The present application is based on, and claims priority from, Taiwan Application Number 104141055, filed on Dec. 8, 2015, the invention of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The disclosure relates to an antenna array design.
With advances in communication technology, more and more communication function could be implemented and integrated into a single portable communication device. The current systems which could be integrated into the portable communication device include Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) System, Long Term Evolution (LTE) System, Wireless Personal Network (WLPN) System, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) System, Near Field Communication (NFC) System, Digital Television Broadcasting System (DTV), Global Positioning System (GPS), and other wireless applications.
The rising demand for signal quality, reliability and transmission rate of wireless communication system causes rapid development in multi-antenna systems technology. For example, Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) Antenna System, Pattern Switchable Antenna System, Beam-Steering/Beam-Forming Antenna System, etc. However, in a multi-antenna system, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) between multiple antennas increases when the multiple antennas operating in the same frequency band are jointly designed in a handheld communication device with limited available antenna space. Increasing envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) causes attenuation of the antenna radiation characteristics, this thereby causes decreased data transmission rate and increased technical difficulties and challenges with the multi-antenna integrated design.
Part of the literature in the prior art proposes a design approach that involves designing protruding or slit structures on the ground area between multiple antennas to serve as an energy isolator, so as to enhance energy isolation between multiple antennas. However the above design approach would lead to the triggering of additional coupling current on the ground area and thereby increases the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) between multiple antennas.
In order to address the above issue, the present disclosure provides a multiple antenna array design approach with a low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) to satisfy the practical demands of a future high data transmission rate multi-antenna system.
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a multiple antenna array design. The above technical issue could be solved according to some exemplary embodiments and data transmission rate could be enhanced.
An embodiment of the present disclosure provides an antenna array. The antenna array comprises a ground conductor portion, a first antenna, and a second antenna. The ground conductor portion has at least one first edge and a second edge. The first antenna comprises a first no-ground radiating area and a first feeding conductor portion. The first no-ground radiating area is formed and surrounded by a first grounding conductor structure, a second grounding conductor structure, and the first edge, wherein the first grounding conductor structure and the second grounding conductor structure are electrically connected to the ground conductor portion and adjacent to the first edge; and wherein a first coupling distance is formed between the first grounding conductor structure and the second grounding conductor structure such that the first no-ground radiating area has a first breach. The first feeding conductor portion has a first coupling conductor structure and a first signal feeding conductor line, wherein the first coupling conductor structure is located in the first no-ground radiating area, the first coupling conductor structure is electrically coupled to or connected to a first signal source through the first signal feeding conductor line, and the first signal source excites the first antenna to generate at least one first resonant mode. The second antenna comprises a second no-ground radiating area and a second feeding conductor portion. The second no-ground radiating area is formed and surrounded by a third grounding conductor structure, a fourth grounding conductor structure, and the second edge, wherein the third grounding conductor structure and the fourth grounding conductor structure are electrically connected to the ground conductor portion and adjacent to the second edge; and wherein a second coupling distance is formed between the third grounding conductor structure and the fourth grounding conductor structure such that the second no-ground radiating area has a second breach. The second feeding conductor portion has a second coupling conductor structure and a second signal feeding conductor line, wherein the second coupling conductor structure is located in the second no-ground radiating area, the second coupling conductor structure is electrically coupled to or connected to a second signal source through the second signal feeding conductor line, the second signal source excites the second antenna to generate at least one second resonant mode, and the first resonant mode and the second resonant mode cover at least one common communication system band.
The present disclosure can be more fully understood by reading the subsequent detailed description and examples with references made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The present disclosure provides an exemplary embodiment of an antenna array. Antennas of the antenna array is firstly designed specific grounding conductor structures to form a no-ground radiating area, and to effectively trigger the no-ground radiating area to generate radiating energy by designing a feeding conductor portion. In this way, the excited current would be mainly constrained around the no-ground radiating area. Thereby the correlation coefficient between multiple antennas could be effectively reduced. Besides, the no-ground radiating area of the present disclosure is designed to have a breach. The impedance matching level of a resonant mode generated by the antennas could be improved by adjusting the coupling distance of the breach and the area of the no-ground radiating area. In addition, adjusting the coupling distance of the breach and adjusting the distances between the breach and the breaches of other adjacent no-ground radiating areas could guide the antenna radiation pattern and thereby reduce the energy coupling level between the antenna and adjacent antennas. Adjusting the distance between breaches of adjacent no-ground radiating areas could effectively reduce the required width of the no-ground radiating area and thereby reduce the quality factor of the antenna array to enhance the antenna radiation characteristics.
