Patent Grant
7057048
The present invention is directed to a new class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones (hereinafter “quinolines and chromenes”), to their use as androgen receptor antagonists, to medicinals containing these compounds and to their use to alleviate conditions associated with inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor.
The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the steroid receptor (SR) family of transcriptional regulatory proteins that transduces the signaling information conveyed by androgens. Upon androgen binding, the androgen receptor is released from the repressive effects of an Hsp 90-based regulatory complex, allowing the receptor to either activate or inhibit transcription of target genes in a hormone-dependent manner. In addition to the role the androgen receptor plays in male sex determination, its activation plays a critical role in the development and progression of benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate cancer, seborrhea, acne, premenstrual syndrome, lung cancer, ovarian polycyclic syndrome, hirsutism, and hair loss. Thus, the androgen receptor is an important target in multiple areas of drug discovery.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,924 discloses a class of non-steroidal compounds, pyridinoquinolines that have affinity for the androgen receptor. The '924 patent describes these compounds as being agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, and partial antagonists, etc. The '924 patent provides no guidance on how to achieve a specific biological effect (i.e. agonist versus antagonist). Agonists have the ability to masculinize females, whereas antagonists feminize males. Such side effects limit the potential applicability of androgen therapy. The PCT application does not disclose any 6-benzylsulfonamido-quinolin-2-ones or 6-benzylsulfonamido-chromen-2-ones.
PCT applications WO 01/16133 and WO 01/16139 also disclose non-steroidal compounds that have affinity for the androgen receptor. Examples of such structures include pyrazinoquinolines, oxazinoquinolines, and pyridinoquinolines. The PCT application does not disclose any 6-benzylsulfonamido-quinolin-2-ones or 6-benzylsulfonamido-chromen-2-ones.
PCT application WO 01/16108 discloses non-steroidal compounds having affinity for the androgen receptor. Like the '924 patent described above, the compounds are described as having both agonist and antagonist effects. Some of the compounds of the PCT application are quinolin-2-one derivatives. The PCT application does not disclose any 6-benzylsulfonamido-quinolin-2-ones or 6-benzylsulfonamido-chromen-2-ones.
While the prior art describes compounds having affinity for the androgen receptor, it does not describe how to achieve selectivity with respect to this affinity (i.e. agonist or antagonist). The physiological impact of this affinity is often an undesirable side effect, depending upon the gender of the patient. Thus a need exists in the art for androgen receptor antagonists
In accordance with the present invention, a new class of androgen receptor antagonists has been discovered. These compounds may be represented by the following formula:
in which;
The compounds of Formula I are androgen receptor antagonists. The compounds will inhibit, or decrease, activation of the androgen receptor by androgens. The compounds can be used to treat, or alleviate, conditions associated with inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor. Examples of such conditions include, but are not limited to, acne, excess seborrhea secretion, alopecia, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, etc.
The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one of the compounds of Formula I, in an amount effective to decrease activation of the androgen receptor. In a further embodiment, the invention is directed to an article of manufacture containing a compound of Formula I, packaged for retail distribution, in association with instructions advising the consumer on how to use the compound to alleviate a condition associated with inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor. An additional embodiment is directed to the use of a compound of Formula I as a diagnostic agent to detect inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor.
In a further embodiment, the compounds of Formula I are used topically to induce and/or stimulate hair growth and/or to slow down hair loss. The compounds may also be used topically in the treatment of hyperseborrhoea and/or of acne.
The headings within this document are only being utilized expedite its review by the reader. They should not be construed as limiting the invention or claims in any manner.
Definitions and Exemplification
As used through out this application, including the claims, the following terms have the meanings defined below, unless specifically indicated otherwise. The plural and singular should be treated as interchangeable, other than the indication of number:
Some of the compounds of Formula I will exist as optical isomers. Any reference in this application to one of the compounds represented by Formula I is meant to encompass either a specific optical isomer or a mixture of optical isomers (unless it is expressly excluded). The specific optical isomers can be separated and recovered by techniques known in the art such as chromatography on chiral stationary phases or resolution via chiral salt formation and subsequent separation by selective crystallization. Alternatively utilization of a specific optical isomer as the starting material will produce the corresponding isomer as the final product.
