e−02f, −4.063362855701623e−02f, −1.536329520788766e−02f, +1.470155068746303e−02f, +4.989736509080558e−02f, +9.050369257152079e−02f, +1.366911019414417e−01f, +1.884686389218322e−01f, +2.456456803467095e−01f, +3.077789078889820e−01f, +3.741642373060188e−01f, +4.438114799213576e−01f, +5.154735456539700e−01f, +5.876661722564289e−01f, +6.587619767809000e−01f, +7.270576699841359e−01f, +7.908752989295335e−01f, +8.486643364959733e−01f, +8.991320235484349e−01f, +9.413348145272842e−01f, +9.747634827941575e−01f, +9.994114730415857e−01f, +1.015760373791603e+00f, +1.024736164069697e+00f, +1.027634294456205e+00f, +1.025991493983836e+00f, +1.021427210603284e+00f, +1.015439859549357e+00f, +1.009366925499550e+01f, +1.003508162416449e+00f, +9.988898206257559e−01f, +9.953133902427869e−01f, +9.925943919208190e−01f, +9.905771957917731e−01f, +9.891371616557014e−01f, +9.881790747212391e−01f, +9.876249269174586e−01f, +9.874056275509585e−01f, +9.874524849192456e−01f, +9.876951134084213e−01f, +9.880640617030884e−01f, +9.884926873551375e−01f, +9.889230031022089e−01f, +9.893074965384659e−01f, +9.896146331889107e−01f, +9.898319269347060e−01f, +9.899693102025342e−01f, +9.900603352632121e−01f, +9.901575015155720e−01f, +9.903255289051605e−01f, +9.906303787150326e−01f, +9.911298894709990e−01f, +9.918665491182922e−01f, +9.928619727154252e−01f, +9.941156069136238e−01f, +9.956033775539884e−01f, +9.972793109558521e−01f, +9.990784840729244e−01f, +1.000922365901945e+00f, +1.002728111386909e+00f, +1.004416038098237e+00f, +1.005919224127911e+00f, +1.007189345025525e+00f, +1.008200146369426e+00f, +1.008949493525753e+00f, +1.009458241425143e+00f, +1.009768980817384e+00f, +1.009940336228694e+00f, +1.010039453539107e+00f, +1.010132323996401e+00f, +1.010272524848519e+00f, +1.010494354532353e+00f, +1.010808068774316e+00f, +1.011201071127927e+00f, +1.011641272406023e+00f, +1.012080125934687e+00f, +1.012458183122033e+00f, +1.012706955800289e+00f, +1.012755013843985e+00f, +1.012530134411619e+00f, +1.011962331100864e+00f, +1.010982135506986e+00f, +1.009512438049510e+00f, +1.007460860286395e+00f, +1.004708677491086e+00f, +1.001111413242302e+00f, +9.965041017623596e−01f, +9.907199995730845e−01f, +9.823765865983288e−01f, +9.708821747608998e−01f, +9.546732976073705e−01f, +9.321553861564006e−01f, +9.018003682081348e−01f, +8.623984077953557e−01f, +8.132817365236141e−01f, +7.544551974836834e−01f, +6.866580716267418e−01f, +6.113488038789190e−01f, +5.306181649316597e−01f, +4.471309850999502e−01f, +3.639114681156236e−01f, +2.841647033392408e−01f, +2.110209448747969e−01f, +1.472287968327703e−01f, +9.482665349502291e−02f, +5.482436608328477e−02f, +2.701461405056264e−02f, +9.996743588367519e−03f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f
A numerical example of windowing function w160, for frame size N=160, is herewith provided by the 320 entries for n=0 . . . 2N−1. As explained above, the last values may be constantly 0.
