Patent Grant
11919960
The present invention relates to anti-CD25 antibodies, pharmaceutical compositions comprising anti-CD25 antibodies and therapeutic uses of such antibodies.
Cancer immunotherapy involves the use of a subject's own immune system to treat or prevent cancer. Immunotherapies exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, or cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy thus involves provocation of the immune system into attacking tumour cells via these target antigens. However, malignant tumours, in particular solid tumours, can escape immune surveillance by means of various mechanisms both intrinsic to the tumour cell and mediated by components of the tumour microenvironment. Amongst the latter, tumour infiltration by regulatory T cells (Treg cells or Tregs) and, more specifically, an unfavourable balance of effector T cells (Teff) versus Tregs (i.e. a low ratio of Teff to Treg), have been proposed as critical factors (Smyth M et al., 2014).
Since their discovery, Tregs have been found to be critical in mediating immune homeostasis and promoting the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. However, in the context of cancer their role is more complex. As cancer cells express both self- and tumour-associated antigens, the presence of Tregs, which seek to dampen effector cell responses, can contribute to tumour progression. The infiltration of Tregs in established tumours therefore represents one of the main obstacles to effective anti-tumour responses and to treatment of cancers in general. Suppression mechanisms employed by Tregs are thought to contribute significantly to the limitation or even failure of current therapies, in particular immunotherapies that rely on induction or potentiation of anti-tumour responses (Onishi H et al; 2012).
It has been consistently demonstrated that Treg cells contribute to the establishment and progression of tumours in murine models and that their absence results in delay of tumour progression (Elpek et al., 2007; Golgher et al., 2002; Jones et al., 2002; Onizuka et al., 1999; Shimizu et al., 1999). In humans, high tumour infiltration by Treg cells and, more importantly, a low ratio of effector T (Teff) cells to Treg cells, is associated with poor outcomes in multiple cancers (Shang et al., 2015). Conversely, a high Teff/Treg cell ratio is associated with favourable responses to immunotherapy in both humans and mice (Hodi et al., 2008; Quezada et al., 2006). Nevertheless, depletion of Tregs in tumours is complex, and results of preclinical and clinical studies in this area had been inconsistent, mostly due to the difficulty of identifying a target specific for Treg.
CD25 is one of the potential molecular targets for achieving depletion of Tregs. Indeed, CD25, also known as the interleukin-2 high-affinity receptor alpha chain (IL-2Ra), is constitutively expressed at high-levels on Treg cells, and it is absent or expressed at low-levels on T effector cells and is thus a promising target for Treg depletion. The IL-2/CD25 interaction has been the object of several studies in murine models, most of them involving the use of PC61, a rat anti-murine CD25 antibody (Setiady Y et al., 2010). The CD25 binding and functional activities of this antibody have been compared to those of panel of monoclonal antibodies generated by different authors (Lowenthal J. W et al., 1985; Moreau, J.-L et al.; Volk H D et al., 1989; Dantal J et al., 1991). While original studies demonstrated prophylactic but not therapeutic activity of PC61, a recent study showed that an Fc optimized version of this anti-CD25 antibody led to intra-tumoral Treg depletion and offers significant therapeutic benefit in several murine tumour models (Vargas A et al., 2017).
Available anti-CD25 antibodies such as PC61 block or inhibit the binding of IL-2 to CD25, as do many other anti-mouse CD25 antibodies and most of the antibodies disclosed as being anti-human CD25 antibodies; see for instance WO2004/045512, WO 2006/108670, WO1993/011238, WO1990/007861 and WO2017/174331. For example, Basiliximab and Daclizumab are anti-human CD25 antibodies that inhibit the binding of IL-2 to CD25 and have been developed to reduce activation of T-effector cells (Queen C et al, 1989 and Bielekova B, 2013). Basiliximab is a chimeric mouse-human CD25 antibody currently approved for graft versus host diseases and Daclizumab is a humanized CD25 antibody approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
A few other anti-CD25 antibodies still allow the binding of IL-2 to CD25, such as the clone 7D4 (anti-mouse CD25), clone 2E4 (anti-mouse CD25), clone MA251 (anti-human CD25) or 7G7B6 (anti-human CD25) (i.e. non-blocking antibodies). Inolimomab/BT536, whilst it is been purported not to block binding of IL-2 to CD25, it does block the signalling of IL-2 via CD25. 7D4 is a rat IgM anti-mouse CD25 antibody that has been extensively used to detect CD25-positive cells in the presence of or following the treatment with PC61 or of antibodies having similar binding properties (Onizuka S et al., 1999). Very few documents disclose any functional property of 7D4-IgM antibody, alone or in comparison with PC61 (Kohm A et al., 2006; Hallett W et al., 2008; Fecci P et al., 2006; McNeill A et al., 2007; Setiady Y et al., 2010; Couper K et al., 2007). Indeed, the prior art does not teach the possibility to adapt or somehow modify the isotype or other structural features of 7D4 in order to obtain an improved antibody, in particular those that can be used in cancer therapy. The ability of 7D4-IgM (as such or as an engineered antibody) or of any anti-human CD25 designed or characterized as having CD25 binding features similar to those of 7D4 for mouse CD25 have not been evaluated in detail with respect to the optimized depletion of Treg cells.
As discussed above the infiltration of Treg cells in tumours, and in particular a low ratio of effector Teff cells to Treg cells, can lead to poor clinical outcome. CD25 has been identified as a Treg marker and could thus be an interesting target for therapeutic antibodies aiming at depleting Treg. Importantly, CD25 is the alpha subunit of the receptor for IL-2 and IL-2 is a key cytokine for Teff responses. Anti-CD25 antibodies that have undergone clinical testing so far whilst depleting Treg cells also block IL-2 signalling via CD25 (specifically a CD25/CD122/CD132 complex). The present inventors have now found that such a blockade of IL-2 signalling limits Teff responses and that an anti-CD25 antibody that does not block the IL2 signalling can effectively deplete Treg cells, whilst still allowing IL-2 to stimulate Teff cells, providing antibodies that exhibit a strong anti-cancer effect.
Thus, there is a need in the art for improved anti-CD25 antibodies, in particular those that do not block the binding of CD25 to IL-2 or IL-2 signalling, and that deplete Tregs, in particular in tumours, and that can be used in methods for treating cancer.
The present invention provides new anti-CD25 Antibody Agents. In some embodiments, the provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agents are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that specifically bind to CD25, particularly to human CD25, without blocking the binding of interleukin 2 (IL-2) to CD25, or signaling of IL-2 via CD25, and which efficiently deplete Tregs, in particular within tumours. The anti-CD25 Antibody Agents allow at least 50% of IL-2 signaling in response to IL-2 binding to CD25 compared to the level of signaling in the absence of the anti-CD25 Antibody Agent. The anti-CD25 Antibody Agents are therefore referred to as non-blocking or non-IL-2 blocking anti-CD25 Antibody Agents.
In some embodiments, the anti-CD25 Antibody agents or antigen-binding fragments bind CD25 without blocking the binding of IL-2 to CD25 or signalling of IL-2 via CD25. That is, in some embodiments, the anti-CD25 antibodies inhibit less than 50% of IL-2 signalling compared to IL-2 signalling in the absence of the antibodies. The anti-CD25 antibodies are characterized by structural elements that allow both binding CD25 without blocking the binding of IL-2 to CD25, or its signalling.
It has surprisingly been found that anti-CD25 antibodies that do not block IL-2 binding or signalling via CD25 and deplete Tregs have strong anti-tumour effects, in particular have a stronger anti-tumour effect than anti-CD25 antibodies that deplete Treg but block IL-2 signalling. The antibodies increased the CD4+ Teff/Treg and CD8+ Teff/Treg ratios. The effective depletion of tumour-infiltrating Treg cells whilst preserving IL-2 signalling on Teff cells leads to a therapeutic approach for use in treating cancer alone or in combination with other anti-cancer agents.
Those skilled in the art, however, will appreciate that teachings of the present disclosure are not limited by a particular mechanism of action of the provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof. Relevant structural and/or functional features of the provided antibodies are described herein and speak for themselves.
In some embodiments, the provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agents are characterized by one or more features that are associated with binding to a specific epitope in human CD25 extracellular domain, and/or that render them particularly amenable to pharmaceutical use and/or manufacturing.
The provided technologies, including the provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (e.g., the provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof), compositions including them, and/or uses for them, are useful in medicine. In some embodiments, such provided technologies are useful in cancer therapy and/or prophylaxis.
In some embodiments, the provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agents are exemplified by the antibodies having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8 or having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and 16, also referred to herein as Antibody 1 and Antibody 2 respectively, and more in general antibodies or agents that are or comprise one or more antigen-binding fragments or portions thereof. Reference to anti-CD25 Antibody Agents such as Antibody 1 and Antibody 2 includes fragments and variants thereof, such as affinity matured variants.
The SEQ ID NOs assigned to the components of exemplary anti-CD25 Antibody Agents, in particular Antibody 1 and Antibody 2, are as follows:
Antigen-binging fragments and functional variants of Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 are provided. For example, in one embodiment, there is provided an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent that comprises a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the anti-CD25 Antibody Agent further comprises a HCDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:9 and a HCDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:10.
In one embodiment, there is provided an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent that comprises a HCDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, a HCDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, a HCDR3 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, a LCDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a LCDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, and a LCDR3 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
In one embodiment, there is provided an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent that comprises a HCDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a HCDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, a HCDR3 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, a LCDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a LCDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:13, and a LCDR3 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
In one embodiment, there is provided an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent comprising a variable heavy chain region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and/or a variable light chain region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 or of a variant thereof (for example an affinity matured variant). In another embodiment, there is provided an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent comprising a variable heavy chain region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and/or a variable light chain region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 or of a variant thereof (including an affinity matured variant).
In some embodiment, there is provided an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent that competes with an antibody having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8 (or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative or variant thereof, such as affinity matured variants) or an antibody having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and 16 (or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative or variant thereof) for binding human CD25 extracellular domain. In some embodiments, the provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof, including variants and derivatives thereof, bind to human CD25 with a Kd in the range of 10−7 M or below (e.g. in the 10−8 or 10−9 or 10−10 or 10−11 or 10−12 or 10−13 range or below). In some embodiments the provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (e.g. the provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, including variants and derivatives thereof, such as affinity matured variants) bind to human CD25 with a Kd value from 10−7 to 10−10, or from 10−7 to 10−9.
In some embodiments, the provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (e.g., the provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof) bind to an epitope on human CD25 that is bound by an antibody having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8 or an antibody having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and 16. In some embodiments, such provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agents may bind to human CD25 extracellular domain. The provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agents bind to an epitope of CD25 (e.g., when assessed using one or more assays as described herein or otherwise known in the art). In some embodiments, the provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof may bind to human and non-human primate (for example Cynomolgus Monkey) CD25 (e.g., to an extracellular epitope on human and/or Cynomolgus Monkey C D25) with a Kd value in the 10−7 M range or below, for example in the 10−8 or 10−9 or 10−10 or 10−11 or 10−12 or 10−13 range or below. In some embodiments the provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (e.g. the provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, including variants and derivatives thereof, such as affinity matured variants) bind to human CD25 with a Kd value from 10−7 to 10−10, or from 10−7 to 10−9.
Among other things, the present disclosure provides a procedure that can be utilized to identify and/or characterize particularly useful anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (e.g., anti-CD25 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof) as described herein (e.g., anti-CD25 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof characterized by certain structural and/or functional features, such as specific binding to human CD25 (e.g., to an extracellular epitope thereof), inclusion of one or more CDR sequence elements as described herein (and particularly inclusion of an HCDR3 sequence element, optionally in combination with HCDR1 and/or HCDR2 elements), impact on IL-2 signalling activity as described herein, cytotoxic activity as described herein (e.g., with respect to CD25-positive cells such as immune regulatory cells or CD25 expressing cancer cells), and combinations thereof). In some embodiments, particularly useful anti-CD25 antibodies as described herein are characterized by a plurality of such features. In some embodiments, one or more antibodies described herein may be characterized as anti-CD25 Antibody Agents.
