Patent Grant
12087997
As high data rate wireless connectivity becomes not only expected, but a necessity, buildings must not only allow transmission of wireless signals, but must also facilitate such transmission. This is particularly the case, as wireless connectivity moves to higher frequency carrier bands such as is the case with 5G wireless networks.
According to some implementations, a data communications network in a building includes one or more external antennas. At least one of the external antennas is disposed on a roof or exterior of the building and associated with a window, a sky sensor or a digital architectural element. The one or more external antennas are coupled to a network infrastructure of the building via one or more data carrying lines and/or wireless links. The network infrastructure comprises one or more data carrying lines, one or more network switches, and at least one control panel.
In some examples, at least one of the external antennas may be configured for communication with an external wireless network.
In some examples, the network infrastructure may include one or more building network antennas and associated radios installed in and/or on the building and configured to provide wireless data connection in an interior of the building and/or adjacent to the building.
In some examples, the radios may be configured to provide Wi-Fi, CBRS or cellular wireless data connection in the interior of the building and/or adjacent to the building.
In some examples, the one or more external antennas may include one or more donor antennas configured for communication with an external cellular network.
In some examples, the at least one control panel may be configured to connect to an external cellular network via a backhaul comprising a high speed cable.
In some examples, the one or more data carrying lines of the network infrastructure may support data communication at 1 Gb/second or faster.
In some examples, the at least one control panel may be coupled to one or more window controllers for connection to one or more IGUs.
In some examples, at least one of the external antennas disposed in or associated with a digital architectural element may include a radiating element disposed exterior to the building coupled with an electrical connector disposed in an interior of the building by way of a pass-through arrangement. In some examples, the pass-through arrangement may be configured to provide a weather tight seal between the building interior and the building exterior. In some examples, the pass-through arrangement may include an electrical coupling between the electrical connector and the radiating element. In some examples, the electrical connector may be configured to connect with the network infrastructure of the building.
According to some implementations, a method of providing connection to an external wireless network includes communicating with the external wireless network using one or more external antennas, at least one of the external antennas being disposed in or associated with a sky sensor or a digital architectural element including a sensor assembly on a roof or exterior of a building and transmitting data between the one or more external antennas and a network infrastructure of the building using one or more data carrying lines and/or wireless links. The network infrastructure includes one or more data carrying lines, one or more network switches, and at least one control panel.
In some examples, the network infrastructure may include one or more building network antennas and associated radios installed in and/or on the building and the method comprises the one or more building network antennas providing wireless data connection in an interior of the building and/or adjacent to the building.
In some examples, the method may further include the associated radios providing Wi-Fi, CBRS or cellular wireless data connection in the interior of the building and/or adjacent to the building.
In some examples, the one or more external antennas may include one or more donor antennas communicating with an external cellular network.
In some examples, the method may further include the at least one control panel communicating with an external cellular network via a backhaul comprising a high speed cable.
In some examples, the method may include assigning antenna and/or radio protocols to the antennas and/or radios prior to varying the operational parameter where the operational parameter is a frequency or power.
In some examples, the method may further include sequentially varying an operational parameter of each of the antennas and/or radios while measuring a signal strength at the other antennas and/or radios as a function of the varied parameter and selecting a value of the operational parameter for each of the antennas and/or radios based on the measured signal strength.
According to some implementations, a system includes a plurality of antennas and/or radios distributed in a building; and at least one logic device. The at least one logic device includes logic for configuring the plurality of antennas and/or radios by: supplying power to the antennas and/or radios, varying an operational parameter of at least one of the antennas and/or radios while measuring a signal strength at the other antennas and/or radios as a function of the varied operational parameter, and selecting a value of the operational parameter for operation of the at least one of the antennas and/or radios based on the measured signal strength.
In some examples, the logic for configuring the plurality of antennas and/or radios may further include determining the location of each of the antennas in the building.
In some examples, the operational parameter may be an antenna and/or radio protocol, frequency or power.
In some examples, the logic for configuring the plurality of antennas and/or radios may include assigning antenna and/or radio protocols to the antennas and/or radios prior to varying the operational parameter where the operational parameter is a frequency or power.
In some examples, the logic may further include sequentially varying an operational parameter of each of the antennas and/or radios while measuring a signal strength at the other antennas and/or radios as a function of the varied parameter and selecting a value of the operational parameter for each of the antennas and/or radios based on the measured signal strength.
In some examples, the at least one logic device may be a local logic device or a remote logic device.
According to some implementations, a data communications network in a building includes one or more antennas internal to the building and one or more antennas external to the building and a wired or wireless coupling between at least one external antenna and at least one internal antenna. The at least one external antenna is communicatively coupled with an external cellular network. The at least one internal antenna is configured to transmit a wireless signal received by the external antenna from the external cellular network to one or more locations internal or proximate to the building. The data communications network is configured to control wireless coverage to the one or more locations.
In some examples, some of the one or more locations may be internal to the building and others of the one or more locations may be external to the building.
In some examples, the at least one external antenna may be coupled to a network infrastructure of the building via one or more data carrying lines and/or wireless links and the network infrastructure may include one or more data carrying lines, one or more network switches, and at least one control panel.
In some examples, a plurality of internal antennas may be distributed within the building.
In some examples, the network infrastructure may have a vertical data plane between building floors and a horizontal data plane all within a single floor or multiple contiguous floors. In some examples, the vertical data plane includes multiple control panels and a high capacity data carrying line.
In some examples, the building may include at least one rooftop donor antenna and at least one control panel configured to communicate with the external cellular network via a physical electrical or optical line. In some examples, the rooftop donor antenna may be configured to provide downlinks into the building to provide wireless service to occupants and/or interior devices.
These and other features and embodiments will be described in more detail below with reference to the drawings.
Introduction
Certain disclosed embodiments provide a network infrastructure available for various purposes such as providing high bandwidth wireless communications services to occupants of a building and/or users outside the building. In the latter case, the network infrastructure may work in concert with, or as a partial replacement of, the infrastructure of cellular carriers. The network infrastructure is provided in a building that optionally includes electrically switchable windows. Examples of components sometimes included with the network infrastructure include a high speed backhaul, including, e.g., cables and switches, physical antennas, and transceivers or radios.
The disclosed network infrastructures may provide additional coverage (beyond that provided by the cellular carrier itself) in the interior of the building and/or provide or supplement the cellular carrier's ability to provide coverage and capacity outside the building, typically near to the building, e.g., within about one hundred meters of the building, sometimes within a line of site. In some cases, a building and associated network infrastructure can even serve as a cellular tower.
High speed, high frequency communications protocols such as 5G face numerous challenges before they can be widely accepted and deployed. For example, compared to lower frequency communications bands, high frequency bands require more antennas. For example, it is estimated that to deploy a 5G cellular service in a given area will require over twice as many antennas as are required to provide the same level of cellular service for 4G. Some of those antennas may be provided in a building or a portion of a building.
Consider the example of providing 5G or other wireless coverage in an urban canyon, such as a street in major metropolitan area such as Manhattan, N.Y. or Singapore. 5G service will require many antennas to provide adequate coverage and adequate capacity. There is insufficient public space such as telephone poles where a carrier could deploy antennas to provide adequate 5G coverage and capacity. To this end, the private buildings that line an urban canyon provide locations for 5G antennas.
Unfortunately, 5G and other high frequency protocols are susceptible to attenuation. 5G communications (particularly at their high frequency bands such as in the range of about 6 to 30 GHz) are particularly susceptible to attenuation by conductive structures such as reinforced concrete in walls, aluminum coated thermal insulation in building walls and floors, Low-E films on glass, and possibly electrochromic devices on glass. To address this, active elements such as repeaters may be provided in a building. For example, cellular repeaters may be disposed on or proximate to the walls, windows, floors, and/or ceilings that attenuate wireless signals.
Note that when describing the cellular protocols disclosed herein, 5G is frequently used as an example. However, the disclosed embodiments pertain to any wireless communications protocol or combination of protocols.
Functions:
The communications infrastructure described herein may serve various functions, some of which are listed here.
1. Some systems described herein are configured to selectively block and transmit wireless signals in a controllable manner. In various embodiments, a system is configured so that transmission of wireless communications is based on location, time, and/or other criteria and is fully controlled. In some embodiments, this is accomplished by using controllable active elements that convert and retransmit signals. For example, a receiving antenna faces in one direction on one side of a wall or window and a transmitter antenna faces in a generally opposite direction on the other side of the wall or window. Between the receiver and transmitter, the active element includes one or more transceivers or other signal converters. When the element is on or active, it is transmitting signal, and when the element is off or inactive, it is not transmitting signal. In some embodiments, an active element that receives and automatically retransmits wireless communications signals is a repeater. The repeater may boost signal and/or transmit it to a location that would not otherwise receive the signals.
A repeater or other active element may include a particular antenna combination, with one type of antenna on the inside of the building and a different type of antenna on the outside of the building (or on opposites of an internal wall or window. In relation to the description of various antenna types herein, some embodiments employ a handle antenna on the outside the building coupled to one of the other antennas (e.g., a microstrip antenna) on the inside of the building. In some implementations, one or both antennas are disposed on a mullion feature such as a beauty cap.
It has been observed that electrochromic windows may provide signal blocking in the range of 10-20 dB of insertion loss, depending on the transmission frequency, with greater loss occurring at higher frequencies. Hence, some embodiments employ wireless re-transmitters or repeaters to circumvent the blocking by electrochromic windows. In some embodiments, such re-transmitters are disposed on or proximate to IGUs.
In certain embodiments, a window or wall contains a layer or structure that fully blocks wireless transmission over a particular spectral range. In one example, a blocking layer completely covers one surface of a lite, e.g., surface 3 of an IGU. Examples of blocking structures for windows are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/709,339, filed Sep. 19, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Security systems employing repeaters may employ walls and windows that effectively block transmission of electromagnetic signals in certain regions of the spectrum, e.g., in at least the 5G region.
A signal repeater or re-transmitter need not retransmit the wireless signal directly across a wall or window. In some cases, it may selectively transmit a wireless signal through the building to one or more locations remote from where the signal was received. It may carry the received signal using a wired network running a protocol such as Ethernet. For example, an externally generated wireless signal is received on a sensor on a building's roof or an exterior wall and, from there, transmitted over wires to distant locations within the building such as ten floors below the roof or even to the basement.
In some cases, a re-transmitting system transmits cellular signals (or other appropriate wireless signals) to selected building locations at selected times, which may be delayed from when a wireless signal was initially received. In other words, the communications may be stored (e.g., in a buffer) and/or be re-transmitted after a delay. The re-transmission may be done independently of where and when communications embodied in the cellular signals are received.
2. Given the large number of 5G antennas expected to be required for adequate coverage and capacity in building-dense regions such as centers of certain large cities, deploying 5G antennas on exterior portions of buildings may supplement the data carrying and antenna infrastructure of a cellular carrier's network. In some cases, such antennas may be connected to high bandwidth network infrastructures such as the Ethernet network infrastructure within the buildings. An example fully or partially wired network infrastructure for supporting such 5G applications is described in WO 2019/246497, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Various arrangements of antennas may be deployed to support 5G cellular and other communications services. Both coverage and capacity may be considered when designing the wireless communication infrastructure. Coverage may be addressed by providing various antennas strategically located to provide cellular service to a defined area. Capacity may be addressed by having high-bandwidth data carrying lines and switches. Some examples of high capacity infrastructure are provided in US Provisional Patent Application No. WO 2019/246497, previously incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Capacity may also be addressed by providing a plurality of antennas within a defined region.
In certain embodiments, individual antennas are dedicated to particular protocols, each having its own base band radio. For example, one or more antennas may be designed for use with low power citizens broadband radio (CBRS), including a CBRS base band radio. Note that in the United States CBRS is a 150 M Hz wide broadcast band of the 3.5 GHz band (3550 MHz to 3700 MHz), that may be used to provide wireless services unlicensed by the United States Federal Communications Commission. Other antennas and associated base band radios may be provided for cellular communications according with a particular protocol. The required base band radios may be installed at various locations in a building, including, for example, in digital architectural elements.
Various embodiments support multiple frequency bands and/or multiple protocols. Examples include cellular (3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), Wi-Fi, CBRS, and various wireless networks including WLANs and associated applications such as voice over WLAN. In some cases, a given antenna or combination of antennas, and sometimes associated transmitters and/or receivers, is protocol independent. For example, carrier A and carrier B may use different radios and/or protocols, some of which may be defined by the Multimedia over Coaxial Alliance (MoCA). In some instances, similar antenna structures may be used to send and/or receive signals for multiple protocols.
Certain infrastructures contain devices for interior (within a building) communications via a 5G protocol without supporting Wi-Fi. Because 5G is limited to a relatively small line of sight, many 5G antennas must be deployed throughout a building. These may be disposed at locations where Wi-Fi antennas normally reside. In some installations, 5G will have sufficient bandwidth and coverage to serve all the functions that Wi-Fi currently serves.
Tintable Windows, IGUs, and Window Networks
In various embodiments, although not all embodiments, a building network infrastructure supports a control system for one or more tintable windows such as electrochromic windows. While the disclosed embodiments focus on electrochromic windows (also referred to as optically switchable windows, tintable and smart windows), the concepts disclosed herein may apply to other types of switchable optical devices including, for example, liquid crystal devices and suspended particle devices, among others. For example, a liquid crystal device or a suspended particle device, rather than an electrochromic device, could be incorporated into some or all of the disclosed implementations.
Tintable Windows
A tintable window (sometimes referred to as an optically switchable window) is a window that exhibits a controllable and reversible change in an optical property when a stimulus is applied, e.g., an applied voltage. Tintable windows can be used to control lighting conditions and the temperature within a building by regulating the transmission of solar energy and thus heat load imposed on the interior of the building. The control may be manual or automatic and may be used for maintaining occupant comfort while reducing the energy consumption of heating, air conditioning and/or lighting systems. In some cases, tintable windows may be responsive to environmental sensors and user control. In this application, tintable windows are most frequently described with reference to electrochromic windows located between the interior and the exterior of a building or structure. However, this need not be the case. Tintable windows may operate using liquid crystal devices, suspended particle devices, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices (such as microshutters), or any technology known now, or later developed, that is configured to control light transmission through a window. Windows with MEMS devices for tinting are further described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/443,353, filed May 15, 2015, and titled “MULTI-PANE WINDOWS INCLUDING ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES AND ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS DEVICES.” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some cases, tintable windows can be located within the interior of a building, e.g., between a conference room and a hallway. In some cases, tintable windows can be used in automobiles, trains, aircraft, and other vehicles in lieu of a passive or non-tinting window.
Electrochromic (EC) device coatings—An EC device coating (sometimes referred to as an EC device (ECD) is a coating including at least one layer of electrochromic material that exhibits a change from one optical state to another when an electric potential is applied across the EC device. The transition of the electrochromic layer from one optical state to another optical state can be caused by reversible ion insertion into the electrochromic material (for example, by way of intercalation) and a corresponding injection of charge-balancing electrons. In some instances, some fraction of the ions responsible for the optical transition is irreversibly bound up in the electrochromic material. In many EC devices, some or all of the irreversibly bound ions can be used to compensate for “blind charge” in the material.
In some implementations, suitable ions include lithium ions (Li+) and hydrogen ions (H+) (i.e., protons). In some other implementations, other ions can be suitable. Intercalation of lithium ions, for example, into tungsten oxide (WO3-y (0<y≤˜0.3)) causes the tungsten oxide to change from a transparent state to a blue state. EC device coatings as described herein are located within the viewable portion of the tintable window such that the tinting of the EC device coating can be used to control the optical state of the tintable window.
A schematic cross-section of an electrochromic device 100 in accordance with some embodiments is shown in
In various embodiments, the ion conductor region 108 may form from a portion of the EC layer 106 and/or from a portion of the CE layer 110. In such embodiments, the electrochromic stack 120 may be deposited to include cathodically coloring electrochromic material (the EC layer) in direct physical contact with an anodically coloring counter electrode material (the CE layer). The ion conductor region 108 (sometimes referred to as an interfacial region, or as an ion conducting substantially electronically insulating layer or region) may then form where the EC layer 106 and the CE layer 110 meet, for example through heating and/or other processing steps. Electrochromic devices fabricated without depositing a distinct ion conductor material are further discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/462,725, filed May 2, 2012, and titled “ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, an EC device coating may also include one or more additional layers such as one or more passive layers. For example, passive layers can be used to improve certain optical properties, to provide moisture or to provide scratch resistance. These or other passive layers also can serve to hermetically seal the EC stack 120. Additionally, various layers, including transparent conducting layers (such as 104 and 114), can be treated with anti-reflective or protective oxide or nitride layers.
In certain embodiments, the electrochromic device is configured to reversibly cycle between a clear state and a tinted state. In the clear state, a potential is applied to the electrochromic stack 120 such that available ions in the stack that can cause the electrochromic material 106 to be in the tinted state reside primarily in the counter electrode 110. When the potential applied to the electrochromic stack is reversed, the ions are transported across the ion conducting layer 108 to the electrochromic material 106 and cause the material to enter the tinted state.
It should be understood that the reference to a transition between a clear state and tinted state is non-limiting and suggests only one example, among many, of an electrochromic transition that may be implemented. Unless otherwise specified herein, whenever reference is made to a clear-tinted transition, the corresponding device or process encompasses other optical state transitions such as non-reflective-reflective, transparent-opaque, etc. Further, the terms “clear” and “bleached” refer to an optically neutral state, e.g., untinted, transparent or translucent. Still further, unless specified otherwise herein, the “color” or “tint” of an electrochromic transition is not limited to any particular wavelength or range of wavelengths. As understood by those of skill in the art, the choice of appropriate electrochromic and counter electrode materials governs the relevant optical transition.
In certain embodiments, all of the materials making up electrochromic stack 120 are inorganic, solid (i.e., in the solid state), or both inorganic and solid. Because organic materials tend to degrade over time, particularly when exposed to heat and UV light as tinted building windows are, inorganic materials offer the advantage of a reliable electrochromic stack that can function for extended periods of time. Materials in the solid state also offer the advantage of not having containment and leakage issues, as materials in the liquid state often do. It should be understood that any one or more of the layers in the stack may contain some amount of organic material, but in many implementations, one or more of the layers contain little or no organic matter. The same can be said for liquids that may be present in one or more layers in small amounts. It should also be understood that solid state material may be deposited or otherwise formed by processes employing liquid components such as certain processes employing sol-gels or chemical vapor deposition.
In some implementations, each of the first and the second panes 204 and 206 are transparent or translucent—at least to light in the visible spectrum. For example, each of the panes 204 and 206 can be formed of a glass material and especially an architectural glass or other shatter-resistant glass material such as, for example, a silicon oxide (SOx)-based glass material. As a more specific example, each of the first and the second panes 204 and 206 can be a soda-lime glass substrate or float glass substrate. Such glass substrates can be composed of, for example, approximately 75% silica (SiO2) as well as Na2O, CaO, and several minor additives. However, each of the first and the second panes 204 and 206 can be formed of any material having suitable optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. For example, other suitable substrates that can be used as one or both of the first and the second panes 204 and 206 can include other glass materials as well as plastic, semi-plastic and thermoplastic materials (for example, poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polycarbonate, allyl diglycol carbonate, SAN (styrene acrylonitrile copolymer), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), polyester, polyamide), or mirror materials. In some implementations, each of the first and the second panes 204 and 206 can be strengthened, for example, by tempering, heating, or chemically strengthening.
Generally, each of the first and the second panes 204 and 206, as well as the IGU 200 as a whole, is a rectangular solid. However, in some other implementations other shapes are possible and may be desired (for example, circular, elliptical, triangular, curvilinear, convex or concave shapes). In some specific implementations, a length “L” of each of the first and the second panes 204 and 206 can be in the range of approximately 20 inches (in.) to approximately 10 feet (ft.), a width “W” of each of the first and the second panes 204 and 206 can be in the range of approximately 20 in. to approximately 10 ft., and a thickness “T” of each of the first and the second panes 204 and 206 can be in the range of approximately 0.3 millimeters (mm) to approximately 10 mm (although other lengths, widths or thicknesses, both smaller and larger, are possible and may be desirable based on the needs of a particular user, manager, administrator, builder, architect or owner). In examples where thickness T of substrate 204 is less than 3 mm, typically the substrate is laminated to an additional substrate which is thicker and thus protects the thin substrate 204. Additionally, while the IGU 200 includes two panes (204 and 206), in some other implementations, an IGU can include three or more panes. Furthermore, in some implementations, one or more of the panes can itself be a laminate structure of two, three, or more layers or sub-panes.
