Patent Application
20220008553
The present invention pertains to the field of biomedical technology. In particular, the present invention relates to anti-ErbB2 antibody-drug conjugates, compositions comprising the same, and preparation methods and uses thereof.
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), as novel medicines for targeted therapy, usher in a new era of cancer therapy. With Seattle Genetics, Inc. and ImmunoGen, Inc in the lead, many multinational pharmaceutical enterprises and start-ups are involved in the research and development in this field. According to a report from Market Research, there are currently a total of 45 ADCs in clinical trials worldwide.
An ADC typically includes three moieties, antibody, linker(s) and drug(s), which are connected in a certain way.
Antibodies are good targeting carriers for drugs. A drug and an antibody can be conjugated through a specific functional group, such as hydroxyl, mercapto or amino, to form a chemoimmunoconjugate. Drugs conjugated to antibodies can be transported to target cells precisely due to the targeting capability of the antibodies, thereby effectively increasing local drug concentration at the disease site while greatly lowering drug concentration in other tissues or organs to achieve increased efficacy and reduced toxicity. The polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies used in these strategies have been reported (Rowland et al., 1986, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 21: 183-87). The antibodies in the ADCs clinically used at present are mostly humanized antibodies, e.g., those in PSMA ADC (anti-PSMA antibody-MMAE conjugate), SGN-75 (anti-CD70 antibody-MMAF conjugate) and T-DM1 (Trastuzumab-DM1 conjugate) are all humanized antibodies. So far, FDA-approved ADCs include Kadcyla® (T-DM1) and Adcetris® (brentuximab vedotin).
The drugs as “warheads” in ADCs are usually cytotoxic agents, which kill tumor cells mainly by inhibiting DNA or protein synthesis in the cells, inhibiting cell mitosis, and the like. Because cytotoxic agents are also lethal to normal cells, their development and application are greatly limited. Early ADCs use conventional antineoplastic agents, but their clinical activity is generally lower than the activity of the agents in vitro. The cytotoxic agents in current ADCs include: Maytansinoids (see e.g., EP 0425235, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,208,020, 5,416,064, 7,276,497, 7,473,796, 7,851,432, US 2007/0269447, US 2011/0158991, WO 2004/103272, WO 2012/061590), Auristatins (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,884,869, 7,498,298), Calicheamicins (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,606,040, 5,770,710), Doxorubicins (see e.g., Dubowchik et al., 2002, Bioconjugate Chem., 13: 855-869), Duocarmycins and CC-1065 (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,261), Irinotecan metabolites (see e.g., WO 2015/012904), pyrrolobenzodiazepines (see e.g., Biotechnol. Healthc. 2012 Winter, 9 (4): 28-31) and pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimmers (PBD dimmers, see e.g., WO 2005/040170). These cytotoxic agents have very strong non-selective toxicity, will damage normal cells, and thus cannot be used as medicines per se.
Linkers in ADCs must satisfy the requirements of preventing detachment of small-molecular drugs from antibodies outside cells, and upon internalization into cells, for cleavable linkers, cleaving under appropriate conditions to release active small-molecular drugs, while for non-cleavable linkers, forming active moiety together with small-molecular drugs and amino acid residues resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis of the antibodies.