Thus, as exemplified herein, certain antibodies and/or antigen-binding fragments comprising sequences of the antibodies herein described are characterized by such desirable structural and/or functional features; such antibodies and/or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof may be referred to herein as anti-CD25 Antibody Agents. Additionally, in accordance with the present disclosure, antibodies and antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof that compete with antibodies Antibody 1 and/or Antibody 2 (or fragments or variants thereof) may be particularly useful antibodies; such antibodies and/or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof may also be referred to herein as anti-CD25 Antibody Agents.
Antibodies (and/or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof) described herein may be particularly useful in medicine (e.g., in therapy and/or in prophylaxis, for example in the treatment of cancer), and/or for use with respect to methods that require or involve targeting an epitope within human CD25 extracellular domain. The provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof may be prepared as presenting the most appropriate isotype, in particular human isotype from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 isotype antibodies, more particularly human IgG1 or human IgG2, preferably human IgG1.
Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising a variable heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:15. Preferably, such isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragments thereof further comprises a variable light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8 or SEQ ID NO:16, as described in the Examples. Moreover, the amino acid sequences of the antibodies of the invention also refer to antibody sequences that are defined by a number of substitutions with respect to the amino acid sequence elements defined above. For example, such sequence may comprise, as variable heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) a sequence containing 1, 2, 3, 4, or more amino acid substitutions within SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11. In a further embodiment, the amino acid sequences of the antibodies also refer to antibody sequences comprising, as variable heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1, 2 and 3 (HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3) a sequence containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acid substitutions within SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, and SEQ ID NO:3, and more preferably a sequence containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acid substitutions within SEQ ID NO: 7. In a further embodiment, the amino acid sequences of the antibodies also refer to antibody sequences comprising, as variable heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1, 2 and 3 (HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3) a sequence containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acid substitutions within SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, and SEQ ID NO:11, and more preferably a sequence containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acid substitutions within SEQ ID NO: 15. The antibodies presenting such amino acid sequence elements and such substitutions can still present the binding and/or functional properties of the antibodies of the invention, and of anti-CD25 Antibody Agents in general.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (i.e. an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof) comprising a variable heavy chain region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and a variable light chain region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has up to 5 amino acid substitutions compared to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8. In another embodiment, there is provided an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (i.e. an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof) comprising a variable heavy chain region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and a variable light chain region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has up to 5 amino acid substitutions compared to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and 16.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (i.e. an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof) comprising:
In one embodiment, the present invention provides an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (i.e. an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof) comprising a HCDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, a HCDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, a HCDR3 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, a LCDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a LCDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, and a LCDR3 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has up to 5 amino acid substitutions compared to the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 6 (across all sequences).
In one embodiment, the present invention provides an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (i.e. an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof) comprising a HCDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a HCDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, a HCDR3 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, a LCDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a LCDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:13, and a LCDR3 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has up to 5 amino acid substitutions compared to the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 9 to 14 (across all sequences).
The invention also provides variant antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the antibodies described herein. The invention provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof wherein any DG motif in the light or heavy chains of the antibodies may be altered, for example to reduce aspartate isomerization and/or wherein any NG motif in the light or heavy chains of the antibodies may be altered, for example to reduce asparagine deamidation and/or wherein any methionine in the light or heavy chains of the antibodies may be altered, for example to reduce methionine oxidation. For example, a DG motif may be altered to substitute one or both of the amino acids in the motif with a different amino acid. An NG motif may be altered to substitute one or both of the amino acids in the motif with a different amino acid. For example, such motifs may be mutated to EG, DQ or DA. A methionine residue may be altered to replaced it with a different amino acid, for example leucine or phenylalanine.
In some embodiments, the anti-CD25 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be, or may be derived from, for example, an antibody comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8 (e.g. Antibody 1) or an antibody comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 15 and 16 (e.g. Antibody 2). The variant anti-CD25 antibodies, including affinity matured variants, provide further antibodies having any, and possibly all, binding and functional properties of the antibodies. For example, the variant anti-CD25 antibodies are non-IL-2 blocking antibodies.
In some embodiments, the antibodies or fragments or variants thereof provided herein may undergo modification (for example affinity maturation) before arriving at a final sequence.
In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a variant antibody having CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences of an antibody as disclosed herein (for example the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences of Antibody 1 or Antibody 2), or the variable heavy and variable light chain of any antibody as disclosed herein (for example the variable heavy and variable light chain of Antibody 1 or for example the variable heavy and variable light chain of Antibody 2 described herein), but differing from the specified sequence in that at least one or at least two DG or NG motifs or methionine residues in the CDRs (if present) have been changed to a different motif. The disclosed variants may be used and formulated as described for the other anti-CD25 Antibody Agents.
The invention also provides affinity matured antibodies, for example affinity matured variants derived from any of the antibodies disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the affinity matured antibodies are affinity matured antibodies that are further altered to remove or mutate any DG motifs and/or NG motifs, and altered to remove or mutate any methionine residues. The disclosed affinity matured variants may be used and formulated as described for Antibody 1 and Antibody 2.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides affinity matured variants of the anti-CD25 antibodies. In some embodiments the invention provides a method of preparing an anti-CD25 antibody comprising providing an antibody as herein described (e.g., Antibody 1 or 2, or a fragment or variant thereof), and subjecting the antibody to affinity maturation, wherein the antibody produced binds to CD25 with greater affinity than the parental antibody. Preferably the produced antibody binds to CD25 with at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, more preferably at least 50% greater affinity than the parental antibody binds to CD25, for example as measured by the Kd.
For example, the present invention provides a method of preparing an affinity matured antibody, comprising:
Methods for measuring affinity are known in the art and described in the Examples below. The affinity matured antibodies produced by such methods can be formulated and used as described herein for the other anti-CD25 Antibody Agents.
Affinity maturation may be carried out according to any suitable method known to the skilled person. For example, in vitro antibody display systems are widely used for the generation of specific antibodies with high affinity. In these systems, the phenotype (i.e., the antibody fragment) is coupled to the genotype (i.e., the antibody gene) allowing the direct determination of the sequence of the antibody. Several systems have been developed to achieve display of antibody repertoires to allow subsequent selection of binders and by increasing the stringency of selection allows for the selection of higher and higher affinity variants. The antibody fragments can be expressed in yeast, ribosomes, phage display particles or by direct coupling to DNA.
Current antibody affinity maturation methods belong to two mutagenesis categories: stochastic and non-stochastic. Error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR), mutator bacterial strains, and saturation mutagenesis are typical examples of stochastic mutagenesis methods. Non-stochastic techniques often use alanine-scanning or site-directed mutagenesis to generate limited collections of specific variants. In addition, shuffling approaches to obtain shuffled variants of the parent antibody can also be used to improve antibodies affinity further.
Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention, the method of affinity maturation is selected from the group consisting of stochastic mutagenesis (for example error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR), mutator bacterial strains, or saturation mutagenesis), non-stochastic mutagenesis (for example alanine-scanning or site-directed mutagenesis), shuffling (for example DNA shuffling, chain shuffling or CDR shuffling) and the use of the CRISPR-Cas9 system to introduce modifications.
Affinity maturation methods are described in, for example, Rajpal et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2005, 102(24):8466-71, Steinwand et al., MAbs, 2014, 6(1):204-18, as well as in Handbook of Therapeutic Antibodies, Wiley, 2014, Chapter 6, Antibody Affinity (pages 115-140).
In some embodiments there is provided a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising providing an antibody prepared according to a method above, (i.e. for producing an antibody by affinity maturation) and co-formulating the antibody with at least one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The antibody used in the preparation of the pharmaceutical composition can be an affinity matured variant of Antibody 1 or Antibody 2. The pharmaceutical compositions produced by such methods can be used in the methods of treatment of the present invention as described herein for the other anti-CD25 Antibody Agents.
Affinity matured antibodies and pharmaceutical compositions obtained or obtainable by the above methods are also provided.
Antibodies and/or antigen-binding fragments that specifically bind CD25 as described herein may be provided in any of a variety of formats. For example, in some embodiments an appropriate format may be or comprise a monoclonal antibody, a domain antibody, a single chain antibody, a Fab fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, a single chain variable fragment (scFv), a scFv-Fc fragment, a single chain antibody (scAb), an aptamer, or a nanobody. In some embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof (and particularly a monoclonal antibody), may be a rabbit, mouse, chimeric, humanized or fully human antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof.
In some embodiments, a provided antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof may be of an IgG, IgA, IgE, or IgM isotype (preferably human ones), as it can be most appropriate for a given use. In some embodiments, a provided antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof is an IgG isotype, more particularly an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 isotype. (In some embodiments the antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof is from the human IgG1 subclass. In another embodiment the antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof is from the human IgG2 subclass). In some embodiments, a provided antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof (e.g., is provided as part of a multi-specific binding agent such as, for example, when it is desirable to associate further binding and/or functional moieties to anti-CD25 Antibody Agents such as an Antibody 1 amino acid sequence or an Antibody 2 amino acid sequence, the isolated antibody or antigen-binding can be comprised in a bispecific antibody, a multispecific antibody, or other multi-specific format that may be available in the art.
In some embodiments, a provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agent comprises a CD25-binding entity (e.g., an anti-CD25 antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof) and a conjugated payload such as a therapeutic or diagnostic agent. In many such embodiments, the agent is considered and/or referred to as an “immunoconjugate”. Examples of technologies and compounds that can be used for generating specific immunoconjugates such as antibody-drug are disclosed in the literature (Beck A et al., 2017) and described as applicable to several known anti-CD25 antibodies (O'Mahony D et al, 2008; Oh et al, 2017; Kreitman R J et al, 2016; Flynn M J et al 2016.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 amino acid sequences that identify provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof. In some embodiments, such sequences identify provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof that bind an epitope in human CD25, and optionally also a corresponding epitope of a non-human primate CD25, e.g. Cynomolgus monkey and/or of a murine CD25, either as isolated proteins or on the surface of cells expressing CD25 (such as immune cells or cell lines, e.g. SU-DHL1 cells).
In some embodiments, the present invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding an isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that comprises an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent such as an Antibody 1 amino acid sequence (i.e. SEQ ID NOs: 1-8) or an Antibody 2 amino acid sequence (i.e. SEQ ID NOs:9-16). In some embodiments, such provided nucleic acid molecules may contain codon-optimized nucleic acid sequences, and/or may be included in expression cassettes within appropriate nucleic acid vectors for the expression in host cells such as, for example, bacterial, yeast, insect, piscine, murine, simian, or human cells.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides host cells comprising heterologous nucleic acid molecules (e.g. DNA vectors) that express a provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g., an antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof) having one or more properties, e.g., as described herein, of an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g., comprising an Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 amino acid sequence). In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of preparing an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g., an antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof) having one or more properties, e.g., as described herein, of an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g. comprising an Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 amino acid sequence). In some embodiments, such methods may comprise culturing a host cell that comprises nucleic acids (e.g., heterologous nucleic acids that may comprise and/or be delivered to the host cell via vectors). In some embodiments, such a host cell (and/or the heterologous nucleic acid sequences) is/are arranged and constructed so that the anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g. the antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof) is secreted from the host cell (e.g., so that it can be isolated from cell culture supernatants), and/or exposed on the cell surface (for instance, if such Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 amino acid sequences and sequence elements are intended to be used in the context of, or together with, such cells, as in artificial T cell receptors grafting the specificity of a monoclonal antibody onto T cells).
