Patent Grant
9912041
A large and growing population of users is enjoying entertainment through the consumption of digital media items, such as music, movies, images, electronic books, and so on. The users employ various electronic devices to consume such media items. Among these electronic devices (referred to herein as user devices) are electronic book readers, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable media players, tablet computers, netbooks, laptops and the like. These electronic devices wirelessly communicate with a communications infrastructure to enable the consumption of the digital media items. In order to wirelessly communicate with other devices, these electronic devices include one or more antennas.
As portable devices shrink in size and thickness, less and less volume is available for antennas for applications such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Long Term Evolution (LTE), wireless local area network (WLAN) applications such as the Wi-Fi® technology, Personal Area Network (PAN) applications such as the Bluetooth® technology, global positioning system (GPS) applications, etc. Since the volume available for antenna is very restricted, the antennas' performance (frequency bandwidth and efficiency) are severely degraded resulting in dropped calls, problem locating exact location, reduced bandwidth for data transfer, etc. The antenna performance could be improved to some extent by using dynamic antenna tuners but at a considerable cost.
The present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the present invention, which, however, should not be taken to limit the present invention to the specific embodiments, but are for explanation and understanding only.
Antenna carriers with magneto-dielectric material and beam-shaping elements for enhanced performance and radiation safety of electronic devices are described. One electronic device includes a housing, an antenna element disposed on an antenna carrier, and a printed circuit board (PCB) disposed within the housing, the printed circuit board including radio frequency (RF) circuitry. The antenna carrier can be made up of a plastic cap, a ground plane, and a magneto-dielectric substrate. The plastic cap is disposed at a first side of the housing. A ground plane, which is electrically coupled to the PCB, is disposed on an internal surface of the plastic cap. The magneto-dielectric substrate is disposed on a top surface of the plastic cap (or embedded in the plastic cap), the first magneto-dielectric substrate having both dielectric and magnetic properties. The magneto-dielectric substrate typically has a relative permittivity value in a range between two and nine for the dielectric property and a relative permeability value is greater than one for the magnetic property. It should be noted that high values of relative permittivity and permeability could be used for miniaturization purposes. That is the relative permittivity value can be even greater than nine. The antenna element is disposed on a top surface of the magneto-dielectric substrate and electrically coupled to the RF circuitry. The antenna element radiates electromagnetic energy in a resonant mode. The higher relative permeability value increases a first wave impedance of the antenna element to increase efficiency, frequency bandwidth of the antenna element, or both. The first wave impedance is a ratio of the relative permeability value to the relative permittivity value. Surface currents generated due to RF signals applied at a feeding point create an electromagnetic field to radiate electromagnetic energy to communicate information. The antenna can be used for Long Term Evolution (LTE) frequency bands, third generation (3G) frequency bands, Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® frequency bands or other wireless local area network (WLAN) or Personal Area Network (PAN) frequency bands, wide area network (WAN) frequency bands, global positioning system (GPS) frequency bands, or the like. Also, more than one antenna may be disposed on the antenna carriers with magneto-dielectric material as described herein.
In other embodiments described herein, a set of beam-shaping elements may be used to reflect incident electromagnetic fields of the electromagnetic energy away from the first set of beam-shaping elements in a direction towards the antenna element. The beam-shaping elements are metal elements of geometric shapes printed or disposed on magnetic-dielectric substrates that form a high-impedance surface with a reflection coefficient magnitude of one or near one and phase of zero or near zero degrees. For example, the beam-shaping elements may be magnetic material inserts in plastic material to form a magneto-dielectric substrate and metal elements disposed on or within the plastic material. The high-impedance surface may also be referred to as a perfect magnetic surface when the reflection coefficient magnitude is equal to one and phase is zero degrees. The high-impedance surface reflects incident electromagnetic fields of the electromagnetic energy away from the metal elements in a direction towards the antenna element. The reflection coefficient magnitude of the high-impedance surface does not have to be exactly one in magnitude or exactly zero degrees in phase. Rather, the idea is to reflect at least a portion of the electromagnetic energy away from a user's head to keep SAR low. Achieving these ideal reflections usually requires thicker magneto-dielectric substrates. As the space is limited in user devices, thinner substrates with magneto-dielectric material can be used can provide enough high impedance surface to overcome the deleterious effects of human tissues on the antenna efficiencies and also keep SAR low.