−4.619898752628163e−04f, −9.747166718929050e−04f, −1.664473096973725e−03f, −2.597106916737789e−03f, −3.806285163352241e−03f, −5.324608721716763e−03f, −7.175885277771099e−03f, −9.382480860899108e−03f, −1.195270300743193e−02f, −1.489528159506296e−02f, −1.820666399965468e−02f, −2.187570925786862e−02f, −2.588471937157619e−02f, −3.020862738245264e−02f, −3.481597793538342e−02f, −3.967067992672979e−02f, −4.472698045914417e−02f, −4.994225863256500e−02f, −5.526334794593565e−02f, −6.063717235243996e−02f, −6.600961519440657e−02f, −7.131966266443390e−02f, −7.651178225890490e−02f, −8.152964005319532e−02f, −8.631137544905677e−02f, −9.080411291245728e−02f, −9.495377758870335e−02f, −9.870736514214426e−02f, −1.020202684361974e−01f, −1.048438825017798e−01f, −1.071382314127799e−01f, −1.088690135027248e−01f, −1.099969655786929e−01f, −1.104898474883336e−01f, −1.103225838568563e−01f, −1.094621746650760e−01f, −1.078834293141886e−01f, −1.055612509762041e−01f, −1.024650162703341e−01f, −9.857014566194629e−02f, −9.384684920715425e−02f, −8.826309993000785e−02f, −8.178792716809512e−02f, −7.438785600211463e−02f, −6.602189797715241e−02f, −5.665655641133161e−02f, −4.624456893420224e−02f, −3.474585776145929e−02f, −2.211581608120528e−02f, −8.310425696208936e−03f, +6.717697635290676e−03f, +2.300642061077823e−02f, +4.060106462625085e−02f, +5.953239090915557e−02f, +7.983354189816511e−02f, +1.015233140203748e−01f, +1.246171387327525e−01f, +1.491152519299797e−01f, +1.750067399059861e−01f, +2.0226998549062511e−01f, +2.308655379767671e−01f, +2.607365124918583e−01f, +2.918144694729168e−01f, +3.240095704645023e−01f, +3.572175180786021e−01f, +3.913146885756875e−01f, +4.261571642320424e−01f, +4.615925445090212e−01f, +4.974471592901086e−01f, +5.335326819631583e−01f, +5.696546730080154e−01f, +6.056083823929643e−01f, +6.411830842823245e−01f, +6.761653499550255e−01f, +7.103400549562944e−01f, +7.434943718765665e−01f, +7.754281892901473e−01f, +8.059437233154637e−01f, +8.348589373399948e−01f, +8.620108336276733e−01f, +8.872599706865123e−01f, +9.104863121445679e−01f, +9.315962496426278e−01f, +9.505220861927248e−01f, +9.672366712325431e−01f, +9.817397501303696e−01f, +9.940557180662704e−01f, +1.004247514102417e+00f, +1.012407428282884e+00f, +1.018650990561848e+00f, +1.023118841384460e+00f, +1.025972450969440e+00f, +1.027397523939210e+00f, +1.027585830688143e+00f, +1.026738673647482e+00f, +1.025061777648234e+00f, +1.022756514615106e+00f, +1.020009139549275e+00f, +1.016996499560845e+00f, +1.013915946100629e+00f, +1.011044869639164e+00f, +1.007773858455400e+00f, +1.004848753962734e+00f, +1.002245009135684e+00f, +9.999393169239009e−01f, +9.979055415627330e−01f, +9.961203379971326e−01f, +9.945597525471822e−01f, +9.932031606606762e−01f, +9.920297273323891e−01f, +9.910230654424902e−01f, +9.901668953434221e−01f, +9.894488374513719e−01f, +9.888556356037892e−01f, +9.883778520531268e−01f, +9.880051626345804e−01f, +9.877295459610343e−01f, +9.875412739766566e−01f, +9.874329809802893e−01f, +9.873949921033299e−01f, +9.874197049003676e−01f, +9.874973205882319e−01f, +9.87620123870324e−01f, +9.877781920433015e−01f, +9.879637979933339e−01f, +9.881678007807095e−01f, +9.883835200189653e−01f, +9.886022219397892e−01f, +9.888182771263505e−01f, +9.890247977602895e−01f, +9.892178658748239e−01f, +9.893923680007577e−01f, +9.895463342815009e−01f, +9.896772011542693e−01f, +9.897859195209235e−01f, +9.898725363809847e−01f, +9.899410789223559e−01f, +9.899945557067980e−01f, +9.900394023736973e−01f, +9.900814722948890e−01f, +9.901293790312005e−01f, +9.9011902265696609e−01f, +9.9027344488115004e−01f, +9.9038622800811246e−01f, +9.905379830873822e−01f, +9.907348826312993e−01f, +9.909842592301273e−01f, +9.912905118607647e−01f, +9.916586940166509e−01f, +9.920906151219310e−01f, +9.92588720879444e−01f, +9.931516528