In some embodiments the antibody or antigen-binding fragment may be afucosylated. It is well known that antibody glycosylation may have impact on the activity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibodies (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies, and/or antibodies that are otherwise engineered or isolated) and Fc-fusion proteins and specific technology may be exploited to obtain an antibody with the desired glycosylation profile (Liu L, 2015). Effector functions supporting the cytotoxicity of an antibody for use in accordance with the present invention (e.g., an anti-CD25 antibody as described herein, including for example an antibody which may be or be described as an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent) can be enhanced using methods to decrease antibody fucosylation levels. Antibodies comprising specific Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 sequence elements presenting such properties can be generated, for example, by expressing a Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 sequence using technologies for genetically engineering cell lines with absent or reduced fucosylation capacity, some of them commercially available such as Potelligent (Lonza), GlyMAXX (ProBiogen), those provided by Evitria, or by manipulating the manufacturing process, for example by controlling osmolarity and/or using enzyme inhibitors, see also for example the methods described in EP2480671.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions (e.g. pharmaceutical compositions) comprising a provided antibody or an antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof having desirable properties as described herein. In some embodiments, such provided compositions are intended for and/or are used in a medical use, such as a therapeutic, diagnostic, or prophylactic use. In some embodiments, such a provided composition can further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and/or may be for use in the treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition may be formulated with one or more carrier, excipients, salts, buffering agents, etc., as is known in the art. Those of skill in the art will be aware of and readily able to utilize a variety of formulation technologies, including as may be particularly desirable and/or useful for a given method and/or site of administration, for instance for parenteral (e.g. subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection), mucosal, intratumoral, peritumoral, oral, or topical administration. In many embodiments, provided pharmaceutical compositions, comprising anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein (e.g., an anti-CD25 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof), are formulated for parenteral delivery (e.g., by injection and/or infusion). In some embodiments, such a provided pharmaceutical composition may be provided, for example, in a pre-loaded syringe or vial format. In some embodiments, such a provided pharmaceutical composition may be provided and/or utilized, for example, in dry (e.g., lyophilized) form; alternatively, in some embodiments, such a provided pharmaceutical composition may be provided and/or utilized in a liquid form (e.g., as a solution, suspension, dispersion, emulsion, etc), in a gel form, etc.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides uses of anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (e.g., anti-CD25 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof) as described herein, and/or of a composition comprising them, in treatment of and/or in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of, a cancer, such as a B cell malignancy, a lymphoma, (Hodgkins Lymphoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic, leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, myelomas), a myeloproliferative disorder, a solid tumour (such as a breast carcinoma, a squamous cell carcinoma, a colon cancer, a head and neck cancer, a lung cancer, a genitourinary cancer, a rectal cancer, a gastric cancer, sarcoma, melanoma, an esophageal cancer, liver cancer, testicular cancer, cervical cancer, mastocytoma, hemangioma, eye cancer, laryngeal cancer, mouth cancer, mesothelioma, skin cancer, rectal cancer, throat cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, stomach cancer, gastric cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, kidney cancer, brain cancer, and ovarian cancer). The cancer can be also defined on the basis of presence of specific tumour-relevant markers and antigens such as CD20, HER2, PD-1, PD-L1, SLAM7F, CD47, CD137, CD134, TI M3, CD25, GITR, CD25, EGFR, etc or a cancer that has been identified as having a biomarker referred to as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR). Furthermore, such conditions may also be considered when defining pre-cancerous, non-invasive states of the above cancers, such as cancer in-situ, smouldering myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia, MALTomas/GALTomes and various lymphoproliferative disorders. Preferably in some embodiments the subject being treated has a solid tumour.
Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising a provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g., anti-CD25 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof) as described herein (e.g. comprising Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 amino acid sequences) or an antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof that competes with an antibody comprising Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 amino acid sequences for the binding of CD25. Preferably in some embodiments the subject has a solid tumour.
Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of depleting regulatory T cells in a subject comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising a provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g., anti-CD25 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof) as described herein (e.g. comprising Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 amino acid sequences) or an antibody or antigen-binding fragment that competes with an antibody comprising amino acid sequences of Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 for the binding of CD25. In one embodiment the subject has a solid tumour. In one embodiment the subject has a haematological cancer.
In some embodiments, provided methods may further comprise administering, simultaneously or sequentially in any order, at least one additional agent or therapy to the subject (i.e., so that the subject receives a combination therapy). In some embodiments, such an at least one additional agent or therapy can be or comprise an anticancer drug (e.g., a chemotherapeutic agent), radiotherapy (by applying irradiation externally to the body or by administering radio-conjugated compounds), an anti-tumour antigen or marker antibody (the antigen or marker being for example CD4, CD38, CA125, PSMA, c-MET, VEGF, CD137, VEGFR2, CD20, HER2, HER3, SLAMF7, CD326, CAIX, CD40, CD47, or EGF receptor), a checkpoint inhibitor or an immunomodulating antibody (for example an antibody targeting PD-1, PD-L1, TIM3, CD38, GITR, CD134, CD134L, CD137, CD137L, CD80, CD86, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7RP1, LAG3, ICOS, TIM3, GAL9, CD28, AP2M1, SHP-2, OX-40, VISTA, TIGIT, BTLA, HVEM, CD160, etc.), a vaccine (in particular, a cancer vaccine, for example GVAX), an adjuvant, standard-of-use protocol, one or more other compounds targeting cancer cells or stimulating an immune response against cancer cells, or any combination thereof. Preferably the additional agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor such as a PD-1 antagonist, for example an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody. In certain particular embodiments, when such at least one additional agent or therapy is or comprises an antibody, the format of and/or the antigen targeted by such antibody can be chosen among those listed in the literature and possibly adapted to a given cancer (Sliwkowski M & Mellman I, 2013; Redman J M et al., 2015; Kijanka M et al., 2015). Such antigens and corresponding antibodies include, without limitation CD22 (Blinatumomab), CD20 (Rituximab, Tositumomab), CD56 (Lorvotuzumab), CD66e/CEA (Labetuzumab), CD152/CTLA-4 (Ipilimumab), CD221/IGF1R (MK-0646), CD326/Epcam (Edrecolomab), CD340/HER2 (Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab), and EGFR (Cetuximab, Panitumumab). In embodiments when the at least one additional agent or therapy is a chemotherapeutic agent, the chemotherapeutic agent can be those known in the art for use in cancer therapy. Such chemotherapeutic agents includes, without limitation, alkylating agents, anthracyclines, epothilones, nitrosoureas, ethylenimines/methylmelamine, alkyl sulfonates, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, pyrimidine analogs, epipodophylotoxins, enzymes such as L-asparaginase; biological response modifiers such as IFNα, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, G-CSF and GM-CSF; platinum coordination complexes such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin, anthracenediones, substituted urea such as hydroxyurea, methylhydrazine derivatives including N-methylhydrazine (MIH) and procarbazine, adrenocortical suppressants such as mitotane (o,p′-DDD) and aminoglutethimide; hormones and antagonists including adrenocorticosteroid antagonists such as prednisone and equivalents, dexamethasone and aminoglutethimide; progestin such as hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and megestrol acetate; estrogen such as diethylstilbestrol and ethinyl estradiol equivalents; antiestrogen such as tamoxifen; androgens including testosterone propionate and fluoxymesterone/equivalents; antiandrogens such as flutamide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and leuprolide; non-steroidal antiandrogens such as flutamide; molecules that target TGFβ pathways, IDO (indoleamine deoxigenase), Arginase, and/or CSF1R; PARP inhibitors such as olaparib, Veliparib, Iniparib, Rucaparib; and MET inhibitors such as tivantinib, foretinib, golvatinib, cabozantinib and crizotinib.
Still further, the present invention provides a variety of kits or articles of manufacture containing a provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g., anti-CD25 antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof) as described herein (e.g. comprising Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 amino acid sequences) or related compositions that allow the administration, storage, or other use of such an isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a provided kit comprises a vessel, syringe, a vial, or other container comprising such compositions, optionally together with one or more articles of manufactures, diluents, reagents, solid phases, and/or instructions for the correct use of the kit.
In some embodiments, identification, characterization, and/or validation of particular anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g., anti-CD25 antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof) as described herein (e.g. comprising Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 amino acid sequences) for a particular use, such as a medical use, and in particular for treating cancer, can be performed by using one or more assays or systems as described herein. In some embodiments, such identification, characterization, and/or validation may involve analysis of activity in one or more cell-based assays, for example using different experimental set-ups and/or a panel of selected (e.g., cancer-derived cell lines). In some embodiments, particularly given the proposed immunological mechanism associated certain desirable anti-CD25 Antibody Agents as described herein activities, desirable identification, characterization, and/or validation can involve collection of relevant data generated in animal models wherein cancers are induced or wherein cancer cells are implanted as a xenograft or as a syngeneic/allogeneic cancer-derived cells. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, animal models may be utilized that involve transfer of human cells such as PBMC (i.e. humanized PBMC mouse models) or CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells alone (i.e. CD34+ humanized mice) or CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells together with liver and thymus (e.g. NSG-BLT mice) to allow evaluating activity of the anti-CD25 Antibody Agents on human immune cells within a model system.
In some embodiments, relevant sequences of anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (e.g., anti-CD25 antibody or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof) as described herein (e.g. comprising Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 amino acid sequences or otherwise including structural and/or functional characteristics of an agent described herein as anti-CD25 Antibody Agent) can be cloned into and/or expressed in context of an antibody frame that is more appropriate or desirable for pharmaceutical and/or technical reasons. For example, such sequences (possibly as codon-optimized VH and VL coding sequences) can be cloned together with human IgG1 constant regions (hIgG1) and expressed using an appropriate antibody expression vectors and cell line (such as a CHO-derived cell line, e.g. CHO-S). In some particular embodiments, expression and secretion of provided antibody sequences in human IgG1 format antibodies can be analyzed after transfection in reduced conditions in cell lysates and in non-reduced conditions in supernatants that will be later used to purify the antibody (by affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and/or other appropriate technique). Binding and/or other functional properties of provided anti-CD25 antibody sequences, in human IgG1 format (e.g., anti-CD25 Antibody Agents-hIgG1) can be analysed, for example by using one or more assays described in Examples below. For instance, such hIgG1-format provided antibodies can be evaluated for binding to human and cynomolgus PBMC or purified Treg or in vitro derived Treg or CD25 positive cell lines (such as SU-DHL-1 or Karpas299), e.g., using flow cytometry.
Moreover, the effect of one or more anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (e.g., anti-CD25 antibody or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof) as described herein (e.g. comprising amino acid sequences of Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 or otherwise including structural and/or functional characteristics of an agent described herein as an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent—such as an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent-hIgG1) on human primary tumour cells and/or immune cells, including regulatory T cells, isolated from human healthy donors and/or patients can be assessed. In order to investigate potential effects of the anti-CD25 Antibody Agents, the antibodies can be used to treat PBMC and/or cells isolated from tumours (and/or organs such as lymph nodes) and/or tumour explants or other 3D organoids and/or purified or in vitro generated regulatory T cells or other CD25 positive cells such as some NK cells or Dendritic cells. Potential read outs comprise CD25 positive cells viability, elimination and/or apoptosis, tumour cell killing, effector immune cells proliferation and function (e.g. Granzyme B production, cytotoxic activity, degranulation), antigen-specific responses (as measured for example by proliferation, degranulation or cytokine production in response to an antigen). Alternatively or additionally, mice or non-human primates can be treated and cellular status can be followed in blood samples (analysed as whole blood or isolated PBMCs) or after isolation of various organs and/or cells from the animals, by e.g. flow cytometry or immune-histochemistry.
Alternatively or additionally, one or more properties of anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (e.g., anti-CD25 antibody or antigen-binding fragments or variants thereof) as described herein (e.g. comprising amino acid sequences of Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 or otherwise including structural and/or functional characteristics of an agent described herein as an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent—such as an anti-CD25 Antibody Agents-hIgG1) may be evaluated, alone or in combination, by studying the effects of such anti-CD25 Antibody Agents on CD25 expressing cells (e.g. Tregs or CD25-expressing cancer cells). Read out can include cell killing, cell apoptosis, intra-cellular signalling monitoring (e.g. Stat-5 phosphorylation), impact on IL-2 binding to CD25 and signalling (e.g. Stat-5 phosphorylation or other signalling downstream of the IL-2 receptor) and IL-2 dependent functional activities (e.g. proliferation and cytokine production). Cellular effects of antibodies can then be followed in vivo when aCD25 Antibody Agent-hIgG1 antibodies are administered to cynomolgus monkeys or to relevant mouse model.