In the ADCs currently in clinical trials, cytotoxic agents are generally linked, via linkers, to the lysine residues on antibody surface or to the cysteine residues in antibody hinge region (available after partial reduction of interchain disulfide bonds). When the agents are linked to the lysine residues on antibody surface, since a large number of lysine residues (over 80 lysine residues) exist on the antibody surface and the conjugation reaction is non-selective, there is uncertainty in terms of conjugation sites and conjugated agent numbers, leading to heterogeneity of the resulting ADCs. For example, T-DM1 has a DAR (drug antibody ratio) value distribution of 0-8, and an average DAR of 3.5 (Lazar et al., 2005, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 19: 1806-1814). Typically, ADCs have a DAR in the range of 2-4. When the agents are linked to the cysteine residues in antibody hinge region, since only four inter-chain disulfide bonds exist in the hinge region, it is necessary to partially reduce the interchain disulfide bonds (Sun et al., 2005, Bioconjugate Chem., 16: 1282-1290). Current reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (DTT) and trichloroethyl phosphate (TCEP), however, cannot selectively reduce the interchain disulfide bonds, and in turn the ADCs thus obtained are not homogeneous products, but mixtures of multiple components wherein the DAR of the primary components are 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 and for each DAR value, there are different isomers resulting from different conjugation sites. The heterogeneity of ADC products is disadvantageous to the clinical application thereof due to different pharmacokinetics, potency, and toxicity of different components in the products (for example, components with higher DAR are cleared more rapidly in vivo and contribute to more severe toxicity, see Boswell et al., 2011, Bioconjugate Chem., 22: 1994-2004), rendering unsatisfactory stability.
ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase family is an important regulator for cell growth, differentiation and survival. The family includes four members: epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR or ErbB1), Her2 (ErbB2), Her3 (ErbB3) and Her4 (ErbB4).
The anti-ErbB2 antibody, Trastuzumab, has been used clinically for the treatment of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer. In a clinical trial, 15% of the patients with immunohistochemistry (IHC) levels above 2+ had a clinical response to Trastuzumab, and the median response was 9.1 months (see e.g., Cobleigh et al., 1996, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 14: 737-744). Trastuzumab (Herceptin) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Sep. 25, 1998 for the treatment of patients suffering from ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer.
Although Trastuzumab has saved some breast cancer patients or prolonged patients' survival, it is only effective in ErbB2-overexpressing patients, and the clinical response rate is only 15%. Therefore, there remains a need for medicines with better efficacy for more patients.
Trastuzumab has been conjugated with maytansine (DM1) to form Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1, Kadcyla®) in order to improve therapeutic index. T-DM1 is used in patients to whom treatments with Trastuzumab, first-line taxanes and other anti-Her2 therapeutic agents are ineffective. T-DM1 delivers drugs to tumors to reduce tumor size, delay disease progression, and prolong survival. In clinical trials, the safety and efficacy of T-DM1 were evaluated. T-DM1 has become the fourth medicine targeting Her2 approved by FDA. However, there was a black box warning for T-DM1 when it was approved, reminding patients and health care professionals that T-DM1 may lead to hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and death. This is mainly due to detached DM1 and DM1-containing small molecules released upon degradation of T-DM1 in vivo.
T-DM1 is prepared by coupling the lysine side chain amino group on Trastuzumab with sulfosuccinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC), and then conjugating DM1. On average, 3.5 DM1 molecules are conjugated to one Trastuzumab molecule in T-DM1. Since there are 88 lysine residues on Trastuzumab, T-DM1 is actually a combination of various ADCs in which different number of DM1 molecules are conjugated and which have a variety of coupling sites. However, the efficacy, pharmacokinetics and/or toxicity differ among the ADCs. In general, high drug-loading ADCs have higher in vitro activity, though high drug loading also cause a number of problems, such as increased amounts of polymers due to aggregation of ADCs, decreased stability, increased toxicity, increased immunogenicity, rapid in vivo clearance rate, decreased half-life and poor therapeutic index.
The present invention aims at solving the above problems in the prior art. The present invention provides anti-Her2 antibody-drug conjugates that inhibit tumor growth in mammals and can be used for treating a variety of cancers. The conjugates have better biological activity, stability, homogeneity, and reduced toxic side effects.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides an antibody-drug conjugate of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or metabolite thereof, or a solvate of the foregoing,
wherein:
A is an anti-ErbB2 antibody or an active fragment or variant thereof,
each of X and Y is independently N or CR1, and R1 at each occurrence is independently H or C1-C10 alkyl;
L is a divalent linker;
D is a cytotoxic agent group; and
a is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2-10.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a preparation method of the antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect, comprising the steps of.