513824e−01f, +9.937790866568735e−01f, +9.94466818437167e−01f, +9.952116634297566e−01f, +9.960068616185641e−01f, +9.968461329825753e−01f, +9.977203369515556e−01f, +9.986213520769593e−01f, +9.995382582242990e−01f, +1.000461955079660e+00f, +1.001380551217109e+00f, +1.002284871786226e+00f, +1.003163845364970e+00f, +1.004009147462043e+00f, +1.004811375053364e+00f, +1.005563968008037e+00f, +1.006259855360867e+00f, +1.006895570408563e+00f, +1.007466616298057e+00f, +1.007972441990187e+00f, +1.008411468616852e+00f, +1.008786009787269e+00f, +1.009097763850333e+00f, +1.009351762546296e+00f, +1.009552401900961e+00f, +1.009707093778162e+00f, +1.009822090220407e+00f, +1.009906958448099e+00f, +1.009969021400474e+00f, +1.010017890428877e+00f, +1.010060809299530e+00f, +1.010106564965965e+00f, +1.010161131093372e+00f, +1.010231078494249e+00f, +1.010319484524512e+00f, +1.010430470494512e+00f, +1.010564099281000e+00f, +1.010721360243234e+00f, +1.010899655674578e+00f, +1.011096993993037e+00f, +1.011308167670753e+00f, +1.011529185153809e+00f, +1.011753008569803e+00f, +1.011973876511603e+00f, +1.012182837094955e+00f, +1.012373028737774e+00f, +1.012535058602453e+00f, +1.012660975529858e+00f, +1.012740575296603e+00f, +1.012765922449960e+00f, +1.012726958954961e+00f, +1.012615904116265e+00f, +1.012422888521601e+00f, +1.012140460211194e+00f, +1.011758810583150e+00f, +1.011269960947744e+00f, +1.010663676735228e+00f, +1.009930754807923e+00f, +1.009058249873833e+00f, +1.008034308295421e+00f, +1.006843352506855e+00f, +1.005470005637052e+00f, +1.003894772403371e+00f, +1.002098854400575e+00f, +1.000060686758758e+00f, +9.977600196406868e−01f, +9.951746430061121e−01f, +9.922861082472264e−01f, +9.890757868707590e−01f, +9.847362453480265e−01f, +9.798613526271561e−01f, +9.741378617337759e−01f, +9.673331975559332e−01f, +9.592539757044516e−01f, +9.496984081652284e−01f, +9.384634163826711e−01f, +9.253567968750328e−01f, +9.101986790930605e−01f, +8.928338316495705e−01f, +8.731437835983047e−01f, +8.510420440685049e−01f, +8.264839911291133e−01f, +7.994681492797084e−01f, +7.700431275216928e−01f, +7.383028603058783e−01f, +7.043814340356083e−01f, +6.684616478236647e−01f, +6.307755329382612e−01f, +5.915799587176216e−01f, +5.511703155400274e−01f, +5.098915423728179e−01f, +4.681017110047964e−01f, +4.261772971493010e−01f, +3.845172335531009e−01f, +3.435228672445613e−01f, +3.036004651973099e−01f, +2.651434678028531e−01f, +2.285283969438072e−01f, +1.941021906320984e−01f, +1.621735416384830e−01f, +1.330015240938615e−01f, +1.067840430193724e−01f, +8.365057236623041e−02f, +6.365188111381356e−02f, +4.676538412257621e−02f, +3.288072750732215e−02f, +2.183057564646270e−02f, +1.336381425803019e−02f, +6.758124889697787e−03f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f
A numerical example of windowing function w240, for frame size N=240, is herewith provided (480 samples):
−3.613496418928369e−04f, −7.078546706512391e−04f, −1.074443637110903e−03f, −1.533478537964509e−03f, −2.098197727900724e−03f, −2.778420871815740e−03f, −3.584129920673041e−03f, −4.525198076002370e−03f, −5.609327243712055e−03f, −6.843234536105624e−03f, −8.233976327300612e−03f, −9.785314755557023e−03f, −1.149880303071551e−02f, −1.337713096257934e−02f, −1.542181679511618e−02f, −1.762979910961727e−02f, −1.999721557401502e−02f, −2.252080561390149e−02f, −2.519406300389030e−02f, −2.800909464274782e−02f, −3.095765092956728e−02f, −3.402996266948349e−02f, −3.721502082245055e−02f, −4.050053247568393e−02f, −4.387219218706189e−02f, −4.731768261606175e−02f, −5.082325342672667e−02f, −5.437166635159518e−02f, −5.794654834034055e−02f, −6.153426201732499e−02f, −6.511708163113709e−02f, −6.867606753531441e−02f, −7.219447805250771e−02f, −7.565695975592170e−02f, −7.904647440788692e−02f, −8.234442557322251e−02f, −8.553324579905185