In some cases, these beam-shaping elements may be groups of metallic patches disposed on a magneto-dielectric substrate. The set of beam-shaping elements can be disposed in a layer closer to a bottom surface of the magneto-dielectric substrate than a top surface of the magneto-dielectric. The beam-shaping elements reflect incident electromagnetic fields away from the bottom surface to the top surface. In some cases, these beam-shaping elements may be used to direct a radiation pattern away from one side of the user device to reduce SAR. In another embodiment, the magneto-dielectric material is made up of a magneto-dielectric substrate layer and a plastic layer disposed on the magneto-dielectric substrate layer. In a further embodiment, multiple metallic patches are disposed on the substrate magneto-dielectric substrate layer and the antenna element is disposed on the plastic layer. In another embodiment, a metal layer is disposed on a first surface of the magneto-dielectric substrate layer and the plastic layer is disposed on a second surface of the magneto-dielectric substrate layer.
SAR is dependent on the average power transmitted. Power throttling can be used to back off the average power transmitted to ensure that the device complies with FCC regulations concerning radiation absorbed by human tissue, also referred to as SAR requirements. A procedure known as SAR testing quantifies this absorbed radiation. A SAR number is obtained while testing the device in close proximity to a phantom (e.g., gel) that simulates the RF properties of human tissue while it is transmitting at full power. To comply with FCC regulations, some devices use proximity sensors to sense a proximity to tissue and reduce the power accordingly. The embodiments described herein utilize the magneto-dielectric material, beam-shaping elements, or both to reduce SAR when the user device is in proximity to a person (e.g., a human body part) or a SAR phantom (hereinafter “phantom”) as used during testing of SAR for the user device to comply with FCC regulation. For example, the embodiments described herein can minimize SAR by reflecting away from one side of the user device electromagnetic fields of electromagnetic energy radiated in response to the surface currents created on the antenna element. This reduces the amount of radiation within any cubic volume on the one side of the user device.
The electronic device (also referred to herein as user device) may be any content rendering device that includes a transceiver for connecting the user device to a network. Examples of such electronic devices include electronic book readers, portable digital assistants, mobile phones, laptop computers, portable media players, tablet computers, cameras, video cameras, netbooks, notebooks, desktop computers, gaming consoles, DVD players, media centers, and the like. The user device may connect to a network to obtain content from a server computing system (e.g., an item providing system) or to perform other activities. The user device may connect to one or more different types of cellular networks. Although the embodiments described herein are directed to portable electronic devices, in other embodiments the magneto-dielectric material and beam-shaping elements may be used in other non-portable electronic devices.
The antenna carrier 102 is disposed at a first side (e.g., bottom side) of a housing structure having the front surface 103 and metal back 105. The antenna carrier 102 includes magneto-dielectric material with both dielectric and magnetic properties. The magneto-dielectric material has relative permittivity in a range between two and nine for the dielectric property and relative permeability greater than one for the magnetic property. An antenna element, such as conductive material of any one of the antennas 107-111, is disposed on a first surface (e.g., top surface) of the antenna carrier 102. The antenna element is configured to radiate electromagnetic energy. The magnetic property of the antenna carrier increases a performance metric of the antenna element. For example, the magnetic property may improve efficiency of the antenna element. For another example, the magnetic property may increase frequency bandwidth of the antenna element. In some cases, the magnetic property increases both efficiency and frequency bandwidth. The higher relative permeability value increases a wave impedance of the antenna element to increase the efficiency, frequency bandwidth, or both. The wave impedance is a ratio of the relative permeability value to the relative permittivity value.
