Patent Application
20250207291
The present disclosure relates to an anode titanium basket and a continuous electroplating apparatus including the same, and, in particular, to the improved anode titanium basket and the continuous electroplating apparatus including the same.
Current metal composite wires are often prepared by using a continuous electroplating apparatus to increase the yield of the metal composite wires. In a continuous electroplating apparatus, however, the plate electrode will dissolve during the electroplating process, causing inconsistent spacing between the cathode and the anode, thereby reducing the uniformity of the electric field distribution and resulting in irregular thickness of the electroplated layer. Furthermore, the flow field distribution of the electroplating solution in the electroplating tank is also uneven, which aggravates the problem of uneven deposition. In addition, because the electroplating solution includes phosphorus-containing chemicals, such as phosphates, the electroplating process will produce a large amount of phosphate metal salt waste and a large amount of wastewater, resulting in problems of high expenses associated with chemical usages, high waste treatment costs, and large carbon emissions.
Therefore, although existing anode titanium baskets and continuous electroplating apparatuses including the same have gradually met their intended uses, they have not yet fully met the requirements in all respects. Therefore, there are still some issues to overcome.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a continuous electroplating apparatus is provided. The continuous electroplating apparatus includes an electroplating tank, an anode titanium basket, a rotating conductive roller set, and a power supply. The electroplating tank has an outlet end, an inlet end, and an electroplating solution accommodation space located between the outlet end and the inlet end. The anode titanium basket is disposed in the electroplating solution accommodation space, wherein the anode titanium basket includes an accommodation space and a channel. The accommodation space consists of a first surface, a second surface opposite to the first surface, and a side surface connecting the first surface and the second surface of the anode titanium basket. The channel includes a first channel opening penetrating through the first surface and a second channel opening corresponding to the first channel opening and penetrating through the second surface. The rotating conductive roller set is disposed at the outlet end and the inlet end of the electroplating tank and corresponding to the first channel opening and the second channel opening of the channel. The power supply is disposed outside the electroplating tank and electrically connected to the rotating conductive roller set and the anode titanium basket.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an anode titanium basket is provided. The anode titanium basket includes an accommodation space and a channel. The accommodation space consists of a first surface, a second surface opposite to the first surface, and a side surface connecting the first surface and the second surface of the anode titanium basket. The channel includes a first channel opening penetrating through the first surface and a second channel opening penetrating through the second surface, and the channel penetrates through the accommodation space.
In some other embodiments of the present disclosure, a method for preparing a metal composite wire using a continuous electroplating apparatus is provided. The method for preparing the metal composite wire includes providing an electroplating solution in an electroplating solution accommodation space. The electroplated object is provided on the rotating conductive roller set, and the electroplated object is continuously driven through the channel by the rotating conductive roller set, wherein the electroplated object is formed of steel or carbon steel. The power supply is used to provide power to the rotating conductive roller set and the anode titanium basket, so that the electroplating solution forms a metal composite layer on the surface of the electroplated object.
In some other embodiment of the present disclosure, a metal composite wire is provided. The metal composite wire include a core wire and a metal composite layer. The core wire is formed of steel or carbon steel. The metal composite layer covers the surface of the core wire, wherein the metal composite layer includes a metal layer and a plurality of lubricating powders dispersed in the metal layer.
The anode titanium basket and the continuous electroplating apparatus including the same, the metal composite wire and method of preparing the same of the present disclosure may be applied in various types of electroplating apparatus and preparing method of wire. In order to make the features and advantages of some embodiments of the present disclosure more understandable, some embodiments of the present disclosure are listed below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and are described in detail as follows.
The present disclosure can be more fully understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that, according to the standard practice in the industry, the various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity.