e−02f, −8.859705468085925e−02f, −9.152091100798199e−02f, −9.428847446755965e−02f, −9.688303623049198e−02f, −9.929123258537813e−02f, −1.015008467688577e−01f, −1.034961241263523e−01f, −1.052637003544443e−01f, −1.067939984687745e−01f, −1.080766457616878e−01f, −1.090997300590506e−01f, −1.098524491515805e−01f, −1.103242262600913e−01f, −1.105084619148789e−01f, −1.103977408741932e−01f, −1.099809851424550e−01f, −1.092492774392824e−01f, −1.081974227416502e−01f, −1.068172142230882e−01f, −1.050995803285455e−01f, −1.030360111111103e−01f, −1.006190418791648e−01f, −9.784120023411771e−02f, −9.469304216883027e−02f, −9.116452506492527e−02f, −8.724644532866996e−02f, −8.293043914044632e−02f, −7.820617483254730e−02f, −7.306142427456862e−02f, −6.748468182105991e−02f, −6.146688124166948e−02f, −5.499497258200362e−02f, −4.805444424454820e−02f, −4.063362855701623e−02f, −3.272045590229335e−02f, −2.430122582451853e−02f, −1.536329520788766e−02f, −5.891434269890659e−03f, +4.126595858583295e−03f, +1.470155068746303e−02f, +2.584738191459814e−02f, +3.757652772246801e−02f, +4.989736509080558e−02f, 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+0.000000000000000e+00f}
A numerical example of windowing function w320, for frame size N=320, is herewith provided (640 samples):
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+0.00000000000000e+00f, +0.00000000000000000000e+00f
A numerical example of windowing function w480 for frame size N=480, is herewith provided (960 samples):
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+0.000000000000000e+00f, +0.000000000000000e+00f
A numerical example of windowing function w960, for frame size N=960, is herewith provided (1920 samples):
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+0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, 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7.2 Examples Associated to
A numerical example of windowing function w40, for frame size N=40, is herewith provided by the 80 entries for n=0 . . . 2N−1. As explained above, the last values may be zeros.
+9.959086585790517e−04, +3.819056787237678e−03, +9.540832613229890e−03, +1.921659800166160e−02, +3.382719081038548e−02, +5.424831667522354e−02, +8.120777668775610e−02, +1.152171887125930e−01, +1.564942331034909e−01, +2.049363422022628e−01, +2.601166575816199e−01, +3.212814164616093e−01, +3.873472997948746e−01, +4.569497078592333e−01, +5.285192958868393e−01, +6.003522489375573e−01, +6.706896380227332e−01, +7.378044458510402e−01, +8.000925313431716e−01, +8.561409184410547e−01, +9.048272294524792e−01, +9.453685031730190e−01, +9.773507430600533e−01, +1.000800872826561e+00, +1.016171590112097e+00, +1.024315247630982e+00, +1.026415431432931e+00, +1.023858366571912e+00, +1.018135705524407e+00, +1.010794822557756e+00, +1.003406509762925e+00, +9.967831265986109e−01, +9.920995520917141e−01, +9.892206942816891e−01, +9.879658322200813e−01, +9.881273531631907e−01, +9.894805541465801e−01, +9.917849916000535e−01, +9.947847580943504e−01, +9.982119669301160e−01, +1.001791235858836e+00, +1.005242583245485e+00, +1.008283053756130e+00, +1.010631281038659e+00, +1.012015300253356e+00, +1.012180753005270e+00, +1.010896765282633e+00, +1.007963362035220e+00, +1.003227255072391e+00, +9.966050551498514e−01, +9.868284225039941e−01, +9.731250287581631e−01, +9.540636479502398e−01, +9.283864275822276e−01, +8.950916858157935e−01, +8.534769362643825e−01, +8.032090930429980e−01, +7.444735201251689e−01, +6.780787033699449e−01, +6.053970453856138e−01, +5.282077505750667e−01, +4.486552956056635e−01, +3.691875990296312e−01, +2.924566408966777e−01, +2.210718537110463e−01, +1.573148583944309e−01, +1.030525757797768e−01, +5.982732244758054e−02, +2.871831923385133e−02, +9.683884928956490e−03, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00.