The antenna carrier 104 is disposed at a second side (e.g., top side) of the housing structure. The antenna carrier 104 includes the magneto-dielectric material described above with respect to antenna carrier 102. A second antenna element, such as conductive material of any one of the antennas 113-119, is disposed on a first surface (e.g., top surface) of the antenna carrier 104. The second antenna element is configured to radiate electromagnetic energy in another frequency band (e.g., same or different frequency band than the frequency band of the antenna element disposed on the antenna carrier 102). The magnetic property of the antenna carrier 104 increases a performance metric of the second antenna element. For example, the magnetic property may improve efficiency of the second antenna element. For another example, the magnetic property may increase frequency bandwidth of the second antenna element. In some cases, the magnetic property increase both efficiency and frequency bandwidth. The relative permeability value increases a wave impedance of the second antenna element to increase the efficiency, frequency bandwidth, or both. The wave impedance is a ratio of the relative permeability value to the relative permittivity value.
The structure also includes an antenna element 204 and a ground plane 212. The antenna element 204 is disposed on a top surface of the antenna carrier 202. The antenna element 204 is conductive material, such as a conductive trace, disposed on the magneto-dielectric material of the antenna carrier 202. The antenna element 204 is disposed above a ground plane 212 as illustrated and described with respect to
In one embodiment, the structure forms a patch antenna with a copper patch (e.g., antenna element 204) placed on a top surface of the magneto-dielectric corner cap and a copper ground (e.g., ground plane 212) placed on a bottom surface of the magneto-dielectric corner cap. In a further embodiment, the material properties of the magneto-dielectric material used are relative permittivity of three, relative permeability of three, dielectric loss tangent of 0.004, and magnetic loss tangent of 0.004. As described with respect to
In this depicted embodiment, frequency bandwidth 308 is measured between approximately 3.9124 GHz and approximately 4.1192 GHz at 3-dB and frequency bandwidth 306 is measured between approximately 2.7575 and approximately 3.841 GHz at 3-dB. In other embodiments, the frequency bandwidths can be at other frequencies than about 4 GHz. Also, the depicted embodiment illustrates a single resonant mode. In other embodiments, the antenna structure may be multi-mode antenna structures that provide multiple resonant modes. The magneto-dielectric material of the antenna carrier may increase frequency bandwidth of the multi-mode antenna structures.
In one embodiment, an electronic device includes a transceiver to transmit or receive RF signals, a RF feed coupled to the transceiver, and an antenna coupled to the RF feed. The antenna includes an antenna element and a ground plane disposed in connection with an antenna carrier with magneto-dielectric material, beam-shaping elements, or both. Surface currents at the RF feed and on the antenna elements create electromagnetic fields. In some cases, incident electromagnetic fields are reflected by the beam-shaping elements in a direction away from the beam-shaping elements.
In one embodiment, the antenna structure with magneto-dielectric material can be configured for the LTE 700 (band 17), 1800 (band 3), 2600 (band 7), etc., UMTS, GSM (850, 800, 1800 and 1900), GPS, Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® frequency bands, or the like. In another embodiment, the antenna structure with magneto-dielectric material can be designed to operate in any of the bands described herein. For example, the antenna structure with magneto-dielectric material can be used in the following bands: 1) LTE band: 746 to 787 MHz; 2) US GSM 850: 824 to 894 MHz; 3) GSM900: 880 to 960 MHz; 4) GSM 1800/DCS: 1.71 to 1.88 GHz; 5) US1900/PCS (band 2): 1.85 to 1.99 GHz; and 6) WCDMA band I (band 1): 1.92 to 2.17 GHz. Alternatively, the antenna structure with magneto-dielectric material can be designed to operate in different combinations of frequency bands as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. Alternatively, the antenna structure with magneto-dielectric material can be configured to be tuned to other frequency bands as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. For example, the antenna structure with magneto-dielectric material can be tuned to be centered at various frequencies, such as, at approximately 2.44 GHz for a first frequency range at approximately at 5.5 GHz for a second frequency range of the dual band. The first and second frequency ranges can be tuned to be centered at other frequencies.
