The present invention relates generally to orthoses and, more particularly, to ankle-foot orthoses.
An orthosis is an externally applied mechanical or electromechanical device used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of a patient's neuromuscular and/or skeletal system. Orthoses can be used to aid individuals who suffer the physiological effects resulting from many different events, conditions and/or ailments, such as trauma, disease, genetic disorder or neurological impairment such as stroke, spinal cord injury and peripheral neuropathy. Specifically, orthoses can be used to control and/or restrict movement in a given direction, assist movement, reduce weight-bearing forces, correct the shape and function of portions of the body, facilitate movement generally and control, guide, limit or immobilize a joint or extremity.
An orthosis is customarily adapted for a particular anatomical region. Upper-extremity orthoses, for example, can be used to restore or improve the function or structural characteristics of the arm segments of an individual. Similarly, lower-extremity orthoses are applied to lower-body joints and limbs. Lower-extremity orthoses are frequently used to assist an individual with walking by stabilizing gait, transferring loads and correcting or preventing the progression of deformities.
Lower-extremity orthoses include foot orthoses, knee orthoses, ankle-foot orthoses (also known as AFOs) and knee-ankle-foot orthoses. Among these types of lower-limb orthoses, AFOs are particularly useful for assisting individuals affected by injury, abnormality or other adverse condition in or around the lower leg, ankle and foot. As known, the function of the ankle-foot is very complex, providing stability, strength and accommodating a wide variety of physical activities.
An AFO is typically designed to deal with at least one condition which is creating problems. For example, foot drop (also known as drop foot) is a gait abnormality characterized by the inability or impaired ability to raise the forefoot from the ankle (dorsiflexion). Foot drop may be temporary or permanent depending upon the cause, which can include nerve damage, muscle trauma, anatomical abnormalities, disease or toxins.
Individuals with foot drop, or drop-foot individuals, tend to drag their toes along the ground while walking. To avoid this, many drop-foot individuals alter their gait by exaggerating the phases of normal gait cycle. Specifically, during swing phase of the gait cycle (the period in the gait cycle when the foot is not in contact with the ground), a drop-foot individual will raise his or her knee higher to accommodate the inability to dorsiflex. This exaggerated motion provides clearance for the individual's foot above the ground surface, but also effectuates a stair-climbing movement.
During first rocker phase (the period in the gait cycle, when the foot initially makes contact with the ground surface), the foot of a drop-foot individual will often slap the ground surface or be planted all at once rather than achieve a normal heel-toe foot strike. During third rocker phase, a drop-foot individual may not be able to support his or her body weight. In addition, the individual is not able to push off or extend his or her foot during the third rocker phase. As recognized, this extension is required for any running or jumping activities. As such, it can be beneficial to provide dorsiflexion assistance in the third rocker phase as the foot is lifted from the ground surface.
AFOs can ameliorate drop foot and other adverse conditions by limiting the range of downward extension of a foot away from the leg (plantar flexion). For example, many AFOs are made from a rigid or semi-rigid material that resists deformation of the AFO within the plane of dorsiflexion/plantar flexion (i.e., the sagittal plane). Other AFOs incorporate a mechanical stop designed to prevent plantar flexion beyond a pre-determined angle.
Despite their advantages, existing plantar flexion-limiting AFOs have a number of drawbacks, such as excessive rigidity resulting in unintended muscle atrophy and undesirable operational characteristics. This includes, in part, insufficient or absence of dorsiflexion resistance during terminal contact of the third rocker phase as the foot is lifted from the ground surface. For example, using an articulated AFO to provide dorsiflexion assistance inherently requires a plantar flexion stop in order to block functional/active plantar flexion. Blocking plantar flexion, however, creates a deficit at the third rocker (terminal stance) phase that prevents the ankle from breaking a ninety degree (90°) angled in the sagittal plane. Decreasing the range of motion in turn decreases the power needed to effect push-off from the terminal stance and promote adequate step length on the contralateral side.
Embodiments of the ankle-foot orthosis of the present invention substantially meet the aforementioned needs. In an embodiment, the ankle-foot orthosis includes an outer boot and an inner boot. The outer boot includes an upper portion coupled to a lower portion. Each of the upper and lower portions includes a tensioner. The outer boot may also include a plantar flexion stop and a hinge coupling the upper portion to the lower portion. Upper and lower portions of the outer boot are made from a substantially stiff material, whereas the inner boot is made from a substantially flexible material.