The first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13 of the antenna array 1 is designed to have a specific grounding conductor structures to form the first no-ground radiating area 121 and the second no-ground radiating area 131, and effectively excite the first no-ground radiating area 121 and the second no-ground radiating area 131 to generate radiating energy by designing the first feeding conductor portion 122 and the second feeding conductor portion 132. In this way, the excited current would be mainly constrained around the first no-ground radiating area 121 and the second no-ground radiating area 131. Thereby the correlation coefficient between the first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13 could be effectively reduced to enhance the antenna radiation efficiency. The first no-ground radiating area 121 and the second no-ground radiating area 131 designed by the antenna array 1 respectively have the first breach 1213 and the second breach 1313. The impedance matching level of resonant modes excited by the first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13 could be improved by adjusting the first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 and the areas of the first no-ground radiating area 121 and the second no-ground radiating area 131. The areas of the first no-ground radiating area 121 and the second no-ground radiating area 131 are both less than the square of 0.19 wavelength ((0.19λ)2) of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13. The first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 are both less than or equal to 0.059 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13.
The antenna array 1 adjusts the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 1213 and the center position of the second breach 1313 which could effectively reduce the required width w1 and width w2 of the first edge 111 and the second edge 112 and thereby reduce the quality factor of the antenna array to enhance the antenna radiation characteristics. The required width w1 and width w2 of the first edge 111 and the second edge 112 are both less than or equal to 0.21 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13. In addition, the antenna array 1 could guide the antenna radiation pattern by adjusting the coupling distances d1 and d2 and adjusting the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 1213 and the center position of the second breach 1313, and thereby reduce the energy coupling level between the first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13. The distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 1213 and the center position of the second breach 1313 is between 0.09 wavelength and 0.46 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13.
The first antenna 22 and the second antenna 23 of the antenna array 2 is designed to have specific grounding conductor structures to form the first no-ground radiating area 221 and the second no-ground radiating area 231, and to effectively trigger the first no-ground radiating area 221 and the second no-ground radiating area 231 to generate radiating energy by designing the first feeding conductor portion 222 and the second feeding conductor portion 232. In this way, the triggered current would be mainly constrained around the first no-ground radiating area 221 and the second no-ground radiating area 231. Thereby the correlation coefficient between the first antenna 22 and the second antenna 23 could be effectively reduced to enhance the antenna radiation efficiency. The first no-ground radiating area 221 and the second no-ground radiating area 231 designed by the antenna array 2 respectively have the first breach 2213 and the second breach 2313. The impedance matching of resonant modes triggered by the first antenna 22 and the second antenna 23 could be improved by adjusting the first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 and the areas of the first no-ground radiating area 221 and the second no-ground radiating area 231. The areas of the first no-ground radiating area 221 and the second no-ground radiating area 231 are both less than the square of 0.19 wavelength ((0.19λ)2) of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 22 and the second antenna 23. The first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 are both less than or equal to 0.059 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 22 and the second antenna 23.
The antenna array 2 adjusts the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 2213 and the center position of the second breach 2313 which could effectively reduce the required width w1 and width w2 of the first edge 211 and the second edge 212 and thereby reduce the quality factor of the antenna array to enhance the antenna radiation characteristics. The required width w1 and width w2 of the first edge 211 and the second edge 212 are both less than or equal to 0.21 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 22 and the second antenna 23. In addition, the antenna array 2 could guide the antenna radiation pattern by adjusting the coupling distances d1 and d2 and adjusting the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 2213 and the center position of the second breach 2313, and thereby reduce the energy coupling level between the first antenna 22 and the second antenna 23. The distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 2213 and the center position of the second breach 2313 is between 0.09 wavelength and 0.46 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 22 and the second antenna 23.