In other embodiments, the magneto-dielectric material may increase an efficiency of the antenna structure. The total efficiency of the antenna structure can be measured by measuring the loss of the structure (e.g., due to mismatch loss), dielectric loss, and radiation loss. The efficiency of the antenna can be tuned for specified target bands. The efficiency of the antenna structure may be modified by adjusting the magnetic property of the magneto-dielectric material (e.g., permeability). In addition, dimensions of the antenna structure (2D or 3D structure), the gaps between the elements of the antenna structure, or any combination thereof, may also be used to tune the efficiency of the antenna structure.
In addition to any improvements in performance, the embodiments described herein may also be used for radiation safety of electronic devices. As described above, the embodiments described herein can reduce SAR by reflecting away from one side of the user device electromagnetic fields of electromagnetic energy radiated in response to the surface currents created on an antenna element of the antenna structure. This reduces the amount of radiation within any cubic volume on the one side of the user device. The beam-shaping elements or the magneto-dielectric material, or both, being disposed in strategic locations relative to the antenna element and a surface that is in close proximity to a human body party, can be used to reduce SAR values of one or more antennas of an electronic device. For example, a front cover of the mobile phone can be in close proximity to a user's head, thus, the WAN antennas of a mobile phone are placed at a bottom side of the mobile phone, since the top side is closer to the user's head. Using the embodiments of magneto-dielectric material and/or beam-shaping elements as described herein, the WAN antennas can be placed on the top side of the mobile device as the incident electromagnetic fields can be reflected away from the front cover of the mobile phone. The SAR values are measured within any given 1 g tissue area (e.g., ten by ten by ten millimeters (10×10×10 mm) volume within an antenna area. The embodiments described herein can be used to meet the SAR requirement where SAR is tested at 0 mm distance between the user device and the phantom. In particular, the antenna structure of
Low SAR antennas, such as the antennas disposed on the antenna carriers described herein, are attractive options for tablet devices, wearable electronics, and any wireless consumer device. By reducing SAR values in the certain frequency bans, higher transmission power can be used. The higher transmission power increases throughput in the frequency band.
The magneto-dielectric materials may help to improve the bandwidth, such as in wide frequency bands. For example, dual-band WLAN frequency bands, such as dual-band Wi-Fi® bands, need to cover 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz to 5.8 GHz. The embodiments described herein can be used to communicate in the dual-band WLAN frequency bands, such as the dual-band Wi-Fi® bands. The high-band (e.g., 5.2-5.8 GHz) is a wider bandwidth that usually needs to be covered by multiple resonant modes. The antenna structure can be used to provide one or more resonant modes in the high-band (e.g., 5.2-5.8 GHZ), as well as one or more resonant mode in the low-ban (e.g., 2.4-2.5 GHz). In particular, an antenna element in an antenna structure for multiple resonant modes can be configured with beam-shaping elements to radiate electromagnetic energy with lower SAR properties in a direction of one or more sides of the user device, such as a front cover.