In order to gain further insights into the molecular interactions between a provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agent and human CD25, the crystal structure of the anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g., to give two specific examples, an Antibody 1-hIgG1 antibody or Antibody 2-hIgG1 antibody) and human CD25 protein can be determined. Solubility and/or stability of provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (specifically including, for example, Antibody 1-hIgG1 antibodies or Antibody 1-hIgG1 antibodies) can be assessed through solubility studies, accelerated stress studies, freeze thaw studies and formal stability studies. Aggregation of the antibodies can be followed by visual inspection, size exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering and OD2801320 absorbance.
Below are provided certain definitions of terms, technical means, and embodiments used herein, many or most of which confirm common understanding of those skilled in the art.
Administration: As used herein, the term “administration” refers to the administration of a composition to a subject. Administration to an animal subject (e.g., to a human) may be by any appropriate route. For example, in some embodiments, administration may be bronchial (including by bronchial instillation), buccal, enteral, intra-arterial, intra-dermal, intra-gastric, intra-medullary, intra-muscular, intra-nasal, intra-peritoneal, intra-thecal, intra-venous, intra-ventricular, within a specific organ or tissue (e.g. intra-hepatic, intra-tumoral, peri-tumoral, etc), mucosal, nasal, oral, rectal, subcutaneous, sublingual, topical, tracheal (including by intra-tracheal instillation), transdermal, vaginal and vitreal. The administration may involve intermittent dosing. Alternatively, administration may involve continuous dosing (e.g., perfusion) for at least a selected period of time. As is known in the art, antibody therapy is commonly administered parenterally, e.g. by intravenous, subcutaneous, or intratumoral injection (e.g., particularly when high doses within a tumour are desired).
Agent: The term “agent” as used herein may refer to a compound or entity of any chemical class including, for example, polypeptides, nucleic acids, saccharides, small molecules, metals, or combinations thereof. Specific embodiments of agents that may be utilized in accordance with the present invention include small molecules, drugs, hormones, antibodies, antibody fragments, aptamers, nucleic acids (e.g., siRNAs, shRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes), peptides, peptide mimetics, etc. An agent may be or comprise a polymer.
Antibody: As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to a polypeptide that includes canonical immunoglobulin sequence elements sufficient to confer specific binding to a particular target antigen, such as CD25, human CD25 in particular, and human CD25 extracellular domain. As is known in the art, intact antibodies as produced in nature are approximately 150 kD tetrameric agents comprised of two identical heavy chain polypeptides (about 50 kD each) and two identical light chain polypeptides (about 25 kD each) that associate with each other into what is commonly referred to as a “Y-shaped” structure. Each heavy chain is comprised of at least four domains (each about 110 amino acids long), an amino-terminal variable (VH) domain (located at the tips of the Y structure), followed by three constant domains: CH1, CH2, and the carboxy-terminal CH3 (located at the base of the Y's stem). A short region, known as the “switch”, connects the heavy chain variable and constant regions. The “hinge” connects CH2 and CH3 domains to the rest of the antibody. Two disulfide bonds in this hinge region connect the two heavy chain polypeptides to one another in an intact antibody. Each light chain is comprised of two domains—an amino-terminal variable (VL) domain, followed by a carboxy-terminal constant (CL) domain, separated from one another by another “switch”. Intact antibody tetramers are comprised of two heavy chain-light chain dimers in which the heavy and light chains are linked to one another by a single disulfide bond; two other disulfide bonds connect the heavy chain hinge regions to one another, so that the dimers are connected to one another and the tetramer is formed. Naturally produced antibodies are also glycosylated, typically on the CH2 domain, and each domain has a structure characterized by an “immunoglobulin fold” formed from two beta sheets (e.g., 3-, 4-, or 5-stranded sheets) packed against each other in a compressed antiparallel beta barrel. Each variable domain contains three hypervariable loops known as “complement determining regions” (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3; as understood in the art, for example determined according to Kabat numbering scheme) and four somewhat invariant “framework” regions (FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4). When natural antibodies fold, the FR regions form the beta sheets that provide the structural framework for the domains, and the CDR loop regions from both the heavy and light chains are brought together in three-dimensional space so that they create a single hypervariable antigen-binding site located at the tip of the Y structure. The Fc region of naturally-occurring antibodies binds to elements of the complement system, and also to receptors on effector cells, including for example effector cells that mediate cytotoxicity. As is known in the art, affinity and/or other binding attributes of Fc regions for Fc receptors can be modulated through glycosylation or other modification that can improve the developability of the antibody (Jarasch A et al., 2015).
In some embodiments, antibodies produced and/or utilized in accordance with the present invention include glycosylated Fc domains, including Fc domains with modified or engineered such glycosylation. For purposes of the present invention, in certain embodiments, any polypeptide or complex of polypeptides that includes sufficient immunoglobulin domain sequences as found in natural antibodies can be referred to and/or used as an “antibody”, whether such polypeptide is naturally produced (e.g., generated by an organism reacting to an antigen), or produced by recombinant engineering, chemical synthesis, or other artificial system or methodology. In some embodiments, an antibody is polyclonal or oligoclonal, that is generated as a panel of antibodies, each associated to a single antibody sequence and binding more or less distinct epitopes within an antigen (such as different epitopes within human CD25 extracellular domain that are associated to different reference anti-CD25 antibodies).
Polyclonal or oligoclonal antibodies can be provided in a single preparation for medical uses as described in the literature (Kearns J D et al., 2015). In some embodiments, an antibody is monoclonal. In some embodiments, an antibody has constant region sequences that are characteristic of mouse, rabbit, primate, or human antibodies. In some embodiments, antibody sequence elements are humanized, primatized, chimeric, etc, as is known in the art. Moreover, the term “antibody” as used herein, can refer in appropriate embodiments (unless otherwise stated or clear from context) to any of the art-known or developed constructs or formats for utilizing antibody structural and functional features in alternative presentation, for instance as antigen-binding fragments as defined below. For example, an antibody utilized in accordance with the present invention is in a format selected from, but not limited to, intact IgG, IgE and IgM, bi- or multi-specific antibodies (e.g., Zybodies®, etc), single chain variable domains (scFv), polypeptide-Fc fusions, Fabs, cameloid antibodies, heavy-chain shark antibody (IgNAR), masked antibodies (e.g., Probodies®), or fusion proteins with polypeptides that allow expression and exposure on the cell surface (as scFv within constructs for obtaining artificial T cell receptors that are used to graft the specificity of a monoclonal antibody onto a T cell). A masked antibody can comprise a blocking or “mask” peptide that specifically binds to the antigen binding surface of the antibody and interferes with the antibody's antigen binding. The mask peptide is linked to the antibody by a cleavable linker (e.g. by a protease). Selective cleavage of the linker in the desired environment, e.g. in the tumour environment, allows the masking/blocking peptide to dissociate, enabling antigen binding to occur in the tumour, and thereby limiting potential toxicity issues. In some embodiments, an antibody may lack a covalent modification (e.g., attachment of a glycan) that it would have if produced naturally. Alternatively, an antibody may contain a covalent modification (e.g., attachment of a glycan, a payload [e.g., a detectable moiety, a therapeutic moiety, a catalytic moiety, etc.], or other pendant group [e.g., poly-ethylene glycol, etc.]).
Non-IL-2 Blocking Antibody Agent: The anti-CD25 Antibody Agents and antigen-binding fragments of the present invention are non-IL-2 blocking antibody agents. The term “Non-IL-2 blocking antibody agent” is used herein to refer to those anti-CD25 antibody agents (e.g. anti-CD25 non-IL-2 blocking antibodies) that are capable of specific binding to the CD25 subunit of the IL-2 receptor without blocking the binding of IL-2 to CD25 or signalling of IL-2 via CD25. The anti-CD25 Antibody Agents allow at least 50% of IL-2 signaling in response to IL-2 binding to CD25 compared to the level of signaling in the absence of the anti-CD25 Antibody Agent. Preferably the anti-CD25 Antibody Agents allow at least 75% of IL-2 signaling in response to CD25 compared to the level of signaling in the absence of the anti-CD25 Antibody Agent.
The CD25 subunit of the IL-2 receptor is also known as the alpha subunit of the IL-2 receptor and is found on activated T cells, regulatory T cells, activated B cells, some thymocytes, myeloid precursors and oligodendrocytes. CD25 associates with CD122 and CD132 to form a heterotrimeric complex that acts as the high-affinity receptor for IL-2. The consensus sequence of human CD25 is shown in
“Specific binding”, “bind specifically”, and “specifically bind” are understood to mean that the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has a dissociation constant (Kd) for the antigen of interest of less than about 10−6 M, 10−7 M, 10−8 M, 10−9 M, 10−10 M, 10−11 M or 10−12 M. In a preferred embodiment, the dissociation constant is less than 10−8 M, for instance in the range of 10−9 M, 10−10 M, 10−11 M or 10−12 M.
“Non-IL-2 blocking”, as used herein and references to “non-blocking”, “does not block” and the like (with respect to the non-blocking of IL-2 binding to CD25 in the presence of the anti-CD25 antibody) include embodiments wherein the anti-CD25 antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibit less than 50% of IL-2 signalling compared to IL-2 signalling in the absence of the antibodies. In particular embodiments of the invention as described herein, the anti-CD25 antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits less than about 40%, 35%, 30%, preferably less than about 25% of IL-2 signalling compared to IL-2 signaling in the absence of the antibodies. Anti-CD25 non-IL-2 blocking antibodies allow binding to CD25 without interfering with IL-2 binding to CD25, or without substantially interfering with IL-2 binding to CD25. References herein to a non-IL-2 blocking antibody may alternatively be expressed as an anti-CD25 antibody that “does not inhibit the binding of interleukin 2 to CD25” or as an anti-CD25 antibody that “does not inhibit the signalling of IL-2”.
Some anti-CD25 Antibody Agents may allow binding of IL-2 to CD25, but still block signalling via the CD25 receptor. Such Antibody Agents are not within the scope of the present invention. Instead, the non-IL-2 blocking anti-CD25 Antibody Agents allow binding of IL-2 to CD25 to facilitate at least 50% of the level of signalling via the CD25 receptor compared to the signalling in the absence of the anti-CD25 Antibody Agent.
IL-2 signalling via CD25, may be measured by methods as discussed in the Example and as known in the art. Comparison of IL-2 signalling in the presence and absence of the anti-CD25 antibody agent can occur under the same or substantially the same conditions.
In some embodiments, IL-2 signalling can be determined by measuring by the levels of phosphorylated STAT5 protein in cells, using a standard Stat-5 phosphorylation assay. For example a Stat-5 phosphorylation assay to measure IL-2 signalling may involve culturing PMBC cells in the presence of the anti-CD25 antibody at a concentration of 10 ug/ml for 30 mins and then adding varying concentrations of IL-2 (for example at 10 U/ml or at varying concentrations of, for example, 0.25 U/ml, 0.74 U/ml, 2.22 U/ml, 6.66 U/ml or 20 U/ml) for 10 mins. Cells may then be permeabilized and levels of STAT5 protein can then be measured with a fluorescent labelled antibody to a phosphorylated STAT5 peptide analysed by flow cytometry. The percentage blocking of IL-2 signalling can be calculated as follows: % blocking=100×[(% Stat5+ cells No Antibody group−% Stat5+ cells 10 ug/ml Antibody group)/(% Stat5+ cells No Ab group)].
In some embodiments, the anti-CD25 Antibody Agents as described herein are characterized in that they deplete tumour-infiltrating regulatory T cells efficiently, in particular within tumours.