The first and second panes 204 and 206 are spaced apart from one another by a spacer 218, which is typically a frame structure, to form an interior volume 208. In some implementations, the interior volume is filled with Argon (Ar), although in some other implementations, the interior volume 108 can be filled with another gas, such as another noble gas (for example, krypton (Kr) or xenon (Xe)), another (non-noble) gas, or a mixture of gases (for example, air). Filling the interior volume 208 with a gas such as Ar, Kr, or Xe can reduce conductive heat transfer through the IGU 200 because of the low thermal conductivity of these gases as well as improve acoustic insulation due to their increased atomic weights. In some other implementations, the interior volume 208 can be evacuated of air or other gas. Spacer 218 generally determines the height “C” of the interior volume 208; that is, the spacing between the first and the second panes 204 and 206. In
Although not shown in the cross-sectional view, spacer 218 is generally a frame structure formed around all sides of the IGU 200 (for example, top, bottom, left and right sides of the IGU 200). For example, spacer 218 can be formed of a foam or plastic material. However, in some other implementations, spacers can be formed of metal or other conductive material, for example, a metal tube or channel structure having at least 3 sides, two sides for sealing to each of the substrates and one side to support and separate the lites and as a surface on which to apply a sealant, 224. A first primary seal 220 adheres and hermetically seals spacer 218 and the second surface S2 of the first pane 204. A second primary seal 222 adheres and hermetically seals spacer 218 and the first surface S3 of the second pane 206. In some implementations, each of the primary seals 220 and 222 can be formed of an adhesive sealant such as, for example, polyisobutylene (PIB). In some implementations, IGU 200 further includes secondary seal 224 that hermetically seals a border around the entire IGU 200 outside of spacer 218. To this end, spacer 218 can be inset from the edges of the first and the second panes 204 and 206 by a distance “E.” The distance “E” can be in the range of approximately 4 mm to approximately 8 mm (although other distances are possible and may be desirable). In some implementations, secondary seal 224 can be formed of an adhesive sealant such as, for example, a polymeric material that resists water and that adds structural support to the assembly, such as silicone, polyurethane and similar structural sealants that form a watertight seal.
In the implementation shown in
Window Controllers
Window controllers may be associated with one or more tintable windows and are configured to control a window's optical state by applying a stimulus to the window—e.g., by applying a voltage or a current to an EC device coating. Window controllers as described herein may have many sizes, formats, and locations with respect to the optically switchable windows they control. Typically, a controller may be attached to a lite of an IGU or laminate, but it can also be in a frame that houses the IGU or laminate or even in a separate location. As previously mentioned, a tintable window may include one, two, three or more individual electrochromic panes (an electrochromic device on a transparent substrate). Also, an individual pane of an electrochromic window may have an electrochromic coating that has independently tintable zones. A controller as described herein can control all electrochromic coatings associated with such windows, whether the electrochromic coating is monolithic or zoned.
If not directly attached to a tintable window, IGU, or frame, the window controller is generally located in proximity to the tintable window. For example, a window controller may be adjacent to the window, on the surface of one of the window's lites, within a wall next to a window, or within a frame of a self-contained window assembly. In some embodiments, the window controller is an “in situ” controller; that is, the controller is part of a window assembly, an IGU or a laminate, and may not have to be matched with the electrochromic window, and installed, in the field, e.g., the controller travels with the window as part of the assembly from the factory. The controller may be installed in the window frame of a window assembly, or be part of an IGU or laminate assembly, for example, mounted on or between panes of the IGU or on a pane of a laminate. In cases where a controller is located on the visible portion of an IGU, at least a portion of the controller may be substantially transparent. Further examples of on-glass controllers are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/951,410, filed Nov. 14, 2015, and titled “SELF CONTAINED EC IGU,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, a localized controller may be provided as more than one part, with at least one part (e.g., including a memory component storing information about the associated electrochromic window) being provided as a part of the window assembly and at least one other part being separate and configured to mate with the at least one part that is part of the window assembly, IGU or laminate. In certain embodiments, a controller may be an assembly of interconnected parts that are not in a single housing, but rather spaced apart, e.g., in the secondary seal of an IGU. In other embodiments the controller is a compact unit, e.g., in a single housing or in two or more components that combine, e.g., a dock and housing assembly, that is proximate the glass, not in the viewable area, or mounted on the glass in the viewable area.
In one embodiment, the window controller is incorporated into or onto the IGU and/or the window frame prior to installation of the tintable window, or at least in the same building as the window. In one embodiment, the controller is incorporated into or onto the IGU and/or the window frame prior to leaving the manufacturing facility. In one embodiment, the controller is incorporated into the IGU, substantially within the secondary seal. In another embodiment, the controller is incorporated into or onto the IGU, partially, substantially, or wholly within a perimeter defined by the primary seal between the sealing separator and the substrate.
The controller may be part of an IGU and/or a window assembly, e.g., it may travel with the IGU or window unit. When a controller is part of the IGU assembly, the IGU can possess logic and features of the controller.
In the event that characteristics of the electrochromic device(s) change over time (e.g., through degradation), a characterization function can be used, for example, to update control parameters used to drive tint state transitions. In another example, if already installed in an electrochromic window unit, the logic and features of the controller can be used to calibrate the control parameters to match the intended installation, and for example if already installed, the control parameters can be recalibrated to match the performance characteristics of the electrochromic pane(s).
In other embodiments, a controller is not pre-associated with a window, but rather a dock component, e.g., having parts generic to any electrochromic window, is associated with each window at the factory. After window installation, or otherwise in the field, a second component of the controller is combined with the dock component to complete the electrochromic window controller assembly. The dock component may include a chip which is programmed at the factory with the physical characteristics and parameters of the particular window to which the dock is attached (e.g., on the surface which will face the building's interior after installation, sometimes referred to as surface 4 or “S4”). The second component (sometimes called a “carrier,” “casing,” “housing,” or “controller”) is mated with the dock, and when powered, the second component can read the chip and configure itself to power the window according to the particular characteristics and parameters stored on the chip. In this way, the shipped window need only have its associated parameters stored on a chip, which is integral with the window, while the more sophisticated circuitry and components can be combined later (e.g., shipped separately and installed by the window manufacturer after the glazier has installed the windows, followed by commissioning by the window manufacturer). Various embodiments will be described in more detail below. In some embodiments, the chip is included in a wire or wire connector attached to the window controller. Such wires with connectors are sometimes referred to as pigtails.
As discussed, an “IGU” includes two (or more) substantially transparent substrates, for example, two panes of glass, where at least one substrate includes an electrochromic device disposed thereon, and the panes have a separator disposed between them. An IGU is typically hermetically sealed, having an interior region that is isolated from the ambient environment. A “window assembly” may include an IGU or for example a stand-alone laminate, and includes electrical leads for connecting the IGUs or laminates one or more electrochromic devices to a voltage source, switches and the like, and may include a frame that supports the IGU or laminate. A window assembly may include a window controller as described herein, and/or components of a window controller (e.g., a dock).
As used herein, the term outboard means closer to the outside environment, while the term inboard means closer to the interior of a building. For example, in the case of an IGU having two panes, the pane located closer to the outside environment is referred to as the outboard pane or outer pane, while the pane located closer to the inside of the building is referred to as the inboard pane or inner pane. As illustrated with respect to
Further examples of window controllers and their features are presented in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/449,248, filed Apr. 17, 2012, and titled “CONTROLLER FOR OPTICALLY-SWITCHABLE WINDOWS”: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/449,251, filed Apr. 17, 2012, and titled “CONTROLLER FOR OPTICALLY-SWITCHABLE WINDOWS”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/334,835, filed Oct. 26, 2016, and titled “CONTROLLERS FOR OPTICALLY-SWITCHABLE DEVICES”; and International Patent Application No. PCT/US17/20805, filed Mar. 3, 2017, and titled “METHOD OF COMMISSIONING ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS,” each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Window Control System
When a building is outfitted with tintable windows, window controllers may be connected to one another and/or other entities via a communications network sometimes referred to as a window control network or a window network. The network and the various devices (e.g., controllers and sensors) that are connected via the network (e.g., wired or wireless power transfer and/or communication) are referred to herein as a window control system. Window control networks may provide tint instructions to window controllers, provide window information to master controllers or other network entities, and the like. Examples of window information include current tint state or other information collected by window controller. In some cases, a window controller has one or more associated sensors including, for example, a photosensor, a temperature sensor, an occupancy sensor, and/or gas sensors that provide sensed information over the network. In some cases, information transmitted over a window communication network need not impact window control. For example, information received at a first window configured to receive a Wi-Fi or LiFi signal may be transmitted over the communication network to a second window configured to wirelessly broadcast the information as, e.g., a Wi-Fi or LiFi signal. A window control network need not be limited to providing information for controlling tintable windows, but may also be able to communicate information for other devices interfacing with the communications network such as HVAC systems, lighting systems, security systems, personal computing devices, and the like.
In some embodiments, outward facing network 309 is part of or connected to a building management system (BMS). A BMS is a computer-based control system that can be installed in a building to monitor and control the building's mechanical and electrical equipment. A BMS may be configured to control the operation of HVAC systems, lighting systems, power systems, elevators, fire systems, security systems, and other safety systems. BMSs are frequently used in large buildings where they function to control the environment within the building. For example, a BMS may monitor and control the lighting, temperature, carbon dioxide levels, and humidity within the building. In doing so, a BMS may control the operation of furnaces, air conditioners, blowers, vents, gas lines, water lines, and the like. To control a building's environment, the BMS may turn on and off these various devices according to rules established by, for example, a building administrator. One function of a BMS is to maintain a comfortable environment for the occupants of a building. In some implementations, a BMS can be configured not only to monitor and control building conditions, but also to optimize the synergy between various systems—for example, to conserve energy and lower building operation costs. In some implementations, a BMS can be configured with a disaster response. For example, a BMS may initiate the use of backup generators and turn off water lines and gas lines. In some cases, a BMS has a more focused application—e.g., simply controlling the HVAC system—while parallel systems such as lighting, tintable window, and/or security systems stand alone or interact with the BMS.
In some embodiments, network 309 is a remote network. For example, network 309 may operate in the cloud or on a device remote from the building having the optically switchable windows. In some embodiments, network 309 is a network that provides information or allows control of optically switchable windows via a remote wireless device. In some cases, network 309 includes seismic event detection logic. Further examples of window control systems and their features are presented in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/334,832, filed Oct. 26, 2016, and titled “CONTROLLERS FOR OPTICALLY-SWITCHABLE DEVICES” and International Patent Application No. PCT/US17/62634, filed on Nov. 23, 2016, and titled “AUTOMATED COMMISSIONING OF CONTROLLERS IN A WINDOW NETWORK,” both of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
While the depicted embodiment shows windows 308 and a window control network 301, it should be understood that some embodiments do not include EC windows or any other type of optically switchable windows. Further, in certain embodiments, the network includes controllers, but the controllers do not control windows. In some embodiments, the network has a topology similar to that depicted in
It should be understood that the communications infrastructure as disclosed herein may be provided with or without providing optically switchable windows. In the latter case, i.e., without window infrastructure, the network need not be connected electrically switchable windows, contain window controllers, and/or have logic for determining appropriate optical states for windows.
Communications Infrastructure Components
Building network infrastructures typically include various components such as antennas for receiving and/or transmitting wireless signals, high-speed switches or other network devices for coupling information between the antennas and cables, and high-capacity lines for carrying information to or from antennas.
High capacity cables, twisted pair conductors, or other data carrying lines may be employed. In certain embodiments, such lines are configured to carry at least 1 gigabit/second Ethernet communications, or at least 10 gigabit/second Ethernet communications. In certain embodiments, such lines are coaxial cables, coupled to a MoCA circuitry as described in in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/803,324, filed Feb. 8, 2019, previously incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Regarding antennas, some of these may face into a building interior (e.g. the antennas are positioned and oriented to send and/or receive electromagnetic signal in the direction of a room or other internal portion of the building). In some cases, one or more antennas face outward, away from the building interior. Such antennas may be positioned and oriented to send and/or receive electromagnetic signals (e.g., cellular signals) outside the building. Still other antennas may be omnidirectional, or nearly omnidirectional.
The network infrastructure may include one or more radios that work with the antennas. Various radios may be employed for the various communications protocols employed in the building. The radios may include radio frequency (RF) radio chip sets from various vendors. Radios may employ one or more circuits for receiving wireless signals from an antenna and providing electrical signals onto a cable communicating over appropriate format such as MoCA (see, e.g., MoCA transceiver devices from Maxlinear of Carlsbad, Calif.).
The network infrastructure described herein may serve various devices provided by building occupants and the building itself. Generally, the infrastructure may serve any devices that use communications. Examples include mobile phones, tablets, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, sensors, computers, displays, and the like.
In some cases, the building network infrastructure provides controlled transmission by having a receiver antenna on the outside of the building and one or more retransmitter antennas on the inside of the building. However, in cases where the building works in conjunction with a wider geographic cellular communications infrastructure, the building may have one or more transmitter antennas on the outside of the building, as well as receiver antennas on the inside and/or outside of the building. In certain embodiments, an exterior antenna disposed, for example, on the roof of a building is configured to interface with cellular communications such as 4G or 5G communications. Such antenna may be integrated with or otherwise collocated with a sky or ring sensor having one or more air or weather sensors, such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/287,646, filed Oct. 6, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments, a sky or ring sensor includes a plurality of air sensors, environmental sensors such as radiation sensors (e.g., infrared and/or visible spectrum photosensors), or other types of sensors. In some embodiments, one or more of the sensors is oriented or otherwise configured to capture information for determining and/or predicted weather at the building. For example, photosensors and/or infrared sensors may be used to determine cloud conditions (e.g., types, locations, and amounts of cloud cover), temperature, radiant flux, and the like. Any of these parameters may be monitored over time and/or in multiple directions.
In some cases, some radiation sensors are azimuthally distributed around a horizontally or substantially horizontally oriented ring or other planar structure, and facing outward, away from the ring or other structure on which they are mounted. In some embodiments, in addition to the azimuthally distributed sensors, the sky or ring sensor includes one or more additional sensors facing upward, or substantially upward, to detect radiation coming from above. In various embodiments, the sky or ring sensor is mounted on the roof of a building for which the sensed quantities may be used in routines for determining window tint states and/or other building parameter settings. As explained more fully herein, a sky or ring sensor may include one or more antennas configured to send and/or receive cellular communications (e.g., 5G cellular communications). Unless otherwise specified, when this disclosure refers to an antenna mounted on a building's roof, such antenna may be implemented in a sky or ring sensor.
As indicated, the building network infrastructure may employ active coupling and transmission in which electromagnetic signals are received at one location, converted to digital or analog format, and then transmitted as electromagnetic signals at a different location. In some cases, the building network infrastructure includes components that serve as repeaters, coupling electromagnetic signals sent or received at antennas to data transmission on building network infrastructure (wired or unwired).
Building network infrastructure components may be integrated at any of various levels within a building or a building floor. In various embodiments, a building floor or a portion of the floor has a control panel with multiple lines coming off of it for distributing signal to interior antennas. In some cases, network infrastructure is divided based on tenancy, with one or more tenants receiving access to some network resources but not others, while other tenants receive a different suite of network services.
As illustrated in
The control panel 403 includes one or more devices configured to provide high speed communications on one or more internal networks such as networks having coaxial signal carrying lines. For example, a MoCA device/interface may be employed for this purpose. See for example U.S. Patent Application No. 62/803,324, filed Feb. 8, 2019, previously incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Control panel 403 may additionally include one or more devices configured to provide data and instructions to window controllers over a separate network such as a controller area network (CAN). As depicted in
In the illustrated example, conductive lines 409 (e.g., coaxial cables) are configured to carry high speed communications (e.g., via Ethernet) between the control panel 403 and one or more digital elements such as digital wall interfaces and digital architectural elements 411. Similarly, conductive lines 413 are configured to carry data and communications (e.g., via a CANbus) between control panel 403 and one or more window controllers 415, disposed along a wall of room or portion of building floor housing infrastructure 401. In the illustrated example, each window controller 415 controls an associated electrically switchable window 417. In some cases, a single window controller controls two or more electrically switchable windows.
In the illustrated example, the communications infrastructure 401 includes an externally facing antenna 419 configured to send and/or receive wireless communications signals between locations outside the building (or portion of a building) and the portion of the building housing infrastructure 401. As illustrated, a communications link 421 (wired or wireless) connects antenna 419 to control panel 403. As a result, externally generated communications provided by, e.g., cellular signals, may be coupled to the interior of the building or portion of the building, even if the cellular signals cannot penetrate walls and windows of the building.
In certain embodiments, one or more of digital architectural elements 411 include a respective antenna 423, which may be configured to provide Wi-Fi, cellular (e.g., 5G), Bluetooth, etc. communications with communications devices in the building or portion of the building. Digital architectural elements 411 may have a variety of sensors, user interface devices, computational/processing devices, and/or audio devices. Aspects of digital architectural elements are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 62/803,324, filed Feb. 8, 2019, previously incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Various devices may be employed to couple antennas to Ethernet communication such as MoCA protocol Ethernet communication. Such devices may be located in, for example, in a control panel and/or in a digital element such as a digital architectural element 411. In certain implementations, a single chip or transceiver device may be employed to convert analog signals from an antenna to gigabit Ethernet communications provided over a coaxial cable, and vice versa. In other implementations, multiple integrated circuits may be required to perform the translation. In one example, a suitable device has three ports, one for a coaxial cable, e.g., one port suitable for sending and receiving gigabit Ethernet communications according to the MoCA protocol, one port for a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus (e.g., a PCI Express (PCIE) bus), and a third port for a conventional gigabit Ethernet communication. In another example, a suitable device also has three ports, but with one for a coaxial cable and MoCA communication, and two other ports for a conventional gigabit Ethernet communication. Examples of suitable devices that provide such capability include the MxL3710 and MxL3712 produced by MaxLinear of Carlsbad, Calif.
The control panel 403 or other element of the building data communications network infrastructure may serve as a head end. In some implementations, a headend is configured to divide transmission bandwidth into time slices, each allocated to a particular customer (e.g., a particular device on a horizontal data plane). Time division multiplexing may be implemented with a particular guaranteed latency. In some implementations, a headend is configured to provide point to multipoint connections. For example, the headend may serve each of a certain number (e.g., thirty-one) downstream clients. Each of these clients may engage in a separate conversation or session. In some implementations, the clients cannot talk to one another. This is based on cable TV model.
A chip or other logic device designed or configured in this way may interface on one side with digital elements in a building network via a coaxial cable and participate in communications using a MoCA protocol, and on the other side using a PCIE or gigabit Ethernet port to interface with another integrated circuit or device that serves as a transceiver for interfacing or translating between the analog antenna signals from an antenna and digital gigabit Ethernet provided over one of the other communication links supported by the other integrated circuit or device, i.e., the circuit or device that converts between gigabit Ethernet over coaxial and gigabit Ethernet over one of the two other ports.
The network backbone components may employ network or data conversion chips and cabling that supports gigabit Ethernet communication over coaxial cable. As mentioned, a MoCA communications protocol may be employed for this purpose.
A simple block diagram of a control panel 441 for a given floor of a building is illustrated in
In the particular example of
The system may provide separate parallel trunk lines for each cable (e.g., eight trunk lines in this example) or it may provide shared trunk lines so that there would be a total of two or four trunk lines in this example. The Ethernet MoCA cables are coaxial cables, e.g., a low impedance coaxial cable such RG-6 or higher gauge cable used for CATV, etc. The CAN bus connections may be implemented using, e.g., two twisted pair cables and having, e.g., a total of five conductors. In one example, one twisted pair contains high gauge conductors (e.g., 14 gauge) for providing DC power to devices, a second twisted pair contains impedance controlled conductors (e.g., 22 gauge) for CAN bus communications, and a final conductor is for ground. In this example, the control panel may supply two networks (left and right in figure), each with two or more trunk lines. For example, each trunk line may include a MoCA cable and a CAN cable.
In various embodiments, communications capability to fixed nodes such as window controllers or other computational hardware is provided via drops (drop line cables) from trunk lines. In some cases, only a few of the nodes on a floor need a cable drop providing high bandwidth communication capability. For example, some nodes may be adequately served by wireless connectivity, such as provided by one or more of the digital elements, as described elsewhere herein.
Note that the MoCA protocols employ two frequency bands, one at a frequency below 700 MHz, and the other at a frequency above 700 MI-z. In certain networks where the below 700 MHz band is not sending CATV signals or cell phone signals, the network may include a transmitter having a band centered around 500 MHz, sufficient for about 3 gigabit/second Ethernet capability. And the network may employ a different device that operates at frequencies above 700 M-Hz (e.g., up to about 1455 MHz) and also delivers approximately 3 gigabit Ethernet capability. Between these two devices, a network according to some embodiments may address up to about 126 end points (e.g., cell phones and other wireless communications devices).
The MoCA standards use a time domain modulated signal. So if a network has relatively few devices using the network (e.g., about ten to twenty devices) at any instant in time, each might effectively receive full bandwidth (e.g., much more than 1/126 of 6 gigabit capability).
Any of the MoCA standards may be supported; for example, the system may support MoCA Mesh and MoCA Access (e.g., MoCA Access 2.5 or MoCA Access 3.0). MoCA Mesh is designed to support a mesh network, while MoCA Access is designed to support source to destination routing. Either standard supports 63 devices per network. Together the two MoCA channels can support 126 devices. For comparison, a CAN network can support 128 devices.