In addition, the compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated, as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the present invention.
Some of the compounds of Formula I are based upon a 6-benzyl-quinolin-2-one nucleus. To further exemplify the invention this ring is depicted below along with its numbering system:
Position 1 of the quinoline nucleus contains a nitrogen atom. This nitrogen atom may be substituted with a lower alkyl group as described above. Any of positions 3, 5, 7, or 8 of the quinoline nucleus may optionally be substituted with a substituent from the list described for R2. Up to two of these positions may be substituted. Position 4 of the quinoline nucleus may optionally be substituted with one of the halogenated lower alkyl or alkoxy moieties described for R1 above. Typically, Position 4 will be substituted with a trifluoromethyl function. Position 6 of the quinoline ring will always be substituted with a benzyl moiety as depicted above. The benzyl moiety is substituted at the para position with an SO2 function. The benzyl moiety contains no further substituents.
The remaining compounds of Formula I are based upon a 6-benzyl-2-oxo-chromene, nucleus. To further exemplify the invention, this ring is depicted below along with its numbering system:
Any of positions 3, 5, 7, or 8 of the chromene nucleus may optionally be substituted with a substituent from the list described for R2. Up to two of these positions may be substituted. Position 4 of the chromene nucleus may optionally be substituted with one of the halogenated lower alkyl or alkoxy moieties described for R1 above. Typically, position 4 will be substituted with a trifluoromethyl function. Position 6 of the chromene ring will always be substituted with a benzyl moiety as depicted above. The benzyl moiety is substituted at the para position with an SO2 function. The benzyl moiety contains no further substituents.
More specific embodiments of the invention are directed to compounds of Formula I in which:
More specific Examples of compounds encompassed by Formula I includes:
The compounds of formula can be prepared using methods analogous to those known in the art. Reaction Scheme I describe one method for the synthesis of these compounds:
The starting material, as described by structure 2, is an appropriately substituted 6-benzyl-quinolin-2-one or 6-benzyl-chromen-2-one (i.e. M, R1 and R2 should be represented by the substituents desired in the final product). Such compounds are known in the art. The reader's attention is directed to Kondedesh-mukah et al, Indian J. Chemistry, Sect. B 1993, 32, 1150–1161, for a discussion of their preparation. The working examples, appearing later in the specification, describe the synthesis of 4-trifluoromethyl-6-benzyl-quinolin-2-one and 4-trifluromethyl-6-benzyl-chromen-2-one.
The initial step in the synthesis is the incorporation of a sulfonic acid function at the paraposition of the benzyl moiety as depicted above (i.e. A-OH). This sulfonylation may be accomplished by a number of methods. One suitable method is to contact the quinoline or chromene derivative with sulfuric acid. Typically, the compound of structure 2 is stirred with concentrated sulfuric acid at temperatures ranging from 0° C. to about 90° C. The reaction is allowed to proceed to completion, which may be accomplished in a period of time ranging from about 15 minutes to about 1 hour, or longer. The product of the sulfonylation reaction may be isolated and purified by techniques known in art, or the crude isolate may be used directly in the next step of synthesis. Readers can find more information on sulfonylation techniques in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd edition, pages 473–475, John Wiley & Sons (1985).