In some embodiments, anti-CD25 Antibody Agents are characterised in that they bind Fcy receptor with high affinity, preferably at least one activating Fcy receptor with high affinity. Preferably the antibody binds to at least one activatory Fcy receptor with a dissociation constant of less than about 10−6M, 10−7M, 10−8M, 10−9M or 10−10M. In some embodiments, the anti-CD25 Antibody agents are characterized by other features related to Fcγ receptors, in particular:
In some embodiments, the CD25 Antibody agent is an IgG1 antibody, preferably a human IgG1 antibody, which is capable of binding to at least one Fc activating receptor. For example, the antibody may bind to one or more receptor selected from FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIc, FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb. In some embodiments, the antibody is capable of binding to FcγRIIIa. In some embodiments, the antibody is capable of binding to FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIa and optionally FcγRI. In some embodiments, the antibody is capable of binding to these receptors with high affinity, for example with a dissociation constant of less than about 10−7M, 10−9M, 10−9M or 10−10M. In some embodiments, the antibody binds an inhibitory receptor, FcγRIIb, with low affinity. In one aspect, the antibody binds FcγRIIb with a dissociation constant higher than 10−7M, higher than 10−6M or higher than 10−5M.
In some embodiments, desirable anti-CD25 Antibody Agents as described herein are characterized in that they are cytotoxic towards or induce phagocytosis of CD25 expressing cells (e.g. expressing high levels of CD25) such as immune suppressive cells or tumour cells (e.g., in each case, that express CD25 on their surfaces). In some embodiments, an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent is characterized by an activity (e.g., level and/or type) reasonably comparable to that of Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 with respect to immune cells (e.g., when contacted with immune cells, and particularly with immune cells that express CD25) and tumour cells. In some embodiments, a relevant activity is or comprises depleting Treg cells (e.g. in a solid tumour), or certain CD25-expressing cells (e.g., high-expressing cells) by ADCP, ADCC or CDC, promotion of T cell, B cell or NK cell expansion), skewing of T cell repertoire, etc., and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, an increased level and/or activity, or decreased level and/or increased or no change in level or activity, is assessed or determined relative to that observed under otherwise comparable conditions in absence of the entity(ies) or moiety(ies). Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, an increased level and/or activity is comparable to or greater than that observed under comparable conditions when a reference anti-CD25 Antibody Agents (e.g., an appropriate reference anti-CD25 antibody, which in many embodiments is a CD25 antibody that blocks IL-2 binding to CD25, such as Daclizumab or Basiliximab) is present. In many embodiments, an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent for use in accordance with the present disclosure is or comprises an entity or moiety that binds, directly or indirectly, to CD25, typically to its extracellular domain. In some embodiments, an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent is, comprises, or competes for binding to CD25 with an anti-CD25 antibody as exemplified herein, an antigen-binding fragment (e.g., comprising one or more CDRs, all heavy chain CDRs, all light chain CDRs, all CDRs, a heavy chain variable region, a light chain variable region, or both heavy and light chain variable regions) thereof, an affinity matured variant thereof (or an antigen-binding fragment thereof), or any alternative format (e.g., chimeric, humanized, multispecific, alternate isotype, etc) of any of the foregoing. Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein may be characterized by one or more features that may be features that are advantageous for screening, manufacturing, (preclinical testing, and/or for identifying relevant epitope within human CD25), and/or for formulation, administration, and/or efficacy in particular contexts (e.g., for cancer therapy), as disclosed herein.
Antigen: The term “antigen”, as used herein, refers to an agent that elicits an immune response and/or that binds to a T cell receptor (e.g., when presented by an MHC molecule) and/or B cell receptor. An antigen that elicits a humoral response involve the production of antigen-specific antibodies or, as shown in the Examples for CD25 extracellular domain, can be used for screening antibody libraries and identifying candidate antibody sequences to be further characterized.
Antigen-binding Fragment: As used herein, the term “Antigen-binding Fragment” encompasses agents that include or comprise one or more portions of an antibody as described herein sufficient to confer on the antigen-binding fragment and ability to specifically bind to the Antigen targeted by the antibody. For example, in some embodiments, the term encompasses any polypeptide or polypeptide complex that includes immunoglobulin structural elements sufficient to confer specific binding. Exemplary antigen-binding fragments include, but are not limited to Small Modular ImmunoPharmaceuticals (“SMIPs™”), single chain antibodies, cameloid antibodies, single domain antibodies (e.g., shark single domain antibodies), single chain or Tandem diabodies (TandAb®), VHHs, Anticalins®, Nanobodies®, minibodies, BiTE®s, ankyrin repeat proteins or DARPINs®, Avimers®, a DART, a TCR-like antibody, Adnectins®, Affilins®, Trans-Bodies®, Affibodies®, a TrimerX®, MicroProteins, Centyrins®, CoVX bodies, BiCyclic peptides, Kunitz domain derived antibody constructs, or any other antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity. In some embodiments, the term encompasses other protein structures such as stapled peptides, antibody-like binding peptidomimetics, antibody-like binding scaffold proteins, monobodies, and/or other non-antibody proteins scaffold, for example as reviewed in the literature (Vazquez-Lombardi R et al., 2015). In some embodiments, an antigen-binding fragment is or comprises a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence includes one or more structural elements recognized by those skilled in the art as a complementarity determining region (CDR). In some embodiments an antigen-binding fragment is or comprises a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence includes at least one reference CDR (e.g., at least one heavy chain CDR and/or at least one light chain CDR) that is substantially identical to one found in an anti-CD25 antibody as described herein (e.g., in an amino acid sequence element of Antibody 1 or Antibody 2), and in particular at least one heavy chain CDR, such as an HCDR3 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:11). In some embodiments an antigen-binding fragment is or comprises a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence includes at least one CDR (e.g., at least one heavy chain CDR and/or at least one light chain CDR) that is either identical in sequence or contains a small number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) more amino acid alterations (e.g., substitutions, additions, or deletions; in many cases, substitutions) relative to such a reference CDR, while maintaining binding to the target of the antibody (e.g., Antibody 1 or Antibody 2) from which the reference CDR was derived. In some embodiments, an antigen-binding fragment is or comprises a polypeptide or complex thereof that includes all three CDRs (or, in some embodiments, sequences substantially identical thereto) from a heavy or light chain of a reference antibody (e.g., from Antibody 1 or Antibody 2); in some embodiments, an antigen-binding fragment is or comprises a polypeptide or complex thereof that includes all six CDRs (or, in some embodiments, sequences substantially identical thereto) from a reference antibody (e.g., from Antibody 1 or Antibody 2). In some embodiments, an antigen-binding fragment is or comprises a polypeptide or complex thereof that includes the heavy and/or light chain variable domains (or, in some embodiments, sequences substantially identical thereto) of a reference antibody (e.g., of Antibody 1 or Antibody 2). In some embodiments, the term “antigen-binding fragment” encompasses non-peptide and non-protein structures, such as nucleic acid aptamers, for example, RNA aptamers and DNA aptamers. An aptamer is an oligonucleotide (e.g., DNA, RNA, or an analog or derivative thereof) that binds to a particular target, such as a polypeptide. Aptamers are short synthetic single-stranded oligonucleotides that specifically bind to various molecular targets such as small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and even cells and tissues. These small nucleic acid molecules can form secondary and tertiary structures capable of specifically binding proteins or other cellular targets, and are essentially a chemical equivalent of antibodies. Aptamers are highly specific, relatively small in size, and non-immunogenic. Aptamers are generally selected from a biopanning method known as SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment) (See for example Ellington et al, 1990; Tuerk et al., 1990; Ni et al., 2011). Methods of generating an apatmer for any given target are well known in the art. Peptide aptamers including affimers are also encompassed. An affimer is a small, highly stable protein engineered to display peptide loops which provide a high affinity binding surface for a specific target protein. It is a protein of low molecular weight, 12-14 kDa, derived from the cysteine protease inhibitor family of cystatins. Affimer proteins are composed of a scaffold, which is a stable protein based on the cystatin protein fold. They display two peptide loops and an N-terminal sequence that can be randomized to bind different target proteins with high affinity and specificity similar to antibodies. Stabilization of the peptide upon the protein scaffold constrains the possible conformations which the peptide may take, thus increasing the binding affinity and specificity compared to libraries of free peptides.
Biological Sample. As used herein, the terms “biological sample” or” “sample” typically refers to a sample obtained or derived from a biological source (e.g., a tissue or organism or cell culture) of interest, as described herein. A source of interest may be an organism, such as an animal or human. The biological sample may comprise biological tissue or fluid.
Cancer: The terms “cancer”, “malignancy”, “neoplasm”, “tumor”, “tumour”, and “carcinoma”, are used interchangeably herein to refer to cells that exhibit relatively abnormal, uncontrolled, and/or autonomous growth, so that they exhibit an aberrant growth phenotype characterized by a significant loss of control of cell proliferation. In general, cells of interest for detection or treatment in the present application include precancerous (e.g., benign), malignant, pre-metastatic, metastatic, and non-metastatic cells. The teachings of the present disclosure may be relevant to any and all cancers. To give but a few, non-limiting examples, in some embodiments, teachings of the present disclosure are applied to one or more cancers such as, for example, hematopoietic cancers including leukemias, lymphomas (Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins), myelomas and myeloproliferative disorders; sarcomas, melanomas, adenomas, carcinomas of solid tissue, squamous cell carcinomas of the mouth, throat, larynx, and lung, liver cancer, genitourinary cancers such as prostate, cervical, bladder, uterine, and endometrial cancer and renal cell carcinomas, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cutaneous or intraocular melanoma, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, head and neck cancers, breast cancer, gastro-intestinal cancers and nervous system cancers, benign lesions such as papillomas, and the like. The antibodies of the invention can be used for the treatment of CD25+ expressing tumours. The treatment of cancer involving CD25 expressing tumours can include but is not limited to lymphomas, such as such as Hodgkin lymphomas, and lymphocytic leukemias, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Combination Therapy: As used herein, the term “combination therapy” refers to those situations in which a subject is simultaneously exposed to two or more therapeutic regimens (e.g., two or more therapeutic agents). In some embodiments, two or more agents may be administered simultaneously. Alternatively, such agents may be administered sequentially; otherwise, such agents are administered in overlapping dosing regimens.
Comparable: As used herein, the term “comparable” refers to two or more agents, entities, situations, effects, sets of conditions, etc., that may not be identical to one another but that are sufficiently similar to permit comparison (e.g., by level and/or activity) there between so that conclusions may reasonably be drawn based on differences or similarities observed. Such comparable sets of conditions, effects, circumstances, individuals, or populations are characterized by a plurality of substantially identical features and one or a small number of varied features. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, in context, what degree of identity is required in any given circumstance for two or more such agents, entities, situations, sets of conditions, effects, or populations, etc. to be considered comparable.
Comprising: A composition or method described herein as “comprising” one or more named elements or steps is open-ended, meaning that the named elements or steps are essential, but other elements or steps may be added within the scope of the composition or method. It is also understood that any composition or method described as “comprising” (or which “comprises”) one or more named elements or steps also describes the corresponding, more limited composition or method “consisting essentially of” (or which “consists essentially of”) the same named elements or steps, meaning that the composition or method includes the named essential elements or steps and may also include additional elements or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the composition or method.
Depleted: As used herein, references to “depleted” or “depleting” (with respect to the depletion of regulatory Tcells by an anti-CD25 antibody agent) it is meant that the number, ratio or percentage of Tregs is decreased relative to when an anti-CD25 antibody that does not inhibit the binding of interleukin 2 to CD25 is not administered. In particular embodiments of the invention as described herein, over about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 99% of the tumour-infiltrating regulatory T cells are depleted.
Dosage Form: As used herein, the term “dosage form” refers to a physically discrete unit of an active agent (e.g., a therapeutic or diagnostic agent) for administration to a subject. Each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active agent. In some embodiments, such quantity is a unit dosage amount (or a whole fraction thereof) appropriate for administration in accordance with a dosing regimen that has been determined to correlate with a desired or beneficial outcome when administered to a relevant population (i.e., with a therapeutic dosing regimen). Those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that the total amount of a therapeutic composition or agent administered to a particular subject is determined by one or more attending physicians and may involve administration of multiple dosage forms.