Compared to the antenna array 1, although the shapes of the first and second grounding conductor structures 2211, 2212 and the third and fourth grounding conductor structures 2311, 2312 of the antenna array 2 are different from the antenna array 1, and the first and second feeding conductor portion 222, 232 of the antenna array 2 are also different from the antenna array 1, the antenna array 2 still forms the first no-ground radiating area 221 and the second no-ground radiating area 231 by designing specific grounding conductor structures. The antenna array 2 also respectively and effectively excites the first no-ground radiating area 221 and the second no-ground radiating area 231 to generate radiating energy by designing the first feeding conductor portion 222 and the second feeding conductor portion 232. The antenna array 2 also improves the impedance matching of resonant modes generated by the first antenna 22 and the second antenna 23 by adjusting the first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 and the areas of the first no-ground radiating area 221 and the second no-ground radiating area 231. The antenna array 2 also adjusts the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 2213 and the center position of the second breach 2313 to reduce the width w1 of the first edge 211 and the width w2 of the second edge 212. The antenna array 2 also guides the antenna radiating pattern to reduce the energy coupling level between the first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13. Therefore the antenna array 2 could achieve radiation characteristics that are similar to those of the first antenna array 1.
The first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33 of the antenna array 3 is designed to have specific grounding conductor structures to form the first no-ground radiating area 321 and the second no-ground radiating area 331, and to effectively excite the first no-ground radiating area 321 and the second no-ground radiating area 331 to generate radiating energy by designing the first feeding conductor portion 322 and the second feeding conductor portion 232. In this way, the excited current is mainly constrained around the first no-ground radiating area 321 and the second no-ground radiating area 331. Thereby the correlation coefficient between the first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33 could be effectively reduced to enhance the antenna radiation efficiency. The first no-ground radiating area 321 and the second no-ground radiating area 331 designed by the antenna array 3 respectively have the first breach 3213 and the second breach 3313. The impedance matching of resonant modes generated by the first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33 could be improved by adjusting the first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 and the areas of the first no-ground radiating area 321 and the second no-ground radiating area 331. The areas of the first no-ground radiating area 321 and the second no-ground radiating area 331 are both less than the square of 0.19 wavelength ((0.19λ)2) of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33. The first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 are both less than or equal to 0.059 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33.
The antenna array 3 adjusts the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 3213 and a center position of the second breach 3313 which could effectively reduce the required width w1 and width w2 of the first edge 311 and the second edge 312 and thereby reduce the quality factor of the antenna array to enhance the antenna radiation characteristics. The required width w1 and width w2 of the first edge 311 and the second edge 312 are both less than or equal to 0.21 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33. In addition, the antenna array 3 could guide the antenna radiation pattern by adjusting the coupling distances d1 and d2 and adjusting the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 3213 and the center position of the second breach 3313, and thereby reduce the energy coupling level between the first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33. The distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 3213 and the center position of the second breach 3313 is between 0.09 wavelength and 0.46 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33.
Compared to the antenna array 1, although the antenna array 3 is formed on the substrate 34, and the shapes of the grounding conductor structures and the feeding conductor portions of the antenna array 3 are different from the antenna array 1, the antenna array 3 still forms the first no-ground radiating area 321 and the second no-ground radiating area 331 by designing specific grounding conductor structures. The antenna array 3 also respectively and effectively triggers the first no-ground radiating area 321 and the second no-ground radiating area 331 to generate radiation energy by designing the first feeding conductor portion 322 and the second feeding conductor portion 332. The antenna array 3 also improves the impedance matching of resonant modes excited by the first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33 by adjusting the first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 and the areas of the first no-ground radiating area 321 and the second no-ground radiating area 331, the antenna array 3 also adjusts the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 3213 and the center position of the second breach 3313 to reduce the width w1 of the first edge 311 and the width w2 of the second edge 312, and the antenna array 3 also guides the antenna radiating pattern to reduce the energy coupling level between the first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33. Therefore the antenna array 3 could also achieve performances that are similar to those of the first antenna array 1.
The experimental data shown and the communication system band covered in
The first antenna 42 and the second antenna 43 of the antenna array 4 is designed to have specific grounding conductor structures to form the first no-ground radiating area 421 and the second no-ground radiating area 431, and to effectively trigger the first no-ground radiating area 421 and the second no-ground radiating area 431 to generate radiating energy by designing the first feeding conductor portion 422 and the second feeding conductor portion 432. In this way, the triggered current would be mainly constrained around the first no-ground radiating area 421 and the second no-ground radiating area 431. Thereby the envelope correlation coefficient between the first antenna 42 and the second antenna 43 could be effectively reduced to enhance the antenna radiation efficiency. The first no-ground radiating area 421 and the second no-ground radiating area 431 designed by the antenna array 4 respectively have the first breach 4213 and the second breach 4313. The impedance matching level of resonant modes excited by the first antenna 42 and the second antenna 43 could be improved by adjusting the first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 and the areas of the first no-ground radiating area 421 and the second no-ground radiating area 431. The areas of the first no-ground radiating area 421 and the second no-ground radiating area 431 are both less than the square of 0.19 wavelength ((0.19λ)2) of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 42 and the second antenna 43. The first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 are both less than or equal to 0.059 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 32 and the second antenna 33.