It should be understood that not all communications links of the backbone or other building network infrastructure need be wired, some may be wireless. For example, lines 409 and 413 shown in
Antennas (Integration in a Building)
Generally
Antennas described herein may be installed at various locations in a building. In some cases, an antenna is installed on a window surface such as any of the surfaces S1-S4 of a dual lite IGU. See
Examples of window components and associated building structural elements on which an antenna may be installed include: Frames, the frame work that surrounds and supports the entire window system including a head, jambs and a sill, where the head is a horizontal part forming the top of the window frame; jambs are vertical parts forming the sides of a window frame, abutting or forming a part of a fixed part of the building (i.e., generally not contacted by windows on two sides): and the sill being a horizontal part forming the bottom of the frame of a window; jambliners, a strip which goes on the sides of a window frame that provides a snug fit for the window sash; grilles, decorative pieces that visually divide window panels, giving the glass the appearance of multiple glass panes; muttons, thin pieces of wood or other material that subdivide windows (e.g., multiple small windows in a door); and mullions, a major structural vertical or horizontal piece that separates two or more windows while supporting them.
Muttons are usually decorative rather than structural and may be oriented either horizontally or vertically. A mullion is a vertical or horizontal element that forms a division between units of a window or screen, and/or is used decoratively. When dividing adjacent window units, a mullion may provide a rigid support to the glazing of the window. It may also provide structural support to an arch or lintel above the window opening. Horizontal elements separating the head of a door from a window above are both a head jamb and horizontal mullion and are sometimes called “transoms.” An example of a framing structure providing several mullions to support windows on a façade or other building exterior structure is depicted in
Any of these elements may be painted over or otherwise covered.
In certain embodiments, an antenna may be installed on a digital element such as a digital architectural element or a digital wall fixture. Digital architectural elements are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/803,324, filed Nov. 16, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Digital elements in a building may be mounted at various locations such as on mullions.
A digital architectural element may contain various sensors, a processor (e.g., a microcontroller), a network interface, and one or more peripheral interfaces. Examples of sensors for the element include light sensors, optionally including image capture sensors such as cameras (visual or IR images), audio sensors such as voice coils or microphones, air quality sensors (particulates sensors, gas sensors such as carbon dioxide, volatile organics, etc.), and proximity sensors (e.g., certain JR and/or RF sensors). The network interface may be a high bandwidth interface such as a gigabit (or faster) Ethernet interface. Examples of peripherals include video display monitors, add-on speakers, mobile devices, battery chargers, and the like. Examples of peripheral interfaces include standard Bluetooth modules, ports such as USB ports and network ports, etc. In addition or alternatively, ports include any of various proprietary ports for third party devices.
In certain embodiments, the digital architectural element works in conjunction with other hardware and software provided for an optically switchable window system (e.g., a display on window). In certain embodiments, the digital architectural element includes a window controller or other controller such as a master controller, a network controller, etc.
In certain embodiments, a digital architectural element includes one or more signal generating device such as a speaker, a light source (e.g., and LED), a beacon, an antenna (e.g., a Wi-Fi or cellular communications antenna), and the like. In certain embodiments, a digital architectural element includes an energy storage component and/or a power harvesting component. For example, an element may contain one or more batteries or capacitors as energy storage devices. Such element may additionally include a photovoltaic cell. In one example, a digital architectural element has one or more user interface components (e.g., a microphone or a speaker), and one more sensors (e.g., a proximity sensor), as well as a network interface for high bandwidth communications.
In various embodiments, a digital architectural element is designed or configured to attach to or otherwise be collocated with a structural element of building. In some cases, a digital architectural element has an appearance that blends in with the structural element with which it is associated. For example, a digital architectural element may have a shape, size, and color that blends with the associated structural element. In some cases, a digital architectural element is not easily visible to occupants of a building; e.g., the element is fully or partially camouflaged. However, such element may interface with other components that do not blend in such as video display monitors, touch screens, projectors, and the like.
The building structural elements to which digital architectural elements may be attached include any of various building structures. In certain embodiments, building structures to which digital architectural elements attach are structures that are installed during building construction, in some cases early in building construction. In certain embodiments, the building structural elements for digital architectural elements are elements that serve as a building structural function. Such elements may be permanent, i.e., not easy to remove from a building. Examples include walls, partitions (e.g., office space partitions), doors, beams, stairs, façades, moldings, mullions and transoms, etc. In various examples, the building structural elements are located on a building or room perimeter. In some cases, digital architectural elements are provided as separate modular units or boxes that attach to the building structural element. In some cases, digital architectural elements are provided as façades for building structural elements. For example, a digital architectural element may be provided as a cover for a portion of a mullion, transom, or door. In one example, a digital architectural element is disposed in or on a mullion. If it is attached to a mullion, it is bolted on or otherwise attached to the rigid parts of the mullion. In certain embodiments, a digital architectural element can snap onto a building structural element. In certain embodiments, a digital architectural element serves as a molding, e.g., a crown molding. In certain embodiments, a digital architectural element is modular: i.e., it serves as a module for part of a larger system such as a communications network, a power distribution network, and/or computational system that employs an external video display and/or other user interface components.
In some embodiments, the digital architectural element is a digital mullion designed to be deployed on some but not all mullions in a room, floor, or building. In some cases, digital mullions are deployed in a regular or periodic fashion. For example, digital mullions may be deployed on every sixth mullion.
In certain embodiments, in addition to the high bandwidth network connection (port, switch, router, etc.) and a housing, the digital architectural element includes multiple of the following digital and/or analog components:
Camera, which may include a sensor and processing logic for imaging features in the visible, IR (see use of thermal imager below), or other wavelength region; various resolutions are possible including HD and greater.
Proximity or movement sensor—In some cases, this sensor is an infrared sensor, e.g., an IR sensor. In some embodiments, a proximity sensor is a radar or radar-like device that detects distances from and between objects using a ranging function. Radar sensors can also be used to distinguish between closely spaced occupants via detection of their biometric functions, for example, detection of their different breathing movements. When radar or radar-like sensors are used, better operation may be facilitated when disposed unobstructed or behind a plastic case of a digital architectural element.
Occupancy sensor—In one embodiment, an occupancy sensor comprises a multi-pixel thermal imager, which when configured with an appropriate computer implemented algorithm can be used to detect and/or count the number of occupants in a room. In one embodiment, data from a thermal imager or thermal camera is correlated with data from a radar sensor to provide a better level of confidence in a particular determination being made. In embodiments, thermal imager measurements can be used to evaluate other thermal events in a particular location, for example, changes in air flow caused by open windows and doors, the presence of intruders, and/or fires.
Color temperature sensor, which can be used to analyze the spectrum of illumination present in a particular location and provide outputs that can be used to implement changes in the illumination as needed or desired, for example, to improve an occupant's health or mood.
Biometric sensor (fingerprint, retina, facial recognition); any of these may be provided as a stand-alone sensor or be integrated with another sensor such as a camera.
Speaker(s) (these may be relatively small; e.g. approximately one inch across)
Power amplifier for speakers—In some embodiments, the speakers and the amplifier, collectively, are configured as a sound bar; i.e., a bar-shaped device containing multiple speakers. The device may be designed or configured to provide high fidelity sound.
Microphone (sometimes with associated equalizer)—in some embodiments, the logic for processing microphone signals (e.g., an equalizer and/or the primary processor the device) detects sound signals generated by the speakers but reflected off of walls or objects in a room, and the logic automatically adjusts the speaker output to correct for frequency variations, echoes, and other factors that negatively impact user perception of sound. The microphone, logic, and speakers may also be configured to work in concert to cancel ambient or white noise.
Air quality sensor (optionally able to measure one or more of the following air components: volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon dioxide temperature, humidity, particulates); may be used in conjunction with HVAC control; control air circulation
Hub for power and/or data connectivity to sensor(s), speakers, microphone, and the like. The hub may be a USB hub, a Bluetooth hub, etc. The hub may include one or more ports such as USB ports, HDMI ports, etc. Alternatively or in addition, the element may include a connector dock for external sensors, light fixtures, peripherals (e.g., a camera, microphone, speaker(s)), network connectivity, power sources, etc.
Video driver for a display (e.g., a transparent OLED device) on or proximate to an IGU associated with the architectural element. The driver may be wired or optically coupled; e.g., the optical signal is launched into the window by optical transmission; see, e.g., a switchable Bragg grating that includes a display with a light engine and lens that focuses on glass waveguides that transmits through the glass and travels perpendicularly to line of sight.
Wi-Fi Access Point
Antenna(s), which may be part of the Wi-Fi access point or serve a different purpose. In certain embodiments, the architectural element itself or faceplate that covers all or a portion of the architectural element serves as an antenna. Various approaches may be employed to insulate the architectural element and make it transmit or receive directionally. Alternatively, a prefabricated antenna may be employed or a window antenna as described in PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US17/31106, filed May 4, 2017, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments, Wi-Fi access points are configured to provide communications via the IEEE 802.11AT standard.
Location Service Via Beacons or Other Mechanism
Power source such as an energy storage device (e.g., a rechargeable battery or a capacitor), and the like. In some implementations, a power harvesting device is included; e.g., a photovoltaic cell or panel of cells. This allows the device to be self-contained or partially self-contained. The light harvesting device may be transparent or opaque, depending on where it is attached. For example, a photovoltaic cell may be attached to, and partially or fully cover, the exterior of a digital mullion, while a transparent photovoltaic cell may be covering a display or user interface (e.g., a dial, button, etc.) on the digital architectural element.
Light source (e.g., LED) configured with the processor to emit light under certain conditions such signaling when the device is active.
Processor configured to provide various embedded or non-embedded applications. The processor may be a microcontroller. In certain embodiments, the processor is low-powered MCU (mobile computing unit) with memory and configured to run a lightweight secure operating system hosting applications and data. In certain embodiments, the processor is an embedded system, system on chip, or an extension.
Ancillary processing device such as a graphical processing unit, or an equalizer or other audio processing device configured to interpret audio signals.
A building feature may have one or more antennas. These may be pre-constructed and attached to or embedded in the element, either on the surface or in the element's interior. Alternatively, or in addition, an antenna may be fabricated such that the structure of a digital architectural element or building structural element serves as an antenna component. For example, a conductive metal piece of a mullion may serve as an antenna element or ground plane. In some embodiments, a portion of a digital architectural element or building structural element is removed (or added) so that the remaining portion serves as a tuned antenna element. For example, a part of a mullion may be punched out to provide a tuned antenna element. By attaching coaxial or other cable to the element and an RF transmitter or receiver, the building structural element and/or an associated digital architectural element may serve as an antenna element. The antenna components may need to be designed with an impedance (e.g., about 50 ohms) that matches that of the RF transmitter, for example.
Depending on construction, the antenna element may serve as a Wi-Fi antenna, a Bluetooth antenna, a cellular communication antenna (4G, 5G, . . . ). etc. The antenna may be a patch antenna, a monopole antenna, a dipole antenna, or other example as presented below. It may be configured to transmit or receive electromagnetic signals in any appropriate wavelength range. Examples of antenna components that may be employed in optically switchable window systems are described in PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US17/31106, filed May 4, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In the depicted embodiment, mullion 601 has a hole 607 where a power and communications line 615 (sometimes referred to as a pigtail) is disposed from an optically switchable window in an IGU 603 to the mullion's structural cavity 605 where it may be connected to a drop line or a trunk line (not illustrated). A sealant may be applied to the hole after the pigtail or other line is fed through the hole.
In the illustrated example, a pressure plate 609 is threaded into or otherwise attached to the mullion 601 and pushed against edge points on two adjacent IGUs that straddle the mullion. There may be several pressure plates disposed around the perimeter of an IGU, separated from one another by, e.g., about 2 feet (60 cm). See
The pressure plates would be visible from outside the building without a covering. A beauty cap 613 serves to cover the individual pressure plates on mullion 601 between the two IGUs 603. A single beauty cap may hide multiple pressure plates. The beauty cap 613 hides the pressure plates 609 in a way to make the region between IGUs appear continuous. Beauty caps may be affixed in various ways such as by snapping on. Depending on the size of a window, a beauty cap may be relatively long, e.g., up to about 20 feet long. An antenna, such as a trough antenna or a handle antenna (described below), may be mounted on the beauty cap 613. In one example, a trough antenna, for example, serves as the beauty cap 613 itself.
It will be appreciated that exterior facing antenna radiating elements may need to be electrically coupled with internal electrical feeds. It will also be appreciated that in certain contexts it may be advantageous to install, upgrade, and/or maintain exterior facing antennas from within a building's interior. In some embodiments, the feeds may be configured to pass through the mullion and/or beauty cap. Thus, a pass-through arrangement may be contemplated that includes a weather-tight seal between the building exterior and interior.
The antenna assembly 650 may be configured for installation with a mullion 601, similar to that depicted in
In the example illustrated by
In some implementations, the radiating element 651 may be quite small relative to the typical width of a mullion, for example. For example, an array of 5G compatible multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antennas may be conveniently housed on the interior or exterior surface of a typically sized beauty cap. In such implementations, pass-through arrangement 652 may be configured to accommodate a number of electrical feeds from, for example a 4×4 or 8×8 array of MIMO antennas. In some implementations the radiating element may have a form factor such that it mounts in a framing system in a similar manner to a conventional glass laminate. In other implementations, the radiating element may be laminated onto a glass of an IGU lite. In yet other implementations, the radiating element may be configured to have a form factor similar to standard mullions and/or beauty caps.
Alternatively, or in addition, a mullion may accommodate an array of antenna radiating elements, e.g. a MIMO array, or a spaced series of discrete radiating elements aligned along a horizontally, vertically or diagonally oriented mullion. Referring to
Alternatively, or in addition, radiating elements may be disposed flush with or minimally protruding from an exterior surface of the beauty cap 613 so as minimize impact to the architectural aesthetic of the building.
In certain embodiments, a mullion is outfitted with multiple exterior facing antennas such as two or more or three or more such antennas. In some implementations, two or more exterior facing antennas are vertically separated from one another along a vertical mullion. In some implementations, two or more exterior facing antennas are horizontally separated from one another along a horizontal mullion. In certain embodiments, the two or more exterior facing antennas are configured to provide redundancy in case one of them fails, which might otherwise necessitate an expensive and/or complicated replacement. In some cases, the two or more exterior facing antennas are configured to provide complementary service such as complementary frequency ranges and/or complementary coverage volumes.
In some embodiments, the mullion or a cavity therein that houses a radio or other electronic instrumentation associated with the antenna radiating element serves as a heat sink for the electronics. In some implementations, a radio or other associated electronic instrumentation is maintained in close proximity to the antenna radiating element. For example, the electronic instrumentation may be disposed within about one meter or less of the radiating element or within about 0.5 meters or less.
Antennas nay be oriented horizontally, vertically, or diagonally in a building. These directions may refer to not only the physical orientation of an antenna along its primary axis but additionally or alternatively to the orientation of a signal intensity or polarization (transmitted or received by an antenna). In certain embodiments, an antenna is mounted to a building structural element or other building feature that is vertically oriented. For example, an antenna may be mounted to a vertically oriented digital architectural element that extends up to the ceiling. Such antenna may extend vertically along the length of the digital architectural element (e.g., an axis of the antenna's longest dimension is substantially parallel to the vertical direction), and, upon encountering the ceiling, change direction to extend horizontally (e.g., the antenna element has a T or L shape). In certain embodiments, an antenna is mounted horizontally and provides a horizontally directed radiation pattern that extends into a room where building occupants commonly work and/or interact.
Cellular Use Cases (Examples)
Because 5G is a high frequency protocol, 5G signals cannot travel far and cannot penetrate many materials. Therefore 5G communications sometimes need a clear line of site between the transmitting and receiving antennas. Not surprisingly, then, cellular infrastructure and service providers face challenges getting 5G communications into buildings. In certain embodiments herein, one or more antennas are provided on the roof of a building, and such antenna(s) serve as a gateway for cellular communications to a building. In some implementations, a roof-located antenna may be the sole or a primary point of cellular service to a building. The roof location may provide various advantages. For example, in some implementations, a roof antenna is accessible from 360 degrees (compare a façade installed antenna which sees only 90 degrees). Further, a building's roof often has relatively few signal attenuating obstructions such as trees. Still further, roofs typically have significant space available to accommodate antennas and they provide an acceptable aesthetic compromise.
A roof antenna configured as a gateway for cellular communications (e.g., 5G communications) to and/or from a building may open various communications pathways. For example, a roof antenna may be configured to receive cellular signals and rebroadcast to the building for indoor coverage. This may be accomplished using a wired or wireless connection with other communications nodes (e.g., digital architectural elements) in the building. In some cases, a roof cellular antenna is configured to transmit cellular communications to one or more other antennas in or on the same building where the roof antenna is installed. For example, a roof antenna may be configured to rebroadcast cellular communications to a roof-mounted sensor, which houses a different cellular antenna. In another example, a roof antenna is configured for retransmission of signals between (from and/or to) antennas mounted on a building façade. In some cases, a roof antenna is configured for cellular communications with one or more external communications nodes such as a standalone cell tower or the cell tower of a nearby building.
In certain embodiments, one or more roof antennas may be included in a structure having one or more sensors. Examples of such sensors are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/287,646, filed Oct. 6, 2016, previously incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some cases, a roof antenna is provided in a roof-mounted antenna tower, which may be separate from a sensor assembly. In some cases, an antenna tower has a relatively significant height (e.g., about 5 meters or higher above the roof) and its construction is optimized for sending and receiving cellular communications.
A single roof antenna or multiple roof antennas may be deployed and configured for transmitting and/or receiving cellular signals. Roof antenna deployment may account for size, location, redundancy, etc. When the roof antenna is part of a roof sensor, the deployment may be chosen to optimize a combination of cellular signal reception and sensing capability (for determining sky conditions and approaching weather conditions that will affect window tint decisions). In some implementations, a cellular roof antenna supports cellular services from multiple carriers, each of which may have its own transceiver.
Control panel 707 may be configured to provide power and data to window controllers 715 via a power insert line 717, a trunk line 719, and drop lines 721. Various connectors and terminators may be employed as shown. Window controllers 715 provide power to control the tint states of electrically switchable devices in IGUs 723. Window controllers 715 are connected to IGUs 723 via IGU connection lines 725 and IGU pigtails 727.
Three example use cases for building exterior antennas are depicted in
In
Yet another use case is depicted in
In some senses, a building network infrastructure as described herein may be viewed as a platform having multiple sockets, each of which can receive components that may be configured for wireless communications protocols. Examples of such protocols include Wi-Fi, CBRS radio, small cell (e.g., microcell or femtocell), carrier specific protocols, carrier agnostic cellular services such as vRAN (virtual radio access network), and the like. The platform is the network infrastructure that includes, for example, data transmission cables (coaxial, UTP, optical fiber, etc.) of sufficient gauge, high speed switches, routers, and/or other network devices that can work with one or more network protocols (e.g., Ethernet, Fibre Channel, MoCA, etc.), antennas, radios, etc.
Data transmission, and in some embodiments voice services, may be provided in a building via wireless communications to and/or from the building's occupants. However, even with relatively low frequency protocols such as 3G or 4G cellular, this becomes problematic due in part to attenuation by building structures such as walls, floors, ceilings, and windows. The attenuation becomes more severe with higher frequency protocols such as 5G. To address this challenge, a building is sometimes outfitted with components that serve as gateways or ports to cellular signals. Such gateways couple to infrastructure in the interior of the building that provide wireless service via interior antennas and other infrastructure implementing Wi-Fi, small cell service (e.g., via microcell or femtocell devices), CBRS, etc. The gateways or points of entry for such services may include high speed cable (typically underground) from a carrier's central office and/or a wireless signal received at an antenna strategically located on the building exterior (e.g., a donor antenna or sky sensor on the building's roof). The high speed cable to the building is sometimes referred to as “backhaul.”
As illustrated in
As illustrated, referring still to
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As indicated, in certain embodiments, the one or more cellular service gateways employ a vRAN. vRAN technology virtualizes baseband functions on, e.g., server hardware. A component of a vRAN is a radio that can support multiple different carrier communication protocols, although typically only one at a time. For example, an antenna and associated vRAN may be configured to send and receive data for one carrier (e.g., ATT) at one time and be reconfigured to send and receive data for a different carrier (e.g., T-Mobile) at a different time. Among the carrier-specific parameters that may be set in a vRAN radio are carrier frequency (e.g., allocated carrier-specific spectra around 800 MHz and 1.2 GHz), mode of modulation, data packing (e.g., CDMA v. GSM), encryption protocol, quality of service, and the like. Radios configured to implement vRAN may contain configurable logic (programming, firm ware, etc.) to permit easy conversion from a first parameter set for one carrier to a second parameter set for a different carrier. To scale with increases in total cellular traffic at a building, additional antennas and vRAN radios may be deployed on a building. If one carrier's fraction of the total traffic increase or decreases, vRAN radios may be reconfigured to rebalance the total cellular carrier-dedicated infrastructure in the building. As depicted in
In various implementations, the vRAN radio relies on a set of commands that manage the radio. Separate management may be provided for each cellular carrier supported by the antennas and vRAN radios. The management communications may be provided in a dedicated or shared line to the vRAN radio.