In an embodiment, the outer boot substantially supports, and the inner boot substantially conforms to, the foot-ankle joint and part the lower-leg region of a user. In particular, the inherent stiffness of the outer boot inhibits torsion of a foot within the transverse, or coronal, plane, while a hinge and/or joint permits flexion in the sagittal plane about the axis defined by the user's ankle. Tensioners impede buckling of the inner boot during dorsiflexion. The hinges and/or joints enhance cooperation between the upper and lower portions of the outer boot to provide functionality and enhanced comfort. In addition, the upper and lower portions of the outer boot can be tailored to provide customized levels of therapy and support to a user.
The shape and inherent elasticity of the inner boot, as well as the foot plate of the outer boot, facilitate energy storage during dorsiflexion as the user transitions through stance phase from second rocker to third rocker. This stored energy can then be released during plantar flexion to facilitate the transition from stance phase to swing phase. By effectively enhancing step length, the AFO of the present invention helps to the user to achieve a substantially normal gait cycle.
An ankle-foot orthosis (or AFO) 10 is depicted generally in
Referring to
Referring to
In alternative embodiments, hinge assembly 24 may be in the form of a joint 90, as depicted in
Outer boot 12 may also include posterior stop 30, as shown in
Due to the rigidity of the material of outer boot 12, contact between upper recess edge 32 and lower recess edge 36, and/or contact between upper posterior edge 34 and lower posterior edge 38, substantially inhibits, or prevents, further plantar flexion of AFO 10. In an embodiment, outer boot 12 is constructed such that contact between upper recess edges 32 and lower recess edges 36 occurs simultaneously at medial and lateral locations of outer boot 12.
Referring to the embodiment illustrated in
For embodiments of AFO 10 depicted in
Referring to
Lower portion 22 includes extension 44. Extension 44 generally extends distally from the base of lower portion 22 in a substantially transverse plane. In an embodiment, extension 44 extends sufficiently to support the phalangeal region, or toes, of a user's foot.
Upper portion 20 and lower portion 22 may be characterized by relief openings, or cutouts, to enhance comfort at anticipated pressure points and zones of AFO 10 and to augment motion control. As used herein, the term “cutout” refers to the general shape of a relief opening rather than to a process or method of forming the relief opening. In an embodiment, lower portion 22 defines heel opening 46. The size of heel opening 46 relative to size of lower portion 22 can vary, but is generally adapted to accommodate the heel of a user. Specifically, the heel of a user can protrude through heel opening 46 without causing impingement upon the region of the heel at or around heel opening 46 in lower portion 22. Including heel opening 46 in lower portion 22 substantially reduces and can eliminate a fulcrum effect that occurs at the heel strike when a user wears any type of AFO/boot or device that substantially immobilizes the user's foot in relation to the user's lower leg. This fulcrum effect is generally best illustrated when a user is walking in a rigid orthosis or ski boot. Specifically, this fulcrum effect occurs when a user enters heel-strike (first rocker) phase as the rigid portion of the outer boot 14 makes contact with the ground surface. The rotation about the contact point (i.e., heel) creates an anterior force that pulls at the knee joint, thereby causing the user to draw his or her knee forward at a faster than normal during the gait cycle, as the user transitions from first rocker of the stance phase to second rocker of the stance phase. The presence of heel opening 46 allows for a more fluid and normal transition from first rocker of the stance phase to second rocker of the stance phase for the user by reducing the anterior force pulling at the knee joint.
In an embodiment, lower portion 22 also defines inner cutout 48 and outer cutout 50. As with heel opening 46, the sizes of inner cutout 48 and outer cutout 50 can vary. In an embodiment, inner cutout 48 is sized to accommodate the area of a user's foot proximal the navicular and the outer cutout 50 is sized to accommodate the area of a user's foot proximal the fifth metatarsal. By decreasing pressure at or around the navicular and fifth metatarsal, inner cutout 48 and outer cutout 50, respectively, can reduce callusing around these areas.