(1). preparing a compound of Formula (I-A)
wherein D, L, X and Y are as defined in Formula (I) above;
(2). obtaining a compound of Formula (I-A-G) by activating the compound of Formula (I-A) from step (1)
wherein G is selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —N3, —OR, —SR, —ONRR′, RC(O)O—, —OP(O)RR′, RSO2—O—, and
wherein each of R and R′ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C10 alkyl, C6-C14 aryl, heterocyclyl having 5 to 10 ring members, or phenoxy, and each of the alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and phenoxy is unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl having 5 to 8 ring members, C6-C10 aryl and heteroaryl having 5 to 10 ring members;
(3). obtaining a mixture of antibody-drug conjugates having different a values by conjugating the compound of Formula (I-A-G) from step (2) with an anti-ErbB2 antibody or an active fragment or variant thereof; and
(4). obtaining the antibody-drug conjugate by purifying the mixture from step (3) with one or more chromatographic methods selected from the group consisting of ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, reverse phase chromatography and affinity chromatography.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or metabolite thereof, or a solvate of the foregoing, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides use of the antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or metabolite thereof, or a solvate of the foregoing in the manufacture of a medicament for the prophylaxis or treatment of cancer.
In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical preparation comprising the antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or metabolite thereof, or a solvate of the foregoing.
In a sixth aspect, the present invention provides a method for the prophylaxis or treatment of cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof the antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect of the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or metabolite thereof, or a solvate of the foregoing, or administering to a patient in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the present invention or the pharmaceutical preparation of the fifth aspect of the present invention.
Unless otherwise defined, all the terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Relevant definitions and terms can be found in e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel).
The numerical ranges described herein are to be understood as encompassing any and all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, the range “1 to 10” is to be understood as including not only the clearly stated values of 1 to 10 but also any single values in the range of 1 to 10 (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) and sub-ranges (e.g., 1 to 2, 1.5 to 2.5, 1 to 3, 1.5 to 3.5, 2.5 to 4, 3 to 4.5, etc.). The principle also applies to a range where only one value is indicated as the minimum or maximum value.
All references mentioned throughout the specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
In the first aspect, the present invention provides an antibody-drug conjugate of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or metabolite thereof, or a solvate of the foregoing,
wherein:
A is an anti-ErbB2 antibody or an active fragment or variant thereof, each of X and Y is independently N or CR1 (preferably, Y is CR1, and X is N), and R1 at each occurrence is independently H or C1-C10 alkyl, preferably H or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl or hexyl);
L is a divalent linker;
D is a cytotoxic agent group; and
a is an integer selected from the group consisting of 2-10, such as 2, 3 or 4, and particularly preferably 2.
The antibodies used in the present invention are anti-ErbB2 antibodies or active fragments or variants thereof, including bispecific antibodies and antibody functional derivatives.
The terms “ErbB2” and “HER2” are used interchangeably herein, and both refer to naturally occurring human HER2 protein (Genbank accession number X03363, see e.g., Semba et al., (1985) PNAS, 82: 6497-6501; and Yamamoto et al., (1986) Nature, 319: 230-234), and functional derivatives thereof, e.g., amino acid sequence variants. The term “erbB2” refers to the gene encoding human Her2, and the term “neu” refers to the gene encoding rat pl85neu. Cancer cells, such as breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells, stomach cancer cells, endometrial cancer cells, salivary-gland cancer cells, lung cancer cells, kidney cancer cells, colon cancer cells, thyroid cancer cells, pancreatic cancer cells, bladder cancer cells or liver cancer cells, etc., typically are cells expressing ErbB2 receptor.
The preferred Her2 in the present invention is a native sequence of human Her2. Examples of anti-Her2 antibodies that can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, MAbs4D5 (ATCC CRL 10463), 2C4 (ATCC HB-12697), 7F3 (ATCC HB-12216) and 7C2 (ATCC HB 12215), which are described in e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,997, WO 98/77797 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,525.
