Metal nanowires, such as aluminum nanowires, have received great attention due to their potential applications in manufacturing capacitors, electrochemical biosensors, photovoltaic systems, interconnects, and hydrogen storage. Moreover, when metal nanowires are incorporated to semiconducting nanowires, new functions for metal-semiconductor devices and superconductor-semiconductor devices can be developed.
In recent years, many different methods including chemical vapor deposition, UV lithography, electron-beam lithography, and stress-induced spontaneous growth have been investigated for fabrication of metal nanowires. The diameters of nanowires fabricated by these methods range from several tens of nanometers to a few hundreds of nanometers.
In some investigations, porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) was attached to the conductive substrate as templates to synthesize aluminum nanowires for fabricating vertically-oriented aluminum nanowire arrays. For large-scale production of nanowires at low cost, on the other hand, chemical vapor preposition (CVD) is widely employed. However, the aluminum nanowire arrays synthesized by CVD were often disordered.
In some other previously proposed investigations, lithographical method and stress-induced spontaneous growth were also used for fabricating aluminum nanowires. Nevertheless, the average diameters of aluminum nanowires were in the range of several tens to a few hundred nanometers. Moreover, the separation between adjacent aluminum nanowires was of a scale of microns, leading to a rather low density of the aluminum nanowires arrays. As a result, the quantum properties, such as superconductivity, of the aluminum nanowires fabricated were similar to these of the bulk aluminum.
Thus, there is a lack of investigations on methods to fabricate angstrom-scale metal nanowires or angstrom-scale carbon nanowires for superconductivity.
There continues to be a need in the art for improved designs and techniques for Angstrom-scale nanowire arrays that can exhibit superior characteristics as one-dimensional (1D) superconductors.
Embodiments of the subject invention pertain to a composite material of Angstrom-scale nanowire arrays prepared by using zeolite as a template.
According to an embodiment of the invention, a method for fabricating Angstrom-scale aluminum nanowire arrays is provided. The method can comprise mixing aluminum and zeolite crystals with a predetermined weight ratio; heating the mixture under a first predetermined condition(s); cooling down the mixture; heating the mixture under a second predetermined condition(s); and cooling down the mixture to obtain Angstrom-scale aluminum nanowire arrays. The predetermined weight ratio of zeolite crystals and aluminum can be about 1:9. Moreover, the heating the mixture under a first predetermined condition(s) can comprise heating the mixture at about 800° C. under a pressure of about 400 Torr for about 6 hours in an oxygen atmosphere. In addition, the heating the mixture under a second predetermined condition(s) can comprise heating the mixture at a temperature in a range between about 660° C. and about 900° C. under a pressure in a range between 100 Torr and about 1600 Torr for about 3 hours in an inert gas atmosphere. The Angstrom-scale aluminum nanowire arrays obtained can have an average diameter smaller than 1 nm.
In another embodiment, a method for preparing Angstrom-scale metal nanowire arrays by using zeolite crystals as templates is provided. The method can comprise mixing liquid metal and zeolite crystals; heating the mixture under a first predetermined condition(s); and cooling down the mixture to obtain Angstrom-scale metal nanowire arrays. When the liquid metal is gallium (Ga), the mixture can be heated at a temperature of about 80° C. under a pressure smaller than 100 bar. Moreover, when the liquid metal is zinc (Zn), the mixture can be heated at a temperature of about 500° C. under a pressure smaller than 100 bar. Furthermore, the cooling down the mixture can comprise cooling down the mixture by liquid nitrogen.
In another embodiment, a method for preparing Angstrom-scale carbon nanowire arrays using zeolite crystals as templates is provided. The method can comprise mixing methane (CH4) and zeolite crystals; heating the mixture under a first predetermined condition(s); and cooling down the mixture to obtain the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowire arrays. The heating the mixture under a first predetermined condition(s) can comprise heating the mixture at a temperature of about 1000° C. under a pressure of about 6 atmospheres for about 10 hours.
In another embodiment, a composite material of Angstrom-scale nanowires in zeolite can comprise zeolite having porous structures; and a plurality of nanowires having an average diameter smaller than 1 nm and dispersed on internal or external surfaces of the porous structures. The plurality of nanowires is made of any one of aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn), and carbon (C). Moreover, the porous structures can have an average pore size of about 0.74 nm.