Inner boot 14 is generally disposed intermediate outer boot 12 and user such that inner boot 14 functions, in part, as a liner for outer boot 12. In relation to outer boot 12, inner boot 14 is generally more dynamic in that it permits greater freedom of movement. Referring to
Inner boot 14 includes vertical section 56, flexion section 58 and distal section 60. Vertical section 56 extends above flexion section 58 and substantially around Achilles region of user. Distal section 60 extends distally from flexion section toward the phalangeal region of a user's foot. Flexion section 58 substantially conforms to and surrounds the central portion of a user's foot and ankle. As shown in
AFO 10 generally also includes a mechanism for securing outer boot 12 and inner boot 14 to the ankle-foot region of a user. Referring to
To provide further reference to the applicable anatomical structures,
Upper and lower straps 70, 72 are secured to upper and lower portions 20, 22, respectively, such as by rivets 74. Each strap 70, 72 may be secured medially or laterally and with one or more rivets 74. As depicted in
To accommodate attachment of straps, upper and lower portions 20, 22 may include one or more attachment rings 76, such as metallic d-rings or other, similar hardware. Like upper and lower straps 70, 72, attachment rings can be secured to medial or lateral locations on upper and lower portions 20, 22 and with one or multiple with rivets 74. As shown in
Tensioned upper and lower straps 70, 72 can be secured in place by any number of methods. In an embodiment, tensioned upper and lower straps 70, 72 are secured in place with integrated hook-and-loop fasteners. Upper and lower straps 70, 72 may also include pads 78, as shown in
In an embodiment, pad 78 for upper strap 70 abuts pad 78 for lower strap 72 when upper and lower straps 70, 72 are tensioned and secured. Such abutment substantially reduces or eliminates buckling of the inner boot 14 when the user's tibia rotates over the foot during the transition from second rocker to third rocker of the stance phase of the gait cycle. In an alternative embodiment, AFO 10 utilizes a single pad 78 that can be tensioned by both upper and lower straps 70, 72. Since two separates pads 78 that are independently secured by upper and lower straps 70, 72 can migrate away from each other or be positioned incorrectly by a user, use of a single, elongated pad 78 can reduce the risk of unwanted buckling of inner boot 14. Use of a single pad can also reduce the number of pressure points in AFO 10 experienced by a user.
To achieve optimal functionality of AFO 12, outer boot 12 should be made from a relatively stiff material, while inner boot 14 should be made from a relatively elastic material. In an embodiment, outer boot 12 is made from a polypropylene material or copolymer material. The polypropylene material should be relatively stiff. The thickness of outer boot 12 can be in the range of approximately one-sixteenth of an inch ( 1/16″) to approximately one-fourth of an inch (¼″). In an embodiment, the thickness of outer boot 12 is approximately one-sixteenth of an inch ( 1/16″). Outer boot 12 can be vacuum-formed.
In an embodiment, inner boot 14 is made from an elastomer, such as a silicone-based orthoflex material. The thickness of inner boot 14 can be in the range of approximately one-sixteenth of an inch ( 1/16″) to approximately one-half inch (½″). In an embodiment the thickness of inner boot 14 is approximately three-sixteenths of an inch ( 3/16″). Inner boot 14 can be formed through standard vacuum forming processes used to manufacture articles such as drape form, blister form and bubble form.
In an embodiment, joint 90 is made from plastic or a metallic material, such as steel or aluminum. The length of joint may be between one inch (1″) and five inches (5″), or approximately 3.10 inches. The width of joint may be between 0.25 inches and 3 inches, or approximately 0.63 inches. In an embodiment, the ends of joint 90 are curved upwards such that joint 90 has the properties of a leaf spring.
AFO 10 can be used to treat a wide range of pathologies that cause lower extremity weakness of the dorsiflexors and plantarflexors at the ankle that result in an impaired gait. Embodiments of AFO 10 as described herein can be used to control and/or treat various combination of motions that include poor foot posture and sagittal plane deficits such as foot drop (swing phase). and foot slap (stance phase) recurvatum (hyperextension at the knee) and crouch-knee positions.