The second step of the synthesis is to transform the sulfonic acid of structure 3 into a sulfonyl chloride as depicted by Structure 4. This may be accomplished, as is known in the art, by contacting the sulfonic acid derivative of structure 3 with a halogenating agent. Typically, the sulfonic acid derivative of structure 3 is contacted with a solution of oxalyl chloride in a chlorinated solvent such as methylene chloride, and in the presence of a catalyst, such as N,N-dimethylformamide. The reaction is carried out at room temperature and is allowed to proceed to completion, which is generally accomplished in about 30 minutes. The product of the chlorination reaction may be isolated and purified by techniques known in art, or the crude isolate may be used directly in the next step of synthesis. Readers can find more information on the preparation of sulfonyl chlorides in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd edition, page 445, John Wiley & Sons (1985).
The final step in the synthesis results in the preparation of the sulfonamide derivative of Formula I. This may be accomplished by reacting the sulfonyl chloride of structure 4 with a nitrogen nucleophile as described by structure 5 in the presence of a non-nucleophilic base, such as pyridine or diisopropylethylamine, at about room temperature in an aprotic solvent, such as, N,N′-dimethylformamide. The reaction is allowed to proceed to completion, which is typically accomplished in about 2 to 24 hours. If desired, the compounds can be isolated and purified using techniques known in the art such as extraction and flash chromatography. The reader's attention is also directed to J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd edition, page 445, John Wiley & Sons (1985) for an overview regarding the preparation of sulfonamides
The nitrogen nucleophile, as described by structure 5, provides the heterocyclic ring, which is incorporated into all of the compounds of Formula I. It should be represented by the heterocyclic ring, which is desired in the final product (i.e. R3 and B are as in the final compound). These heterocyclic moieties are available commercially and can typically be purchased from Aldrich, which has an office located in St. Louis, Mo., USA. Further information may be obtained from Aldrich at, www.sigmaaldrich.com.
Medical and Cosmetic Uses
The compounds of Formula I are androgen receptor antagonists. They can be used to alleviate any condition associated with inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor. Examples of such conditions include prostate carcinomas, benign hyperplasia of the prostate, acne, hirsutism, seborrhoea, alopecia, premenstrual syndrome, lung cancer, and precocious puberty.
In order to exhibit the therapeutic properties described above, the compounds need to be administered in a quantity sufficient to inhibit activation of the androgen receptor. This antagonistic amount can vary depending upon the particular disease/condition being treated, the severity of the patient's disease/condition, the patient, the particular compound being administered, the route of administration, and the presence of other underlying disease states within the patient, etc. When administered systemically, the compounds typically exhibit their effect at a dosage range of from about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day for any of the diseases or conditions listed above. Repetitive daily administration may be desirable and will vary according to the conditions outlined above.
The compounds of the present invention may be administered by a variety of routes. They are effective if administered orally. The compounds may also be administered parenterally (i.e. subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, or intrathecally), rectally, or topically.
In a typical embodiment, the compounds are administered topically. Topical administration is especially appropriate for hirsutism, alopecia, acne and hyperseborhhea. The dose will vary, but as a general guideline, the compound will be present in a dermatologically acceptable carrier in an amount of about 0.1 to 10 w/w % and the dermatological preparation will be applied to the affected area from 1 to 4 times daily. “Dermatologically acceptable” refers to a carrier which may be applied to the skin or hair, and which will allow the drug to diffuse to the site of action. More specifically, it refers the site where inhibition of activation of an androgen receptor is desired. In a further embodiment, the compounds are used topically to relieve alopecia, especially androgenic alopecia. Androgens have a profound effect on both hair growth and hair loss. In most body sites, such as the beard and pubic skin, androgens stimulate hair growth by prolonging the growth phase of the hair cycle (anagen) and increasing follicle size. Hair growth on the scalp does not require androgens but, paradoxically, androgens are necessary for balding on the scalp in genetically predisposed individuals (androgenetic alopecia) where there is a progressive decline in the duration of anagen and in hair follicle size. Androgenic alopecia is also common in women where it usually present as a diffuse hair loss rather than showing the patterning seen in men.