Humanized anti-Her2 antibodies include huMAb4D5, huMAb4D5-1, huMAb4D5-2, huMAb4D5-3, huMAb4D5-4, huMAb4D5-5, huMAb4D5-6, huMAb4D5-7 and huMAb4D5-8 described in Table 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337; and 7C2, 7F3, 2C4, 7D3, 3E8 and 2C4 shown in
Examples of the anti-HER2 antibodies that can be used in the present invention can further include: F243L, R292P and Y300L; F243L, R292P and V305I; F243L, R292P and P396L; and R292P, V305I and P396 described in WO 2009/123894; MM-111 described in WO 2012/079093; antibody TPs, TPL, PTs or PTL described in claims 2 to 10 of CN 104418952A; antibody Dl, Dl.5, Dl.5-100, DLIl, DLl Ib or DLl If described in FIG. 33A and FIG. 33B of WO 2010/108127; and humanized 520C9 described in WO 93/21319.
The native sequence of Her2 in the present invention can be isolated from nature, or can be produced by recombinant DNA technology, chemical synthesis, or a combination thereof.
The term “functional derivative” includes amino acid sequence variants and native polypeptide covalent derivatives (e.g., those obtained by post-translational modification, pyroglutamic acid derivatization, and the like), provided that they retain affinity and biological activity that are comparable to or higher than those of the native polypeptide. Amino acid sequence variants and native polypeptide amino acid sequence generally differ in one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions in the latter. Deletion variants include fragments of the native polypeptide and the N-terminal and/or C-terminal truncated variants. Typically, amino acid sequence variants and the native polypeptide should have at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90% homology. Native polypeptide covalent derivatives can be those obtained by changing the post-translational processing of an antibody, for example, changing the number or location of glycosylation sites.
The terms “homology”, “consistency”, “identity” and “similarity” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a percentage of identical nucleotides or of identical amino acid residues between two nucleic acid or amino acid sequences to be compared, obtained after the best alignment (optimum alignment), this percentage being purely statistical and the differences between the two sequences being distributed randomly and over their entire length. The alignment between two nucleic acid or amino acid sequences is typically carried out by comparing these sequences after having aligned them in an optimum manner, and the comparison can be carried out by segment or by “comparison window”. An optimum alignment can be carried out, in addition to manually, by other methods described in references, e.g., the local homology algorithm described in Smith and Waterman, 1981, Ad. App. Math., 2: 482, the local homology algorithm described in Neddleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol., 48: 443, the similarity search method described in Pearson and Lipman, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85: 2444, and by computer software using these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by BLAST N or BLAST P comparison software.
The term “antibody” as used herein is used in the broadest sense and covers complete monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, and multispecific antibodies formed from at least two complete antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.
The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies constituting the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific to a single antigenic determinant (epitope), and in contrast, polyclonal antibodies include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes). Besides specificity, monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they can be synthesized without contamination by other antibodies. Here the modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring any particular production method.
The monoclonal antibodies in the present invention specifically include chimeric antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies of a certain species, a certain class, or a certain subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies of another species, another class, or another subclass, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al., (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81: 6851-6855). Chimeric antibodies that can be used in the present invention include primatized antibodies comprising variable domain antigen-binding sequences from a non-human primate (e.g., old world monkey, gorilla, etc.) and human constant region sequences.
The term “antibody fragments” refers to a portion of an antibody, preferably the antigen-binding or variable region thereof. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; and single-chain Fv.
The terms “bispecific antibody” and “bifunctional antibody conjugate” are used interchangeably, and refer to a conjugate formed by a first antibody (fragment) and a second antibody (fragment) through a coupling arm, and the activity of the respective antibodies is remained in the conjugate, which thus has a dual function and dual specificity.