The use of beam-shaping elements and/or magneto-dielectric material in a constrained antenna volume can also improve performance of an antenna as described herein. In a small volume, large frequency bandwidth for antennas can be achieved by having materials which have both high relative permittivity (dielectric property) and high relative permeability (magnetic property). But in conventional smartphone designs, dielectric-only materials such as plastics are used. These dielectric-only materials usually have relative permittivity of three and relative permeability of one. As described herein, the wave impedance is a ratio of relative permeability to relative permittivity. Because of low permeability and high permittivity, there will be a mismatch in wave impedance to free space. Hence frequency bandwidths for antennas are reduced in these conventional smartphone designs. As described herein, magnetic materials can be inserted into the plastic parts of the device. The low loss magnetic materials can be added at strategic locations to selectively improve the various antennas performance. This magnetic loading may improve the antenna frequency bandwidth for a given volume of the antenna, and the higher the permeability of the magnetic material, the greater the antenna improvement. The improved antenna performance may result in lesser power transmit, and hence less effort in dissipating power. The magnetic loading of dielectric material may provide more strength than ordinary plastic. In some cases, the magnetic material is added in top and bottom parts of the plastic caps. Some implementations of antenna carriers with magneto-dielectric materials are illustrated and described below with respect to
It is very difficult to achieve good efficiency over large frequency bandwidth for antennas in a small volume. It is more so for the main WAN antennas that conventionally have been located on the bottom side of user devices. Magneto-dielectric materials, such as the magnetic material added to plastic caps as illustrated in
The radiation safety of smartphones is extremely important. The specific absorption rates (SAR) of smartphones should be kept very low. For example, Cellular Telecommunications and Internet (CTIA) association requires all cell phones to comply with the Federal Communications Commission SAR limit of 1.6 W/Kg in 1 g of tissue. EU SAR: 2 W/Kg averaged over 10 gm of tissue. There may also be restrictions on transmitted power and placement of antennas in a device. Many a times the transmitted power has to be kept low in order to meet the SAR specifications. Hence the total radiation power (TRP) of the devices will be low resulting in not meeting Carrier (such as AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile, etc.) specifications both in free space and Head/Hand. Also, as described above, most of the main antennas (which both transmit and receive RF power) are located on the bottom side of the device. One of the reasons for this is that the antennas which are located on the top of the device radiate power into the human head causing high SAR levels which are above the specifications. This often prevents best placement of antennas from the radiation efficiency point of view. Also, the human head can detune the antenna, which also reduces antenna efficiency.
In order to address these restrictions, the embodiments described below with respect to
A beam-shaping element (also referred to as a beam-shaping geometry) may include a magneto-dielectric substrate (having both dielectric and magnetic properties) loaded with a set of metallic patches of arbitrary shapes. The set of metallic patches, in connection with magneto-dielectric material, act as almost a minor for the incident electromagnetic fields radiated from an antenna element. The set of metallic patches on the magneto-dielectric substrate may form a high-impedance surface with a reflection coefficient magnitude of one and phase zero degrees. In some cases, the high-impedance surface can be considered at perfect magnetic surface with a reflection coefficient magnitude of one. In addition to getting enhanced antenna performance, radiation towards human head may be reduced using the beam-shaping elements. Hence, specific absorption rates (SAR) could be kept very low. Also, loading effects caused by a human head on an antenna may be reduced, resulting in less de-tuning of the antenna. As the transmitting WAN antennas are mostly on bottom side, these beam shaping geometries may be used at the bottom side of the user device. In other cases, these beam-shaping elements could be used for the main WLAN antenna (e.g., the Wi-Fi® antenna) located at the top side of the user device. The beam-shaping elements may also be used to enable placing main WAN antennas at the top side of the user device as well. Various implementations of antenna carriers with magneto-dielectric materials and beam-shaping elements are illustrated and described below with respect to
Alternatively, other configurations of magneto-dielectric material and sets of beam-shaping elements may be used. Also, although these embodiments illustrate top and bottom plastic caps, in other embodiments, the magneto-dielectric material and set(s) of beam-shaping elements may be placed in other locations of the user device.
During operation of an electronic device, such as user device 600, a current is applied to a RF feed by a transceiver or other RF circuitry on the PCB 652 to transmit or receive RF signal in a frequency range using the patch antenna 610, which is coupled to the RF feed at a feeding point and coupled to the ground plane 653 at a grounding point. The current applied to the RF feed creates surface currents on the patch antenna 610. When the current is applied to the RF feed, electromagnetic energy is radiated from the surface of the patch antenna 610.