The rooftop antennas 905 and/or antennas in sky sensor 907 may be configured to serve as donor antennas. Donor antennas are typically used to provide point-to-point wireless connection for a cellular carrier's service in a particular geographic locale. They may communicate with one another and/or with a dedicated cell tower for a given cellular carrier. They can extend the reach of a cellular carrier's service from a particular tower without requiring the carrier to build a new tower. They may also address changing conditions that impact wireless cellular communications such as shadows cast by new buildings, trees, etc. They may address such challenges by providing new paths between a dedicated tower and handsets or other consumers of wireless services. In some cases, donor antennas may also provide downlinks into a building by connecting via a wire cable link to a cellular carrier's central office and/or to internal antennas within the building to provide wireless service to occupants and/or interior devices. In the former case, the donor antenna may simply use the building's vertical data plane; in the latter case the donor antenna may use the building's vertical and horizontal data planes.
In cases where a building is located in a region without physical lines to the building from carrier central office, cellular service to the building may need to rely on one or more donor antenna on buildings in the vicinity, and on one or more on the building itself. The donor antenna may service as a gateway for cellular service to the building itself.
In some embodiments, all nodes (e.g., antennas and associated radios) in a building are set to the same service. For example, a single carrier supplies services to the whole building. The central office and the donor antenna provide cellular service to the whole building, possibly via several interior antennas on multiple floors of the building. This may be fine so long as the building is comfortably using the single carrier s service. But if the building management decides to transition to a different carrier's cellular service, the new carrier installs its own carrier-specific hardware in the building. Options include using multiple small cell systems in the same building and using vRAN technology to allow communications via multiple carriers.
Historically, small cell carrier service (e.g., microcell and femtocell) relied on a line connecting small devices via a backhaul connection. Such service provided wireless access to handsets that otherwise had limited access due to, for example, remote locations or building attenuation. The service carried data via a wire using a network communications protocol such as TCP/IP. A given small cell service is typically limited to a single carrier.
In some cases, a small cell system is made available to a building, at least in part, via one or more antennas in a sky sensor. See disposed on or associated with a sky-facing multi-sensor device. Such sky-facing multi-sensor devices are described, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/287,646, filed Oct. 6, 2016, and previously incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and may be referred to herein as a “sky sensor”. Use of a sky sensor may provide other advantages such as facilitating cellular coverage to an increased area (geographically), similar to the mode described above for donor antennas. In some cases, a small cell system is made available to a building, at least in part, via one or more donor antennas.
In large cities where high capacity, high speed optical fiber is widely deployed (e.g., via a utility), the need for donor antennas decreases, at least insofar as the fiber serves as links for wireless service between buildings. In the evolution of cellular service to a geographic region, service may be provided first by a RAN in which case a single carrier provides service and all data is transmitted wirelessly. Next in the evolution, local service in the geographic region may be provided by vRAN services. This occurs when additional carriers enter the market but there is still not high speed fiber available to transmit the data. The next stage in the evolution may occur when high speed fiber is available in the geographic region. At this point, the cellular service may be made available via small cell services, where a separate small cell infrastructure is provided for each carrier in a building. Antennas in one or more sky sensors and/or donor antennas may facilitate this service.
In some building communications systems, data or voice information is sent and received from a building in one protocol but delivered to occupants of the building or made available to occupants of the building in a different protocol. Such systems may be employed, when, for example, a particular cellular protocol such as 5G is not deployed within but is used by the building to send and receive communications with carriers or other wireless communications systems outside of the building. As explained elsewhere herein, exterior antennas may be deployed on, for example, the roof of a building via one or more roof antennas and/or sky sensors.
In certain embodiments, wireless communications between the building and one or more other communications structures outside the building (e.g., cell towers or other buildings with roof antennas) is conducted using a first protocol that operates at one frequency, while communications within the building take place at one or more section protocols that operate at one or more other frequencies. In some embodiments, the frequency of the protocol used by the building to communicate outside the building is conducted at a higher frequency than communications within the building that are made available to occupants of the building. For example, a 5G cellular protocol may be used for communications between the building and external communications structures (e.g., cell towers), while 4G, Wi-Fi (including the 2.4, 5, and 60 GHz standards), CBRS, or other protocol is used for communications within the building. In some cases, the communications within the building are delivered at least in part over a wired infrastructure such as coaxial cables using a MoCA protocol or unshielded twisted-pair cables using conventional Ethernet. In addition, multi-protocol systems, as described, may employ repeater or other similar structure having a first transceiver for sending and receiving 5G (or other first protocol) wireless communications outside a building and a second transceiver for sending and receiving Wi-Fi, CBRS, or other second protocol wireless communications inside the building.
Such approaches may be used to avoid bringing communications delivered via very high frequency signals (e.g., 5G) into a building and rebroadcasting them at the same frequency at potentially thousands of locations in the building. In certain embodiments, communications signals outside a building (but including the building) are made via 5G at wavelengths in or near 30-300 GHz, but these signals are rebroadcast within a building as 3.5 GHz CBRS signals. As noted at the World Wide Web site fiercewireless.com/wireless/next-release-cbrs-specs-will-support-5G, CBRS can be made compatible with 5G. Thus, a building supporting or relying on a 5G protocol does not have to provide 30-300 GHz signals in the building interior.
Dual protocol approaches described above may be particularly appropriate when windows, walls, and/or other building structures block or strongly attenuate 5G signals and effectively prevent 5G communication from directly entering into buildings.
In some cases, windows and other building structures can be modified or manufactured in a way that blocks substantially all electromagnetic radiation, at least within certain frequency ranges; so that a room, a region of the building, or the whole building is effectively contained in a Faraday cage of sorts. For a description of examples of structures that substantially block certain electromagnetic radiation, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/709,339, filed Sep. 19, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments, such structures are designed or tuned to block frequencies of one protocol (e.g., 5G) while allowing frequencies of other protocols to penetrate, and such structures are deployed on windows or other building structures to support multi-protocol systems.
Thus, in certain embodiments, the roof antenna(s) or other exterior antennas interface with 5G cellular from outside the building, while wires and/or interior antennas interface with building occupants via a non-5G protocol. And if interior antennas and radios are used (not wiring), the antennas/radios may communicate at frequencies below those of 5G. e.g., below about 10 GHz. In such cases, examples of suitable internal communications include 40 and 3G cellular, Wi-Fi, CBRS, etc. In some cases, the interior communication is made, at least in part, via wires and/or via LiFi. Example implementations of systems for LiFi communications with a building are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 62/827,674, filed Apr. 1, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In certain embodiments, a building communication system contain infrastructure for providing wireless communications inside the building via licensed bands (licensed by communications agencies such as the US Federal Communications Commission, for example) for multiple cellular carriers (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, etc.) and use their bands inside the building, alone or optionally in combination with an unlicensed band such as a CBRS band. In certain embodiments, a building communication infrastructure can act as a gateway that cellular carriers may license or lease in order to facilitate cellular communication to the building interior via their FCC licensed bands. As explained elsewhere, the cellular carriers can use the building communications system infrastructure supplement their existing systems.
Antennas (Transmission and Reception Properties)
Radiation Pattern
A transmitted or received radiation pattern for a given antenna may be shaped and sized to cover a particular region of a building such as a floor, a lobby, or a room within a floor. The horizontal and vertical coverage may be controlled by the design of the antenna and its location in a building. In certain embodiments, an antenna's radiation pattern has a generally hemispherical shape. In some cases, such pattern is appropriate for covering an entire side or multiple floors of a building. However, some buildings have metal structures (e.g., corrugated metal plates) between floors, and such structures may strongly attenuate any radiation signal passing vertically between floors. With this or other considerations in mind, an antenna's radiation pattern may be flat or fan shaped in the horizontal direction. Such patterns may be effective for covering a single floor or a portion of a floor. Such patterns waste relatively little power on signal directed vertically that might otherwise be attenuated by building structures in the floors or ceilings. In certain embodiments, an antenna is designed so that the horizontal shape or angular spread of its radiation pattern is limited (e.g., 90 degrees versus 180 degrees). In certain embodiments, an antenna produces a cardioid-shaped radiation pattern.
In certain embodiments, the shape of a radiation pattern is controlled using two or more antennas separated from one another (e.g., placed on opposite walls of a room or floor). Two separated antennas, for example, may provide a power distribution that is greatest to the front and rear of a virtual line connecting the two antennas.
Various features of the antenna design impact the shape of the radiation pattern. Examples include (i) the overall shape of an antenna element conductor (straight linear, lobed, wave shaped, handle shaped, strip shaped, etc.), (ii) any slots or holes in the interior of the conductor, (iii) whether a ground plane is used, and the like.
In some implementations, building antennas are provided with transceivers that can produce signals of only a limited range; e.g., the signal effectively propagates only a limited distance such as about ten meters or shorter. Such limited range transceivers and associated antennas may have the benefit of operating outside a domain that is subject to certain regulatory restrictions such as US Federal Communications Commission restrictions. Such antennas may be particularly useful for transmitting and receiving signals in the interior regions of a building.
Polarization:
Radio waves emitted by an antenna often have a specific polarization. Similarly, receiving antennas may be predominately sensitive to radio waves of a specific polarization. Radiation emitted by or received from a building antenna may have a preferential polarization such as linearly polarization or circularly polarization. Linear polarized signal may be, e.g., horizontally polarized or vertically polarized. Ionosphere noise on earth is generally vertically oriented. Therefore many conventional outdoor antennas send and receive primarily horizontally polarized signal. In a building, however, the effect of ionosphere noise is not as significant. Hence non-horizontally polarized signal may be acceptable.
Frequency:
Building antennas may send or receive signal at a single frequency or over multiple frequencies; e.g., any one or more of the Wi-Fi, 4G cellular, 50 cellular, and millimeter wave frequency bands. Certain antenna implementations require transmission or reception at multiple frequency bands, in which case the system includes either a single antenna that can send and/or receive signals over the multiple required frequencies or it may include multiple single frequency band antennas, each configured to send and/or receive signals at one of the required frequencies. In the latter case, the system may employ a group of antennas such as an array of closely spaced antennas, where each antenna is configured to send/receive at its own distinct frequency. Each such antenna also requires its own connector and cable—which may run in parallel with one another—and in some cases each such antenna requires its own transceiver. Another application that may employ multiple antennas operating under control of different transceivers is the multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) configuration employed by certain cellular protocols. MIMO antenna designs are sometimes used to support a high bandwidth. By providing multiple channels or frequencies for input and output, in antenna and associated hardware increases the likelihood that it will have a good connection to a surrounding wireless communication signal, e.g., a 3G, 4G, 5G cellular signal or a Wi-Fi signal.
In cases using a multi-frequency antenna, the antenna and its transceiver require only a single cable, thereby reducing the number of cables or lines that must be installed and maintained. In one example, a multi-frequency antenna sends/receives signals at various frequencies, e.g., at 2-5 frequency bands, over a wide range, e.g., about 700 MHz to about 60 GHz.
Antennas (Examples of Types)
General
Antennas used in buildings and providing the network or service functions described herein may have any of various designs. A few examples are provided below. Others are presented in the following patent applications incorporated herein by reference in their entireties: PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US17/31106, filed May 4, 2017 (PCT Patent Application Publication No. 2017192881); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/287,646, filed Oct. 6, 2016 (US Patent Application Publication No. 20170122802); and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US18/29460, filed May 25, 2018 (PCT Patent Application Publication No. 2018200740)
Patch Antennas
Patch antennas may be implemented a surface of a lite. They may be provided as a flat patch of conductive material on the surface of a window and oriented substantially parallel to the surface of the window. See, e.g., the examples provided in
Trough Antenna
Outer case 1203 of the antenna is provided in two portions. A first portion 1205 is a partially enclosing structure (e.g., a generally bathtub shaped part) that is conductive and serves as a ground plane. A second portion 1207 covers the opening of the first portion and is made from a material that is more transparent (compared to the first portion) to electromagnetic radiation at the frequencies of the antenna. Second portion 1207 may be optional.
Inside the trough outer case 1203 is the generally serpentine shaped conductor 1209, sometimes referred to herein as an antenna element. In certain embodiments, the antenna element 1209 has a generally undulating or wave shape, with one or more peaks and one or troughs. In some cases, antenna element 1209 has at least two peaks and at least two troughs. In various embodiments, the peak(s) and/or trough(s) have a generally square or rectangular shape; for example, collectively they may have a generally square wave shape. Other embodiments may employ curved, triangular, or other polygonal shaped peaks and/or troughs. During transmission or reception, signal propagates through this conductor.
A conductive ridge or septum 1211 runs lengthwise through the trough and divides the conductor 1209 into two pieces or portions, 1210A and 1210B. The shape, size, and relative orientations of the conductor elements, particularly septum 1211 and portions 1210A and 1210B, determines the frequency band, polarization, and/or intensity distribution of the emitted and/or received radiation. For example, the shape of portions 1210A and 1210B determines particular patterns of constructive and destructive interference that produce the characteristic shape and frequency of electromagnetic radiation propagated into the adjacent space. Depending on the conductor shape, the radiation intensity pattern may be fan-shaped, hemispherical-shaped, cardioid-shaped, cylinder-shaped, and the like. The conductor shape and size also dictate the frequency distribution(s) and polarization at which the antenna sends/receives signals. The remainder of the trough outer case 1203 (the portion not occupied by the serpentine conductor) is optionally filled with a dielectric material.
In some implementations, peaks and troughs of portion 1210A are separated from one another by about the wavelength of the emitted or received radiation. Similarly, the peaks and troughs of portion 1210B may be separated by about the wavelength of the emitted or received radiation, but in this case oriented about 180 degrees out of phase with the peaks and troughs of 1210A. The signal transmitted or received on portions 1210A and 1210B may correspondingly be about 180 degrees out of phase. The resulting structure may produce a generally flat or fan-shaped radiation intensity profile propagating generally in the z-direction. Shifting the wavelength of the driving or receiving radiation source slightly lower or higher than the wavelength defined by portions 1210A and 1210B shifts the radiation intensity profile slightly in the x-direction, positive or negative depending on the direction of wavelength offset. In certain embodiments, trough antenna 1201 emits radiation having polarization generally in the x direction.
Trough antenna 1201 includes a feed point 1213 located at one of the bottom ends of the trough outer case 1203 for attachment of the conductive antenna element 1209 to a conductive line running to a transceiver. Another line connects the trough first portion 1205 to ground. In certain embodiments, a single coaxial cable is employed with the outer conductor of the cable (grounded) connected to first portion 1205 and the center conductor connected to the generally serpentine-shaped conductor 1209.
In various embodiments, antenna element 1209 is made from metal or other highly conductive material. Examples include aluminum, copper, brass, and the like. In various embodiments, the first portion 1205 of the outer case 1203 is made from a conductive material such as aluminum, copper, brass, etc. In various embodiments, the second portion 1207 of the outer case 1203 is made from a dielectric material. Examples include glass, polymer, and ceramic. The trough antennas can be constructed to be durable in the face of sunlight exposure, wind, precipitation, temperature extremes and large variations, and other environmental challenges such as vibrations and/or dust and other particles.
A trough antenna may be positioned at various locations in or on a building. In general, it may be installed at any of the antenna locations described above. In some embodiments, it is positioned on the exterior of a building. In some embodiments, it is installed on an architectural element such as a mullion, sill, or ceiling, or it may be installed on an IGU or window. In the case of a mullion, a trough antenna may be installed in a slot in a mullion or other architectural element of a building.
In certain embodiments, a trough antenna is about 5-50 cm, or about 10-40 cm in the longest dimension. In some such embodiments, the remaining dimensions may be between about 2 and 20 cm.
A transmitted signal emanates from the opening in the partially enclosing structure 1205 of a trough antenna. Alternatively, if a trough antenna is configured to receive signals, signal is received through the opening. In certain embodiments, the emitted (or received) signal from this opening has a flat, fan-like shape, having a generally planar shape that is generally parallel to the long axis of the antenna. Depending on the orientation of the antenna as mounted, the fan shaped signal may be horizontally oriented. However the size and shape of the serpentine conductor allows for alternative shapes of the signal such as cardioid patterns, partial hemispheres, cylinders, etc. In certain embodiments, the emitted signal is polarized in the direction of the antenna's long axis; e.g., the antenna may emit horizontally polarized radiation.
In various embodiments, a trough antenna may be configured to operate at only a single frequency band. Thus, in certain implementations of the trough antenna shown in
Handle Antenna
As depicted in
In some implementations, the antenna element (the handle) 1301 sits in front of the ground plane 1307. The ground plane may be, for example, a separate layer that is provided with the antenna element or it may be a conductive part of an architectural element such as a mullion, a beauty cap, or other conductive structure to which the antenna element is mounted. Such ground plane may be connected to a second conductor, which connects to an electrical ground, such as the outer conductor of a coaxial cable. In certain embodiments, the antenna element 1301 connects to ground at one end of the element, e.g., at a connection point 1309.
In some cases, one or more inverted-F antennas are used in the manner of a handle antenna described herein. In fact, in various embodiments, a handle antenna is a form of inverted-F antenna. An inverted-F antenna may have a monopole antenna element oriented substantially parallel to a ground plane. One end of the antenna element is connected to ground, and an intermediate point of the antenna element, located a distance from the grounded end, is fed with an electrical signal. In certain embodiments, the inverted-F antenna is a planar inverted-F antenna. In some cases, the inverted-F antenna is a planar patch inverted-F antenna.
The shape, dimensions, and thickness of handle-shaped antenna element 1301 determine, at least in part, the frequency or frequencies at which the antenna transmits and/or receives electromagnetic radiation, as well as characteristics of the antenna's radiation pattern. Generally, the handle-shaped antenna element 1301 is substantially flat (y-z plane in
In certain embodiments, handle-shaped antenna element 1301 has slots, holes, or other regions of no material (not shown) in the antenna element interior when viewed in the y-z plane of
The antenna element may be attached to substrate 1305 at one or more additional locations besides connection points 1303 and 1309 depicted in
In some implementations, an antenna structure includes multiple handles, each with its own handle profile (and optionally inner hole(s)). Collectively, the handles in such structure provide a multi-frequency antenna. In some cases, the frequency span of a multi-handle antenna is quite large; e.g., about 700 MHz to 30 GHz. As an example, one or more handle antennas may resonate at one or more frequency bands including about 700 MHz, about 900 MHz, about 2.1 GHz, and at one more bands between about 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
A handle antenna may be positioned at various locations in or on a building, such as on the building interior or exterior. Given the robust structure of a handle antenna, it may be appropriately affixed on the exterior of a building. In certain embodiments, a handle antenna is disposed on an architectural element; e.g., the antenna is bolted or screwed into an architectural element. In some implementations, a hole is drilled through a mullion to feed a pigtail or other wire/cable from an optically switchable window to a window network. The same hole or a similar hole may be used to affix a handle antenna to a mullion. In fact, such hole in a mullion or other architectural element may be employed to affix any of the antennas described herein to the architectural element. As described above in relation to
A handle antenna may be relatively smaller than a trough antenna discussed above. In certain embodiments, a handle antenna is between about 50 and 500 mm (e.g., about 100-300 mm) in its longest dimensions (e.g., the x-direction). In certain embodiments, a handle antenna has a height (z-direction dimension) of about 10 to 400 mm (e.g., about 40-100 mm).
A single handle antenna may be designed to emit or receive one or more frequency bands. To the extent that an antenna structure contains multiple handle-shaped antenna elements of different shapes and/or sizes, the antenna structure may send and/or receive signals at multiple frequencies. In such cases, a handle antenna may support multiple protocols (e.g., 4G and 5G), and a single one of these antenna structures may be used in a room or other service area. As an example, one or more handle antennas may resonate at one or more frequency bands including those centered at about 700 MHz, at about 900 MHz, at about 2.1 GI-z, and at one more bands between about 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
In certain embodiments, each of multiple frequency bands is provided by a separate one of the handle-shaped antenna elements. This approach may be appropriate when a single handle antenna is unable to cover frequencies over a sufficiently large range or when different frequency bands are associated with different communications protocols, each of which requires its own transceiver. It may also be appropriate for communications protocols that employ multiple antenna formats such as multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) formats used in some cellular communications protocols (e.g., 5G MIMO).
Each of multiple antenna elements may be fabricated from a separate wafer or other substrate, and the thin, flat substrates may be stacked side-by-side. However, the individual handles may have unique profiles and/or sizes and be tuned for different frequencies. In one example, an antenna has at least four different flat handle antenna elements, each of a unique shape and each having a respective frequency band, but each relatively thin (e.g., between about 0.1 and about 2 centimeters thick). Each of these separate elements may be provided side-by-side. Each of the handles may be bonded together so that collectively the handles operate as a monolithic structure.