The continuous electroplating apparatus of the present disclosure may include an anode titanium basket, and the anode titanium basket may have a channel penetrating through the accommodation space of the anode titanium basket. Therefore, when the electroplated object is continuously passed through the channels of the anode titanium basket, the channels may provide a surrounding electric field in a manner that surrounds the electroplated object. That is, the channel may be an electroplated object channel through which the plated object passes. Accordingly, the electric field uniformity, the flow field uniformity, the deposition uniformity, the deposition rate, the reliability of the electroplated object, and/or the process margin of using the continuous electroplating apparatus to prepare the metal composite wire may be improved. Furthermore, the metal composite wire of the present disclosure may include lubricating powder that provides a self-lubricating effect, thereby eliminating the need for phosphorus-containing chemicals in the electroplating solution. Accordingly, the waste, the usage water, the chemical costs, the waste treatment costs, and/or carbon emissions may be reduced.
Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below. It should be understood that the following description provides many different embodiments for implementing various aspects of some embodiments of the present disclosure. The specific elements and arrangements described below are merely to clearly describe some embodiments of the present disclosure. Of course, these are only used as examples rather than limitations of the present disclosure. Furthermore, similar or corresponding reference numerals may be used in different embodiments to designate similar or corresponding elements in order to clearly describe the present disclosure. However, the use of these similar or corresponding reference numerals is only for the purpose of simply and clearly description of some embodiments of the present disclosure, and does not imply any correlation between the different embodiments or structures discussed.
It should be understood that relative terms, such as “lower”, “bottom”, “higher”, or “top” may be used in various embodiments to describe the relative relationship of one element of the drawings to another element. It will be understood that if the apparatus in the drawings were turned upside down, elements described on the “lower” side would become elements on the “upper” side. The embodiments of the present disclosure can be understood together with the drawings, and the drawings of the present disclosure are also regarded as a portion of the disclosure. Furthermore, when it is mentioned that a first material layer is located on or over a second material layer, it may include the embodiment which the first material layer and the second material layer are in direct contact and the embodiment which the first material layer and the second material layer are not in direct contact with each other, that is one or more layers of other materials is between the first material layer and the second material layer. However, if the first material layer is directly on the second material layer, it means that the first material layer and the second material layer are in direct contact. In addition, it should be understood that ordinal numbers such as “first”, “second”, and the like used in the description and claims are used to modify elements and are not intended to imply and represent the element(s) have any previous ordinal numbers, and do not represent the order of a certain element and another element, or the order of the manufacturing method, and the use of these ordinal numbers is only used to clearly distinguished an element with a certain name and another element with the same name. The claims and the specification may not use the same terms, for example, a first element in the specification may be a second element in the claim.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, terms related to bonding and connection, such as “connect”, “interconnect”, “bond”, and the like, unless otherwise defined, may refer to two structures in direct contact, or may also refer to two structures not in direct contact, that is there is another structure disposed between the two structures. Moreover, the terms related to bonding and connection can also include embodiments in which both structures are movable, or both structures are fixed. Furthermore, the terms “electrically connected” or “electrically coupled” include any direct and indirect means of electrical connection.
Herein, the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” generally mean within 10%, within 5%, within 3%, within 2%, within 1%, or within 0.5% of a given value or range. The given value is an approximate value, that is, “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” can still be implied without the specific description of “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially”. The phrase “a range between a first value and a second value” or “a first value˜a second value” means that the range includes the first value, the second value, and other values in between. Furthermore, any two values or directions used for comparison may have certain tolerance. If the first value is equal to the second value, it implies that there may be a tolerance within about 10%, within 5%, within 3%, within 2%, within 1%, or within 0.5% between the first value and the second value.
Certain terms may be used throughout the specification and claims in the present disclosure to refer to specific elements. In the following description and claims, terms such as “including” and “having” are open-ended words, so they should be interpreted as meaning “including but not limited to . . . ”. Therefore, when the terms “including” and/or “having” is used in the description of the present disclosure, it designates the presence of corresponding features, regions, steps, operations, and/or elements, but does not exclude the presence of one or more corresponding features, regions, steps, operations, and/or elements. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skills in the art. It is understood that these terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having meanings consistent with the relevant art and the background or context of the present disclosure, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal manner, unless otherwise defined in the embodiments of the present disclosure.