The term “multispecific antibody” includes, for example, tri- and tetra-specific antibodies, the former is an antibody having three different types of antigen-binding specificity, and the latter is one having four different types of antigen-binding specificity.
The term “intact antibody” refers to an antibody comprising an antigen-binding variable region, as well as a light chain constant domain (CL) and heavy chain constant domains (CH1, CH2 and CH3). The constant domains may be native sequences (e.g., human native sequence constant domains) or amino acid sequence variants thereof. An intact antibody having one or more effector functions is preferred.
“Humanized” forms of non-human (e.g., mouse) antibodies refer to chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. Most humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (donor antibody) in which residues from a hypervariable region are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate) species (donor antibody) having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some embodiments, framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are also replaced by non-human residues. Furthermore, humanized antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance. A humanized antibody generally comprises at least one, and typically two variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin, and all or substantially all of the FRs are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence. The humanized antibody can also comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc, typically Fc of a human immunoglobulin). For details, see e.g., Jones et al., 1986, Nature, 321: 522-525; Riechmann et al., 1988, Nature, 332: 323-329; and Presta, 1992, Curr. Op. Struct. Bwl 2: 593-596.
Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain of their heavy chains, intact antibodies can be assigned to different “classes”. The five major classes are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into “subclasses” (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2. The heavy-chain constant domains of different classes of antibodies are known as α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, respectively. The subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known in the art.
In the present invention, although amino acid substitutions in antibodies are substitutions with L-amino acids in most cases, they are not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the peptides may comprise one or more D-amino acids. Peptides containing D-amino acids are thought to be more stable and less prone to degradation in oral cavity, gut or plasma than peptides composed exclusively of L-amino acids.
Monoclonal antibodies used in the present invention can be produced by various methods. For example, monoclonal antibodies for use in the present invention can be obtained by a hybridoma method using various species (including cells of mice, hamsters, rats and human) (see e.g., Kohler et al., 1975, Nature, 256: 495), or by a recombinant DNA technology (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567), or by isolation from phage antibody libraries (see e.g., Clackson et al., 1991, Nature, 352: 624-628; and Marks et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol., 222: 581-597).
The preferred antibody used in the present invention is an anti-human ErbB2 antibody, and preferably, the CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 of the anti-human ErbB2 antibody are the CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 of Trastuzumab, respectively. The anti-human ErbB2 antibody can be a humanized antibody or a fully human antibody.
More preferably, the antibody used in the present invention is a humanized mouse anti-human Her2 antibody 4D5 shown in FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337.
Particularly preferably, the antibody used in the present invention is Trastuzumab, the sequence of which has been disclosed in e.g., CN 103319599A. The Lys at the end of the heavy chain of Trastuzumab is apt to delete, which, however, does not affect biological activity, see Dick, L. W. et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 100: 1132-1143. Trastuzumab, the sequence thereof wherein the Lys at the end of the heavy chain is deleted, or fragment thereof, as mentioned above, are all within the scope of Trastuzumab of the present invention.
Antibody fragments can be produced by various methods, e.g., by proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies (see e.g., Morimoto et al., 1992, Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 24: 107-117; and Brennan et al., 1985, Science 229: 81), or directly by recombinant host cells and the antibody phage libraries discussed above. Alternatively, Fab′-SH fragments can be directly recovered from E. coli, and chemically coupled to form F(ab′)2 fragments (Carter et al., Biotechnology (NY), February 1992, 10(2): 163-167). In addition, F(ab′)2 fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture. Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be apparent to the skilled practitioner. In some embodiments, the antibody fragment used in the present invention is a single chain Fv fragment (scFv) (see e.g., WO 93/16185; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,571,894; and 5,587,458). In some embodiments, the antibody fragment is a linear antibody fragment (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,870), which may be monospecific or bispecific.