Slotted Coaxial Antenna
As depicted in
As mentioned, element 1403 may be implemented as a printed circuit board or other substantially planar structure. It may include a single conductive layer or two conductive lavers separated by a dielectric layer. The combination of the planar structure 1403 and the surrounding shell 1405 may effectively form a waveguide; in some ways the planar structure 1403 and the shell 1405 may serve the functions of the inner and outer conductors of a coaxial cable. In various embodiments, planar element 1403 has various slots that serve to tune the properties of radiation emitted from the element.
In certain embodiments, the element 1403 contains two substantially planar conductive layers. The separation of the conductive layers and the cross-sections of those layers can be adjusted to provide specific impedances. Both of these layers may be patterned. However, typically there is a single electrical feed to element 1403. The feed may be divided and provided to, e.g., conductive elements associated with each of the slots in element 1403.
As shown, the circuit board 1403 has slots 1411 that serve to tune the power distribution. Different locations and sizes and shapes of the slots tune the frequency distribution, polarization, and shape of the power distribution in the emitted radiation. For example, the individual feeds and emitted power from the regions adjacent slots 1411 may combine in phase to produce the desired shape of the emitted radiation. In certain embodiments, the slots 1411 are separated from one another by a distance corresponding to a wavelength (or a half wavelength) of the emitted or received radiation.
As shown in
In certain embodiments, the emitted (or received) signal from a slotted coaxial antenna has a fan shape. However, the actual radiation pattern produced by any given slotted coaxial antenna is controlled by the slot design and the separation of the slots in the conductor in the printed circuit board and the shell. Depending on the orientation of the antenna as mounted, the signal may be horizontally or vertically oriented.
A slotted coaxial antenna may be relatively smaller than a trough antenna discussed above. In certain embodiments, a slotted coaxial antenna is between about 100 and 1000 mm (e.g., about 300-800 mm) in its longest dimensions.
Slotted coaxial antennas may be positioned at various locations inside and/or outside of a building. In one example, a slotted coaxial antenna is disposed on a horizontal mullion, a sill, on the top or bottom of window. In some cases, a slotted coaxial antenna is disposed on a structurer not associated with a window. For example, the antenna may be installed on ceiling tiles, cubicle walls, and the like. In certain embodiments, a slotted coaxial antenna is provided in a horizontal orientation at a relatively high elevation in a room (e.g., about two meters or higher above a floor) but rotated to have a down-focused beam pattern. This focuses the wireless signals in a region where building occupants can make use of them. In certain implementations, a horizontally oriented, down-focused slotted coaxial antenna is part of or installed in a digital architectural element such as a horizontal digital mullion. When oriented horizontally, a slotted coaxial cable may be configured to produce a horizontally polarized signal.
In certain embodiments, the shell 1405 serves as all or part of a building architectural element such as a mullion, a transom, a digital architectural element casing, etc. For example, a portion of the hollow conductive structure of a mullion may serve as the shell.
Given the potentially compact size of this antenna, many of them may be disposed at locations throughout a room or other region of a building, where they each provide short range coverage, but collectively they blanket a wide area. In some implementations, slotted coaxial antennas are provided with transceivers that produce signals of a limited range; e.g., the signal effectively propagates only a limited distance such as about ten meters or shorter. Such limited range transceivers have the benefit of not being subject to certain regulatory requirements such as those promulgated by the US Federal Communications Commission.
In one embodiment, multiple slotted coaxial antennas are disposed on cubicle walls or other work area structures in an office space. The collective effect of the antennas is to blanket the work area with coverage but With insufficient range that the signals radiate out of the building or, in some instances, even out of a room.
In some cases, the mounted slotted coaxial antennas are oriented horizontally but angled up or down by a small amount (e.g., about +/−10 degrees). This may help produce fan-shaped radiation pattern that blankets areas where occupants are expected to reside. For example, if the antennas are mounted at an elevation that is greater than the height of most humans, the antennas may be oriented to direct the radiation downward by a few degrees from the horizontal.
In certain embodiments, a slotted coaxial antenna is configured to transmit and/or receive a single frequency band or a broadband signal.
Microstrip Patch Antenna
A microstrip patch antenna may be employed in some buildings. An example of such antenna is depicted in
The antenna element conductive structure may have various configurations such monopole, dipole, and various patch antenna configurations such as those described in PCT Published Patent Application PCT/US17/31106, filed May 4, 2017 (Publication No. 2017192881), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In certain embodiments, the dielectric on which the antenna element of the microstrip antenna is mounted is relatively resistant to UV radiation and other weathering effects. In certain embodiments, the metal strip placed on top of the dielectric is relatively thick (e.g., 1 mm or greater) so that it does not easily wear away when exposed to UV and other ambient conditions for long periods of time. In some cases, the dielectric material is cut away in some or all regions outside the metal used in the antenna element.
As shown in
A microstrip patch antenna may be relatively smaller than a trough antenna discussed above. In certain embodiments, a microstrip patch antenna is between about 100 and 1000 mm (e.g., about 300-800 mm) in its longest dimensions.
In some cases, a microstrip patch antenna is configured to stick on or otherwise adhere to a building element such as the surface of a mullion, a beauty cap, or digital architectural element. Because, a microstrip patch antenna can simply adhere to a conductive structure, there may be no need to drill a hole or otherwise modify the building element to which the antenna adheres. The microstrip patch antenna may also be sufficiently small and/or inconspicuous such that it need not be hidden when applied to a structural element or installation. In some embodiments, a microstrip patch antenna is embedded in a trough, which is either designed for the antenna or forms part of a building installation or structural element such as a beauty cap. In some cases, a microstrip patch antenna is vertically oriented on building structural element or installation such as an IGU or a cubicle. In such cases, the antenna may be configured to emit and/or receive vertically polarized electromagnetic radiation. In some cases, a microstrip patch antenna is mounted facing outward, away from a building, as is the case when it is mounted on a beauty cap. In some cases, a microstrip patch antenna is mounted facing inward, toward a building interior, as may be the case when it is mounted a mullion.
As with some other relatively small antennas, some microstrip patch antennas may produce signals of a limited range; e.g., the signal effectively propagates only a limited distance such as about ten meters or shorter.
In certain embodiments, a microstrip patch antenna is mounted in a substantially horizontal orientation (e.g., the y-direction is substantially vertical). In such cases, the antenna may be configured to emit and/or receive vertically polarized radiation.
As with the slotted coaxial antenna, the relatively compact size of the microstrip patch antenna allows many of them to be disposed at locations throughout a room or other region of a building. Although each antenna may provide short range coverage, collectively the antennas may blanket a wide area. For example, a microstrip patch antenna may be provided with transceivers that produce signals of a limited range; e.g., the signal effectively propagates only a limited distance such as about ten meters or shorter, and as such avoid being subject to certain regulatory requirements such as those promulgated by the US Federal Communications Commission.
In some cases, multiple microstrip patch antennas are disposed on cubicle walls or other work area structures in an office space. The collective effect of the antennas is to blanket the work area with coverage but with insufficient range that the signals radiate out of the building or, in some instances, even out of a room.
In some cases, the mounted antennas are oriented horizontally, as described, but angled up or down by a small amount (e.g., about +/−10 degrees).
Self-Organizing Antenna Structures (Configuring and Reconfiguring Antennas and Transceivers)
In certain embodiments, one or more antennas and their associated radios are installed without first assigning a particular protocol, or in some cases, even a frequency band. In some cases, the protocols and/or frequency bands are assigned before, at, or slightly after installation, but the operating power is not yet assigned. During or after installation, the power, and optionally the protocol and/or frequency are set by appropriate programming. A goal of this process may be to test interference and reachability among the individual antennas, and, as appropriate, set power levels to each radio.
In some implementations, a configuring or commissioning system determines the functions and/or operating parameters that particular antennas and associated radios will serve only after they are installed. At that point, the radios are configured to incorporate the desired functions and/or parameters. The functions/parameters are then fixed unless or until some change is required, in which case the radios may be reconfigured.
In certain embodiments, the process takes place in two stages. The initial stage is performed during or after installation, optionally after a discovery phase to determine which of the newly installed antennas have particular reachability based on surrounding communications infrastructure and user loads. Thereafter, during normal operation, as the environment or situations change, the antennas and transceivers may be reconfigured to adapt to changing demands or requirements. For example, if a tree or other feature appears in front of an antenna, the antenna's transceiver power may need to be increased and/or the antenna's role in the network infrastructure reduced or otherwise altered. Still further, if wireless traffic patterns change, even for a short duration, the radio/antenna parameters may be adjusted, albeit temporarily, to accommodate such change.
Logic for performing this self-organization of antennas and their associated radios may be located (and executed) within the building or outside the building. In either case, the logic may be centralized, or may be distributed among multiple processing nodes. In some cases, the logic responsible for self-organizing of antennas/radios is distributed between processing capacity dedicated to one function such as an initial setup or configuration of the antennas and radios and other logic is dedicated for the adjustment or adaptation of the radios for addressing changing circumstances. In certain embodiments, a local (in the building) logic device such as a master network controller is used for this purpose. In other embodiments, a remote (outside the building) logic device or collection of devices is used (e.g., cloud-based resources).
Among the parameters that may be adjusted or set in this process are the frequency of the antenna signal, the power of transmitted antenna signals, and the communications protocol employed. These may be adjusted or set by modifying settings in transmitters and/or receivers employed by the various antennas.
In one example, as depicted in the flow chart of
As a next step, antennas are powered on and scanned across frequencies that are available to them in order to determine which other cellular or other wireless nodes on the network they can communicate with. See blocks 1605 and 1607. The scanning is optionally conducted on an antenna-by-antenna basis. For example, each antenna/radio is scanned sequentially (block 1605), and the neighboring antennas/radios report on the interference of their transmitted and/or received signals as a function of power (or other parameter adjustment in neighboring antennas) (block 1607).
With information about locations and the abilities of the individual antennas to handle particular cellular or other wireless network requirements, the system determines how to set parameters for particular ones of the individual radios throughout the building. See block 1609. With this in mind, the system may now be configured to decide which radios should be given which parameters, e.g., which radios should transmit and receive at which frequencies, and at what power levels. With the appropriate parameters determined, the configuring system applies those parameters. See block 1611.
Optionally, during operation of the network/communications infrastructure, the system listens or monitors operation of the network, administrative decisions, and/or usage patterns that merit reconfiguring the antenna for a particular application such as providing additional capacity or coverage for certain users. For example, if many users suddenly appear on a street corner near the building such as during a protest or celebration, the system can deploy additional capacity to handle the new demands on the cellular or other wireless infrastructure. The changing conditions may be detected in various ways such as by a newsfeed, rescanning of the antennas periodically to see where they can connect to, detecting power or other performance degradation, and the like.
In some cases, a schedule is employed for rescanning or otherwise checking the characteristics of the antennas. As example, such schedule may check characteristics every day, week, month, year, etc. If any conditions are detected that suggest a different setting, the system may adjust parameters of one or more antennas. Note that the scanning and resetting operations might be performed initially using one type of computational infrastructure while later operations are performed using a different computational infrastructure.
In certain embodiments, a radio/antenna self-organizing process is employed in a building having at least about ten installed radios/antennas to configure. In certain embodiments, such process is employed in a building having at least about fifty or at least about one hundred installed radios/antennas to configure.
For example, a typical floor of a typical high rise building may have approximately 200 windows and approximately 100 mullions, many or all of which may have a mounted antenna with an associated radio. With this many antennas and concomitant potential for interference, the radios may be tuned to ensure effective transfer of wireless connection (e.g., cell phone or Wi-Fi signral) as users move through the building. A self-organizing network is designed so that the individual radios are properly configured to provide orderly handoffs; i.e., they provide good coverage in the building but without interfering with one another.
In certain embodiments, most or all radios are SDRs (software definable radios), which may be components of vRANs. A vRAN includes an application processor in front of an SDR. SDRs may have a wide spectral band available, e.g., about 20 MHz to 6 GHz. In some cases, an SDR supports any protocol at any frequency band between 20 MHz and 6 GHz.
In some implementations, vRANs include two primary components, a Head End (HE) and a number of remote software definable radio units (RRUs) fed by the HE. In certain embodiments, the HE is implemented in one or more control panels such as control panel 917 shown in
However, other implementations may be employed such as systems in which one or more of the RRUs are standalone units that are not integrated with sensors, etc. And in some implementations, the HE is implemented in a remote site or even over the internet, e.g., via cloud resources.
The SDR may also include a radio chip including an RF power amplifier and an analog-to-digital converter. One example of a suitable radio chip is the AD9361 available from Analog Devices, Inc. of Norwood, Mass. One example of a suitable complete RRU is the USRP E320 available from Ettus Research of Santa Clara, Calif.
An example sequence for a self-organizing radio characteristics process follows. Assume that some or all radios on a floor (e.g., there are 100 of them) of a multi-floor building are assigned a particular protocol and frequency band (e.g., CBRS band 48).
1. Turn on all 100 radios on a floor and send instructions to configure all of them according to a particular protocol/band (CBRS, band 48), using the appropriate spectrum allocation, etc. In some embodiments, a field service engineer or an operator in network operations center takes action to instruct the radios that they are to operate in this protocol. In an alternative approach, an automated process chooses the protocols, frequency bands, etc. of the various radios. In certain embodiments, a subset of the antennas is selected for one frequency band and another subset is selected for a different frequency band. In general, both the frequency band and the protocol are chosen for each antenna/radio on the floor. In one example, different radios/antennas are chosen for different cellular protocols; e.g., at a 28 GHz band, some radios are chosen for ATT and others for Verizon.
2. An engineer, an operator, or automated logic sends instructions to the radios to adjust their output power. This may be done in a round robin manner; e.g. sequentially, each radio gradually increases its power to, e.g., 1 mW.
3. Poll each device to determine its signal strength, any interference it experiences vis-à-vis neighboring antennas, etc.
4. Based on 2 and 3, determine which radios to set at which powers (e.g., determine which radios to crank up and which to dial back). As an example, when a first antenna is located in the middle of a floor or the middle of a room and is flanked by two other antennas at approximately 180° apart (adjacent neighbors), operations 2 and 3 may suggest that the first antenna can operate at a relatively high power. However, a second antenna located at the corner of the floor or room, and having adjacent antennas that are at approximately 90° angles, might set the radio for the second antenna at a lower power vis-d-vis the power of radios for adjacent antennas.
Overall, the process may provide a profile of adjacency and signal strength. The power provided by the individual antennas may be optimized on the basis of the principle “speak only as loud as necessary.” In some implementations, the exact location of antennas need not be known or determined, only the adjacency.
The process may account for heterogeneous radios, with some operating in one protocol and others operating in one or more other protocols. For example, one in four radios on a floor may be configured to implement CBRS, the remaining three of four radios on the floor may implement 5G cellular, operating at 28 GHz (multiple bands), which are optionally physically connected to an antenna on the exterior of the building (e.g., a donor antenna or a sky sensor). The 5G cellular may be divided among different carriers (e.g., Sprint v. ATT), each having its own subset of antennas. Given that the different radios may operate in different spectral regions, and these different radios may be adjacent one another, they might not interfere with one another, or at least not as significantly as radios operating in the same portion of the spectrum.
As indicated, the radios' configurations may be adjusted to load balance in a way that accounts for occupant usage patterns. The SDR control system for the antennas on a floor or for some other portion of a building may consider traffic patterns as a function of time. At different times, it then tunes bandwidth available to specific ones of its radios by, for example, making more bandwidth available to radios/antennas located where there is greatest need at any particular instant in time.
It should be understood that the certain embodiments described herein can be implemented in the form of control logic using computer software in a modular or integrated manner. Based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art will know and appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the present invention using hardware and a combination of hardware and software.
Any of the software components or functions described in this application, may be implemented as software code to be executed by a processor using any suitable computer language such as, for example, Java, C++ or Python using, for example, conventional or object-oriented techniques. The software code may be stored as a series of instructions, or commands on a computer-readable medium, such as a random-access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a magnetic medium such as a hard-drive or a floppy disk, or an optical medium such as a CD-ROM. Any such computer readable medium may reside on or within a single computational apparatus, and may be present on or within different computational apparatuses within a system or network.
Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. It should be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the processes, systems, and apparatus of the present embodiments. Additionally, one or more features from any embodiment may be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Further, modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to any embodiment without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The components of any embodiment may be integrated or separated according to particular needs without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the embodiments are not to be limited to the details given herein.