Herein, the respective directions are not limited to three axes of the rectangular coordinate system, such as the X-axis, the Y-axis, and the Z-axis, and may be interpreted in a broader sense. For example, the X-axis, the Y-axis, and the Z-axis may be perpendicular to each other, or may represent different directions that are not perpendicular to each other, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For convenience of description, hereinafter, the X-axis direction is the first direction D1 (length direction), the Y-axis direction is the second direction D2 (width direction), and the Z-axis direction is the third direction D3 (depth or height direction). In some embodiments, the extending direction of the electroplated object is the first direction D1.
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Accordingly, when the electroplated object 60 continuously passing through the channel 203 of the anode titanium basket 20, the channel 203 may provide a surrounding electric field surrounding the electroplated object 60. In other words, the channel 203 of the anode titanium basket 20 may be considered a tubular electrode. Accordingly, the electric field uniformity, the flow field uniformity, the deposition rate, the deposition uniformity, the reliability of the electroplated object and/or the process margin of using the continuous electroplating apparatus to prepare the metal composite wire may be improved. Compared with traditional plate electrodes, which have the limitation that the electric field is uneven due to uneven distribution of electric lines, the electric lines of the present disclosure are evenly distributed.
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In some embodiments, the method of preparing the metal composite wire using the aforementioned continuous electroplating apparatus 1 may include the following steps.
Step 1: The electroplating solution may be provided in the electroplating solution accommodation space 105. In some embodiments, the continuous electroplating apparatus 1 may be set up, and then the electroplating solution is provided in the electroplating solution accommodation space 105 of the electroplating tank 10. In some embodiments, the electroplating solution may include a metal salt and a plurality of lubricating powders dispersed in the metal salt. In some embodiments, the electroplating solution may substantially exclude phosphorus-containing compounds to avoid generating phosphate metal salt waste. In some embodiments, the metal salt may include Zn metal or Sn metal. In some embodiments, the metal salt may be 60˜75 g/L zinc chloride as the main metal salt. For example, the concentration of zinc chloride may be 60 g/L, 65 g/L, 70 g/L, 75 g/L, or any value or any range of values between the aforementioned values, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the particle size of the lubricating powder may be 0.5˜2.0 μm. In some embodiments, the plurality of lubricating powders may include MoS2, WS2, ZrO2, TiO2, or CeO2. In some embodiments, the content of the plurality of lubricating powders in the electroplating solution may be about 5˜105 g/L. For example, the content of the plurality of lubricating powders in the electroplating solution may be 5 g/L, 15 g/L, 25 g/L, 35 g/L, 45 g/L, 55 g/L, 65 g/L, 75 g/L, 85 g/L, 95 g/L, 105 g/L, or any value or any range of values between the aforementioned values, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
In some embodiments, the electroplating solution may further include 10−3˜10−1 mmol/L of surfactant. Wherein, the surfactant may be a cationic surfactant. The cationic surfactant may be a quaternary amine salt cationic surfactant, such as hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide·cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). In some embodiments, the surfactant is mixed with the lubricating powders to modify the surface of the lubricating powders. Next, the modified lubricating powders and the metal salt are mixed to obtain the electroplating solution. Wherein, by modifying the surface of the lubricating powders with surfactants, the dispersion of the lubricating powders may be improved and the agglomeration of the lubricating powders may be avoided.