While the compounds will most typically be used to alleviate androgenic alopecia, the invention is not limited to this specific condition. The compounds may be used to alleviate any type of alopecia. Examples of non-androgenic alopecia include alopecia areata, alopecia due to radiotherapy or chemotherapy; scarring alopecia, stress related alopecia, etc. As used in this application “alopecia” refers to partial or complete hair loss on the scalp.
As noted above, the compounds will typically be used to alleviate androgenetic alopecia. This condition afflicts both men and women. In males, the hair loss begins in the lateral frontal areas or over the vertex. For females, it is typically associated with thinning of the hair in the frontal and parietal regions. Complete hair loss in females is rare. Thus, the compounds can be applied topically to the scalp and hair to prevent, or alleviate balding. Further, the compound can be applied topically in order to induce or promote the growth of hair on the scalp.
In a further embodiment of the invention, a compound of Formula I is applied topically in order to prevent the growth of hair in areas where such hair growth is not desired. One such use will be to alleviate hirsutism. Hirsutism is excessive hair growth in areas that typically do not have hair (i.e. a female face). Such inappropriate hair growth occurs most commonly in women and is frequently seen at menopause. The topical administration of the compounds will alleviate this condition leading to a reduction, or elimination, of this undesired, hair growth.
The compounds may also be used topically to decrease seborrhea production and more specifically to alleviate hyperseborrhoea (oily skin). Likewise the compounds can be used topically alleviate acne.
Formulations
If desired, the compounds can be administered directly without any carrier. However, to ease administration, they will typically be formulated into pharmaceutical carriers. Likewise, they will most typically be formulated into dermatological, or cosmetic carriers. In this application the terms “dermatological carrier” and “cosmetic carrier” are being used interchangeably. They refer to formulations designed for administration directly to the skin or hair.
Pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions can be manufactured utilizing techniques known in the art. Typically an antagonistic amount of the compound will be admixed with a pharmaceutically/cosmetically acceptable carrier.
For oral administration, the compounds can be formulated into solid or liquid preparations such as capsules, pills, tablets, lozenges, melts, powders, suspensions, or emulsions. Solid unit dosage forms can be capsules of the ordinary gelatin type containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants and inert fillers such as lactose, sucrose, and cornstarch or they can be sustained release preparations.
In another embodiment, the compounds of Formula I can be tableted with conventional tablet bases such as lactose, sucrose, and cornstarch in combination with binders, such as acacia, cornstarch, or gelatin, disintegrating agents such as potato starch or alginic acid, and a lubricant such as stearic acid or magnesium stearate. Liquid preparations are prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in an aqueous or non-aqueous pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, which may also contain suspending agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, and preservative agents as are known in the art.
For parenteral administration the compounds may be dissolved in a physiologically acceptable pharmaceutical carrier and administered as either a solution or a suspension. Illustrative of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are water, saline, dextrose solutions, fructose solutions, ethanol, or oils of animal, vegetative, or synthetic origin. The pharmaceutical carrier may also contain preservatives, buffers, etc., as are known in the art. When the compounds are being administered intrathecally, they may also be dissolved in cerebrospinal fluid as is known in the art.
The compounds of this invention will typically be administered topically. As used herein, topical refers to application of the compounds (and optional carrier) directly to the skin or hair. The topical composition according to the present invention can be in the form of solutions, lotions, salves, creams, ointments, liposomes, sprays, gels, roller sticks, or any other method typically used in dermatology. The reader's attention is directed to Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, edition 17, Mack Publishing Co., Eastern, Pa., for a discussion of how to prepare such dermatologicals. The compositions according to the invention can also consist of solid preparations constituting cleansing soaps or bars. These compositions are prepared according to the usual methods.
Thus, a further embodiment relates to cosmetic or dermatological compositions, which comprise at least one of the compounds corresponding to Formula I above. Such dermatological compositions will contain from 0.001% to 10% w/w % of the compounds in admixture with a dermatologically acceptable carrier, and more typically, from 0.1 to 5 w/w % of the compounds. Such compositions will typically be applied from 1 to 4 times daily.