An Application Data Sheet is filed concurrently with this specification as part of the present application. Each application that the present application claims benefit of or priority to as identified in the concurrently filed Application Data Sheet is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2020/032269 | 5/9/2020 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020/227702 | 11/12/2020 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4129861 | Giglia | Dec 1978 | A |
| 4553085 | Canzano | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4864314 | Bond | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4874903 | Clarke | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4932755 | Holdridge et al. | Jun 1990 | A |
| 5139850 | Clarke et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5147694 | Clarke | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5202788 | Weppner | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5384653 | Benson et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5416617 | Loiseaux et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5440317 | Jalloul et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5477152 | Hayhurst | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5579149 | Moret et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5867495 | Elliott et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5959586 | Benham et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6032020 | Cook et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6039390 | Agrawal et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6055089 | Schulz et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6066801 | Kodaira et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6089721 | Schierbeek | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6104513 | Bloom | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6128471 | Quelch et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6262831 | Bauer et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6294111 | Shacklett, III et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6344748 | Gannon | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6407847 | Poll et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6456239 | Werb et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6567708 | Bechtel et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6620342 | Burchill et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6703981 | Meitzler et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6707590 | Bartsch | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6795226 | Agrawal et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6809692 | Puente Baliarda et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6897936 | Li et al. | May 2005 | B1 |
| 6965813 | Granqvist et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 7133181 | Greer | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7391420 | Coyne | Jun 2008 | B1 |
| 7536370 | Masurkar | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7684105 | Lamontagne et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7722948 | Dixon et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7739138 | Chauhan et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7800812 | Moskowitz | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7941245 | Popat | May 2011 | B1 |
| 8085460 | Finley et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8099140 | Arai | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8149756 | Hottinen | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8213074 | Shrivastava et al. | Jul 2012 | B1 |
| 8254013 | Mehtani et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8290627 | Richards et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8614848 | Ueda et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8634764 | Cruz et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8705162 | Brown et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8780432 | Nguyen | Jul 2014 | B1 |
| 8843238 | Wenzel et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8924076 | Boote et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8927069 | Estinto et al. | Jan 2015 | B1 |
| 8963378 | Fornage et al. | Feb 2015 | B1 |
| 8975789 | Snyker et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 8976440 | Berland et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9081246 | Rozbicki | Jul 2015 | B2 |
| 9128346 | Shrivastava et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9170008 | Reul et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
| 9225286 | Tweedie | Dec 2015 | B1 |
| 9300581 | Hui et al. | Mar 2016 | B1 |
| 9348192 | Brown et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
| 9442338 | Uhm et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9442341 | Shrivastava et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9454055 | Brown et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9470947 | Nagel et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
| 9494055 | Rusche | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9551913 | Kim et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9664976 | Rozbicki | May 2017 | B2 |
| 9677327 | Nagel et al. | Jun 2017 | B1 |
| 9690174 | Wang | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 9709869 | Baumann et al. | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9740074 | Agrawal et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9778533 | Bertolini | Oct 2017 | B2 |
| 9898912 | Jordan, II et al. | Feb 2018 | B1 |
| 9906956 | Huang | Feb 2018 | B1 |
| 9946138 | Shrivastava et al. | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 10001691 | Shrivastava et al. | Jun 2018 | B2 |
| 10110631 | Bauer et al. | Oct 2018 | B2 |
| 10137764 | Driscoll et al. | Nov 2018 | B2 |
| 10153845 | Ashrafi | Dec 2018 | B2 |
| 10254618 | Parker | Apr 2019 | B2 |
| 10268098 | Shrivastava et al. | Apr 2019 | B2 |
| 10286839 | Mazuir et al. | May 2019 | B1 |
| 10288971 | Phillips et al. | May 2019 | B2 |
| 10299101 | Lim et al. | May 2019 | B1 |
| 10303035 | Brown et al. | May 2019 | B2 |
| 10329839 | Fasi et al. | Jun 2019 | B2 |
| 10387221 | Shrivastava et al. | Aug 2019 | B2 |
| 10409652 | Shrivastava et al. | Sep 2019 | B2 |
| 10481459 | Shrivastava et al. | Nov 2019 | B2 |
| 10488837 | Cirino | Nov 2019 | B2 |
| 10505751 | Casilli | Dec 2019 | B2 |
| 10514963 | Shrivastava et al. | Dec 2019 | B2 |
| 10532268 | Tran et al. | Jan 2020 | B2 |
| 10673121 | Hughes et al. | Jun 2020 | B2 |
| 10720766 | Krammer et al. | Jul 2020 | B2 |
| 10746761 | Rayman et al. | Aug 2020 | B2 |
| 10747082 | Shrivastava et al. | Aug 2020 | B2 |
| 10768582 | Shrivastava et al. | Sep 2020 | B2 |
| 10797373 | Hughes et al. | Oct 2020 | B2 |
| 10859983 | Shrivastava et al. | Dec 2020 | B2 |
| 10867266 | Carlin et al. | Dec 2020 | B1 |
| 10917259 | Chein et al. | Feb 2021 | B1 |
| 10921675 | Barnum et al. | Feb 2021 | B2 |
| 10949267 | Shrivastava et al. | Mar 2021 | B2 |
| 10954677 | Scanlin | Mar 2021 | B1 |
| 10956231 | Shrivastava et al. | Mar 2021 | B2 |
| 10969645 | Rozbicki et al. | Apr 2021 | B2 |
| 10989977 | Shrivastava et al. | Apr 2021 | B2 |
| 11016357 | Brown et al. | May 2021 | B2 |
| 11054711 | Shrivastava et al. | Jul 2021 | B2 |
| 11054792 | Shrivastava et al. | Jul 2021 | B2 |
| 11073800 | Shrivastava et al. | Jul 2021 | B2 |
| 11114742 | Shrivastava et al. | Sep 2021 | B2 |
| 11150616 | Shrivastava et al. | Oct 2021 | B2 |
| 11168910 | Alcala Perez | Nov 2021 | B2 |
| 11182970 | Kathol | Nov 2021 | B1 |
| 11205926 | Shrivastava et al. | Dec 2021 | B2 |
| 11294254 | Patterson et al. | Apr 2022 | B2 |
| 11342791 | Rozbicki et al. | May 2022 | B2 |
| 11384596 | Shrivastava et al. | Jul 2022 | B2 |
| 11436061 | Shrivastava et al. | Sep 2022 | B2 |
| 11462814 | Hughes et al. | Oct 2022 | B2 |
| 11566468 | Vigano et al. | Jan 2023 | B2 |
| 11579571 | Shrivastava et al. | Feb 2023 | B2 |
| 11630366 | Shrivastava et al. | Apr 2023 | B2 |
| 11670833 | Hughes et al. | Jun 2023 | B2 |
| 11681197 | Shrivastava et al. | Jun 2023 | B2 |
| 11687045 | Shrivastava et al. | Jun 2023 | B2 |
| 11732527 | Rozbicki et al. | Aug 2023 | B2 |
| 11733660 | Shrivastava et al. | Aug 2023 | B2 |
| 11740948 | Shrivastava et al. | Aug 2023 | B2 |
| 11750594 | Vangati et al. | Sep 2023 | B2 |
| 11754902 | Brown et al. | Sep 2023 | B2 |
| 11799187 | Shrivastava et al. | Oct 2023 | B2 |
| 11868103 | Shrivastava et al. | Jan 2024 | B2 |
| 11882111 | Vangati et al. | Jan 2024 | B2 |
| 20010005083 | Serizawa et al. | Jun 2001 | A1 |
| 20020024424 | Burns et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020027504 | Davis et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020072868 | Bartone et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020109634 | Aisenbrey | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020140611 | Ligander et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020149829 | Mochizuka et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20030007462 | Makinen et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030034926 | Veerasamy | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030098791 | Carlson et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030101154 | Hisano et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030112187 | Whitehouse | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030169574 | Maruyama et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030191546 | Bechtel et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030227663 | Agrawal et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030232181 | Simpson et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040001056 | Atherton et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040053576 | Vasseur et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040148057 | Breed et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040150867 | Lee et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040160324 | Stilp | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040160657 | Tonar et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040196179 | Turnbull | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040215520 | Butler et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040236620 | Chauhan et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20050082639 | Kikuta et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050117193 | Poll et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050157675 | Feder et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050254442 | Proctor, Jr. et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050260983 | DiPiazza | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050270620 | Bauer et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050270621 | Bauer et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060018000 | Greer | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060033663 | Saint Clair et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060107616 | Ratti et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060145833 | Brandt et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060174333 | Thomas et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060279527 | Zehner et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070008603 | Sotzing et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070042819 | Li et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070053053 | Moskowitz | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070067048 | Bechtel et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070097481 | Burdis et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070115979 | Balay et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070126637 | Habib et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070182705 | Leyland et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070285759 | Ash et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070292606 | Demiryont | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080018979 | Mahe et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080042012 | Callahan et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080043316 | Moskowitz | Feb 2008 | A2 |
| 20080048101 | Romig et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080147847 | Pitkow et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080172312 | Synesiou et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080177919 | Miyazawa | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080184350 | Chu | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080186562 | Moskowitz | Aug 2008 | A2 |
| 20080190759 | Valentin et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080211682 | Hyland et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080238706 | Kenwright | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20090014693 | Zahn | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090015740 | Sagitov et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090047900 | Cruz et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054054 | Shao et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090139052 | Boenisch | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090140219 | Zahn | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090163170 | Norp et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090189458 | Kawasaki | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090224980 | Cruz et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090271042 | Voysey | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090284220 | Toncich et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090323160 | Egerton et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090323161 | Fuss et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100027694 | Touboul et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100039410 | Becker et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100052718 | Baker et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100052844 | Wesby | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100060971 | Schwendeman et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100076615 | Daniel et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100165436 | Voss et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100171667 | Knudsen | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100172010 | Gustavsson et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100188057 | Tarng | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100210233 | Cook et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100228854 | Morrison et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100243427 | Kozlowski et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100245973 | Wang et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100274366 | Fata et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100286839 | Iaquinangelo et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100286937 | Hedley et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100302624 | Moskowitz | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100315693 | Lam et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110031821 | Greene et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110050756 | Cassidy et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110071685 | Huneycutt et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110074342 | Maclaughlin | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110080630 | Valentin et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110083152 | Centore, III | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110097081 | Gupta et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110124313 | Jones | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110148218 | Rozbicki | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110154022 | Cheng et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110159821 | Park | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110164317 | Vergohl et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110170170 | Boote | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110223886 | Nasielski et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110248901 | Alexopoulos et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110260856 | Rossmann et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110261429 | Sbar et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20120026573 | Collins et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120033287 | Friedman et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120062975 | Mehtani et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120086363 | Golding et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120133213 | Borke et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120133315 | Berman et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120140492 | Alvarez | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120154241 | Tatarnikov et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120188627 | Chen et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120190386 | Anderson | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120194895 | Podbelski et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120212794 | Giron et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120217346 | Eberle et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120229275 | Mattern | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235493 | Kiuchi et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120239209 | Brown et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120259583 | Noboa et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120275008 | Pradhan et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120287017 | Parsche | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120293855 | Shrivastava et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120328849 | Neill et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130013921 | Bhathena et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130024029 | Tran et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130054033 | Casilli | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130060357 | Li et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130073681 | Jiang et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130085614 | Wenzel et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130085615 | Barker | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130085616 | Wenzel | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130088331 | Cho et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130131869 | Majewski et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130157493 | Brown | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130158790 | McIntyre, Jr. et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130182308 | Guarr et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130194141 | Okajima et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130196600 | Capers et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130226353 | Park | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130241299 | Snyker et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130243120 | Tsai et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130243425 | Franklin | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130271812 | Brown et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130271813 | Brown | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130271814 | Brown | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130278989 | Lam et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130306615 | Rozbicki et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20140008992 | Leabman | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140022621 | Kailasam et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140101573 | Kuo | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140149416 | Wallace | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140156097 | Nesler et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140160550 | Brown et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140170863 | Brown | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140171016 | Sennett et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140172557 | Eden et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140182350 | Bhavaraju et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140217967 | Zeine et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140236323 | Brown et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140240474 | Kondo | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140243033 | Wala et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140249876 | Wu et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140273911 | Dunn et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140274458 | Kronenberg et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140300945 | Parker | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140303788 | Sanders et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140319116 | Fischer et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140330538 | Conklin et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140333485 | Stone et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140347190 | Grimm | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140349497 | Brown et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140367057 | Feldstein | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20140368048 | Leabman et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20140368899 | Greer | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20140371931 | Lin et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150002919 | Jack et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150003822 | Fukada et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150023661 | Borkenhagen et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150098121 | Turnbull et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150116811 | Shrivastava et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150120297 | Meruva | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150129140 | Dean et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150137792 | Filippi et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150155737 | Mayo | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150160525 | Shi | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150198640 | Lee | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150222126 | Leabman et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150323287 | Durand | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150378230 | Gudmunson et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150378231 | Greer et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160020647 | Leabman et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160028162 | Ou et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160070151 | Shrivastava et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160091769 | Rozbicki | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160109778 | Shrivastava et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
| 20160124283 | Brown et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160134932 | Karp et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160135175 | Tarlazzi | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160147100 | Van Oosten et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160149635 | Hinman et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160154290 | Brown et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160181873 | Mitcheson et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160183056 | Leabman | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160202589 | Nagel et al. | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| 20160203403 | Nagel et al. | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| 20160225832 | Kwon et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160231354 | Rayman et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160248270 | Zeine et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160261837 | Thompson et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20170052753 | Paolini, Jr. et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170063429 | Flask | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170070457 | Sachs | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170075183 | Brown | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170075323 | Shrivastava et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170077988 | Flask | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170080341 | Mao et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170082903 | Vigano et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170085834 | Kim et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170097259 | Brown et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170104374 | Zeine et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170117754 | Noori et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170139301 | Messere et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170197494 | Li | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170200424 | Xu et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170212400 | Shrivastava et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170234067 | Fasi et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170243122 | Komatsu et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170251488 | Urban et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170253801 | Bae et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170264865 | Huangfu | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170272145 | Lilja | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170272317 | Singla et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170279930 | Zhang | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170284691 | Sinha et al. | Oct 2017 | A1 |
| 20170285432 | Shrivastava et al. | Oct 2017 | A1 |
| 20170285433 | Shrivastava et al. | Oct 2017 | A1 |
| 20170328121 | Purdy et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170347129 | Levi et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170364046 | Westrick, Jr. et al. | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20170364395 | Shrivastava et al. | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20170365908 | Hughes et al. | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20180076978 | Schubert et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180088432 | Shrivastava | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180090992 | Shrivastava et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180095337 | Rozbicki et al. | Apr 2018 | A1 |
| 20180106098 | Unveren et al. | Apr 2018 | A1 |
| 20180129172 | Shrivastava et al. | May 2018 | A1 |
| 20180138576 | Cohen | May 2018 | A1 |
| 20180144712 | Threlkel et al. | May 2018 | A1 |
| 20180176799 | Lange et al. | Jun 2018 | A1 |
| 20180187478 | Vigano et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180189117 | Shrivastava et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180267380 | Shrivastava et al. | Sep 2018 | A1 |
| 20180284555 | Klawuhn et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180301783 | Bulja et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180321042 | Brewer et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180335939 | Karunamuni et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20190028287 | Jin et al. | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190036209 | Au | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190044606 | Mansikkamaki | Feb 2019 | A1 |
| 20190067826 | Achour et al. | Feb 2019 | A1 |
| 20190097827 | Angle et al. | Mar 2019 | A1 |
| 20190155122 | Brown et al. | May 2019 | A1 |
| 20190215694 | Rubin et al. | Jul 2019 | A1 |
| 20190219881 | Shrivastava et al. | Jul 2019 | A1 |
| 20190235451 | Shrivastava et al. | Aug 2019 | A1 |
| 20190267840 | Rozbicki et al. | Aug 2019 | A1 |
| 20190271895 | Shrivastava et al. | Sep 2019 | A1 |
| 20190294018 | Shrivastava et al. | Sep 2019 | A1 |
| 20190319335 | Hughes et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190320033 | Nagata et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190324341 | Tonar et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190327320 | Rubin et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190331978 | Shrivastava et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190347141 | Shrivastava et al. | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| 20190353972 | Shrivastava et al. | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| 20190354071 | Turney et al. | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| 20190356508 | Trikha et al. | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| 20190361411 | Park et al. | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| 20190384652 | Shrivastava et al. | Dec 2019 | A1 |
| 20200041963 | Shrivastava et al. | Feb 2020 | A1 |
| 20200041967 | Shrivastava et al. | Feb 2020 | A1 |
| 20200045261 | Lim et al. | Feb 2020 | A1 |
| 20200057421 | Trikha et al. | Feb 2020 | A1 |
| 20200067865 | Jiménez et al. | Feb 2020 | A1 |
| 20200103841 | Pillai et al. | Apr 2020 | A1 |
| 20200150508 | Patterson et al. | May 2020 | A1 |
| 20200162856 | Ziv et al. | May 2020 | A1 |
| 20200193155 | Keohane et al. | Jun 2020 | A1 |
| 20200241379 | Barnum et al. | Jul 2020 | A1 |
| 20200257179 | Barnum et al. | Aug 2020 | A1 |
| 20200259237 | Shrivastava et al. | Aug 2020 | A1 |
| 20200321682 | Hughes et al. | Oct 2020 | A1 |
| 20200387041 | Shrivastava et al. | Dec 2020 | A1 |
| 20210021788 | Mcnelley et al. | Jan 2021 | A1 |
| 20210040789 | Rozbicki et al. | Feb 2021 | A1 |
| 20210063836 | Patterson et al. | Mar 2021 | A1 |
| 20210119318 | Hughes et al. | Apr 2021 | A1 |
| 20210132458 | Trikha et al. | May 2021 | A1 |
| 20210165696 | Shrivastava et al. | Jun 2021 | A1 |
| 20210191221 | Shrivastava et al. | Jun 2021 | A1 |
| 20210210053 | Ng et al. | Jul 2021 | A1 |
| 20210232015 | Brown et al. | Jul 2021 | A1 |
| 20210246719 | Shrivastava et al. | Aug 2021 | A1 |
| 20210302799 | Khanna | Sep 2021 | A1 |
| 20210373511 | Shrivastava et al. | Dec 2021 | A1 |
| 20210376445 | Shrivastava et al. | Dec 2021 | A1 |