In some embodiments, the electroplating solution may further include 200˜230 g/L potassium chloride to improve the conductivity of the electroplating solution. In some embodiments, the electroplating solution may further include a boric acid-free pH buffer agent of 15˜30 mL/L, a wetting agent of 20˜30 mL/L, and a grain refiner of 0.5˜2 mL/L. In some embodiments, the boric acid-free pH buffer agent may include glycine, hydroxybutanedioic acid, hexanedioic acid, other suitable boric acid-free pH buffer agent or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the wetting agent may include non-ionic surfactants, such as polyethylene glycol-based non-ionic surfactants. The wetting agent may include Triton X100, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene glycerol, other suitable nonionic surfactants, or a combination thereof. Wherein, the wetting agent may reduce the surface tension of the electroplating solution and promote the adhesion of the metal composite layer. In some embodiments, the grain refiner may include heterocyclic aldehydes, ketones such as benzylideneacetone, other suitable grain refiners, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pH value of the electroplating solution may be 4.5˜5.5. In some embodiments, the temperature of the electroplating solution may be less than 50° C. and the electroplating solution may be used without additional heating process. For example, the temperature of the electroplating solution may be 10° C., 15° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., or any value or any range of values between the aforementioned values, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
Next, in some embodiments, the soluble metal material may be placed in the accommodation space 201 of the anode titanium basket 20. For example, a plurality of zinc particles may be placed in the accommodation space 201 of the anode titanium basket 20 to supplement the metal ions precipitated from the electroplating solution during the electroplating process. Then, the conductive hook 205 of the anode titanium basket 20 that has accommodated the soluble metal material is hung on the conductive support frame 111, so that the anode titanium basket 20 that has accommodated the soluble metal material is placed in the electroplating solution accommodation space 105. For example, the conductive hook 205 of the anode titanium basket 20 that have accommodated the soluble metal material is hung on the rib of the grid-shaped frame of the conductive support frame 111. For example, the anode titanium basket 20 may be placed in the inner tank 107A of the sub-tank 107.
Then, in some embodiments, the pump 503 in the spraying unit 50 may be started to use the driving force provided by the pump 503 to introduce the electroplating solution in the main tank 109 into the sub-tank 107, for example, into the inner tank 107A of the sub-tank 107. In some embodiments, the electroplating solution may pass through the flow distribution plate 501 to evenly flow in the inner tank 107A of the sub-tank 107, and the electroplating solution may soak the anode titanium baskets 20 and flow between adjacent anode titanium baskets 20. When the inner tank 107A of the sub-tank 107 is filled with the electroplating solution, the electroplating solution may overflow into the outer tank 107B of the sub-tank 107. Then, the electroplating solution may flow between a tank wall of the inner tank 107A and a tank wall of the outer tank 107B, and flow back into the main tank 109 to complete a flow cycle of the electroplating solution. In some embodiments, the electroplating solution may be circulated multiple times according to the requirements of the electroplating process.
Step 2: The electroplated object 60 may be provided on the rotating conductive roller set 30, and the electroplated object 60 may be driven by the rotating conductive roller set 30 to continuously pass through the channel 203 of the anode titanium basket 20. In some embodiments, the electroplated object 60 may be formed by steel or carbon steel. For example, the electroplated object 60 may be a steel wire or a carbon steel wire. In some embodiments, as shown in
Step 3: The power supply 40 may be used to provide power to the rotating conductive roller set 30 and the anode titanium basket 20, so that the electroplating solution forms a metal composite layer on the surface of the electroplated object 60, thereby obtaining a metal composite wire. In some embodiments, the current density (unit: Ampere per square decimetre (ASD)) may be 2.5˜10. For example, the current density may be 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, or any value or any range of values between the aforementioned values, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the electroplating time may be 5˜ 100 minutes. For example, the electroplating time may be 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 50 minutes, 100 minutes, or any value or any range of values between the aforementioned values, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the deposition rate of the metal composite layer may be greater than or equal to 0.5 um/min. For example, the deposition rate of the metal composite layer may be 0.5 um/min, 1 um/min, 1.5 um/min, 2 um/min, 2.5 um/min or greater, or any value or any range of values between the aforementioned values, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the film thickness of the metal composite layer may be 5˜50 μm. For example, the film thickness of the metal composite layer may be 5 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 20 um, 25 μm, 30 um, 35 μm, 40 um, 45 μm, 50 μm, or any value or any range of values between the aforementioned values, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