Bispecific antibodies with binding specificities for at least two different epitopes (see e.g., Millstein et al., 1983, Nature, 305: 537-539) can bind to two different epitopes of the ErbB2 protein. Other bispecific antibodies may combine an ErbB2 binding site with binding site(s) for EGFR, ErbB3 and/or ErbB4. Alternatively, an anti-ErbB2 arm may be combined with an arm which binds to a triggering molecule on a leukocyte such as a T-cell receptor molecule (e.g., CD2 or CD3), or Fc receptors for IgG (FcγR), such as FcγRI (CD64), FcγRII (CD32) and FcγRIII (CD16) so as to focus cellular defense mechanisms to ErbB2-expressing cells. Bispecific antibodies may also be used to localize cytotoxic agents to ErbB2-expressing cells (see e.g., WO 96/16673, U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,234, WO98/02463 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337). Purification methods for bispecific antibodies have been disclosed (see e.g., WO 93/08829; Traunecker et al., 1991, EMBO J. 10: 3655-3659; WO 94/04690; Suresh et al., 1986, Methods in Enzymology, 121: 210; U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,168). Bispecific antibodies can be produced using leucine zippers (see e.g., Kostelny et al., 1992, J. Immunol., 148(5): 1547-1553), and single-chain Fv (sFv) dimers (see e.g., Gruber et al., 1994, J. Immunol. 152: 5368).
Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments have been described, such as those using chemical linkage wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab′)2 fragments (Brennan et al., 1985, Science, 229: 81). Fab′-SH fragments can be recovered from E. coli and chemically coupled to form bispecific antibodies (see Shalaby et al., 1992, J. Exp. Med. 175: 217-225). The “diabody” technology provides an alternative method for making bispecific antibody fragments (see Hollinger et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 6444-6448).
Antibodies with more than two valencies can be prepared. Multivalent “octopus” antibodies with three or more antigen binding sites and two or more variable domains can be readily produced by recombinant expression of nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide chains of the antibodies (see e.g., US 2002/0004586 and WO 01/77342). For example, trispecific antibodies can be prepared (see e.g., Tutt et al., 1991, J. Immunol., 147: 60). The CH3 domains of a trispecific or tetraspecific antibody (in the heavy chain or in the modified heavy chain) can be altered by the “knob-into-holes” technology which is described in detail with several examples in e.g., WO 96/027011, Ridgway, J. B. et al., 1996, Protein Eng., 9: 617-621; and Merchant, A. M. et al., 1998, Nat. Biotechnol., 16: 677-681. In this method, the interaction surfaces of the two CH3 domains are altered to increase the heterodimerisation of both heavy chains containing these two CH3 domains. Each of the two CH3 domains (of the two heavy chains) can be the “knob”, while the other is the “hole”. The introduction of a disulfide bridge further stabilizes the heterodimers (see e.g., Merchant, A. M. et al., 1998, Nature Biotech. 16: 677-681; and Atwell, S. et al., 1997, J. MoI. Biol., 270: 26-35) and increases the yield.
An amino acid sequence is usually altered by altering the underlying nucleic acid sequence. Nucleic acid molecules encoding amino acid sequence variants of an antibody can be prepared by a variety of methods known in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to, isolation from a natural source (in the case of naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants) or preparation by oligonucleotide-mediated (or site-directed) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variant or a non-variant version of the antibody. The sites of greatest interest for substitutional mutagenesis include the hypervariable regions, but FR alterations are also contemplated. As in Example 2 of CN103319599A, using conventional molecular biology techniques, site-directed mutagenesis was conducted to total gene synthesized DNA fragments encoding the heavy chain of Trastuzumab, and the heavy chain of Trastuzumab mutant, K30R, was cloned to an heavy chain expression vector, where the operation of digestion and ligation was carried out according to the instructions of commercially available kits.
The drug used in the present invention is a cytotoxic agent. The term “cytotoxic agent” as used herein refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells.