A numerical example of windowing function w80, for frame size N=80, is herewith provided by the 160 entries for n=0 . . . 2N−1. As explained above, the last values may be zeros.
+6.143388180964179e−04, +1.489582832987000e−03, +2.884104959764029e−03, +4.934298832466617e−03, +7.779130464154915e−03, +1.154910606525086e−02, +1.637155619860352e−02, +2.237116158648752e−02, +2.966159685753317e−02, +3.835663329277230e−02, +4.855610986150206e−02, +6.035055738891727e−02, +7.382288203064732e−02, +8.903563687211119e−02, +1.060356225286319e−01, +1.248534855777947e−01, +1.454931890869180e−01, +1.679435556337752e−01, +1.921728622634411e−01, +2.181238261985594e−01, +2.457259744642953e−01, +2.748839432649996e−01, +3.054824712370942e−01, +3.373873799614014e−01, +3.704415932452488e−01, +4.044749630814483e−01, +4.393004362003260e−01, +4.747225454237193e−01, +5.105341492548225e−01, +5.465201916422433e−01, +5.824658100332457e−01, +6.181452662624718e−01, +6.533411462740817e−01, +6.878367295965062e−01, +7.214176027060971e−01, +7.538887973483771e−01, +7.850546571907628e−01, +8.147397447696774e−01, +8.427819363777799e−01, +8.690376742017057e−01, +8.933935477349644e−01, +9.157483563218768e−01, +9.360270196617569e−01, +9.541731142261065e−01, +9.701635474343885e−01, +9.840036439809510e−01, +9.957199420334376e−01, +1.005374268639838e+00, +1.013046655758663e+00, +1.018843380560658e+00, +1.022896948293643e+00, +1.025355286710874e+00, +1.026382881625701e+00, +1.026155530733488e+00, +1.024853974580724e+00, +1.022664602721801e+00, +1.019779396547454e+00, +1.016391686789653e+00, +1.012697033320358e+00, +1.008885191761748e+00, +1.005378742804807e+00, +1.001563778373068e+00, +9.982531564931281e−01, +9.954346644968789e−01, +9.930950268060122e−01, +9.912170911359961e−01, +9.897805192546195e−01, +9.887624937408933e−01, +9.881383235740961e−01, +9.878819413827574e−01, +9.879662130250981e−01, +9.883630508181326e−01, +9.890434070785485e−01, +9.899772316163624e−01, +9.911334564321237e−01, +9.924800441092685e−01, +9.939841207305906e−01, +9.956121471675398e−01, +9.973300590248015e−01, +9.991033633647473e−01, +1.000897441314013e+00, +1.002677088643863e+00, +1.004407190937699e+00, +1.006052289109999e+00, +1.007576934100958e+00, +1.008945862447015e+00, +1.010124241309341e+00, +1.011077969726137e+00, +1.011773962181442e+00, +1.012180362866919e+00, +1.012266707295288e+00, +1.012004064757857e+00, +1.011365223023975e+00, +1.010324996851905e+00, +1.008860731864438e+00, +1.006952983357691e+00, +1.004586273379809e+00, +1.001749900308864e+00, +9.984386632116344e−01, +9.946500332901397e−01, +9.895756853352172e−01, +9.838303127859196e−01, +9.769999155793757e−01, +9.689141159310996e−01, +9.594038121639412e−01, +9.483086322505029e−01, +9.354860218216989e−01, +9.208101305030523e−01, +9.041732260327581e−01, +8.854882249661838e−01, +8.646864947605046e−01, +8.417237467711145e−01, +8.165875713256009e−01, +7.892986353718001e−01, +7.599171886893816e−01, +7.285474515411827e−01, +6.953282935906302e−01, +6.604334017809461e−01, +6.240661431421666e−01, +5.864461424698465e−01, +5.478160663871147e−01, +5.084499758302218e−01, +4.686361426418982e−01, +4.286789889246253e−01, +3.889032719013045e−01, +3.496431418636314e−01, +3.112360816586544e−01, +2.740128472224535e−01, +2.382847225401666e−01, +2.043379825955252e−01, +1.724305860483632e−01, +1.427939789949265e−01, +1.156385879569741e−01, +9.115821766571995e−02, +6.952749039054593e−02, +5.088975408628225e−02, +3.533430192568954e−02, +2.286680405144430e−02, +1.338005016725895e−02, +6.640506529168652e−03, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00.