In some embodiments, the metal composite wire may include a core wire and a metal composite layer formed on a surface of the core wire. For example, the electroplated object 60 may serve as the core wire of the metal composite wire. Since the electroplated object 60 is formed of steel or carbon steel, the core wire is formed of steel or carbon steel. In some embodiments, the metal composite layer may cover the surface of the core wire, and the metal composite layer may include a metal layer and a plurality of lubricating powders dispersed in the metal layer. In some embodiments, the metal layer may include Zn metal or Sn metal, and the plurality of lubricating powders may include MoS2, WS2, ZrO2, TiO2, or CeO2. In some embodiments, the metal composite layer may be a Zn—MoS2 layer. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the metal composite layer being 100 wt %, the plurality of lubricating powders account for about 5˜50 wt % of the metal composite layer. For example, the plurality of lubricating powders may account for 5 wt %, 10 wt %, 15 wt %, 20 wt %, 25 wt %, 30 wt %, 35 wt %, 4 0 wt %, 45 wt %, 50 wt %, or any value or any range of values between the aforementioned values, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the friction coefficient of the metal composite layer may be less than or equal to 0.2 to meet the shaping processing requirements for wire drawing with cold forging. For example, the friction coefficient of the metal composite layer may be 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, or any value or any range of values between the aforementioned values, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the friction coefficient of the lubricating powder itself may be 0.04˜0.05. For example, the friction coefficient of the lubricating powder may be 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, or any value or any range of values between the aforementioned values, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto Therefore, the friction coefficient of the metal composite layer may be substantially greater than or equal to the friction coefficient of the lubricating powder itself.
In some embodiments, during the electroplating process, the exhaust element 701 may be activated to perform exhaustion. In some embodiments, during the electroplating process, the control element 705 may be activated to adjust parameters of the electroplating process. In some embodiments, during the electroplating process, the storage element 707 may be activated to store the electroplated metal composite wire.
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In some embodiments, the channel 203 of the anode titanium basket 20 may include a first channel opening 203O1 penetrating through the first surface 201S1 and a second channel opening 203O2 penetrating through the second surface 201S2. In some embodiments, in the first direction D1, the second channel opening 203O2 may correspond to the first channel opening 203O1. As shown in
In some embodiments, the channel 203 may further include a side surface 203S connecting the first channel opening 203O1 and the second channel opening 203O2, and the side surface 203S may be a net to circulate the electroplating solution and allow the soluble metal material to replenish the metal ions of the electroplating solution. In some embodiments, the net may be a net woven from titanium metal. In some embodiments, the mesh of the net may be a rhombus, a parallelogram, a rectangle, a square or other suitable shapes, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
In some embodiments, the conductive hook 205 of the anode titanium basket 20 may be disposed on the second surface 201S2, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In other embodiments (not shown), the conductive hook 205 of the anode titanium basket 20 may be disposed on the first surface 201S1.
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Accordingly, when the opening directions of the connection openings 203C of adjacent anode titanium baskets are different, the electric field uniformity may be improved. For example, the electric field of the anode titanium basket 20 close to the connection opening 203C may be smaller than the electric field of the anode titanium basket 20 away from the connection opening 203C. Therefore, when the opening directions of the connection openings of adjacent anode titanium baskets are oriented in different directions, the electric field may be prevented from being concentrated at a specific location, thereby improving the electric field uniformity.
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The following examples are used to illustrate. In the following, the anode titanium basket 20 may be a combined-type anode titanium basket as shown in
In the electroplating solution, the metal salt may be 67 g/L zinc chloride, the lubricating powder may be MoS2 with a particle size of 0.1˜2.0 μm, the surfactant may be CTAB, and the concentration of CTAB is 10−1˜10−5 mmol/L. The pH value of the electroplating solution may be 5. The electroplated object 60 may be a steel wire. Wherein, the electroplated object 60 may pass through six channels 203 continuously. The diameter of the electroplated object 60 is 10 mm, and the diameter of the circular opening is 30 mm. The drawing speed of the electroplated object 60 is 10 cm/min. The electroplating solution spraying flow rate is 30 L/min. The remaining parameters are shown in Table 1, and the analysis results are shown in
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It should be noted that since the friction coefficient is related to the properties of the contact surface, the rougher the surface of the metal composite layer, the greater the friction coefficient. Compared with the comparative example, the friction coefficients of examples 1˜6 are lower. When the concentration of lubricating powder in the electroplating solution is higher, the friction coefficient of the metal composite layer is lower, indicating better lubricity. Wherein, the friction coefficients of examples 3 and 6 are 0.052, which are the smallest. When the concentration of MoS2 is 45 g/L, the surface roughness of the metal composite layer of example 4 with high current density is greater than the surface roughness of the metal composite layer of example 1 with low current density. When the concentration of MoS2 is 85 g/L, whether the current density is 5 ASD or 7.5 ASD, it has a lower friction coefficient.