Dosing Regimen: As used herein, the term “dosing regimen” refers to a set of unit doses (typically more than one) that are administered individually to a subject, typically separated by periods of time. In some embodiments, a given therapeutic agent has a recommended dosing regimen, which may involve one or more doses. In some embodiments, a dosing regimen comprises a plurality of doses each of which are separated from one another by a time period of the same length. Alternatively, a dosing regimen comprises a plurality of doses and at least two different time periods separating individual doses. In some embodiments, all doses within a dosing regimen are of the same unit dose amount. Alternatively, different doses within a dosing regimen are of different amounts. In some embodiments, a dosing regimen comprises a first dose in a first dose amount, followed by one or more additional doses in a second dose amount different from the first dose amount. A dosing regimen may comprise a first dose in a first dose amount, followed by one or more additional doses in a second dose amount same as the first dose amount. In some embodiments, a dosing regimen is correlated with a desired or beneficial outcome when administered across a relevant population (i.e., is a therapeutic dosing regimen).
Epitope: As used herein, the term “epitope” refers to a portion of an antigen that is bound by an antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, where the antigen is a polypeptide, an epitope is conformational in that it is comprised of portions of an antigen that are not covalently contiguous in the antigen but that are near to one another in three-dimensional space when the antigen is in a relevant conformation. For example, for CD25, conformational epitopes are those comprised of amino acid residues that are not contiguous in CD25 extracellular domain; linear epitopes are those comprised of amino acid residues that are contiguous in CD25 extracellular domain. In some embodiments, epitopes utilized in accordance with the present invention are provided by means of reference to those bound by anti-CD25 Antibody Agents provided herein (e.g., by Antibody 1 or Antibody 2). Means for determining the exact sequence and/or particularly amino acid residues of the epitope for Antibody 1 and Antibody 2 are known in the literature and in the Examples, including competition with peptides, from antigen sequences, binding to CD25 sequence from different species, truncated, and/or mutagenized (e.g. by alanine scanning or other site-directed mutagenesis), phage display-based screening, or (co-) crystallography techniques.
Identity: Percent (%) identity as known in the art is the relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, identity also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. While there exist a number of methods to measure identity between two polypeptides or two polynucleotide sequences, methods commonly employed to determine identity are codified in computer programs. Preferred computer programs to determine identity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCG program package (Devereux, et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 12, 387 (1984), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA (Atschul et al., J. Molec. Biol. 215, 403 (1990)). The percent identity of two amino acid sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences is determined by aligning the sequences for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the first sequence for best alignment with the sequence) and comparing the amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding positions. The “best alignment” is an alignment of two sequences which results in the highest percent identity. The percent identity is determined by the number of identical amino acid residues or nucleotides in the sequences being compared (i.e., % identity=number of identical positions/total number of positions×100). Generally, references to % identity herein refer to % identity along the entire length of the molecule, unless the context specifies or implies otherwise.
Immune effector cell: An immune effector cell refers to an immune cell which is involved in the effector phase of an immune response. Exemplary immune cells include a cell of a myeloid or lymphoid origin, e.g., lymphocytes (e.g., B cells and T cells including cytolytic T cells (CTLs)), killer cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, polymorphonuclear cells, granulocytes, mast cells, and basophils.
Immune effector cells involved in the effector phase of an immune response may express specific Fc receptors and carry out specific immune functions. An effector cell can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), e.g., a neutrophil capable of inducing ADCC. An effector cell can also induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP), which consists in phagocytosis of a target antigen, target cell, or microorganism, e.g. macrophages capable of ADCP. For example, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes which express FcγR are involved in specific killing of target cells and presenting antigens to other components of the immune system, or binding to cells that present antigens. As discussed, the antibodies according to the present invention may be optimised for ability to induce ADCC and/or ADCP.
Regulatory T cells: As used herein, “regulatory T cells” (“Treg”, “Treg cells”, or “Tregs”) refer to a lineage of CD4+T lymphocytes specialized in controlling autoimmunity, allergy and infection. Typically, they regulate the activities of T cell populations, but they can also influence certain innate immune system cell types. Tregs are usually identified by the expression of the biomarkers CD4, CD25 and Foxp3, and low expression of CD127. Naturally occurring Treg cells normally constitute about 5-10% of the peripheral CD4+T lymphocytes. However, within a tumour microenvironment (i.e. tumour-infiltrating Treg cells), they can make up as much as 20-30% of the total CD4+T lymphocyte population.
Activated human Treg cells may directly kill target cells such as effector T cells and APCs through perforin- or granzyme B-dependent pathways; cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4+) Treg cells induce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression by APCs, and these in turn suppress T-cell activation by reducing tryptophan; Treg cells, may release interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor (TGFβ) in vivo, and thus directly inhibit T-cell activation and suppress APC function by inhibiting expression of MHC molecules, CD80, CD86 and IL-12. Treg cells can also suppress immunity by expressing high levels of CTLA4 which can bind to CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells and prevent proper activation of effector T cells
Patient: As used herein, the term “patient” or “subject” refers to any organism to which a provided composition is or may be administered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, cosmetic, and/or therapeutic purposes. Typical patients include animals (e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and/or humans). In some embodiments, a patient is a human. In some embodiments, a patient is suffering from or susceptible to one or more disorders or conditions. A patient may display one or more symptoms of a disorder or condition, or may have been diagnosed with one or more disorders or conditions (such as cancer, or presence of one or more tumours). In some embodiments, the patient is receiving or has received certain therapy to diagnose and/or to treat such disease, disorder, or condition.
Pharmaceutically Acceptable: As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” applied to the carrier, diluent, or excipient used to formulate a composition as disclosed herein means that the carrier, diluent, or excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
Pharmaceutical Composition: As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition in which an active agent is formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In some embodiments, active agent is present in unit dose amount appropriate for administration in a therapeutic regimen that shows a statistically significant probability of achieving a predetermined therapeutic effect when administered to a relevant population. A pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets, e.g., those targeted for buccal, sublingual, and systemic absorption, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue; parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intratumoral, or epidural injection as a sterile solution or suspension, or sustained-release formulation; topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment, or a controlled-release patch or spray applied to skin, lungs, or oral cavity; intravaginally, intrarectally, sublingually, ocularly, transdermally, nasally, pulmonary, and to other mucosal surfaces.
Solid Tumour: As used herein, the term “solid tumour” refers to an abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumours may be benign or malignant. Different types of solid tumours are named for the type of cells that form them. Examples of solid tumours are sarcomas (including cancers arising from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin in tissues such as cancellous bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular, hematopoietic, or fibrous connective tissues), carcinomas (including tumours arising from epithelial cells), melanomas, lymphomas, mesothelioma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, etc. Cancers involving solid tumours include, without limitations, brain cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, duodenal cancer, esophagus cancer, breast cancer, colon and rectal cancer, renal cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, mouth cancer, sarcoma, eye cancer, thyroid cancer, urethral cancer, vaginal cancer, neck cancer, lymphoma, and the like.
Therapeutically Effective Amount: As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount (e.g., of an agent or of a pharmaceutical composition) that is sufficient, when administered to a population suffering from or susceptible to a disease and/or condition in accordance with a therapeutic dosing regimen, to treat such disease and/or condition. A therapeutically effective amount is one that reduces the incidence and/or severity of, stabilizes, and/or delays onset of, one or more symptoms of the disease, disorder, and/or condition. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a “therapeutically effective amount” does not in fact require successful treatment be achieved in a particular subject.
Treatment: As used herein, the term “treatment” (also “treat” or “treating”) refers to any administration of a substance (e.g., provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agent, as exemplified by Antibody 1 or Antibody 2, or any other agent) that partially or completely alleviates, ameliorates, relives, inhibits, delays onset of, reduces severity of, and/or reduces incidence of one or more symptoms. In some embodiments, treatment may involve the direct administration of anti-CD25 Antibody Agent such as Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 (for example, as an injectable, aqueous composition, optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient and/or adjuvant, for use for intravenous, intratumoral or peritumoral injection) or the administration using a regimen comprising obtaining cells from the subject (e.g. from the blood, a tissue, or a tumour, with or without a selection on the basis of presence, or absence, of the expression of a marker), contacting said cells with an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent such as Antibody 1 or Antibody 2 ex vivo, and administering such cells to the subject (with or without a selection on the basis of presence, or absence, of the expression of a marker).
Dosing and Administration. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein (e.g. an anti-CD25 or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof, for example comprising the Antibody 1-HCDR3 amino acid sequence or the Antibody 2-HCDR3 amino acid sequence) for use in accordance with the present invention may be prepared for storage and/or delivery using any of a variety of techniques and/or technologies known and/or available to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, a provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agent is administered according to a dosing regimen approved by a regulatory authority such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or the European Medicines Agency (EMEA), e.g., for the relevant indication. In some embodiments, a provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agent is administered in combination with one or more other agents or therapies, which may themselves be administered according to a dosing regimen approved by a regulatory authority such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or the European Medicines Agency (EMEA), e.g., for the relevant indication. In some embodiments however, use of a provided anti-CD25 Antibody Agent may permit reduced dosing (e.g., lower amount of active in one or more doses, smaller number of doses, and/or reduced frequency of doses) of an approved agent or therapy used in combination with the anti-CD25 Antibody Agent therapy. In some embodiments, dosing and/or administration may be adapted to other drugs that also administered, the patient status, and/or the format of anti-CD25 Antibody Agent (e.g. modified as an immunoconjugate, a single domain antibody, or a bispecific antibody).
Moreover, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to tailor dosing regimens, and particularly to design sequential dosing regimens, based on timing and/or threshold expression levels of CD25, whether for particular cell types, particular tumours or types thereof, or particular patient populations (e.g., carrying genetic markers). In some such embodiments, therapeutic dosing regimens may be combined with or adjusted in light of detection methods that assess expression of one or more inducible markers or other criteria prior to and/or during therapy.
In some embodiments, dosing and administration according to the present invention utilizes active agent having a desired degree of purity combined with one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers in any or variety of forms. These include, for example, liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, liposomes and suppositories. A preferred form may depend on the intended mode of administration and/or therapeutic application, typically in the form of injectable or infusible solutions, such as compositions similar to those used for treating of human subjects with antibodies.
In some embodiments, ingredient(s) can be prepared with carriers that protect the agent(s) against rapid release and/or degradation, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. In general, each active agent is formulated, dosed, and administered in therapeutically effective amount using pharmaceutical compositions and dosing regimens that are consistently with good medical practice and appropriate for the relevant agent(s) (e.g., for agents such as antibodies). Pharmaceutical compositions containing active agents can be administered by any appropriate method known in the art, including, without limitation, oral, mucosal, by-inhalation, topical, buccal, nasal, rectal, or parenteral (e.g. intravenous, infusion, intratumoral, intranodal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intradermal, transdermal, or other kinds of administration involving physical breaching of a tissue of a subject and administration of the pharmaceutical composition through such breach).
In some embodiments, a dosing regimen for a particular active agent may involve intermittent or continuous (e.g., by perfusion or slow release system) administration, for example to achieve a particular desired pharmacokinetic profile or other pattern of exposure in one or more tissues or fluids of interest in the subject. In some embodiments, different agents administered in combination may be administered via different routes of delivery and/or according to different schedules. Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, one or more doses of a first active agent is administered substantially simultaneously with, and in some embodiments via a common route and/or as part of a single composition with, one or more other active agents.