In a further embodiment, applying the current at RF feed causes the patch antenna 610 to radiate energy in a first resonant mode in a first frequency range, and a second antenna of the user device 600 (not illustrated) can radiate electromagnetic energy in a second resonant mode in a second frequency range. Alternatively, the patch antenna 610 can be configured to radiate electromagnetic energy in multiple resonant modes when the RF signals are applied to the RF feed. Various frequency ranges may be achieved. In response to the applied current, when applicable, the antenna radiates electromagnetic energy to communicate information to one or more other devices. Regardless of the antenna configuration, the magnetic field forms a radiation pattern, including radiation pattern 680 that radiates away from the front cover 616 (or any other surface of a user device).
The user device 705 also includes a data storage device 714 that may be composed of one or more types of removable storage and/or one or more types of non-removable storage. The data storage device 714 includes a computer-readable storage medium 716 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions embodying any one or more of the functions of the user device 705, as described herein. As shown, instructions may reside, completely or at least partially, within the computer-readable storage medium 716, system memory 706 and/or within the processor(s) 730 during execution thereof by the user device 705, the system memory 706 and the processor(s) 730 also constituting computer-readable media. The user device 705 may also include one or more input devices 720 (keyboard, mouse device, specialized selection keys, etc.) and one or more output devices 718 (displays, printers, audio output mechanisms, etc.).
The user device 705 further includes a wireless modem 722 to allow the user device 705 to communicate via a wireless network (e.g., such as provided by a wireless communication system) with other computing devices, such as remote computers, an item providing system, and so forth. The wireless modem 722 allows the user device 705 to handle both voice and non-voice communications (such as communications for text messages, multimedia messages, media downloads, web browsing, etc.) with a wireless communication system. The wireless modem 722 may provide network connectivity using any type of digital mobile network technology including, for example, cellular digital packet data (CDPD), general packet radio service (GPRS), enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), UMTS, 1 times radio transmission technology (1×RTT), evaluation data optimized (EVDO), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), WLAN (e.g., Wi-Fi® network), etc. In other embodiments, the wireless modem 722 may communicate according to different communication types (e.g., WCDMA, GSM, LTE, CDMA, WiMAX, etc.) in different cellular networks. The cellular network architecture may include multiple cells, where each cell includes a base station configured to communicate with user devices within the cell. These cells may communicate with the user devices 705 using the same frequency, different frequencies, same communication type (e.g., WCDMA, GSM, LTE, CDMA, WiMAX, etc.), or different communication types. Each of the base stations may be connected to a private network, a public network, or both, such as the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a public switched telephone network (PSTN), or the like, to allow the user devices 705 to communicate with other devices, such as other user devices, server computing systems, telephone devices, or the like. In addition to wirelessly connecting to a wireless communication system, the user device 705 may also wirelessly connect with other user devices. For example, user device 705 may form a wireless ad hoc (peer-to-peer) network with another user device.
The wireless modem 722 may generate signals and send these signals to transceiver 786 for amplification, after which they are wirelessly transmitted via an antenna structure 700 with magneto-dielectric material, beam-shaping elements, or both, as described herein. Although
In one embodiment, the user device 705 establishes a first connection using a first wireless communication protocol, and a second connection using a different wireless communication protocol. The first wireless connection and second wireless connection may be active concurrently, for example, if a user device is downloading a media item from a server (e.g., via the first connection) and transferring a file to another user device (e.g., via the second connection) at the same time. Alternatively, the two connections may be active concurrently during a handoff between wireless connections to maintain an active session (e.g., for a telephone conversation). Such a handoff may be performed, for example, between a connection to a WLAN hot spot and a connection to a wireless carrier system. In one embodiment, the first wireless connection is associated with a first resonant mode of the antenna structure 700 that operates at a first frequency band and the second wireless connection is associated with a second resonant mode of the antenna structure 700 that operates at a second frequency band. In another embodiment, the first wireless connection is associated with the antenna structure 700 and the second wireless connection is associated with the second antenna structure 784. In other embodiments, the first wireless connection may be associated with a media purchase application (e.g., for downloading electronic books), while the second wireless connection may be associated with a wireless ad hoc network application. Other applications that may be associated with one of the wireless connections include, for example, a game, a telephony application, an Internet browsing application, a file transfer application, a global positioning system (GPS) application, and so forth.