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In other embodiments, a wire drawing test is performed on the aforementioned examples 1 to 10. Wherein, the test parameters of the wire drawing test are as follows: the material of the wire drawing dies is tungsten carbide, and the wire drawing speed is 8 mm/sec. It should be noted that there is no fracture in all examples 1˜10, and after re-analysis with EDS and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), it should be noted that examples 1˜10 still include Zn and MoS2. Therefore, the metal composite layer of the metal composite wire of the present disclosure has good ductility and lubricity.
Accordingly, the anode titanium basket of the present disclosure may include a channel for the electroplated object to continuously pass through, in order to improve the electric field uniformity, the flow field uniformity, the deposition uniformity, the deposition rate, the reliability of the electroplated object, and/or the process margin of using the continuous electroplating apparatus to prepare the metal composite wire. The anode titanium basket may include different types of channels, such as a combined-type anode titanium basket including a first portion and a second portion and/or an integrated-type anode titanium basket further including a connection opening to be suitable for different electroplating conditions.
The continuous electroplating apparatus of the present disclosure may further include an electroplating tank. Wherein, the electroplating tank may include a sub-tank and a main tank, and the sub-tank may include an inner tank and an outer tank. Therefore, the relative position of the inner tank, the outer tank, and the main tank can be adjusted to improve the flow field uniformity, the deposition uniformity, the deposition rate of the electroplating solution, and/or the reliability of the electroplated object. The continuous electroplating apparatus of the present disclosure may further include a spraying unit. Wherein, the spraying unit may include a flow distribution plate, and by adjusting the size, the position, the slope, the area, and other parameters of the flow distribution plate, the flow field uniformity, the deposition uniformity, the deposition rate of the electroplating solution, and/or the reliability of the electroplated object may be improved.
The metal composite wire and the method of preparing the same of the present disclosure may include lubricating powders to provide self-lubricating properties without using phosphorus-containing chemicals. Accordingly, the waste, the usage water, the chemical costs, the waste treatment costs, and/or carbon emissions may be reduced.
It should be understood that, in the following embodiments, features in several different embodiments may be replaced, recombined, and bonded to complete other embodiments without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. The features of the various embodiments can be used in any combination as long as they do not violate the spirit of the present disclosure or conflict with each other. The scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the process, machine, manufacturing, material composition, device, method, and step in the specific embodiments described in the specification. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand current and future processes, machine, manufacturing, material composition, device, methods, and steps from the content disclosed in some embodiments of the present disclosure, as long as the current or future processes, machine, manufacturing, material composition, device, method, and step performs substantially the same functions or obtain substantially the same results as the present disclosure. Therefore, the scope of the present disclosure includes the abovementioned process, machine, manufacturing, material composition, device, method, and steps. It is not necessary for any embodiment or claim of the present disclosure to achieve all of the objects, advantages, and/or features disclosed herein.
The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments of the present disclosure, so that a person of ordinary skill in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. A person of ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that, the present disclosure may be readily used as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. A person of ordinary skill in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 113143972 | Nov 2024 | TW | national |
The present application is based on, and claims priority from, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/612,502, filed on Dec. 20, 2023, and Taiwan Patent Application Serial Number 113143972, filed on Nov. 15, 2024, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63612502 | Dec 2023 | US |