In particular, AFO 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention utilizes inner boot 14 seated inside articulated outer boot 12 to dynamically assist and resist users with transverse, sagittal and/or coronal plane comprise at the foot and ankle. Specifically, by achieving a fit that performs similarly to an external ligament, AFO 10 allows and assists dorsiflexion while also limiting plantar flexion and maintaining a neutralized or corrected alignment at the foot and ankle.
AFO 10 can also assist and resist forward movement. In particular, the combination of inner boot 14 made from a unitary piece of flexible material and rigid, articulated outer boot 12 effectively controls unwanted sagittal plane alignments (such as recurvatum, crouch or knee flexion instabilities) while creating a spring effect that can be directed. This spring effect substantially eliminates the need for stop motion. In contrast, a single-boot articulated AFO requires a plantarflexion stop and a single-boot solid ankle AFO provides sagittal plane stop motion for both plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. The combination of both a flexible inner boot and rigid outer boot allows a user to effectively control unwanted sagittal plane alignments such as recurvatum, crouch or knee flexion instabilities. Stated differently, the inner boot 14 is adapted to receive and substantially surround a foot of a user and to allow some level of flexion of the foot of the user about a flexion axis and the outer boot 12 is adapted to receive the inner boot and further help to control movement. Again, outer boot 12 has upper portion 20 and lower portion 22 hingeably coupled to one another. Upper portion 20 and lower portion 22 are less flexible than the inner boot 14. When in use, AFO 10 is rotatable between plantar-flexed and dorsiflexed positions, with an equilibrium position located there between. When in the equilibrium position the inner boot and the outer boot cooperate to hold a user's foot in a substantially static or neutral position. In the plantar-flexed position, the inner boot and the outer boot cooperate with one another to produce a force designed to urge the user's foot to the dorsiflexed position. Conversely, when in the dorsiflexed position, the inner boot and the outer boot create a force to urge the user's foot to plantar flexed position.
AFO 10 can thereby provide powered walking assistance in the sagittal plane while preventing unwanted end-range dorsiflexion and plantar flexion motion at the ankle during the stance phase of the gait cycle. This is achieved by establishing soft and hard zones that eliminate the push-pull effect during the at the end of the stance phase while still providing functional control of the lower limb, thereby enhancing ambulatory performance.
During swing phase, the user's foot and ankle are held in a prepositioned sagittal alignment. As the user achieves heel strike during first rocker of stance phase, heel opening 46 of outer boot 12 exposes the softer material of inner boot 14. This substantially reduces, or eliminates, anterior draw at the user's knee as the patient transitions to mid-stance, or second rocker position.
As a user transitions from second rocker to third rocker during stance phase, inner boot 14 decelerates dorsiflexion of the user's foot. Specifically, inner boot 14 resists tibial progression over the foot of the user as the material of inner boot loads. This, in turn, prevents foot slap and enhances single-limb stance stability, while one or more pads 78 impede or substantially eliminate buckling of inner boot 14. In addition, the deformation of inner boot 14 that occurs during the initial transition from second rocker to third rocker causes inner boot 14 to store elastic energy. In addition, extension 44 is deformed, thereby also creating stored energy. Elastic energy stored by inner boot 14 and extension 44 is then released at the end of the transition from second rocker to third rocker as the heel, and later the toes, of the user are lifted off the ground surface. This release of elastic energy by inner boot 14 provides plantar flexion-power assistance as the user transitions from stance phase to swing phase, facilitating longer step lengths and normal foot clearance. The power generated by AFO 10 during third rocker phase thereby produces a more natural stepping motion and step lengths even accommodating jumping and/or running gaits, such as depicted in
In practice, AFO 10 can be pre-positioned when obtaining a negative cast or during the modification or fitting process with respect to a user's limb in a desired sagittal alignment to optimize control of the limb. For example, if a user presents an undesirable low-tone crouch knee position, AFO 10 can be positioned such that upper portion 20 defines a substantially vertical axis. In contrast, if the user has a hyperextended knee, upper portion 20 can be positioned at an acute angle in relation to the transverse plane to oppose the compromised postural alignment of the hyperextended knee.
Various embodiments of the invention have been described above for purposes of illustrating the details thereof and to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. The details and features of the disclosed embodiment(s) are not intended to be limiting, as many variations and modifications will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to be interpreted broadly and to include all variations and modifications coming within the scope and spirit of the appended claims and their legal equivalents.
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