The antenna array 4 adjusts the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 4213 and the center position of the second breach 4313 which could effectively reduce the required width w1 and width w2 of the first edge 411 and the second edge 412 and thereby reduce the quality factor of the antenna array to enhance the antenna radiation characteristics. The required width w1 and width w2 of the first edge 411 and the second edge 412 are both less than or equal to 0.21 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 42 and the second antenna 43. In addition, the antenna array 4 could guide the antenna radiating pattern by adjusting the coupling distances d1 and d2 and adjusting the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 4213 and the center position of the second breach 4313, and thereby reduce the energy coupling level between the first antenna 42 and the second antenna 43. The distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 4213 and the center position of the second breach 4313 is between 0.09 wavelength and 0.46 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 42 and the second antenna 43.
Compared to the antenna array 1, although the antenna array 4 is formed on the substrate 44, and the shapes of the grounding conductor structures and the feeding conductor portions of the antenna array 4 are different from those of the antenna array 1, the antenna array 4 still forms the first no-ground radiating area 421 and the second no-ground radiating area 431 by designing specific grounding conductor structures, and the antenna array 4 also respectively and effectively excites the first no-ground radiating area 421 and the second no-ground radiating area 431 to generate radiating energy by designing the first feeding conductor portion 422 and the second feeding conductor portion 432. The antenna array 4 also improves the impedance matching level of resonant modes generated by the first antenna 42 and the second antenna 43 by adjusting the first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 and the areas of the first no-ground radiating area 421 and the second no-ground radiating area 431, the antenna array 4 also adjusts the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 4213 and the center position of the second breach 4313 to reduce the width w1 of the first edge 411 and the width w2 of the second edge 412, and the antenna array 4 also guides the antenna radiating pattern to reduce the energy coupling level between the first antenna 42 and the second antenna 43. Therefore the antenna array 4 could achieve radiation performances that are similar to those of the first antenna array 1.
The antenna arrays of multiple exemplary embodiments disclosed in the present disclosure could be applied in various kinds of communication devices. For example, a mobile communication device, a wireless communication device, a mobile computation device, a computer system, or communication equipment, network equipment, a computer device, network peripheral equipment, or computer peripheral equipment. In practical applications, embodiments of one or multiple antenna arrays provided by the present disclosure could be simultaneously configured or implemented in the communication device.
Compared to the antenna array 1, although the antenna array 7 is further configured the coupling conductor line 75, but the antenna array 7 still could be designed to have specific grounding conductor structures to form the first no-ground radiating area 121 and the second no-ground radiating area 131. The antenna array 7 also respectively and effectively triggers the first no-ground radiating area 121 and the second no-ground radiating area 131 to generate radiating energy by designing the first feeding conductor portion 122 and the second feeding conductor portion 132, the antenna array 7 also improves the impedance matching of resonant modes excited by the first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13 by adjusting the first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 and the areas of the first no-ground radiating area 121 and the second no-ground radiating area 131, the antenna array 7 also adjusts the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 1213 and the center position of the second breach 1313 to reduce the width w1 of the first edge 111 and the width w2 of the second edge 112, and the antenna array 7 also guides the antenna radiating pattern to reduce the energy coupling level between the first antenna 12 and the second antenna 13. Therefore the antenna array 7 could also achieve antenna performances that are similar to those of the first antenna array 1.