Embodiments of the subject invention pertain to a composite material of Angstrom-scale well-ordered nanowire arrays in zeolite and its fabrication methods. The Angstrom-scale nanowire arrays can be prepared by using zeolite as a template. The zeolite template can be prepared by a hydrothermal method to obtain porous structures with an average pore size of 0.74 nm to ensure the diameters of nanowire arrays thereafter prepared to be of an Angstrom scale.
The Angstrom-scale nanowire arrays can be made of a variety of materials including, hut are not limited to, aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn), carbon (C), indium (In), or magnesium (Mg). When the diameters of the nanowire arrays dispersed on the internal surfaces and external surfaces of the zeolite are of an Angstrom scale, the composite material of the nanowire arrays in zeolite can exhibit superior characteristics of one-dimensional (1D) superconductors.
A zeolite template such as SAPO-5 zeolite with an AFI topology, or other zeolites with one-dimensional channels, can be used as a template to fabricate the metal nanowires such as aluminum nanowires, gallium nanowires, indium nanowires, magnesium nanowires, or zinc nanowires, as well as carbon nanowires. Moreover, zeolite templates having a framework other than AFI topology, such as FAU, LTL, ABW, can also be used to fabricate nanowires of Angstrom scale or nanometer scale.
The following examples illustrate the subject innovation. Unless otherwise indicated in the following examples and elsewhere in the specification and claims, all parts and percentages are by weight, all temperatures are in degrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric pressure.
When the term “about” is used herein, in conjunction with a numerical value, it is understood that the value can be in a range of 90% of the value to 110% of the value, i.e. the value can be +/−10% of the stated value. For example, “about 1 kg” means from 0.90 kg to 1.1 kg.
Preparation and Characterization of Zeolite Templates
According to an embodiment of the subject invention, a zeolite template, for example, SAPO-5 zeolite with an AFI topology, can be synthesized by a hydrothermal method.
In one embodiment, the synthesis ingredients include aluminum oxide (Al2O3), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), silicon dioxide (SiO2), triethanolamine (TEA), and deionized (DI) water.
In one embodiment, a molar ratio of Al2O3:P2O5:SiO2:TEA:H2O can be 1:0.8:1:3.5:50.
According to one exemplary embodiment of the subject invention, the zeolite can be synthesized by the following steps:
Then, at step S110, about 4.62 g of a silica solution (for example, Ludox HS-40 having 40 wt % from Sigma-Aldrich) is added to the mixture of the step of S105 and the mixture is stirred for about another 1 hour. Further, at step S115, the resulting solution of the step S110 is taken out of the ice-water bath and stirred for about 12 hours at room temperature to form a uniform precursor gel.
Next, at step S120, the precursor gel obtained from the step S115 is transferred to a container, for example a Teflon autoclave having a capacity of 100 ml, and the container is placed in an oven (for example, MARS-5 from CEM with maximum power of 1600 W). The precursor gel is rapidly heated to about 180° C. within about 1.5 minutes with a heating power of, for example, 1600 W. Then, at step S125; the precursor gel is maintained in the container at that temperature of about 180° C. for a duration of about 2.5 hours with a heating power of, for example, 400 W.
Further, at step S130, the precursor gel is cooled to room temperature to obtain the zeolite. Next, the zeolite is washed at step S135, is collected by a means of separation, for example, centrifugation at step S140; and is dried at about 120° C. at step S145.
In one embodiment, the resulting zeolite can have micro-platelet shaped crystals having a hexagonal shape, with a thickness of about 2 microns and a lateral dimension in a range of 6-10 microns.
It is known that zeolites are aluminosilicate or aluminophosphate compounds having very regular molecular structures containing pores. In one embodiment, the framework of the zeolite synthesized as described above can comprise alternating tetrahedral (AlO_4){circumflex over ( )}− and (PO_4){circumflex over ( )}+ that form linear channels. The axis in parallel to the linear channels is defined as c-axis and the plane perpendicular to c-axis is defined as ab plane.
In one embodiment, the linear channels of the zeolite can exhibit a triangular lattice structure in the ab plane with a center-to-center separation of about 1.37 nm between the nearest channels.
In one embodiment, the crystals of the zeolite synthesized can be electrically insulating and optically transparent from ultraviolet to the near infrared, and thermally stable up to 1200° C.
In one embodiment, the c-axis of the crystals can be perpendicular to the platelet surface.