The compounds can also be applied directly to the hair in the form of aqueous, alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic solutions, or in the form of creams, gels, emulsions or mousses. The composition according to the invention can also be a hair care composition, and in particular a shampoo, a hair-setting lotion, a treating lotion, a styling cream or gel, a dye composition, restructuring lotions for the hair, a permanent-waving composition (in particular a composition for the first stage of a permanent-waving operation), a lotion or gel for preventing hair loss, etc. The amounts of the various constituents in the dermatological compositions according to the invention are those conventionally used in the field.
The medicinals and cosmetics containing the compounds of the invention will typically be packaged for retail distribution (i.e. an article of manufacture). Such articles will be labeled and packaged in a manner to instruct the patient how to use the product. Such instructions will include the condition being treated, duration of treatment, dosing schedule, etc.
The compounds of Formula I may also be admixed with any inert carrier and utilized in laboratory assays in order to determine the concentration of the compounds within the serum, urine, etc., of the patient as is known in the art. The compounds may also be used as a research tool.
While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art. The following examples and biological data are being presented in order to further illustrate the invention. This disclosure should not be construed as limiting the invention in any manner.
Materials & Methods
Column chromatography was carried out on SiO2 (40–63 mesh). LCMS data were obtained using a Phenomenex Mercury Luna 3□ C18 column (2×10 mm, flow rate=1.5 mL min−1) eluting with a 5% MeCN in H2O-MeCN solution (4:1 to 1:4) containing 0.1% HCO2H over 2.55 minutes and diode array detection. The mass spectra were obtained employing an electrospray ionisation source in the positive (ES+) and negative (ES−) ion modes. Preparative mass-directed liquid chromatographic purification was carried out utilizing a Waters Xterra 5μ C18 column (19×50 mm, flow rate=20 mL min−1) eluting with a 5% MeCN in H2O-MeCN solution (4:1 to 1:4) containing 0.1% HCO2H over 7 min and diode array detection. 1H NMR spectra were recorded at 400 MHz on a Varian Mercury spectrometer at 27° C. The deuterated solvent was used as the lock, while the residual solvent peak was employed as internal reference. Acronyms: DMAP=4-dimethylaminopyridine; HATU=O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate; NMP=1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone; PE=petroleum ether (B.p.=60–80° C.); RT=retention time.
A stirred solution of 4-benzylaniline (4.03 g, 22.0 mmol) in PhMe (100 mL) was treated with a PhMe (20 mL) solution of CF3COCH2CO2Et (4.15 g, 22.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 30 minutes, then more CF3COCH2CO2Et (1.25 g, 6.8 mmol) was added. The solution was heated under reflux for a further 2 h and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residual brown oil was dissolved in cold H2SO4 (30 mL), then the mixture was heated at 90° C. for 1 h. On cooling, the reaction mixture was poured onto crushed ice (100 g). The solid produced was collected and dried to give 4-(2-oxo-4-trifluoromethyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-6-ylmethyl)-benzenesulfonic acid (4.70 g, 56%): δH ((CD3)2SO)=6.95 (s, 1H), 7.20 (d, 2H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.45–7.60 (m, 4H). A vigourously stirred solution of this compound (1.92 g, 5.0 mmol) in anhydrous CH2Cl2-DMF (2:1, 60 mL) was treated dropwise with a solution of (COCl)2 (3.17 g, 25.0 mmol) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (47 mL). When LCMS indicated the reaction was complete, the solution was concentrated & the residue dissolved in Et2O (250 mL). The Et2O solution was washed with H2O (80 mL), back-extracting with more Et2O (80 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was treated with PE and the title compound (1.41 g, 70%) collected: mlz (ES+)=402.1 [M+H]+.