The first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83 of the antenna array 8 is designed to have specific grounding conductor structures to form the first no-ground radiating area 821 and the second no-ground radiating area 831, and to effectively trigger the first no-ground radiating area 821 and the second no-ground radiating area 831 to generate radiating energy by designed the first feeding conductor portion 822 and the second feeding conductor portion 832. In this way, the excited current would be mainly constrained around the first no-ground radiating area 821 and the second no-ground radiating area 831. Thereby the envelope correlation coefficient between the first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83 could be effectively reduced to enhance the antenna radiation efficiency. The first no-ground radiating area 821 and the second no-ground radiating area 831 designed by the antenna array 8 respectively have the first breach 8213 and the second breach 8313. The impedance matching of resonant modes generated by the first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83 could be improved by adjusting the first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 and the areas of the first no-ground radiating area 821 and the second no-ground radiating area 831. The areas of the first no-ground radiating area 821 and the second no-ground radiating area 831 are both less than the square of 0.19 wavelength ((0.19λ)2) of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83. The first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 are both less than or equal to 0.059 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83.
The antenna array 8 adjusts the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 8213 and the center position of the second breach 8313 which can effectively reduce the required width w1 and width w2 of the first edge 411 and the second edge 812 and thereby reduce the quality factor of the antenna array to enhance the antenna radiation characteristics. The required width w1 and width w2 of the first edge 811 and the second edge 812 are both less than or equal to 0.21 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83. In addition, the antenna array 8 could guide the antenna radiating pattern by adjusting the coupling distances d1 and d2 and adjusting the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 8213 and the center position of the second breach 8313, and thereby reduce the energy coupling level between the first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83. The distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 8213 and the center position of the second breach 8313 is between 0.09 wavelength and 0.46 wavelength of the lowest operating frequency of the at least one common communication system band covered by the first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83.
Compared to the antenna array 1, although the antenna array 8 is formed on the substrate 84, and the shapes of the grounding conductor structures and the feeding conductor portions of the antenna array 8 are different from the antenna array 1, and a coupling conductor line 85 is configured between the first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83, the antenna array 8 still forms the first no-ground radiating area 821 and the second no-ground radiating area 831 by designing specific grounding conductor structures. The antenna array 8 also respectively and effectively triggers the first no-ground radiating area 821 and the second no-ground radiating area 831 to generate radiation energy by designing the first feeding conductor portion 822 and the second feeding conductor portion 832. The antenna array 8 also improves the impedance matching of resonant modes triggered by the first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83 by adjusting the first coupling distance d1 and the second coupling distance d2 and the areas of the first no-ground radiating area 821 and the second no-ground radiating area 831. The antenna array 8 also adjusts the distance d3 between the center position of the first breach 8213 and the center position of the second breach 8313 to reduce the width w1 of the first edge 811 and the width w2 of the second edge 812. The antenna array 8 also guides the antenna radiation pattern to reduce the energy coupling between the first antenna 82 and the second antenna 83. Therefore the antenna array 8 could also achieve radiation performances that are similar to those of the first antenna array 1.
The experimental data shown and the communication system band covered in
The antenna arrays of multiple exemplary embodiments disclosed in the present disclosure could be applied in various kinds of communication devices. For example, a mobile communication device, a wireless communication device, a mobile computation device, a computer system, or communication equipment, network equipment, a computer device, network peripheral equipment, or computer peripheral equipment. In practical applications, embodiments of one or multiple antenna arrays provided by the present disclosure could be simultaneously configured or implemented in the communication devices.
From the foregoing, the antennas of the antenna array of the embodiments of the present disclosure is designed to have specific grounding conductor structures to form no-ground radiating areas, and to effectively trigger the no-ground radiating areas to generate radiating energy by designing a feeding conductor portion. In this way, the excited current would be mainly constrained around the no-ground radiating area. Thereby the correlation coefficient between multiple antennas could be effectively reduced. The no-ground radiating area of the present disclosure is designed to have a breach. The impedance matching of resonant modes generated by the antennas could be improved by adjusting the coupling distance of the breach and the area of the no-ground radiating areas. In addition, adjusting the coupling distance of the breach and adjusting the distances between the breach and the breaches of other adjacent no-ground radiating areas could guide the antenna radiation pattern and thereby reduce the energy coupling between the antenna and adjacent antennas. Adjusting the distance between breaches of adjacent no-ground radiating areas could effectively reduce the required width of the no-ground radiating area and thereby reduce the quality factor of the antenna array to enhance the antenna radiation characteristics.
In summary, although the present disclosure is disclosed in the above embodiments, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. The following description is of the best-contemplated mode of carrying out the present disclosure. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the present disclosure and should not be taken in a limiting sense. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Therefore the scope of the present disclosure is best determined by reference to the below appended claims.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20170162948 A1 | Jun 2017 | US |