Fabrication of Aluminum Nanowire Arrays in Zeolite
Referring to
Next, aluminum (Al) (for example, in a form of powder) is added to the zeolite template crystals with a weight ratio of zeolite template crystals:Al=1:9. The aluminum powder and the zeolite template crystals are uniformly mixed and pressed into a disk by using a box having four lateral sides fixed but with top side or bottom side movable, so as to facilitate applying pressure to the mixture.
As illustrated by
It is known that the melting point of aluminum is at about 660° C. Thus, in the heating process described above, the aluminum powder melts and penetrates into linear channels of the zeolite template. In order to penetrate into the pores of zeolite, the melted liquid aluminum has to overcome the surface tension of the liquid aluminum. The surface tension of the liquid aluminum linearly decreases with increasing temperatures. Therefore, in one embodiment, the temperature of the oven is adjusted and a pressure in a range of 1 kPa to 100 kPa is applied to the oven to improve the pore filling factor of the resulting aluminum nanowire arrays in the zeolite.
Once the oven is cooled down, the liquid aluminum is solidified inside the linear channels of the zeolite template to form the composite material of aluminum nanowire arrays in zeolites.
In one embodiment, the preferred optimal condition of the aluminum penetrating process is 850° C. with a pressure of 800 Torr. As a result, diameters of the aluminum nanowires obtained by using the zeolite template are close to the pore size (for example, 0.74 nm) of the zeolite template crystals.
In one embodiment, the zeolite template crystals synthesized have porous structures with an average pore size of about 0.74 nm. As a result, the plurality of nanowire arrays dispersed on internal or external surfaces of the porous structures can have an average diameter smaller than 1 nm.
Characterization of Aluminum Nanowire Arrays in Zeolite
The composite material of the aluminum nanowire arrays in zeolite fabricated as described above are characterized by different methods, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and conductivity measurement.
Moreover, the optical and conducting properties of the Angstrom-scale aluminum nanowires in zeolite are characterized and the characterization results are described below with more details.
Referring to
Furthermore,
Next, the conducting property of the Angstrom-scale aluminum nanowire arrays in zeolite is measured. The sample preparation process for the measurement is described below. First, a thin layer of photoresist (for example, 950 PMMA 9 A) is coated on a surface of a glass film substrate. Then, crystals of the aluminum nanowire arrays in zeolite are dispersed on the photoresist and heated on a heating apparatus such as a hotplate at about 180° C. for about 90 seconds. Through this process, the crystals are fixed on the surface of the glass film substrate in order to facilitate the subsequent process. Next, a crystal standing on its side is selected. Then, a layer of titanium of a thickness (for example, 5 nm) is sputtered on the side surface of the micro-platelet sample crystal selected and another layer of gold of a thickness (for example, 60 nm) is sputtered above the titanium layer.
As illustrated in
Moreover,
Another feature of superconductivity is nonlinear current-voltage characteristic observed below one-dimensional superconducting transition temperature.
In one embodiment, another configuration is used to measure the conducting property of the Angstrom-scale aluminum nanowire arrays, where the electrodes are on the ab plane surface of the micro-platelet crystals of the zeolite template. The c-axis direction of the aluminum nanowires in zeolite is perpendicular to the electrodes.
Referring to
For the examples shown in
In one embodiment, when the applied magnetic field is increased from 0 T to 9 T, the resistance of the second sample S2 is increased smoothly but only slightly, as shown in
In one embodiment, the Angstrom-scale aluminum nanowire arrays fabricated by using zeolite template can have a very high density, since the separation between adjacent aluminum nanowires can be as little as 1.4 nm.
Fabrication of Gallium Nanowire Arrays in Zeolite and Zinc Nanowire Arrays in Zeolite
The micro-platelet zeolites with linear channels synthesized by the hydrothermal method as described above can be used as templates for fabrication of Angstrom-scale Gallium (Ga) nanowires and Angstrom-scale Zinc (Zn) nanowires.
In one embodiment, the ingredients used in the zeolite template synthesis can include, but not limited to, aluminum oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, silicon dioxide, triethanolamine (TEA), and deionized (DI) water.
For fabricating Gallium (Ga) nanowires in zeolite, liquid Ga can be mixed with the zeolite template synthesized and then heated in a sealed container at a temperature of about 80° C. under a pressure up to about 100 bar. Then, the mixture is rapidly cooled by liquid nitrogen, resulting in Angstrom-scale Gallium (Ga) nanowires in zeolite.