Factors to be considered when optimizing routes and/or dosing schedule for a given therapeutic regimen may include, for example, the particular cancer being treated (e.g., type, stage, location, etc.), the clinical condition of a subject (e.g., age, overall health, weight, etc.), the site of delivery of the agent, the nature of the agent (e.g. an antibody or other protein-based compound), the mode and/or route of administration of the agent, the presence or absence of combination therapy, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate, for example, that a specific route of delivery may impact dose amount and/or required dose amount may impact route of delivery. For example, where particularly high concentrations of an agent within a particular site or location (e.g., within a tissue or organ) are of interest, focused delivery (e.g., intratumoral delivery) may be desired and/or useful. In some embodiments, one or more features of a particular pharmaceutical composition and/or of a utilized dosing regimen may be modified over time (e.g., increasing or decreasing amount of active in any individual dose, increasing or decreasing time intervals between doses, etc.), for example in order to optimize a desired therapeutic effect or response (e.g., a therapeutic or biological response that is related to the functional features of an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein). In general, type, amount, and frequency of dosing of active agents in accordance with the present invention in governed by safety and efficacy requirements that apply when relevant agent(s) is/are administered to a mammal, preferably a human. In general, such features of dosing are selected to provide a particular and typically detectable, therapeutic response as compared with what is observed absent therapy. In context of the present invention, an exemplary desirable therapeutic response may involve, but is not limited to, inhibition of and/or decreased tumour growth, tumour size, metastasis, one or more of the symptoms and side effects that are associated with the tumour, as well as increased apoptosis of cancer cells, therapeutically relevant decrease or increase of one or more cell marker or circulating markers and the like. Such criteria can be readily assessed by any of a variety of immunological, cytological, and other methods that are disclosed in the literature. For example, the therapeutically effective amount of anti-CD25 Antibody Agents, alone or in combination with a further agent, can be determined as being sufficient to enhance killing of cancer cells as described in the Examples.
A therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as active agent or composition comprising such agent can be readily determined using techniques available in the art including, for example, considering one or more factors such as the disease or condition being treated, the stage of the disease, the age and health and physical condition of the mammal being treated, the severity of the disease, the particular compound being administered, and the like.
In some embodiments, therapeutically effective amount is an effective dose (and/or a unit dose) of an active agent that may be at least about 0.01 mg/kg body weight, at least about 0.05 mg/kg body weight; at least about 0.1 mg/kg body weight, at least about 1 mg/kg body weight, at least about 5 mg/kg body weight, at least about 10 mg/kg body weight, or more (e.g. 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mg/kg body weight). It will be understood by one of skill in the art that in some embodiments such guidelines may be adjusted for the molecular weight of the active agent. The dosage may also be varied for route of administration, the cycle of treatment, or consequently to dose escalation protocol that can be used to determine the maximum tolerated dose and dose limiting toxicity (if any) in connection to the administration of the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment or variant thereof comprising the Antibody1-HCDR3 amino acid sequence or the Antibody2-HCDR3 at increasing doses.
Therapeutic compositions typically should be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, dispersion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the antibody in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and other required ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of powders for preparing sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile filtered solution. The proper fluidity of a solution can be maintained, for example, by using a coating, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prolonged absorption of injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
The formulation of each agent should desirably be sterile, as can be accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes, and then packaged, or sold in a form suitable for bolus administration or for continuous administration. Injectable formulations may be prepared, packaged, or sold in unit dosage form, such as in ampules or in multi dose containers containing a preservative. Formulations for parenteral administration include, but are not limited to, suspensions, solutions, emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, pastes, and implantable sustained-release or biodegradable formulations as discussed herein. Sterile injectable formulations may be prepared using a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as water or 1,3 butanediol. Other parentally-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form, in a liposomal preparation, or as a component of biodegradable polymer systems. Compositions for sustained release or implantation may comprise pharmaceutically acceptable polymeric or hydrophobic materials such as an emulsion, an ion exchange resin, a sparingly soluble polymer or salt.
Each pharmaceutical composition for use in accordance with the present invention may include pharmaceutically acceptable dispersing agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, isotonic agents, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, carriers, excipients, salts, or stabilizers are non-toxic to the subjects at the dosages and concentrations employed. A non-exhaustive list of such additional pharmaceutically acceptable compounds includes buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions (such as acetate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, thiethiodode, and valerate salts); preservatives (such as octadecyidimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; sodium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™′ or polyethylene glycol (PEG).
In some embodiments, where two or more active agents are utilized in accordance with the present invention, such agents can be administered simultaneously or sequentially. In some embodiments, administration of one agent is specifically timed relative to administration of another agent. In some embodiments, desired relative dosing regimens for agents administered in combination may be assessed or determined empirically, for example using ex vivo, in vivo and/or in vitro models; in some embodiments, such assessment or empirical determination is made in vivo, in a particular patient or patient population (e.g., so that a correlation is made).
In some embodiments, one or more active agents utilized in practice of the present invention is administered according to an intermittent dosing regimen comprising at least two cycles. Where two or more agents are administered in combination, and each by such an intermittent, cycling, regimen, individual doses of different agents may be interdigitated with one another. In some embodiments, one or more doses of the second agent is administered a period of time after a dose of an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein. In some embodiments, each dose of the second agent is administered a period of time after a dose of anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more doses of the second agent is administered a period of time before a dose of an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent. In some embodiments, an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein can be also administered in regimens that involve not only subsequent administration by the same route but also by alternating administration routes such as by sub-cutaneous (or intramuscular) administration and intra-tumoral administration, within one or more cycles of treatments over one, two, four or more weeks, repeating such cycle with the same regimen (or by extending the interval between administrations), depending of patient responses. Also, in some embodiments, the precise regimen followed (e.g., number of doses, spacing of doses (e.g., relative to each other or to another event such as administration of another therapy), amount of doses, etc. may be different for one or more cycles as compared with one or more other cycles.
By using any of the routes of administrations, dosages, and/or regimens as described herein, an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein can be identified, characterized, and/or validated, for example, taking into account one or more criteria that are measured in the patients using biopsies, blood samples, and/or other clinical criteria. In some embodiments, as an alternative or in addition to direct evaluation of tumour size and/or metastasis, therapeutic efficacy of an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein can be determined in methods wherein one or more different general criteria are evaluated: decrease of regulatory T cells in circulation, tumours and/or in lymphoid organs, direct cytotoxicity on cancer cells (apoptosis and necrosis of cancer cells), increase of tumour infiltrating, immune cells (such as CD4-positive and/or CD8-positive tumour infiltrating T cells), increase in immune cells that circulates in blood (total populations or specific sub-populations of lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, etc.), and/or presenting some differential expression pre-versus post-treatment only in either responding or non-responding patients (as determined by RNA sequencing, mass flow cytometry, and/or other mass sequencing approach). Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, such identification, characterization, and/or validation may involve the follow-up at molecular level by screening the mRNA and/or protein expression of one or more specific proteins or sets of proteins. In some embodiments, one or more such techniques may allow identification or relevant information for evaluating the response to an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein, for example that may be is related to tissue distribution and/or markers for specific cell populations within (or nearby) the tumour and/or circulating in blood.
Such approaches and immune-biological data may allow determination not only of one or more efficacy and/or safety parameters or characteristics, but in some embodiments, can provide a rationale for choosing a particular dose, route or dosing regimen, for example that may be utilized in one or more clinical trials for a given indication, alone and/or in combination with other drugs, standard-of-care protocols, or immunotherapies that can provide further therapeutic benefits. Thus, in a series of further embodiments of the invention, an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein is used in a method of treating a patient suffering from a disease (such as cancer) or preventing a disease (such as cancer) after determining the combined presence (and/or absence) of expression at RNA and/or protein level for one or more genes in cells or tissues of the patient (such as a tumour, a blood sample, or a blood fraction), post- or pre-treatment with such a formulation. Such methods may allow therefore defining a one or more biomarkers, or a more complex gene expression signature (or cell population distribution) that is associated to the therapeutically effective amount of a desirable anti-CD25 Antibody Agent, the therapeutically relevant biomarker(s) that predicts that a subject may have an anti-tumour or anti-infective response after the treatment with an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein, or the therapeutically relevant biomarker(s) that predicts that a subject may respond to the treatment with a compound after the treatment with an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent.
Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, dosing and administration for a particular anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as disclosed herein can be preliminarily established and/or later evaluated in view of CD25 expression in human cancers and/or other human tissues, for example by gathering data about CD25 distribution in stromal and/or immune subsets in various cancers, tissues and/or patients. Such data can be generated by using common technologies (such as flow cytometry, mass cytometry, immunohistochemistry or mRNA expression libraries) across common cancer types and/or tissues (central nervous system, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Colon, Rectum, Lung, Bladder, Heart, Kidney, Thyroid, Pancreas, Uterus, Skin, Breast, Ovary, Prostate and testis) for identifying relationship between CD25 expression in various immune and non-immune subpopulations and/or its relation with cell infiltrate measures and/or cancer-relevant markers associated with sub-sets of cancer cells or immune cells (such as Foxp3 and PD-1/PD-L1). CD25 expression can be confined (or not) to immune subsets in tumour tissue (such as in NK cells and other effector or regulatory immune cells), and correlations between CD25 expression and immune checkpoint inhibitors can be determined if being positive, thus suggesting appropriate uses of anti-CD25 Antibody Agents in combinations with compounds targeting such immune checkpoint inhibitor, for example a PD-1 antagonist, such as an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
Articles of Manufacture and Kits; In some embodiments of the invention, an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein is provided in a separate article of manufacture. In some embodiments of the invention, an article of manufacture containing an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent is provided in or with a container with a label. Suitable containers may include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes. In some embodiments, a container may be formed from any or a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. In some embodiments, a container holds a composition that is effective for treating a particular disease, disorder, or condition, or stage or type thereof. In some embodiments, a container may have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). For example, in some embodiments, a composition comprising an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein is packaged in clear glass vials with a rubber stopper and an aluminium seal. The label on, or associated with, the container indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice.
In some embodiments, an article of manufacture may further comprise a separate container comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, such as phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution and/or may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use. For example, in some embodiments, an article of manufacture may allow providing each or the agent in an intravenous formulation as a sterile aqueous solution containing a total of 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg, or more that are formulated, with appropriate diluents and buffers, at a final concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, or at a higher concentration.
In some embodiments, an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent as described herein can be provided within the kits-of-parts in the form of lyophilized is to be reconstituted with any appropriate aqueous solution that provided or not with the kits, or other types of dosage unit using any compatible pharmaceutical carrier. One or more unit dosage forms of an anti-CD25 Antibody Agent may be provided in a pack or dispenser device. Such a pack or device may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. In order to use correctly such kits-of-parts, it may further comprise buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use in the treatment of cancer.
In some embodiments, instructions that are associated with an article of manufacture or the kits as described herein may be in the form of a label, a leaflet, a publication, a recording, a diagram, or any other means that can be used to inform about the correct use and/or monitoring of the possible effects of the agents, formulations, and other materials in the article of manufacture and/or in the kit. Instructions may be provided together with the article of manufacture and/or in the kit.
Antibodies targeting the alpha chain of human IL2 receptor (CD25) were isolated from a library of humanized antibodies cloned from immunized rabbits.
Two rabbits were immunized with soluble target protein using the human and the cynomolgus orthologues in alternating injections. Two further rabbits were immunized with soluble human protein and transfected cells expressing the human target protein on their surface in alternation. B cells from blood, bone marrow and spleen of immunized rabbits were stained with biotinylated human CD25 and sorted in a FACS Aria III (Becton Dickinson).
CDRH3 and CDRL3 domains were amplified and combined with the framework regions of the human VH germline genes VH3-23 and VH3-53 and the human VL germline genes Vk1-27 and Vk3-20, respectively. CDR1 and CDR2 regions were diversified by synthetic DNA fragments. Humanized VH domains and humanized VL domains were arranged to encode single chain variable fragments (scFv) in a Phage Display vector. The Phage Display library was subjected to three subsequent panning rounds, using either soluble human target protein, cynomolgus and human target protein in alternation or soluble target protein and human Treg cells in alternation.
Soluble scFv encoded by 2170 clones were expressed and tested for binding to human and cynomolgus target protein in ELISA. All human/cyno cross-reactive hits were sequenced. For 232 unique sequences the binding to the target protein on the cell surface was confirmed in flow cytometry, using either the CD25-expressing cell line SU-DHL-1 and a non expressing CD25 cell line (Jurkat) was used to test cross reactivity.
All sequences were tested in regard to their influence on the binding of IL2 to CD25 and in regard to their influence on the binding of the mouse anti-human CD25 antibody 7G7B6 (Ancell Corporation) in ELISA-based assays. The selection criteria included strongest signals in flow cytometry and focused on sequences that did not interfere with the binding of IL2.