A numerical example of windowing function w120, for frame size N=120, is herewith provided by the 240 entries for n=0 . . . 2N−1. As explained above, the last values may be zeros.
+5.087227626168386e−04, +9.959086585790517e−04, +1.682208006328800e−03, +2.609697259047744e−03, +3.819056787237678e−03, +5.349319592933909e−03, +7.243906383895192e−03, +9.540832613229890e−03, +1.227637642543709e−02, +1.548950238899404e−02, +1.921659800166160e−02, +2.349369619441617e−02, +2.835199581667961e−02, +3.382719081038548e−02, +3.994939538719628e−02, +4.674775238543380e−02, +5.424831667522354e−02, +6.247770776443612e−02, +7.145835917501348e−02, +8.120777668775610e−02, +9.174400412319896e−02, +1.030764959637497e−01, +1.152171887125930e−01, +1.281665713944242e−01, +1.419264381068653e−01, +1.564942331034909e−01, +1.718593189799504e−01, +1.880134254543744e−01, +2.049363422022628e−01, +2.226123055761096e−01, +2.410151242797736e−01, +2.601166575816199e−01, +2.798871008989962e−01, +3.002880135563586e−01, +3.212814164616093e−01, +3.428208463088390e−01, +3.648596557863134e−01, +3.873472997948746e−01, +4.102294951869188e−01, +4.334494534591082e−01, +4.569497078592333e−01, 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+8.821696237804294e−01, +8.683025287048570e−01, +8.534769362643825e−01, +8.376852006833730e−01, +8.209275259764013e−01, +8.032090930429980e−01, +7.845450482523652e−01, +7.649554851899686e−01, +7.444735201251689e−01, +7.231348066419057e−01, +7.009860555207412e−01, +6.780787033699450e−01, +6.544686506489734e−01, +6.302212149502727e−01, +6.053970453856138e−01, +5.800715766089168e−01, +5.543129276657669e−01, +5.282077505750727e−01, +5.018369724442092e−01, +4.752902962082383e−01, +4.486552956056652e−01, +4.220281118338883e−01, +3.955057965950340e−01, +3.691875990296320e−01, +3.431732847389720e−01, +3.175633015043183e−01, +2.924566408966782e−01, +2.679463783886042e−01, +2.441231331518492e−01, +2.210718537110466e−01, +1.988719153219592e−01, +1.775967625327044e−01, +1.573148583944310e−01, +1.380903364946733e−01, +1.199837497591550e−01, +1.030525757797769e−01, +8.735085011789188e−02, +7.292811584897502e−02, +5.982732244758056e−02, +4.808178837444506e−02, +3.771135297837851e−02, +2.871831923385135e−02, +2.108352028641225e−02, +1.476289412849005e−02, +9.683884928956495e−03, +5.642168789286858e−03, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00, +0.000000000000000e+00.
A numerical example of windowing function w160, for frame size N=160, is herewith provided by the 320 entries for n=0 . . . 2N− 1. As explained above, the last values may be 0.