Similarly, for fabricating Zinc (Zn) nanowires in zeolite, liquid Zn can be mixed with the zeolite template synthesized and then heated in a sealed container at a temperature of about 500° C. under a pressure up to about 100 bar. Then, the mixture is rapidly cooled by liquid nitrogen to obtain the Zinc (Zn) nanowires in zeolite.
In one embodiment, the gallium (Ga) or zinc (Zn) nanowires fabricated can infiltrate into the one-dimensional (1D) linear channels of the zeolite template such as AlPO-5 (AFI) having an internal pore diameter of about 7 Å, and the gallium (Ga) or zinc (Zn) nanowires can be separated by an insulating wall of about 7-9 Å.
In one embodiment, the resulting Angstrom-scale Ga or Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite, arranged in Josephson-coupled triangular arrays with an ab-plane lattice constant of 14.4 Å, display superconductivity with Tc values of about 7.2 K and about 3.7 K, for Ga and Zn, respectively. The superconductivity with Tc values for the Angstrom-scale Ga or Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite are significantly enhanced by a factor of about 7 and about 4, in comparison to the superconductivity with Tc of bulk Ga or bulk Zn, respectively.
Since the zeolite template of the composite superconductor dictates the nanostructure of Ga and Zn to be one-dimensional (1D) in the electronic sense, a highly advantageous effect for the superconducting pairing is achieved. The arrangement in a densely packed array structure of the Angstrom-scale Ga or Zn nanowire in zeolite inhibits coherence being completely suppressed by strong phase fluctuations as in other conventional one-dimensional (1D) superconductors.
In one embodiment, Cooper pairs are confined in Ga or Zn nanowire arrays with thicknesses of only a few hundred picometers. The nanowire arrays of an Angstrom-scale almost approach the limit of a monoatomic chain and are in extremely close distance to each other. By being embedded in the linear pores of zeolite single crystals, the nanowire arrays of Angstrom-scale form a regular array of almost crystalline quality.
It is well-known that the bulk Ga or the bulk Zn is an elemental Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductor. Previously, only nanostructured Ga and Zn superconductors with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to several tens of nanometers have been investigated.
The superconducting properties of the Angstrom-scale Ga or Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite are characterized by DC magnetization and by specific heat measurements as discussed below.
DC Magnetizations of Gallium Nanowire Arrays in Zeolite and Zinc Nanowire Arrays in Zeolite
Ga nanowires, with one-dimensional nature of freestanding, are expected to have a rather gradual transition due to the phase slips. Therefore, the sharp transition of Ga nanowires observed in
Referring to
As illustrated in
In
In addition,
As illustrated below with the help of specific heat data, the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite is determined to be a type-I superconductor. For a type-I superconductor with ideal demagnetization factor, one would expect that the Meissner screening would have vanished abruptly at the critical field thus forming saw-tooth like shapes of curves in the M versus H diagram. The fact that the critical field transition of the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite appears quite broad instead is attributed to the non-ideal demagnetization factor of about 0.6 of the sample of the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite, which causes the intermediate state (not the Abrikosov state of type-II superconductors) with partial field penetration to occur, rendering the critical field transition into a broad step. In one embodiment, at 1.8 K, the critical field of the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite reaches 22 mT, which is about four times the value of the bulk Zn (Hc=5.8 mT).
Moreover, the specific heat of the Ga nanowire arrays in zeolite and of the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite are measured with a calorimeter, respectively. The specific heat in the normal state is analyzed by the standard approach using following equation: Cn(T→0)=γnT+Σk=13β2k=1T2k+1.
Here, the first term is the electronic contribution of the Ga nanowire arrays in zeolite or of the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite with the Sommerfeld constant γn, as denoted by Celect. below; and the second term is the low-temperature expansion of the lattice specific heat according to the Debye model.
The electronic contribution is obtained by using a magnetic field strong enough to suppress superconductivity in the Ga or Zn nanowires. The specific heat jump associated with the superconductivity will be denoted in the following by ΔC. In particular,
It is noted that the superconducting transition anomaly ΔC is surprisingly sharp for both samples considering the quasi-1D nature of these composites.
In one embodiment, for the Ga nanowire arrays in zeolite, the transition midpoint is at about 7 K, but with a fluctuation tail up to about 7.7 K.
In one embodiment, for the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite, the midpoint occurs at about 3.86 K. These results are in good agreement with the results of the magnetization.