In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is an auristatin, such as auristatin E (also known as a derivative of dolastatin-10) or a derivative thereof (e.g., an ester formed from auristatin E and a keto acid). For example, auristatin E can be reacted with para-acetyl benzoic acid or benzoylvaleric acid to produce AEB (auristatin EB) and AEVB (5-benzoylvaleric acid auristatin E ester), respectively. Other typical auristatins include AFP (auristatin F phenylene diamine), MMAF (monomethyl auristatin F), and MMAE (monomethyl auristatin E).
The synthesis and structure of exemplary auristatins are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,884,869, 7,098,308, 7,256,257, 7,423,116, 7,498,298 and 7,745,394. The synthesis and structure of other new auristatins are described in WO 2013/173393. These references are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is an agent of maytansinoids. Maytansine was first isolated by Kupchan et al. from the east African shrub Maytenus serrata and shown to be 100- to 1000-fold more cytotoxic than conventional chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate, daunorubicin, and vincristine (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,111). Subsequently, it was found that some microorganisms also produce maytansinoids such as maytansinol and C-3 esters of maytansinol (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,151,042). Synthetic maytansinol C-3 esters and maytansinol analogues have also been reported (see Kupchan et al., 1978, J. Med. Chem., 21: 31-37; Higashide et al., 1977, Nature, 270: 721-722; Kawai et al., 1984, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 32: 3441-3451). C-3 esters of maytansinol are prepared from maytansinol. Examples of maytansinol analogues include maytansinol modified on the aromatic ring (e.g., dechlorinated) or at the C-15, C-18, C-20 and/or C-4, C-5.
In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agents are, for example, but not limited to, the following compounds:
wherein R, R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C8 alkyl or C3-C8 cycloalkyl at each occurrence, and the alkyl and cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) substituents selected from halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br or I); X is —S—, —CH2—, —CH(OH)—, —CH(OR)—, —CH(ONH2)—, or —C(O)—; R′ is selected from the group consisting of H, —NH2, Cl, Br, I, —OS(O)2R; and Ar is C6-C14 aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl).
In preferred embodiments, the cytotoxic agent group is derived from a compound of Formula (D1) or (D2), or a stereoisomer thereof
wherein:
R2 is selected from the group consisting of —CH2N3, —CONHSO2(cyclopropyl), thiazol-2-yl, —CH3 and —COOH;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of H and —OH; and
R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, —NH2, Cl, Br, I, —OS(O)2R6, wherein R6 is H, C1-C8 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl or C6-C14 aryl, and the alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl are each optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) substituents selected from halogens such as F;
wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of —CH(CH3)N(CH3)C(O)CH2CH2SH and —CH(CH3)N(CH3)C(O)CH2C(CH3)2SH.
In Formula (I), the cytotoxic agent group may be a group obtained by removing R4 or R5, or by removing the hydrogen or R6 in R4 or R5 from the compound of Formula (D1) or (D2).
In preferred embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is selected from:
In the antibody drug conjugation of the present invention, the cytotoxic agent group is connected to the antibody molecule via a divalent linker.
The conjugation of the linker to the antibody can be accomplished by a variety of ways, e.g., via a lysine residue on the surface of the antibody, or via reductive coupling with an oxidized alkyl group of the antibody. The conjugation can be one based on a hydrazone, disulfide bond or peptide structure. These conjugation ways are known to those skilled in the art.
Linkers useful in the present invention include cleavable and non-cleavable linkers. A cleavable linker is typically susceptible to cleavage under intracellular conditions. Suitable cleavable linkers include, for example, a peptide linker cleavable by an intracellular protease (such as lysosomal protease) or an endosomal protease. In exemplary embodiments, the cleavable linker can be a dipeptide linker, such as a valine-citrulline (val-cit) linker, a phenylalanine-lysine (phe-lys) linker, or a maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (mc-Val-Cit-PABA) linker. Other suitable cleavable linkers include linkers hydrolyzable at a specific pH or pH range (such as a hydrazone linker) and a disulfide linker. A non-cleavable linker can be sulfo-SMCC. Sulfo-SMCC is coupled to protein via a maleimide group, and its sulfo-NHS ester can be reacted with a primary amine (such as a Lysine 8-amino and an N-terminal α-amino of a protein or peptide). Yet another non-cleavable linker is maleimidocaproyl (MC). The linker may be covalently bound to the antibody to such an extent that the antibody must be degraded intracellularly in order for the drug to be released.