+4.595886345493055e−04, +7.919323614002698e−04, +1.227927169310031e−03, +1.783653266717233e−03, +2.479549413444207e−03, +3.329799454594261e−03, +4.353535478916468e−03, +5.564965156664018e−03, +6.986108359341676e−03, +8.629882322202329e−03, +1.051343406844975e−02, +1.265082642578719e−02, +1.506090447446532e−02, +1.775591229287213e−02, +2.075475983187825e−02, +2.406813715401559e−02, +2.771207863541604e−02, +3.169933248543932e−02, +3.604609640533871e−02, +4.076128638095439e−02, +4.586038120884381e−02, +5.135136676471998e−02, +5.724780220726930e−02, +6.355854744461048e−02, +7.029450733434550e−02, +7.745987198268531e−02, +8.506635369887924e−02, +9.311641620512773e−02, +1.016162955027316e−01, +1.105690806271684e−01, +1.199789286645804e−01, +1.298417294090302e−01, +1.401623800497866e−01, +1.509371564593891e−01, +1.621632295622287e−01, +1.738354123649302e−01, +1.859520359191026e−01, +1.985008828937603e−01, +2.114778554475382e−01, +2.248732557074316e−01, +2.386763947872762e−01, +2.528729453658238e−01, +2.674547009618951e−01, +2.824031465430401e−01, +2.977050145264297e−01, +3.133419120661713e−01, +3.292976696294886e−01, +3.455490160824131e−01, +3.620795045342974e−01, +3.788648665671841e−01, +3.958851576591690e−01, +4.131143794748322e−01, +4.305308301005456e−01, +4.481076715576617e−01, +4.658227790464821e−01, +4.836466393241829e−01, +5.015564851667653e−01, +5.195228071176610e−01, +5.375197039843709e−01, +5.555183841040963e−01, +5.734957812557457e−01, +5.914186654649489e−01, +6.092622887527459e−01, +6.269981160888640e−01, +6.446002007776794e−01, +6.620384583071039e−01, +6.792906550106088e−01, +6.963256426589250e−01, +7.131194393772130e−01, +7.296469905863920e−01, +7.458864594794676e−01, +7.618094719403713e−01, +7.773958448163656e−01, +7.926208751337592e−01, +8.074666387233143e−01, +8.219101564897180e−01, +8.359343163788637e−01, +8.495180470826319e−01, +8.626485837105826e−01, +8.753083234662220e−01, +8.874884715160425e−01, +8.991737724042251e−01, +9.103527429187326e−01, +9.210144133066616e−01, +9.311556192776946e−01, +9.407644740241826e−01, +9.498382236872068e−01, +9.583732599601223e−01, +9.663690412284377e−01, +9.738235617865406e−01, +9.807442506043361e−01, +9.871297972052695e−01, +9.929872268444632e−01, +9.983241398929388e−01, +1.003150760219063e+00, +1.007473713377193e+00, +1.011309151636166e+00, +1.014666681083198e+00, +1.017563337333301e+00, +1.020014681326785e+00, +1.022039872150903e+00, +1.023654257342442e+00, +1.024881624147540e+00, +1.025739288978437e+00, +1.026250709375593e+00, +1.026436666375082e+00, +1.026320857404224e+00, +1.025922917798664e+00, +1.025269979527211e+00, +1.024382188798244e+00, +1.023284940887058e+00, +1.022000829220643e+00, +1.020555973231408e+00, +1.018971390778550e+00, +1.017275179369116e+00, +1.015489129111694e+00, +1.013639356938881e+00, +1.011747750709711 e+00, +1.009840844244693e+00, +1.007939764480188e+00, +1.006407400915498e+00, +1.004374825095777e+00, +1.002469814737132e+00, 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A numerical example of windowing function w240, for frame size N=240, is herewith provided (480 samples):
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A numerical example of windowing function w320, for frame size N=320, is herewith provided (640 samples). As explained above, the last values may be zeros.
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A numerical example of windowing function w480, for frame size N=480, is herewith provided (960 samples). As explained above, the last values may be zeros.
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A numerical example of windowing function, for frame size N=960, is herewith provided 1920 samples). As explained above, the last values may be zeros.
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While this invention has been described in terms of several embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and compositions of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17201086 | Nov 2017 | EP | regional |
This application is a continuation of copending International Application No. PCT/EP2018/080532, filed Nov. 8, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and additionally claims priority from European Application No. EP 17201086.0, filed Nov. 10, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20200265847 A1 | Aug 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/EP2018/080532 | Nov 2018 | US |
| Child | 16867966 | US |