It is also noted that the superconducting contribution to the specific heat of the Ga nanowires is extremely low. ΔC represents only 0.3% of the total specific heat. Despite the enormous Tc enhancement, the Ga nanowires in zeolite therefore may not be suitable for applications due to the very low filling factor of the zeolite pores. Nevertheless, the superconducting transition is significantly sharp and the composite material can produce a significant Meissner effect.
However, the situation is completely different with the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite. The superconducting transition anomaly ΔC of the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite represents 23% of the total specific heat of the composite material and is therefore clearly visible in the graph of the total specific heat without the need to subtract background data. Such a large ratio between ΔC and the normal state background is only possible, if the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite has an almost perfect pore filling factor and the nanowires form a homogeneous and highly dense arrays. The Josephson coupling between the nanowires is so strong that the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite sample remains a type-I superconductor, as can be seen from the sharp peaks sitting on top of the specific heat jumps at Tc. This observation is typical for type-I superconductors, for which the superconducting transition becomes of a first-order nature in any finite magnetic field. Although the residual magnetic field in the superconducting magnet cryostat used is carefully compensated, the peak does not vanish when approaching zero field, which is most likely due to the Earth's magnetic field, which is almost perpendicular to the axis of the superconducting magnet which is located in Hong Kong, where the test was conducted and hence cannot be compensated.
Superconducting Phase Diagrams of Gallium Nanowire Arrays in Zeolite and Zinc Nanowire Arrays in Zeolite
The superconducting phase diagrams for the Ga nanowire arrays in zeolite and the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite are shown in
The temperature dependence of the upper critical field Hc2(T) is derived from the onset of the Meissner signal in the M(T) and M(H) data, while the midpoint of the jumps is used in the specific heat at T.
Referring to
Referring to
Fabrication of Metallic Carbon Nanowire Arrays in Zeolite
In one embodiment, Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires can be fabricated by a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method by using the zeolite templates synthesized by the hydrothermal method as described above.
In one embodiment, the zeolite templates are heated in 6 atmospheres of methane (CH4), which is used as carbon source, at a temperature of about 1000° C. for about 10 hours. In the heating process, the methane gas diffuses into the pores of the zeolite template and is decomposed due to the catalytic effect of the zeolite. As a result, the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires are formed in the pores of the zeolite template.
Characterization of Metallic Carbon Nanowire Arrays in Zeolite
The optical and conducting properties of the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires in zeolite are measured. The D band in the Raman spectra is obvious and the conductivity data show metallic behaviors of the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires in zeolite in a temperature range from about 2 K to about 300 K. It is evident that the properties of the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires in zeolite are quite different from these of the bulk carbon such as graphite.
As illustrated in
For the example shown in
The electrical conducting properties of the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires are studied by fabricating devices from the CVD-heated samples of the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires. The focused ion beam (FIB) is used to make the four-terminal configuration. Measurement of the fabricated device is carried out by a Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). A Keithley 6221 is used as the current source and a SR850 lock-in is used as voltmeter to measure the resistance of the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires.
At room temperature, the resistivity of the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires is measured to be 83.2 μΩ·m. Then, the resistivity of the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires is compared with that of graphite. When the current is in parallel to a c-axis of the graphite, the resistivity is measured to be 2.5˜5.0 μΩ·m. When the current is perpendicular to the c-axis, the resistivity is measured to be 3000 μΩ·m. Therefore, the resistivity of the Angstrom-scale carbon nanowires is between the resistivity of the parallel current and resistivity of the perpendicular current of the graphite.
As shown in
The subject invention includes, but is not limited to, the following exemplified embodiments.
A method for fabricating Angstrom-scale aluminum nanowire arrays by using zeolite crystals as templates, comprising steps of:
The method according to embodiment 1, wherein the predetermined weight ratio of zeolite crystals and aluminum is about 1:9.
The method according to any of embodiments 1-2, wherein the heating the mixture under a first predetermined condition(s) comprises heating the mixture at a temperature of about 800° C. under a pressure of about 400 Torr for about 6 hours in an oxygen atmosphere.
The method according to any of embodiments 1-3, wherein the heating the mixture under a second predetermined condition(s) comprises heating the mixture at a temperature in a range between about 660° C. and about 900° C. under a pressure in a range between 100 Torr and about 1600 Torr for about 3 hours in an inert gas atmosphere.
The method according to embodiment 4, wherein the temperature is in a range between about 750° C. and about 850° C.
The method according to embodiment 4, wherein the pressure is about 800 Torr.
The method according to any of embodiments 1-6, wherein the Angstrom-scale aluminum nanowire arrays obtained has an average diameter smaller than 1 nm.