A stirred suspension of 4-benzylphenol (4.67 g, 25.4 mmol), CF3COCH2CO2Et (7.00 g, 38.0 mmol), & MeSO3H (8.5 mL, 130.9 mmol) was heated at 65° C. for 9 h. On cooling, the mixture was partitioned between Et2O (200 mL) and H2O (50 mL), then the aqueous phase was basicified with 2 M NaOH. The organic layer was separated and washed with H2O and brine, before being dried (MgSO4). Filtration, solvent evaporation, and column chromatography (4:1 PE-Et2O) furnished 6-benzyl-4-trifluoromethylchromen-2-one (3.42 g, 44%): δH (CDCl3)=4.10 (s, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.40 (m, 5H), 7.45 (dd, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H). This compound (2.00 g, 6.6 mmol) was dissolved in H2SO4 (20 mL), then the whole was stirred for 15 minutes. The mixture was carefully treated with crushed ice (80 g), then the resulting white precipitate was collected by filtration. The precipitate was air-dried, before being treated with hot THF (100 mL). After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated to yield 4-(2-oxo-4-trifluoromethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)benzenesulfonic acid (2.20 g, 87%): δH ((CD3)2SO)=4.05 (s, 2H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 7.20 (d, 2H), 7.45 (d, 1H), 7.50–7.60 (m, 4H). This compound was reacted with (COCl)2, as described above in Preparation 2, to give a solid which was dissolved in EtOAc, before being filtered and concentrated to produce the title compound (2.30 g, 87%): Rf (2:1 PE-EtOAc)=0.60.
These compounds were prepared by solution phase parallel synthesis. The appropriate amine as described by structure 5 (30 μL of a 0.33 M solution in NMP, 9.9 μmol), i-Pr2NEt (20 μL of a 0.50 M solution in NMP, 10.0 μmol), and an appropriately substituted sulfonyl chloride as described structure 4 (50 μL of a 0.20 M solution in NMP, 10.0 μmol) were mixed together in 1 well of a 96-well plate using an automated liquid handler. After agitating for 66 h, the solvents were evaporated off under reduced pressure and DMF (50 μL) was added. To ensure dissolution, the mixture was shaken, before being treated with EtOAc (450 μL). Using automated liquid-liquid extraction equipment, the solution was washed with H2O (150 μL) and 1% aqueous NaHCO3 (150 μL). The organic layer was concentrated to furnish the compounds displayed in Table 1.
The compounds ability to antagonize the effects of androgen on the androgen receptor were determined in the protocol described immediately below. The results are shown in Table 2.
Experimental Procedure for AR Antagonist Cell Assay
Cell line: MDA-MB453-MMTV clone 54-19. This cell line is a stable transfected cell line with MDA-MB453 cell background (human breast tumor cell expressing high level of androgen receptor). A MMTV minimal promoter containing ARE was first cloned in front of a firefly luciferase reporter gene. Then the cascade was cloned into transfection vector pUV120puro. Electroporation method was used for transfecting MDA-MB-453 cell. Puromycin resistant stable cell line was selected.
Cell Culture Media and Reagents:
Culture medium: DMEM (high glucose, Gibco cat #: 11960-044), 10% FBS, and 1% L-glutamine
Plating medium: DMEM (phenol red free), 10% charcoal treated HyClone serum, 1% L-glutamine
Assay medium: DMEM (phenol red free), 1% charcoal treated HyClone serum, 1% L-glutamine, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin
3×luciferase buffer: 2% beta-mercaptoethanol, 0.6% ATP, 0.0135% luciferine in cell lysis buffer
Assay Procedure:
The fold induction over background by 100 pM DHT in the absence of testing compounds is standardized as 100% and experimental result is expressed as percentage of inhibition by testing compounds.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/441,050 filed Jan. 17, 2003.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5556990 | Pauls et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 6017924 | Edwards et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO 0116108 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| WO 0116133 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| WO 0116139 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050085466 A1 | Apr 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60441050 | Jan 2003 | US |