| 20210383804 | Makker et al. | Dec 2021 | A1 |
| 20210384764 | Shrivastava et al. | Dec 2021 | A1 |
| 20210390953 | Makker et al. | Dec 2021 | A1 |
| 20220011729 | Shrivastava et al. | Jan 2022 | A1 |
| 20220019117 | Shrivastava et al. | Jan 2022 | A1 |
| 20220021099 | Shrivastava et al. | Jan 2022 | A1 |
| 20220121078 | Vollen et al. | Apr 2022 | A1 |
| 20220159077 | Shrivastava et al. | May 2022 | A1 |
| 20220171248 | Shrivastava et al. | Jun 2022 | A1 |
| 20220179275 | Patterson et al. | Jun 2022 | A1 |
| 20220231396 | Rozbicki et al. | Jul 2022 | A1 |
| 20220252952 | Rozbicki et al. | Aug 2022 | A1 |
| 20220255351 | Rozbicki et al. | Aug 2022 | A1 |
| 20220298850 | Shrivastava et al. | Sep 2022 | A1 |
| 20220316269 | Shrivastava et al. | Oct 2022 | A1 |
| 20220337596 | Smith et al. | Oct 2022 | A1 |
| 20220365494 | Shrivastava et al. | Nov 2022 | A1 |
| 20220365830 | Shrivastava et al. | Nov 2022 | A1 |
| 20230041490 | Vangati et al. | Feb 2023 | A1 |
| 20230074720 | Brown et al. | Mar 2023 | A1 |
| 20230111311 | Shrivastava et al. | Apr 2023 | A1 |
| 20230120049 | Vangati et al. | Apr 2023 | A1 |
| 20230261358 | Hughes et al. | Aug 2023 | A1 |
| 20230333520 | Shrivastava et al. | Oct 2023 | A1 |
| 20230341740 | Shrivastava et al. | Oct 2023 | A1 |
| 20230393542 | Shrivastava et al. | Dec 2023 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2012209352 | Aug 2013 | AU |
| 1161092 | Oct 1997 | CN |
| 1219251 | Jun 1999 | CN |
| 1267416 | Sep 2000 | CN |
| 1276574 | Dec 2000 | CN |
| 1311935 | Sep 2001 | CN |
| 1599280 | Mar 2005 | CN |
| 1692348 | Nov 2005 | CN |
| 1723658 | Jan 2006 | CN |
| 101032052 | Sep 2007 | CN |
| 101154104 | Apr 2008 | CN |
| 101253460 | Aug 2008 | CN |
| 101401312 | Apr 2009 | CN |
| 101501757 | Aug 2009 | CN |
| 101510078 | Aug 2009 | CN |
| 101856193 | Oct 2010 | CN |
| 101868346 | Oct 2010 | CN |
| 102255119 | Nov 2011 | CN |
| 102325326 | Jan 2012 | CN |
| 102326164 | Jan 2012 | CN |
| 102414601 | Apr 2012 | CN |
| 102598469 | Jul 2012 | CN |
| 202443309 | Sep 2012 | CN |
| 103051737 | Apr 2013 | CN |
| 103168269 | Jun 2013 | CN |
| 203019761 | Jun 2013 | CN |
| 103238107 | Aug 2013 | CN |
| 103282841 | Sep 2013 | CN |
| 103327126 | Sep 2013 | CN |
| 103345236 | Oct 2013 | CN |
| 103547965 | Jan 2014 | CN |
| 103649826 | Mar 2014 | CN |
| 103793730 | May 2014 | CN |
| 103842735 | Jun 2014 | CN |
| 103987909 | Aug 2014 | CN |
| 104102060 | Oct 2014 | CN |
| 104114804 | Oct 2014 | CN |
| 104321497 | Jan 2015 | CN |
| 104335595 | Feb 2015 | CN |
| 104884248 | Sep 2015 | CN |
| 105143586 | Dec 2015 | CN |
| 105974160 | Sep 2016 | CN |
| 106125444 | Nov 2016 | CN |
| 106164973 | Nov 2016 | CN |
| 106462023 | Feb 2017 | CN |
| 205992531 | Mar 2017 | CN |
| 106575064 | Apr 2017 | CN |
| 107111287 | Aug 2017 | CN |
| 107850815 | Mar 2018 | CN |
| 104730795 | May 2018 | CN |
| 108139644 | Jun 2018 | CN |
| 107112620 | Dec 2019 | CN |
| 0413580 | Feb 1991 | EP |
| 0588514 | Mar 1994 | EP |
| 0917667 | May 1999 | EP |
| 1929701 | Jun 2008 | EP |
| 1297380 | Nov 2008 | EP |
| 2090961 | Aug 2009 | EP |
| 2357544 | Aug 2011 | EP |
| 2645474 | Oct 2013 | EP |
| 2648086 | Oct 2013 | EP |
| 2733998 | May 2014 | EP |
| 2764998 | Aug 2014 | EP |
| 2357544 | Oct 2014 | EP |
| 2851993 | Mar 2015 | EP |
| 3015915 | May 2016 | EP |
| 2837205 | Feb 2017 | EP |
| 3293941 | Mar 2018 | EP |
| 3352053 | Jul 2018 | EP |
| 3230943 | Jul 2021 | EP |
| S63271320 | Nov 1988 | JP |
| H10215492 | Aug 1998 | JP |
| H10233612 | Sep 1998 | JP |
| H10246078 | Sep 1998 | JP |
| H11500838 | Jan 1999 | JP |
| 2000165970 | Jun 2000 | JP |
| 2001196826 | Jul 2001 | JP |
| 2003284160 | Oct 2003 | JP |
| 2004001765 | Jan 2004 | JP |
| 2004332350 | Nov 2004 | JP |
| 2005303348 | Oct 2005 | JP |
| 2006252886 | Sep 2006 | JP |
| 2006287729 | Oct 2006 | JP |
| 2007156909 | Jun 2007 | JP |
| 4139109 | Aug 2008 | JP |
| 2010152646 | Jul 2010 | JP |
| 2012017614 | Jan 2012 | JP |
| 2012533060 | Dec 2012 | JP |
| 2013515457 | May 2013 | JP |
| 3184348 | Jun 2013 | JP |
| 2014121122 | Jun 2014 | JP |
| 2014204550 | Oct 2014 | JP |
| 2015128349 | Jul 2015 | JP |
| 2015521459 | Jul 2015 | JP |
| 2016512677 | Apr 2016 | JP |
| 2018050290 | Mar 2018 | JP |
| 2018507337 | Mar 2018 | JP |
| 2019186771 | Oct 2019 | JP |
| 19990088613 | Dec 1999 | KR |
| 20030040361 | May 2003 | KR |
| 20030073121 | Sep 2003 | KR |
| 20070089370 | Aug 2007 | KR |
| 20080068165 | Jul 2008 | KR |
| 20090066107 | Jun 2009 | KR |
| 20110128213 | Nov 2011 | KR |
| 20120045915 | May 2012 | KR |
| 20120092921 | Aug 2012 | KR |
| 20120117409 | Oct 2012 | KR |
| 20130023668 | Mar 2013 | KR |
| 20130026740 | Mar 2013 | KR |
| 20130112693 | Oct 2013 | KR |
| 101323668 | Nov 2013 | KR |
| 101346862 | Jan 2014 | KR |
| 20140004175 | Jan 2014 | KR |
| 101799323 | Dec 2017 | KR |
| 20190142032 | Dec 2019 | KR |
| 20210032133 | Mar 2021 | KR |
| 20210039721 | Apr 2021 | KR |
| 104808 | May 2011 | RU |
| 2012107324 | Sep 2013 | RU |
| 141352 | Apr 2008 | SG |
| 200532346 | Oct 2005 | TW |
| 201029838 | Aug 2010 | TW |
| 201135545 | Oct 2011 | TW |
| 201243470 | Nov 2012 | TW |
| 201344874 | Nov 2013 | TW |
| 201423773 | Jun 2014 | TW |
| M519749 | Apr 2016 | TW |
| 201635840 | Oct 2016 | TW |
| I607269 | Dec 2017 | TW |
| WO-9823116 | May 1998 | WO |
| WO-0124700 | Apr 2001 | WO |
| WO-0182410 | Nov 2001 | WO |
| WO-03037056 | May 2003 | WO |
| WO-03092309 | Nov 2003 | WO |
| WO-2008073372 | Jun 2008 | WO |
| WO-2010014648 | Feb 2010 | WO |
| WO-2010079388 | Jul 2010 | WO |
| WO-2010106648 | Sep 2010 | WO |
| WO-2011082208 | Jul 2011 | WO |
| WO-2011087726 | Jul 2011 | WO |
| WO-2012079159 | Jun 2012 | WO |
| WO-2012125332 | Sep 2012 | WO |
| WO-2012125348 | Sep 2012 | WO |
| WO-2012130262 | Oct 2012 | WO |
| WO-2013046112 | Apr 2013 | WO |
| WO-2013121103 | Aug 2013 | WO |
| WO-2013155467 | Oct 2013 | WO |
| WO-2013158365 | Oct 2013 | WO |
| WO-2013158464 | Oct 2013 | WO |
| WO-2013159778 | Oct 2013 | WO |
| WO-2013177575 | Nov 2013 | WO |
| WO-2014007487 | Jan 2014 | WO |
| WO-2014059268 | Apr 2014 | WO |
| WO-2014082092 | May 2014 | WO |
| WO-2014121809 | Aug 2014 | WO |
| WO-2014124701 | Aug 2014 | WO |
| WO-2014130471 | Aug 2014 | WO |
| WO-2015013578 | Jan 2015 | WO |
| WO-2015051262 | Apr 2015 | WO |
| WO-2015075007 | May 2015 | WO |
| WO-2015077829 | Jun 2015 | WO |
| WO-2015113592 | Aug 2015 | WO |
| WO-2015134789 | Sep 2015 | WO |
| WO-2016004109 | Jan 2016 | WO |
| WO-2016072620 | May 2016 | WO |
| WO-2016085964 | Jun 2016 | WO |
| WO-2016094445 | Jun 2016 | WO |
| WO-2016174228 | Nov 2016 | WO |
| WO-2016183059 | Nov 2016 | WO |
| WO-2017007841 | Jan 2017 | WO |
| WO-2017007942 | Jan 2017 | WO |
| WO-2017062915 | Apr 2017 | WO |
| WO-2017075059 | May 2017 | WO |
| WO-2017129855 | Aug 2017 | WO |
| WO-2017189618 | Nov 2017 | WO |
| WO-2017192881 | Nov 2017 | WO |
| WO-2018039080 | Mar 2018 | WO |
| WO-2018063919 | Apr 2018 | WO |
| WO-2018067377 | Apr 2018 | WO |
| WO-2018094203 | May 2018 | WO |
| WO-2018098089 | May 2018 | WO |
| WO-2018200702 | Nov 2018 | WO |
| WO-2018200740 | Nov 2018 | WO |
| WO-2018200752 | Nov 2018 | WO |
| WO-2019022129 | Jan 2019 | WO |
| WO-2019157602 | Aug 2019 | WO |
| WO-2019203931 | Oct 2019 | WO |
| WO-2019204205 | Oct 2019 | WO |
| WO-2019213441 | Nov 2019 | WO |
| WO-2020172187 | Aug 2020 | WO |
| WO-2020185941 | Sep 2020 | WO |
| WO-2020227702 | Nov 2020 | WO |
| WO-2020243690 | Dec 2020 | WO |
| WO-2020227702 | Jan 2021 | WO |
| WO-2021211798 | Oct 2021 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| AGC, Inc., “AGC completes development of 5G-compatible ‘Glass Antenna that adds cellular base station capabilities to windows,’” Press Release, Jun. 3, 2020, 2 pp. |
| “Sage Product Highlights” screenshot, accessed Aug. 28, 2015, 1 page. |
| “SageGlass Mobile App” screenshot, accessed Aug. 28, 2015, 1 page. |
| “SageGlass Unplugged” screenshot, accessed Aug. 28, 2015, 1 page. |
| “SageGlass Unplugged™—wireless dynamic glass”, 2014, 2 pages. |
| APC by Schneider Electric, Smart-UPS 120V Product Brochure, 2013, 8 pp. |
| AU examination report dated Oct. 1, 2021, in application No. AU2020220165. |
| AU Office action dated Oct. 22, 2021, in AU Application No. AU2020226999. |
| Australian Examination Report dated Dec. 24, 2019 in AU Application No. 2015227056. |
| Australian Examination Report dated Mar. 2, 2020 in AU Application No. 2015353569. |
| Australian Office Action dated Apr. 8, 2020 in AU Application No. 2015353606. |
| Australian Office Action dated Aug. 10, 2020 in AU Application No. 2015360714. |
| Australian Office Action dated Aug. 20, 2019 in AU Application No. 2015353606. |
| Australian Office Action dated Aug. 9, 2021 in AU Application No. 2015360714. |
| Australian Office Action dated Dec. 4, 2020 in AU Application No. 2015360714. |
| Australian Office Action dated Feb. 19, 2021 in AU Application No. 2017260101. |
| Australian Office Action dated Jun. 3, 2021 in AU Application No. AU 2020220165. |
| Australian Office Action dated Jun. 4, 2021 in AU Application No. 2015360714. |
| Australian Office Action dated Mar. 4, 2020 in AU Application No. 2015353606. |
| Australian Office Action dated May 10, 2019 in AU Application No. 2015353606. |
| Azini, A.S. et al., “Transparent Antenna Design for Wireless Access Point Application,” PIERS Proceedings, Taipei, Mar. 25-28, 2013, pp. 910-913. |
| Balzano Q., et al., “RF Energy In Cars From Window-mounted Antennas”, 36th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2006, pp. 32-39. |
| CA Office Action dated Dec. 22, 2021, in Application No. 2968665. |
| CA Office Action dated Dec. 23, 2021, in Application No. CA2941526. |
| Cecilio, J., et al., “A configurable middleware for processing heterogenous industrial intelligent sensors,” IEEE 16th International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems (INES), Jun. 15, 2012, pp. 145-149. |
| CN Office Action dated Dec. 29, 2021, in application No. 202010466929.9. |
| CN Notice of Allowance with Supplemental Search Report (w/translation) dated Mar. 1, 2021 in CN Application No. 201580040461.4. |
| CN Office Action dated Apr. 29, 2020 in CN Application No. 201780038353.2. |
| CN Office Action dated Apr. 6, 2021 in CN Application No. 201780038353.2. |
| CN Office Action dated Apr. 6, 2021 in CN Application No. 201911227990.1. |
| CN Office Action dated Aug. 16, 2019 in CN Application No. 201580015979.2. |
| CN Office Action dated Aug. 2, 2021, in CN Application No. 201780038353.2. |
| CN Office Action dated Aug. 28, 2018 in CN Application No. 201580070776.3.. |
| CN Office Action dated Aug. 3, 2021 in CN Application No. 201780063202.2. |
| CN Office Action dated Aug. 6, 2019 in CN Application No. 201580070207.9. |
| CN Office Action dated Dec. 1, 2021, in application No. CN201780069604. |
| CN Office Action dated Feb. 2, 2019 in CN Application No. 201580015979.2. |
| CN Office Action dated Feb. 3, 2020 in CN Application No. 201580072749.X. |
| CN Office Action dated Jan. 15, 2020 in CN Application No. 201580015979.2. |
| CN Office Action dated Jul. 28, 2021, in CN Application No. 201780057293.9. |
| CN Office Action dated Jun. 29, 2021 in CN Application No. 202010466929.9. |
| CN Office Action dated Jun. 3, 2020 in CN Application No. 201580015979.2. |
| CN Office Action dated Jun. 3, 2021 in CN Application No. 201580072749.X. |
| CN Office Action dated Mar. 19, 2019 in CN Application No. 201580070776.3.. |
| CN Office Action dated Mar. 5, 2019 in CN Application No. 201580070207.9. |
| CN Office Action dated Mar. 8, 2021 in CN Application No. 201580072749.X. |
| CN Office Action dated Mar. 9, 2020 in CN Application No. 201580040461.4. |
| CN Office Action dated Nov. 12, 2021, in Application No. CN20158072749 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Nov. 6, 2020 in CN Application No. 201780038353.2. |
| CN Office Action dated Oct. 21, 2020 in CN Application No. 201580040461.4. |
| CN Office Action dated Oct. 22, 2020 in CN Application No. 201911227990.1. |
| CN Office Action dated Oct. 9, 2019 in CN Application No. 201580070776.3. |
| CN Office Action dated Sep. 15, 2021, in application No. CN201911227990.1. |
| CN Office Action dated Sep. 30, 2020 in CN Application No. 201580072749.X. |
| Duchon, Claude E. et al., “Estimating Cloud Type from Pyranometer Observations,” Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 38, Jan. 1999, pp. 132-141. |
| EP Examination Report dated Mar. 4, 2019 in EP Application No. 15814233.1. |
| EP Extended European Search Report mailed on Sep. 14, 2021, in the application EP21182449.7. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Dec. 17, 2019 in EP Application No. 19202054. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Dec. 4, 2019 in EP Application No. 17793364.5. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Feb. 15, 2018 in EP Application No. 15814233.1. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Feb. 25, 2020 in EP Application No. 17844188.7. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Jun. 19, 2017 in EP Application No. 15758538.1. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Jun. 5, 2018 in EP Application No. 15868003.3. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Mar. 31, 2020 in EP Application No. 17857230.1. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Nov. 11, 2020 in EP Application No. 18791117.7. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Nov. 28, 2019 in EP Application No. 19188907.0. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Nov. 8, 2018 in EP Application No. 15863112.7. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Oct. 1, 2020 in EP Application No. 17858928.9. |
| EP Extended Search Report dated Sep. 6, 2018 in EP Application No. 15863433.7. |
| EP Office Action dated Aug. 21, 2018 in EP Application No. 15758538.1. |
| EP office action dated Aug. 25, 2021, in EP Application No. EP19202054.3. |
| EP Office Action dated Dec. 16, 2021, in Application No. EP17793364.5. |
| EP Office Action dated Jan. 29, 2021 in EP Application No. 15868003.3. |
| EP Office Action dated May 14, 2020 in EP Application No. 15868003.3. |
| EP Office Action dated Nov. 19, 2020 in EP Application No. 15758538.1. |
| EP Office Action dated Oct. 1, 2021, in application No. EP17857230.1. |
| EP Partial Supplementary Search Report dated May 23, 2018 in EP Application No. 15863433.7. |
| EP Search Report dated Dec. 10, 2021, in Application No. EP19787808.5. |
| European Office Action dated Feb. 25, 2021 in EP Application No. 15863112.7. |
| European Office Action dated Jul. 8, 2020 in EP Application No. 15863433.7. |
| European Office Action dated May 7, 2021 in EP Application No. 15863433.7. |
| European Office Action dated Oct. 17, 2019 in EP Application No. 15863433.7. |
| IN Office Action dated Aug. 2, 2021 in IN Application No. 201637028587. |
| IN Office Action dated Dec. 24, 2021, in Application No. IN202138004005. |
| IN Office Action dated Nov. 24, 2020 in IN Application No. 201737020192. |
| Indian Office Action dated Feb. 24, 2021 in IN Application No. 201737021981. |
| Indian Office Action dated Mar. 24, 2021 in IN Application No. 201817042545. |
| Indian Office Action dated Sep. 25, 2020 in IN Application No. 201737018864. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Apr. 11, 2019 in PCT/US2017/052798. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Apr. 18, 2019 in PCT Application No. PCT/US17/54120. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Dec. 9, 2021, in PCT Application No. PCT/US2020/035485. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Jan. 12, 2017 in PCT Application No. PCT/US15/38667. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Jun. 22, 2017 in PCT Application No. PCT/US15/64555. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Jun. 8, 2017 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2015/062387. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Jun. 8, 2017 in PCT/US2015/062480. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Mar. 7, 2019 in PCT/US2017/047664. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Nov. 12, 2020 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/030467. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Nov. 15, 2018 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2017/031106. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Nov. 18, 2021, issued in PCT/US2020/032269. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Nov. 7, 2019 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/029406. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Nov. 7, 2019 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/029460. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Oct. 29, 2020 in PCT/US2019/019455. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Sep. 15, 2016 in Application No. PCT/US2015/019031. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Sep. 24, 2020 in PCT/US2019/022129. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Apr. 28, 2020 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2020/018677. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Feb. 15, 2016 in PCT/US2015/062480. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 11, 2019 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/030467. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Mar. 29, 2016 in PCT Application No. PCT/US15/64555. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated May 29, 2015 in Application No. PCT/US2015/019031. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Nov. 16, 2018 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/029460. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 15, 2018 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/029406. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 16, 2015 in PCT Application No. PCT/US15/38667. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion (ISA/EP) dated Dec. 7, 2020 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2020/032269. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion (ISA/EP) dated May 9, 2019 in PCT/US2019/022129. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion (ISA/EP) dated Sep. 30, 2020 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2020/035485. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion (ISA/KR) dated Aug. 22, 2017 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2017/031106. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion (ISA/KR) dated Aug. 5, 2021 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2021/027418. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion (ISA/KR) dated Dec. 13, 2017 in PCT/US2017/047664. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion (ISA/KR) dated Feb. 6, 2018 in PCT/US2017/052798. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion (ISA/KR) dated Jan. 9, 2018 in PCT Application No. PCT/US17/54120. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion (ISA/KR) dated Jun. 14, 2019 in PCT/US2019/019455. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion (ISA/KR) dated Mar. 8, 2016 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2015/062387. |
| JP Examination Report dated Nov. 26, 2020 in JP Application No. 2017-549175. |
| JP Office Action dated Dec. 7, 2021, in Application No. JP20170549175 with English translation. |
| JP Office Action dated Jul. 20, 2021 in JP Application No. 2017-549175. |
| JP Office Action dated Jun. 16, 2020 in JP Application No. 2017-549175. |
| JP Office Action dated Mar. 2, 2021 in JP Application No. 2018-557808. |
| JP Office Action dated Nov. 19, 2019 in JP Application No. 2017-549175. |
| JP office action dated Sep. 7, 2021, in JP Application No. 2020-175033. |
| Kipp & Zonen, “Solar Radiation” (known as of Sep. 3, 2014) [http://www.kippzonen.com/Knowledge-Center/Theoretical-info/Solar-Radiation]. |
| KR Office Action dated Apr. 16, 2021 in KR Application No. 10-2018-7035235. |
| KR Office Action dated Jan. 22, 2021 in KR Application No. 10-2016-7025862. |
| KR Office Action dated Jul. 31, 2021 in KR Application No. 10-2016-7025862. |
| KR Office Action dated Oct. 26, 2021, in KR Application No. KR1020217028044 with English translation. |
| National Aeronautics & Space Administration, “Cloud Remote Sensing and Modeling,” (known as of Sep. 3, 2014), published date of Sep. 15, 2014, [http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/climate/index.php?section=134]. |
| “Ossia Wireless Charging”, screenshot and picture of Cota device, accessed Apr. 20, 2015, 1 page. |
| Pasternack Enterprises, Inc. Technical Data Sheet for MCX Jack Connector Solder Attachment Surface Mount PCB (PE4889), 2013, 2 pp. |
| Preliminary Amendment dated Jan. 18, 2017 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/123,069. |
| Restriction requirement dated Oct. 18, 2021, for U.S. Appl. No. 16/849,540. |
| Rolith Inc., “NanoWeb: sub-micron transparent metal mesh conductors,” [http://www.rolith.com/applications/transparent-conductive-electrodes] retrieved Jan. 29, 2016, 3 pp. |
| RU Office Action dated Sep. 24, 2018 in RU Application No. 2016139012. |
| Russian Office Action dated Jul. 10, 2019 in RU Application No. 2017123902. |
| Saad, A. “Printed millimeter-wave MIMO-based slot antenna arrays for 5G networks,” AEU—International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 99, Feb. 2019, pp. 59-69. |
| Saberin, J. R., “Optically Transparent Antennas for Small Satellites,” University of Utah, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Masters Thesis, Aug. 2010, 55 pp. |
| Sim, S., “Next generation data interchange: tool-to-tool application programming interfaces,” IEEE Working Conference on Reverse Engineering, Nov. 25, 2000, pp. 278-280. |
| SunPartner Technologies web page, “Li-Fi”, [http://sunpartnertechnologies.com/li-fi/]; 3 pages; retrieved Jan. 24, 2018. |
| SunPartner Technologies web page, “Smart Building-Cameleon”, [http://sunpartnertechnologies.com/vitrage-intelligent/]; 3 pages; retrieved Jan. 24, 2018. |
| SunPartner Technologies web page, “Smart Building-Design Glass”, [http://sunpartnertechnologies.com/vitrage-intelligent/]; 3 pages; retrieved Jan. 24, 2018. |
| SunPartner Technologies web page, “Smart Building-Vision Glass”, [http://sunpartnertechnologies.com/vitrage-intelligent/]; 3 pages; retrieved Jan. 24, 2018. |
| SunPartner Technologies White Paper, “Wysips Connect, the first solution for the indoor/outdoor VLC lighting saturation problematics,” Feb. 26, 2015, 6 pages, [http://sunpartnertechnologies.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/White_Paper_LiFi_26_02_2015.pdf]. |
| Taiwan Office Action dated Dec. 31, 2020 issued in TW Application No. 106133563. |
| Taiwan Office Action dated Jan. 25, 2021 issued in TW Application No. 106128249. |
| Taiwanese First Office Action dated May 21, 2021 in TW 109134283. |
| Taiwanese Office Action dated Dec. 12, 2018 in TW Application No. 107129150. |
| Taiwanese Office Action dated Feb. 27, 2020 in TW Application No. 108126548. |
| Taiwanese Office Action dated Mar. 16, 2020 in TW Application No. 104139297. |
| Taiwanese Office Action dated May 13, 2019 in TW Application No. 104139217. |
| Taiwanese Office Action dated Oct. 1, 2019 in TW Application No. 104139297. |
| “That's right, 5G could depend on Corning glass in your antenna,” by Robert Triggs, Android Authority, Mar. 2, 2018, 5 pp.. [https://www.androidauthority.com/corning-glass-5g-antenna-842341/] downloaded Nov. 13, 2018. |
| TW Notice of Allowance & Search Report (translated) dated Jul. 30, 2021 in TW Application No. 106133985. |
| TW Office Action dated May 31, 2021 in TW Application No. TW 106114947. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowability dated Jan. 10, 2022, in U.S. Appl. No. 16/334,716. |
| US Corrected Notice of Allowability dated Jun. 4, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/298,776. |
| US Corrected Notice of Allowability dated May 3, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/253,971. |
| US Corrected Notice of Allowability dated Sep. 23, 2021, in U.S. Appl. No. 16/338,403. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowability for U.S. Appl. No. 16/327,789 dated Mar. 1, 2021. |
| US Final Office Action dated Dec. 23, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/338,403. |
| US Final Office Action dated Feb. 26, 2015 in U.S. Appl. No. 13/479,137. |
| US Final Office Action dated Feb. 6, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/451,784. |
| US Final Office Action dated Jan. 27, 2014 in U.S. Appl. No. 13/479,137. |
| US Final Office Action dated Jan. 31, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/534,175. |
| US Final Office Action dated Jul. 2, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/691,468. |
| US Final Office Action dated Jul. 3, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/623,237. |
| US Final Office Action dated Mar. 15, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 14/951,410. |
| US Final Office Action dated Mar. 17, 2017 in U.S. Appl. No. 14/887,178. |
| US Final Office Action dated Mar. 18, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/253,971. |
| US Final Office Action dated Mar. 3, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/508,099. |
| US Final Office Action dated May 11, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/334,716. |
| US Final Office Action dated Sep. 19, 2016 in U.S. Appl. No. 14/887,178. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Oct. 28, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/733,765. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Oct. 29, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/527,554. |
| US Notice of Allowability (supplemental) dated Sep. 30, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/123,069. |
| US Notice of Allowance (corrected) dated Apr. 18, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/320,725. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 17, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/534,175. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 17, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/910,936. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 19, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/099,424. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 6, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/298,776. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 9, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/123,069. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 13, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/978,029. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 14, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/910,936. |
| U.S Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 22, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/334,716. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 31, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/523,624. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 31, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/555,377. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 7, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/508,099. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 4, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/253,971. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 1, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/623,237. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 17, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/123,069. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 17, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/320,725. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 25, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/534,175. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 14, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/338,403. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 10, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/691,468. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 20, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/320,725. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 26, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/254,434. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 9, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 14/887,178. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated May 14, 2015 in U.S. Appl. No. 13/479,137. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated May 14, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/623,235. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated May 25, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/709,339. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated May 26, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/451,784. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated May 6, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/623,237. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Nov. 28, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/123,069. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Nov. 3, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/691,468. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Oct. 7, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/664,089. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Oct. 14, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/664,089. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Oct. 22, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 14/951,410. |
| US Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 10, 2021, in the U.S. Appl. No. 15/709,339. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance for U.S. Appl. No. 16/327,789 dated Feb. 4, 2021. |
| US Notice of Allowance (supplemental) dated Jun. 12, 2015 in U.S. Appl. No. 13/479,137. |
| US Office Action dated Apr. 27, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/123,069. |
| US Office Action dated Aug. 21, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/508,099. |
| US Office Action dated Aug. 22, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/298,776. |
| US Office Action dated Aug. 7, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/910,936. |
| US Office Action dated Aug. 7, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/338,403. |
| US Office Action dated Feb. 4, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/623,235. |
| US Office Action dated Feb. 7, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/623,237. |