A method for preparing Angstrom-scale metal nanowire arrays by using zeolite crystals as templates, comprising steps of:
The method according to embodiment 8, wherein the liquid metal is gallium (Ga) and the mixture is heated at a temperature of about 80° C. under a pressure smaller than 100 bar.
The method according to embodiment 8, wherein the liquid metal is zinc (Zn) and the mixture is heated at a temperature of about 500° C. under a pressure smaller than 100 bar.
The method according to any of embodiments 8-10, wherein the cooling down the mixture comprises cooling down the mixture by liquid nitrogen.
The method according to any of embodiments 8-11, wherein the Angstrom-scale metal nanowire arrays obtained has an average diameter smaller than 1 nm.
A method for preparing Angstrom-scale carbon nanowire arrays by using zeolite crystals as templates, comprising steps of:
The method according to embodiment 13, wherein the heating the mixture under a first predetermined condition(s) comprises heating the mixture at a temperature of about 1000° C. under a pressure of about 6 atmospheres for about 10 hours.
The method according to any of embodiments 13-14, wherein the Angstrom-scale metal nanowire arrays obtained has an average diameter smaller than 1 nm.
A method for preparing zeolite, comprising steps of:
The method according to embodiment 16, wherein the heating the precursor gel to form a solid product comprises:
A composite material of Angstrom-scale nanowires in zeolite, comprising:
The composite material according to embodiment 18, wherein the plurality of nanowires is made of any one of aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn), and carbon (C).
The composite material according to any of embodiments 18-19, wherein the porous structures have an average pore size of 0.74 nm.
The composite material according to any of embodiments 18-20, wherein the plurality of nanowires is made of aluminum (Al) and comprises a layer of aluminum oxide on surfaces of the nanowires.
The composite material according to embodiments 21, wherein the nanowire arrays have a core-shell structure having the aluminum nanowire as a core and the aluminum oxide layer as a shell.
The composite material according to any of embodiments of 21-22, wherein at least one of nanowire arrays has one-dimensional (1D) superconducting transition temperature in a range between about 50 K to 100 K.
The composite material according to any of embodiments 21-23, wherein a distance between adjacent aluminum nanowires is about 1.4 nm.
The composite material according to embodiment 18, wherein the plurality of nanowires is made of any of the gallium (Ga) or zinc (Zn), and wherein the zeolite has an internal pore diameter of about 7 Å.
The composite material according to embodiment 25, wherein the gallium (Ga) or zinc (Zn) nanowires are separated by an insulating wall of about 7-9 Å.
The composite material according to embodiment 25, wherein the Ga or Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite are arranged in Josephson-coupled triangular arrays with an ab-plane lattice constant of 14.4 Å.
The composite material according to embodiment 25, wherein the Ga or Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite has superconductivity with Tc values of about 7.2 K and about 3.7 K, for Ga and Zn, respectively.
The composite material according to embodiment 25, wherein the Ga nanowire arrays in zeolite has a demagnetization factor of about 0.55.
The composite material according to embodiment 25, wherein the Ga nanowire arrays in zeolite is a type-II superconductor.
The composite material according to embodiment 25, wherein the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite is a type-I superconductor.
The composite material according to embodiment 25, wherein the Zn nanowire arrays in zeolite has a critical field of about 22 mT.
The composite material according to embodiment 19, wherein the plurality of nanowires is made of carbon and the nanowires in zeolite comprises a carbon content of about 21.5 wt %.
The composite material according to embodiment 19, wherein the plurality of nanowires is made of carbon and has a carbon nanowires decomposition temperature of around 600° C.
The composite material according to embodiment 19, wherein the plurality of nanowires is made of carbon and has metallic behaviors in term of resistivity.
The composite material according to embodiment 19, wherein the plurality of nanowires is made of carbon and has metallic behaviors in term of resistivity.
It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and/or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.
All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/636,754, filed Feb. 28, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety including any tables, figures, or drawings.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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10683404 | Chopra | Jun 2020 | B2 |
20050090387 | Niihara | Apr 2005 | A1 |
20060211802 | Asgari | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20160258069 | Nesbitt et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20170218518 | Yializis | Aug 2017 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
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102951619 | Mar 2013 | CN |
103173832 | Jun 2013 | CN |
103290465 | Jul 2016 | CN |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20190267154 A1 | Aug 2019 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62636754 | Feb 2018 | US |