Antibodies designated Antibody 1 and Antibody 2, having the following heavy and light chain sequences and CDRs as set out in Table 1, were selected for further characterisation as described below.
GSAYYADSVKGRFTISRD
HYGMDLWGQGTLVTVSS
LGATYYADSVKGRFTISR
YYAMDLWGQGTLVTVSS
QSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFT
GYTTSNVDNAFGGGTKVE
The sequences of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs; i.e., CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3), and framework regions (FRs) were defined according to Kabat numbering scheme.
Binding of Anti-CD25 Antibodies to CD25-Expressing Cells:
Binding to CD25 expressing Karpas 299 cells was examined by staining Karpas299 cells with test articles (anti-CD25 primary antibodies) starting at a concentration of 20 μg/ml antibodies followed by semi-log dilution series (7-point) for 30 minutes on ice. This was followed by staining with a secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 647-AffiniPure F(ab′)2 Fragment Rabbit Anti-Human IgG Fcγ fragment—(Jackson ImmunoResearch)) concentration of 1 μg/ml for 30 minutes on ice. All samples were stained in duplicates. Live cells were gated using FSC vs SSC parameters by flow cytometry during sample acquisition. Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of stained cells were plotted on an XY chart, graphing MFI against the log of the concentration, and the data fit to a non-linear regression curve from which the EC50 is calculated. Results are shown in
Recloning, producing, and characterizing of Antibody 1 as human IgG1 expressed in mammalian cells: Synthesis of codon optimized VH and VL coding sequences for the antibody was performed by Genewiz. cDNAs of variable regions were cloned into the antibody expression vector (Icosagen, EST) containing human IgG1 heavy chain and kappa light chain constant regions (P01857 and P01834 respectively). Full length heavy and light chain cDNAs were verified by sequencing in final vectors and then recloned for expressing them using the QMCF Technology (Icosagen) a stable episomal expression system that uses CHO-based cells (CHOEBNALT85) and appropriate vectors for production of recombinant proteins, antibodies, CHOEBNALT85 cells were transfected with 1 μg of the expression plasmids for antibody production. 48 h after the transfection 700 μg/ml of G418 was added to select plasmid containing cell population. For the production, temperature was shifted to 30° C. and the cultures were additionally fed. At the end of the production the culture supernatants were clarified by centrifugation (1000 g, 30 min, and 15° C.), PMSF was added and supernatants were processed or frozen until purification. hIgG1 antibodies were purified by MabSelect SuRe affinity chromatography followed by Superdex 200 gel filtration into either PBS or PBS 100 mM L-Arg. Human IgG1 antibodies produced in CHOEBNALT85 cells and were further characterized.
Assays were performed with the bacterial supernatant (containing the svFv). Clones were tested for binding to rhCD25 and rcyCD25 on standard ELISAs, binding to CD25 on cells (SU-DHL-1, a CD25 expressing cell line) and a on non-expressing CD25 cell line (Jurkat) to test cross reactivity. We also were tested if they block IL-2 binding to its receptor and if they interfere with the binding of the mouse anti-human CD25 antibody 7G7B6 (non IL-2 blocker) in ELISA. The results are shown in Table 3.
Results
Thus, the sequences of Antibody 1 and Antibody 2 (
The affinity for the antihuman CD25 antibodies was determined by measuring their KD by biolayer interferometry on the Octet Red 96 system (Pall Forte Bio Corp., USA). Sensors were equilibrated off-line in kinetic buffer for 10 minutes and then monitored on-line for 60 seconds for baseline establishment. 13.32 nM of antibody was loaded to the AHC biosensor for 200 s followed by varying concentrations of the rhCD25his tagged (1:3 serial dilutions, from 50 nM to 0.54 nM) for 600 s and let them to dissociate in kinetics buffer for 400 s. Kinetics data were fit using a global 1:1 analysis software provided by Pall Forte Bio with reference subtraction. Results are shown in
IL-2-blocking was characterised using a STAT5 phosphorylation assay, in which IL-2 signalling was examined. Previously frozen PBMC (Stemcell Technologies) were cultured in 96-U-bottom well plates in the presence of 10 μg/ml anti-CD25 antibodies for 30 minutes before adding IL-2 (Peprotech) at 10 U/ml for 10 minutes in RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies) containing 10% FBS (Sigma), 2 mM L-Glutamine (Life Technologies) and 10,000 U/ml Pen-Strep (Sigma). IL-2 induced STAT5 phosphorylation was stopped when the cells were fixed and permeabilized with the eBioscience™ Foxp3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set (Invitrogen) and treated with the BD Phosflow Perm Buffer III (BD Biosciences). Cells were then simultaneously stained with surface and intracellular fluorochrome labelled antibodies (STAT5-BV421 clone 47/stat5/pY694 BD Bioscience, CD3-PerCP-Cy5.5 clone UCHT1 Biolegend, CD4-BV510 clone SK3 BD Bioscience, CD8-Alexa Fluor 700 clone RPA-T8 Invitrogen, CD45RA-PE-Cy7 clone HI100 Invitrogen, FoxP3-Alexa Fluor 488 clone 236A/E7 Invitrogen) and samples were acquired on the Fortessa LSR X20 Flow Cytometer (BD Bioscience) and analysed using the BD FACSDIVA software. Doublets were excluded using FCS-H versus FCS-A, and lymphocytes defined using SSC-A versus FCS-A parameters. CD3+ T cells were defined using a CD3 PerCP-Cy5.5-A versus FCS-A plot and a gate was drawn on a histogram showing count versus STAT5 Alexa Fluor 647-A to determine the population of STAT5+CD3+ T cells. The percentage blocking of IL-2 signalling was calculated as follows: % blocking=100×[(% Stat5+ cells No Ab group−% Stat5+ cells 10 ug/ml Ab group)/(% Stat5+ cells No Ab group)]. Further analysis of STAT5 phosphorylation by different T cell subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD4+FoxP3+, naïve and memory T cells) was also be assessed by gating on the respective subsets and analyzed as above. Graphs and statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism v7. Results are shown in
Antibody competitions were performed on a Forte Bio Octet Red96 system (Pall Forte Bio Corp., USA) using a standard sequential binding assay. 26.8 nM recombinant human CD25his tagged was loaded onto Ni-NTA Biosensors for 200 s. After baseline step on kinetic buffer sensors were exposed to 66.6 nM of first antibody for 600 s followed by a second anti-CD25 antibody (also at 66.6 nM for 600 s). Data was processed using Forte Bio Data Analysis Software 9.0. Additional binding by a second antibody indicates an unoccupied epitope (no competition for the epitope), while no binding indicates epitope blocking (competition for the epitope). The results are shown in
CD25-expressing SR786 cells, herein called target (T) cells, are incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. with different concentrations of mAbs against CD25 (or control IgG) in a low-IgG FBS-supplemented medium (4% FBS in RPMI). ADCC effector (E) cells are then added to the cell-mAbs mixture at an E:T ratio of 1:1. The effector cells are Jurkat cells stably transfected with a luciferase reporter system and over-expressing CD16/FcgammaRIIIA (Promega). After overnight incubation at 37 C, the cells are lysed and luciferase activity is measured by mean of luminescence release from the hydrolysis of a specific luciferase substrate, following manufacturer instruction (Promega Bio-Glow protocol). Graphs of the raw data are produced using Graphpad Prism v7 to generate dose response curves. The Relative Luminescences Units (RLU) are plotted on a XY chart against the log of the antibody concentration, and the data fir to a non-linear regression curve from which the EC50 is calculated.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) assays were performed using in-vitro differentiated Tregs as target cells and monocyte-derived macrophages as the effector cells. PBMCs were isolated from leucocyte cones by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Monocytes (CD14+ cells) were isolated using CD14 Microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec). Monocytes were cultured for 5 days in the presence of 50 ng/ml M-CSF in RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies) containing 10% FBS (Sigma), 2 mM L-Glutamine (Life Technologies) and 10,000 U/ml Pen-Strep (Sigma), fresh media containing M-CSF is added after 3 days. Regulatory T cells (Treg) were isolated using the Human Treg Cell Differentiation Kit (R&D Systems). These cells were incubated in a 37° C., 5% CO2 humidified incubator for 5 days and labelled with eFluor450-dye (Invitrogen), as per manufacturer recommendations. At day 5, macrophages and eFluor450-dye labelled Tregs are cocultured for 4 hours at a 10 to 1 effector to target ratio in the presence of anti-CD25 antibodies or controls, as describe thereafter. Target cells (Treg) were added at 1×104 cells/well while the effector cells (macrophages) were added at 1×105 cells/well, for an effector to target ratio of 10 to 1. The anti-CD25 antibodies were then added at a top concentration of 1 μg/ml followed by a log series (7 points) in duplicates. Cells and antibodies were incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. 5% CO2. To assess ADCP, cells were placed on ice, stained with the cell surface marker CD14 (CD14-PerCP-Cy5.5 clone MfP9 BD Biosciences) and fixed with the eBioscience fixation buffer. Two colour flow cytometric analysis was performed using the Fortessa LSR X20. Residual target cells were defined as cells that were eFluor450-dye+/CD14−. Macrophages were defined as CD14+. Dual-labelled cells (eFluor450-dye+/CD14+) were considered to represent phagocytosis of targets by Macrophages. Phagocytosis of target cells was calculated with the following equation: % Phagocytosis=100×[(percent dual positive)/(percent dual positive+percent residual targets)].
Results
The Antibody 1 and Antibody 2 that have been identified and characterized in Example 1, were further evaluated with respect to its ability to not interfere with IL-2 signalling and its capacity to kill of CD25 expressing target cells. The STAT5 assay showed that Antibody 1 did not block IL-2 signalling tested while IL-2 signalling was completely blocked by the antibody Daclizumab (
In conclusion, Antibody 1 and 2 have been characterized and demonstrates potent killing of CD25 positive cells (Tregs or cancer cell lines) and do not interfere with IL-2 signalling and consequently do not inhibit T effector responses. Antibody 1 and Antibody 2 are thus Treg depleting antibodies which could be applied for the treatment of cancer, as monotherapy or in combination with other agents.
Materials and Methods
Therapeutic activity of a non-IL-2 blocking antibody: Female BALB/c mice obtained from Charles River were injected with 3×105 CT26 tumour cells in 0% Matrigel subcutaneously in the flank, n=15 per group. Animals were randomized into treatment groups based on Day 1 bodyweight. Treatment was started on Day 6 and mice were treated with one injection of each antibody (mouse IgG2a isotype, IL-2 neutralizing antibody, PC61 mlgG1, a anti-mouse CD25 blocking IL-2 signalling of mouse IgG1 isotype, and 7D4 mlgG2a, an anti-mouse CD25 non-blocking IL-2 signalling of mouse IgG2a isotype) at 200 μg/animal. Animals received either monotherapy treatments, with one group per antibody, or combination treatment of 7D4 mlgG2a and the IL-2 neutralizing antibody or 7D4 mlgG2a and PC61 mlgG1 antibody. Mice were sacrificed when the tumour volume reached 2000 mm3 or 50 days, whichever was reached first.
Results
The anti-CD25 depleting non-IL-2 blocking antibody 7D4 mlgG2a induced tumour rejection in treated mice, while the other antibodies showed no effect as monotherapy when compared to the isotype control mouse IgG2a. Combination with IL2-blocking antibodies, either PC61 mlgG1 or IL2 nAb, abrogates the therapeutic activity of the non-IL-2 blocking antibody 7D4 mlgG2a (
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention is defined by the appended claims and not by the Examples or other description of certain embodiments included herein.
Similarly, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Unless defined otherwise above, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention.
Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art, or according to manufacturer's specifications.
All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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| 1804027 | Mar 2018 | GB | national |
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| 1804029 | Mar 2018 | GB | national |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210054084 A1 | Feb 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62642243 | Mar 2018 | US | |
| 62642248 | Mar 2018 | US | |
| 62642232 | Mar 2018 | US | |
| 62642230 | Mar 2018 | US | |
| 62642218 | Mar 2018 | US |