Though a wireless modem 722 is shown to control transmission and reception via antenna structure 700, the user device 705 may alternatively include multiple wireless modems, each of which is configured to transmit/receive data via a different antenna and/or wireless transmission protocol.
The user device 705 delivers and/or receives items, upgrades, and/or other information via the network. For example, the user device 705 may download or receive items from an item providing system. The item providing system receives various requests, instructions and other data from the user device 705 via the network. The item providing system may include one or more machines (e.g., one or more server computer systems, routers, gateways, etc.) that have processing and storage capabilities to provide the above functionality. Communication between the item providing system and the user device 705 may be enabled via any communication infrastructure. One example of such an infrastructure includes a combination of a wide area network (WAN) and wireless infrastructure, which allows a user to use the user device 705 to purchase items and consume items without being tethered to the item providing system via hardwired links. The wireless infrastructure may be provided by one or multiple wireless communications systems, such as one or more wireless communications systems. One of the wireless communication systems may be a wireless local area network (WLAN) hot spot connected with the network. The WLAN hot spots can be created by Wi-Fi® products based on IEEE 802.11x standards by Wi-Fi Alliance. Another of the wireless communication systems may be a wireless carrier system that can be implemented using various data processing equipment, communication towers, etc. Alternatively, or in addition, the wireless carrier system may rely on satellite technology to exchange information with the user device 705.
The communication infrastructure may also include a communication-enabling system that serves as an intermediary in passing information between the item providing system and the wireless communication system. The communication-enabling system may communicate with the wireless communication system (e.g., a wireless carrier) via a dedicated channel, and may communicate with the item providing system via a non-dedicated communication mechanism, e.g., a public WAN, such as the Internet.
The user devices 705 are variously configured with different functionality to enable consumption of one or more types of media items. The media items may be any type of format of digital content, including, for example, electronic texts (e.g., eBooks, electronic magazines, digital newspapers, etc.), digital audio (e.g., music, audible books, etc.), digital video (e.g., movies, television, short clips, etc.), images (e.g., art, photographs, etc.), and multi-media content. The user devices 705 may include any type of content rendering devices such as electronic book readers, portable digital assistants, mobile phones, laptop computers, portable media players, tablet computers, cameras, video cameras, netbooks, notebooks, desktop computers, gaming consoles, DVD players, media centers, and the like.
In the above description, numerous details are set forth. It will be apparent, however, to one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, that embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring the description.
Some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the above discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as: “inducing,” “parasitically inducing,” “radiating,” “detecting,” determining,” “generating,” “communicating,” “receiving,” “disabling,” or the like, refer to the actions and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
Embodiments also relate to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. In addition, the present embodiments are not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the present invention as described herein. It should also be noted that the term “when” or the phrase “in response to,” as used herein, should be understood to indicate that there may be intervening time, intervening events, or both before the identified operation is performed.
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading and understanding the above description. The scope of the present embodiments should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8493269 | Jang et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 20110016702 | Byun | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20140320365 | Hong | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20150009077 | Lee | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| Ikonen, et al.; Magneto-Dielectric Substrates in Antenna Miniaturization: Potential and Limitations; Radio Laboratory/SMARAD, Helsinki University of Technology; Mar. 15, 2006; pp. 1-19; vol. 1; www.arxiv.org. |
| Mosallaei, et al.; Engineered Meta-Substrates for Antenna Miniaturization; University of Michigan; 2004; pp. 191-193; www.ee.bgu.ac.il. |
| Kim, et al.; Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Artificial Magneto-Dielectric Substrate with Grid Structure; Progress in Electromagnetics Research C; 2011; pp. 9-18; vol. 18; www.jpier.org. |
| Emerson & Curning Microwave Products, Inc. “ECCOSORB® MF Lossy, Magnetically Loaded, Machinable Stock” Revision Oct. 8, 2008, available at www.eccosorb.com, 5 pages. |