| US Office Action dated Feb. 7, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/691,468. |
| US Office Action dated Jan. 16, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/529,677. |
| US Office Action dated Jan. 21, 2021 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/709,339. |
| US Office Action dated Jul. 21, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/523,624. |
| US Office Action dated Jul. 21, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/555,377. |
| US Office Action dated Jul. 23, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/508,099. |
| US Office Action dated Jul. 24, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/978,029. |
| US Office Action dated Jul. 25, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/253,971. |
| US Office Action dated Jul. 25, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/529,677. |
| US Office Action dated Jul. 29, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/253,971. |
| US Office Action dated Jul. 3, 2014 in U.S. Appl. No. 13/479,137. |
| US Office Action dated Jul. 6, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/534,175. |
| US Office Action dated Mar. 25, 2016 in U.S. Appl. No. 14/887,178. |
| US Office Action dated May 6, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/691,468. |
| US Office Action dated Nov. 12, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/334,716. |
| US Office Action dated Oct. 23, 2017 in U.S. Appl. No. 14/887,178. |
| US Office Action dated Sep. 11, 2017 in U.S. Appl. No. 14/951,410. |
| US Office Action dated Sep. 23, 2013 in U.S. Appl. No. 13/479,137. |
| US Office Action dated Sep. 23, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/451,784. |
| US Office Action dated Sep. 30, 2020 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/254,434. |
| US Office Action dated Sep. 4, 2018 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/320,725. |
| U.S. Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 16/327,789 dated Sep. 28, 2020. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/733,765, inventors Shrivastava et al., filed on Oct. 19, 2020. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/338,403, inventors Shrivastava et al., filed on Mar. 29, 2019. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/949,978, inventors Hughes, et al., filed on Nov. 23, 2020. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/083,128, inventors Patterson et al., filed on Oct. 28, 2020. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/307,848, inventors Shrivastava et al., filed on May 4, 2021. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/406,301, inventors Shrivastava et al., filed on Aug. 19, 2021. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 62/102,515, inventors Nagar et al., filed on Jan. 12, 2015. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 62/102,516, inventors Nagar et al., filed on Jan. 12, 2015. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 63/124,673, inventors Tai et al., filed on Dec. 11, 2020. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 63/146,365, inventors Brown et al., filed on Feb. 5, 2021. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 63/163,305, inventors Trikha et al., filed on Mar. 19, 2021. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 63/171,871, inventors Gomez-Martinez et al., filed on Apr. 7, 2021. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 63/181,648, inventors Makker et al., filed on Apr. 29, 2021. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 63/187,632, inventors Hur et al., filed on May 12, 2021. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 63/226,127, inventors Lee et al., filed on Jul. 21, 2021. |
| U.S. Pat. Appl. No. PCT/US2021/027418, inventors Makker et al., filed on Apr. 15, 2021. |
| US Preliminary Amendment dated Dec. 31, 2019 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/608,159. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 63/080,899, inventor Makker et al., filed on Sep. 21, 2020. |
| WeBoost Connect 3G Cell Phone Booster 472205 [https://store.weboost.com/products/connect-3g-directional] retrieved Apr. 1, 2016, 12 pp. |
| Yasin, T. et al., “A study on the efficiency of transparent patch antennas designed from conductive oxide films,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), Spokane, WA, Jul. 3-8, 2011, pp. 3085-3087. |
| Yasin, T., “Transparent antennas for solar cell integration,” Utah State University, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Doctoral Thesis, 2013, 98 pp. |
| Alguindigue. I., et al., “Monitoring and Diagnosis of Rolling Element Bearings Using Artificial Neural Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1993, vol. 40 (2), pp. 209-217. |
| AU Office Action dated Jan. 11, 2022, in Application No. AU2021201145. |
| AU Office action dated Sep. 30, 2022, in AU Application No. AU2021215134. |
| AU Office action dated Apr. 4, 2022, in AU Application No. AU2020226999. |
| AU Office action dated Apr. 4, 2023, in AU Application No. AU2022202275. |
| AU Office Action dated Aug. 30, 2022, in Application No. AU20210250838. |
| AU Office action dated Mar. 20, 2023, in AU Application No. AU20210215134. |
| AU Office action dated Oct. 12, 2022, in AU Application No. AU2020226999. |
| Bannat, A., et al., “Artificial Cognition in Production Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 2011, vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 148-174. |
| Bucci, G., et al., “Digital Measurement Station for Power Quality Analysis in Distributed Environments,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2003, vol. 52(1), pp. 75-84. |
| Byun, J. et al., “Development of a Self-adapting Intelligent System for Building Energy Saving and Context-aware Smart Services”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Feb. 2011, vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 90-98. |
| CA Office Action dated Aug. 15, 2023, in Application No. CA2968665. |
| CA Office Action dated Dec. 13, 2021, in Application No. CA2970300. |
| CA Office Action dated Feb. 22, 2023, in Application No. CA2970300. |
| CA Office Action dated Jul. 31, 2023, in Application No. CA3156883. |
| CA Office Action dated Jun. 1, 2023, in Application No. CA3023072. |
| CA Office Action dated Nov. 15, 2022 in Application No. CA2968665. |
| CA Office Action dated Sep. 1, 2023, in Application No. CA3034630. |
| CA Office Action dated Sep. 13, 2022, in Application No. CA2970300. |
| Chen, H. et al. “The Design and Implementation of a Smart Building Control System”, 2009 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering, pp. 255-262. |
| CN Office Action dated Apr. 15, 2022 in CN Application No. 201780063202.2 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Apr. 18, 2022, in Application No. CN202011547257.0 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Apr. 27, 2022, in Application No. CN201780057293.9 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Aug. 1, 2022, in Application No. CN201880037591.6 With English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Aug. 17, 2023, in Application No. CN202111203764.7 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Aug. 19, 2022, in Application No. CN202080022001.X with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Aug. 2, 2021, in CN Application No. 201780038353.2 with English translation. |
| CN Office action dated Aug. 22, 2022 in Application No. CN202011547257.0 With English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Aug. 31, 2022 in Application No. CN201780069604.3 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Dec. 1, 2021, in application No. CN201780069604.3 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Jan. 10, 2023, in Application No. CN202080022001.X with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Jan. 12, 2023 in CN Application No. CN202011547257 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Jul. 28, 2023, in Application No. CN201980031543. |
| CN Office Action dated Mar. 16, 2023, in Application No. CN202080022001 .X with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Mar. 2, 2022, in Application No. CN201880037591.6 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Mar. 30, 2023 in Application No. CN201980031543 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated May 17, 2022, in Application No. CN201780069604.3 With English Translation. |
| CN Office Action dated May 20, 2022, in Application No. CN202010466929.9 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated May 24, 2023, in Application No. CN202080022001 .X with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Nov. 1, 2022, in Application No. CN201880037591.6 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Oct. 10, 2022, in Application No. CN201780057293.9, with English Translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Sep. 15, 2021, in application No. CN201911227990.1 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Sep. 28, 2022 in Application No. CN202010466929.9 with English translation. |
| EP Office Action dated Jul. 13, 2022 in Application No. EP20170858928. |
| EP Office Action dated Sep. 12, 2022 in Application No. EP20180791117.7. |
| EP Extended European search report dated Jan. 3, 2023 in Application No. EP22198532.8. |
| EP Extended European Search report dated May 26, 2023, in Application No. EP23153638.4. |
| EP Office Action dated Jan. 17, 2022, in Application No. 17858928.9. |
| EP Office Action dated Jun. 30, 2022 in Application No. EP20190727174. |
| EP office action dated Apr. 24, 2023, in application No. EP21182448.7. |
| EP Office Action dated Feb. 15, 2022, in Application No. EP19188907.0. |
| EP office action dated Jul. 3, 2023, in application No. EP17858928.9. |
| EP Office Action dated Jun. 3, 2022, in Application No. EP19713970.2. |
| EP Office Action dated Jun. 19, 2023 in Application No. EP19727174.5. |
| EP office action dated Jun. 21, 2023, in application No. EP20200757159. |
| EP office action dated Jun. 29, 2023, in application No. EP19787808.5. |
| EP office action dated Mar. 10, 2023, in application No. EP20712740.8. |
| European Office Action dated Apr. 25, 2023 in Application No. EP19188907. |
| Hadziosmanovic, D., et al., “Through the Eye of the Plc: Semantic Security Monitoring for Industrial Processes,” Proceedings of the 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, 2014, pp. 126-135. |
| Hameed, Z. et al., “Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection of Wind Turbines and Related Algorithms: a Review.”, Renewable and Sustainable energy reviews, 2009, vol. 13, pp. 1-39. |
| IN Office Action dated Aug. 5, 2022 In Application No. IN201937050525. |
| IN Office Action dated Jan. 13, 2022, in Application No. 201937044701. |
| IN Office Action dated Dec. 5, 2022 in Application No. IN202238032780. |
| IN Office Action dated May 10, 2022, in Application No. IN202037043494. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Mar. 3, 2022, in Application No. PCT/US2020/070427. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Oct. 6, 2022 in PCT Application PCT/US2021/023834. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Feb. 10, 2022 issued in Application No. PCT/US2020/044337. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Oct. 27, 2022, in PCT Application No. PCT/US2021/027418. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Sep. 28, 2023, in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/020730. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 8, 2022, in Application No. PCT/US2022/023605. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 6, 2022, in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/020730. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 1, 2022, in Application No. PCT/US2022/024812. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 1, 2022 in Application No. PCT/US2022/028850. |
| JP Office Action dated Jul. 5, 2022, in Application No. JP2021-119155 with English translation. |
| JP Office Action dated Jun. 6, 2023, in application No. JP2022-149815 with English translation. |
| JP Office Action dated Jun. 6, 2023, in Application No. JP2020-560912 with English translation. |
| JP Office Action dated Mar. 1, 2022, in Application No. JP2020-175033 with translation. |
| JP Office Action dated Nov. 8, 2022 for JP Application No. 2021-119155 with English translation. |
| JP office action dated Sep. 7, 2021, in JP Application No. 2020-175033 with English translation. |
| KR Office Action dated Apr. 13, 2022, in KR Application No. KR1020217028044 with English translation. |
| KR Office Action dated Apr. 25, 2023, in Application No. KR10-2017-7017128 with English translation. |
| KR Office Action dated Aug. 2, 2023, in Application No. KR10-2022-7042723 with English translation. |
| KR Office Action dated Dec. 7, 2022, in Application No. KR10-2022-7005495 WithEnglish translation. |
| KR Office Action dated Dec. 7, 2022 in Application No. KR10-2022-7036992 with English translation. |
| KR Office Action dated Dec. 22, 2021, in Application No. KR1020177018491 with English translation. |
| KR Office Action dated Feb. 22, 2022, in Application No. KR1020177017285 with English translation. |
| KR Office Action dated Jul. 10, 2023, in application No. KR 10-2023-7021596 with English Translation. |
| KR Office Action dated Jul. 26, 2023, in Application No. KR10-2022-7037562 with English translation. |
| KR Office Action dated May 12, 2023, in Application No. KR10-2022-7027386 with English translation. |
| KR Office Action dated May 25, 2022, in Application No. KR1020227005495 With English Translation. |
| KR Office Action dated Nov. 3, 2022, in Application No. KR10-2022-7027386 withEnglish Translation. |
| Laskar, S.H., et al., “Power Quality Monitoring by Virtual Instrumentation using LabVIEW”, 2011 46th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2011, pp. 1-6. |
| Mumaw, R.J et al., “There is More to Monitoring a Nuclear Power Plant Than Meets the Eye”, Human factors, 2000, vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 36-55. |
| Tuokko, R., et al., “Micro and Desktop Factory Road Map”, Tampere University of Technology, 2012, pp. 1-114. |
| TW Office Action dated Jun. 6, 2022 in Application No. TW108115291 With English Translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Apr. 26, 2022 in Application No. TW110144841 with English translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Apr. 27, 2023, in application No. TW20220142122 with English translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Apr. 29, 2022, in Application No. TW110140314 with English translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Jan. 12, 2023 in Application No. TW108115291 with English translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Jan. 28, 2022, in Application No. TW110109128 with English translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Jul. 11, 2022 In Application No. TW110146990 with English translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Jun. 17, 2023, in application No. TW107114217 with English translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Mar. 13, 2022, in Application No. TW106114947 with English translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Mar. 15, 2022, in Application No. TW109112242 with Englishtranslation. |
| TW Office Action dated May 31, 2023 in Application No. TW111144104 with English translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Nov. 23, 2022 in Application No. TW107114217 with English translation. |
| TW Office Action dated Nov. 29, 2021, in Application No. TW109134283 with English translation. |
| U.S. Non-Final office Action dated Sep. 21, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/301,026. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated May 12, 2022, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/171,667. |
| U.S Advisory Action dated Aug. 23, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/194,795. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Jan. 6, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,032. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 27, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/527,554. |
| U.S Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 26, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/334,716. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 28, 2022, in U.S. Appl. No. 15/733,765. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 15, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/949,978. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 17, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 16/980,305. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 17, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/301,026. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 3, 2022 In U.S. Appl. No. 16/849,540. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 12, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/453,469. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated May 26, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/355,086. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 6, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/849,540. |
| U.S. Final office Action dated May 19, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/194,795. |
| U.S. Non Final Office Action dated Jan. 31, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/849,540. |
| U.S. Non-Final office Action dated Jan. 23, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/869,725. |
| U.S. Non-Final office Action dated Nov. 14, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/804,802. |
| U.S. Non-Final office Action dated Nov. 15, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/355,086. |
| U.S. Non-Final office Action dated Sep. 9, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/249,442. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Aug. 12, 2022, in U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,032. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Aug. 24, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/656,612. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Aug. 31, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/194,795. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Dec. 2, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/980,305. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Dec. 6, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/453,469. |
| U.S. Non-Final office Action dated Dec. 21, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/194,795. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Jul. 3, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/385,810. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Jul. 20, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/804,802. |
| U.S. Non-final Office Action dated Jul. 28, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,032. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Mar. 1, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/380,785. |
| U.S. Non-Final office Action dated Mar. 9, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/909,925. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated May 9, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/307,848. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Nov. 18, 2022, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/307,848. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Oct. 24, 2022, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/486,716. |
| U.S. Non-Final office Action dated Sep. 8, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/406,301. |
| U.S. Non-Final office Action dated Sep. 29, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/949,978. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Sep. 29, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/989,603. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 6, 2022, in U.S. Appl. No. 15/733,765. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 3, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/869,725. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 10, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/301,026. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 23, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/909,925. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 29, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/486,716. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 31, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/380,785. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 29, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,032. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 1, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/949,978. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 7, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/249,442. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 14, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/355,086. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 16, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/664,089. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Jan. 17, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/406,301. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Jan. 25, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/406,301. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 6, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/870,480. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 13, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/940,951. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 7, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/453,469. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 7, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/870,480. |
| U.S Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 8, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 15/733,765. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 12, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/940,951. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 16, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/301,026. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 20, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/527,554. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 31, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/249,442. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated May 11, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/949,978. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated May 19, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/249,442. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated May 22, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/486,716. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated May 23, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/869,725. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated May 24, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 16/980,305. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated May 26, 2022, in U.S. Appl. No. 16/849,540. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated May 26, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/453,469. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 18, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/380,785. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 20, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/453,469. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/916,986, inventors Makker et al., filed on Oct. 4, 2022. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/989,603, Inventors Shrivastava et al., filed on Nov. 17, 2022. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/138,846, inventors Hughes H., et al., filed on Apr. 25, 2023. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/213,843, inventors Shrivastava D, et al., filed on Jun. 25, 2023. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/237,146, inventors Shrivastava D, et al., filed on Aug. 23, 2023. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/310,443, inventors Shrivastava et al., filed on May 1, 2023. |
| U.S. Restriction requirement dated Mar. 15, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/385,810. |
| U.S. Supplemental Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 1, 2022 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/171,667. |
| Woods, D ., “The Alarm Problem and Directed Attention in Dynamic Fault Management.”, Ergonomics, 1995, vol. 38, No. 11, pp. 2371-2393. |
| CA Office Action dated Dec. 5, 2023 in Application No. 2970300. |
| CA Office Action dated Dec. 27, 2023 in CA Application No. 3172227. |
| CA Office Action dated Nov. 9, 2023, in CA Application No. 3139813. |
| CA Office Action dated Oct. 26, 2023, in CA Application No. 3039342. |
| CA Office Action dated Oct. 31, 2023, in Application No. CA3129952. |
| CA Office Action dated Sep. 28, 2023, in Application No. CA3062817. |
| CN Office Action dated Dec. 12, 2023 in CN Application No. 201980003232.3. |
| CN Office Action dated Jul. 28, 2023, in Application No. CN201980031543 with English translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Sep. 26, 2023, in CN Application No. 202080060919.3 with English Translation. |
| EP Extended European Search report dated Oct. 24, 2023, in Application No. EP23161161.7. |
| IN Office Action dated May 29, 2023, in Application No. IN202118042940. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion dated Nov. 23, 2023 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/024999. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion dated Nov. 23, 2023 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/028850. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Oct. 19, 2023, in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/023605. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Oct. 26, 2023, in Application No. PCT/US2022/024812. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 26, 2022 in Application No. PCT/US2022/024999. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Nov. 16, 2022 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/074162. |
| KR Office Action dated Sep. 25, 2023, in Application No. KR10-2022-7027386 withEnglish Translation. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 4, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/453,469. |
| U.S. Corrected Notice of Allowance dated Oct. 31, 2023, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/453,469. |
| U.S. Final Office Action dated Dec. 28, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/385,810. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Dec. 28, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 18/310,443. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Nov. 16, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/194,795. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 12, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/486,716. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 13, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/453,469. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 21, 2023 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/909,925. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Jan. 8, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/989,603. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/281,913 inventors Trikha N, et al., filed on Sep. 13, 2023. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/513,707, inventors Vangati M R, et al., filed on Nov. 20, 2023. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/555,129, inventors MakkerT, et al., filed on Oct. 12, 2023. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/555,275, inventors Hur Yerang et al., filed on Oct. 13, 2023. |
| CA Office Action dated Jan. 11, 2024 in CA Application No. 3038974. |
| CA Office Action dated Jan. 26, 2024 in CA Application No. CA3167832. |
| CN Office Action dated Dec. 12, 2023 in CN Application No. 201980003232.3, with English Translation. |
| CN Office Action dated Jan. 15, 2024 in CN Application No. CN202011606768.5, with English Translation. |
| EP Extended European Search report dated Apr. 2, 2024 in EP Application No. 21752901.5. |
| EP Office Action dated Feb. 21, 2024 in EP Application No. 20729442.2. |
| EP Partial Supplementary European Search report dated Mar. 6, 2024, in EP Application No. 21775725.1. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion dated Feb. 8, 2024 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/074162. |
| JP Office Action dated Feb. 13, 2024 in JP Application No. 2020-560912, with English Translation. |
| U.S. Advisory Action dated Mar. 13, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/385,810. |
| U.S. Non Final Office Action dated Mar. 21, 2024, in U.S. Appl. No. 17/634,150. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Feb. 23, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/313,760. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Mar. 14, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/597,701. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 14, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/989,603. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 28, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/989,603. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/428,413, inventors Shrivastava D, et al., filed on Jan. 31, 2024. |
| U.S. Restriction Requirement dated Jan. 24, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/612,479. |
| Zheng, Z., et al., “Subscription to Multiple Stream Originators, Draft-zhou-netconf-multi-stream-originators-10,” Internet Engineering Task Force, 2019, vol. 6, pp. 1-21. |
| CN Office Action dated Apr. 11, 2024 in CN Application No. 201980003232.3. |
| EP Extended European Search report dated Mar. 6, 2024 in EP Application No. 23214710.8. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated Apr. 24, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 18/237,146. |
| U.S. Non-Final Office Action dated May 7, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 17/385,810. |
| U.S. Notice of Allowance dated May 1, 2024 in U.S. Appl. No. 18/310,443. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220231399 A1 | Jul 2022 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62850993 | May 2019 | US | |
| 62845764 | May 2019 | US |