A linker includes the group for linkage to the antibody, for example, an amino, hydroxyl or carboxyl group. A linker can be derived from, e.g., malemide, haloacetamides (e.g., iodoacetamides, bromoacetamides or chloroacetamides), haloesters (e.g., iodoesters, bromoesters or chloroesters), halomethyl ketones (e.g., iodomethyl ketones, bromomethyl ketones or chloromethyl ketones), benzylic halides (e.g., benzylic iodide, benzylic bromide or benzylic chloride), vinyl sulfone and pyridylthio) (see e.g., Wong, 1991, Chemistry of Protein Conjugation and Cross-linking, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton).
In some embodiments, the linkers include at least Val-Cit, Val-Cit-PAB, Val-Ala-PAB, Val-Lys(Ac)-PAB, Phe-Lys-PAB, Phe-Lys(Ac)-PAB, D-Val-Leu-Lys, Gly-Gly-Arg, Ala-Ala-Asn-PAB, Ala-PAB or PAB. In some embodiments, the linkers include at least peptides, oligosaccharides, —(CH2)n—, —(CH2CH2O)n—. In some embodiments, the linkers include at least —C(O)—, —NH—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —NH—C(O)—NH— or —NH—C(O)—O—.
In some embodiments, the linker L in Formula (I) may be selected from the group consisting of
wherein each of m and n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1-10, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 at each occurrence.
The antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect of the present invention is represented by Formula (I) as defined herein above.
The most preferred antibody-drug conjugates of Formula (I) are selected from I-1, I-2 and I-3.
wherein “A” is Trastuzumab.
The antibody-drug conjugates of the present invention can be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or stereoisomers, or metabolites, or solvates, and the salts, stereoisomers, or metabolites can also be in the form of solvates.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts that keep the biological availability and nature of a compound, and meet the requirements for medicines in terms of biological or other aspects. In many cases, the antibody-drug conjugates of the present invention form acid addition salts and/or base addition salts via the amino groups and/or carboxyl groups or other similar groups therein.
Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be those formed with inorganic acids or organic acids. The inorganic acids include, e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphorus acid, etc. The organic acids include, e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and salicylic acid, etc.
Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be those formed with inorganic bases or organic bases. The salts formed with inorganic bases include, e.g., sodium salts, potassium salts, lithium salts, ammonium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts, iron salts, zinc salts, copper salt, manganese salts, and aluminium salts, etc., and ammonium salts, potassium salts, sodium salts, calcium salts, and magnesium salts are particularly preferred. The organic bases include, e.g., primary amines, secondary amines, and tertiary amines, substituted amines (including naturally occurring substituted amines), cyclamines, basic ion exchange resins, etc. Specific examples of organic bases are isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, N-ethylethanamine, tripropylamine and ethanolamine
The term “stereoisomers” refers to isomers formed due to the existence of at least one asymmetric center. A compound with one or more asymmetric centers can form a racemate, a racemic mixture, a single enantiomer, a diastereomeric mixture and a single diastereomer. Specific individual molecules may be present as geometric isomers (cis-/trans-). Unless otherwise specified, when a name or structure of a compound having one or more asymmetric centers is disclosed without specifically indicating the stereochemistry, it should be understood that all the possible stereoisomers of the compounds are contemplated.
The term “solvates” refers to the solvates formed by one or more solvent molecules and any of the antibody-drug conjugates of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or isomers thereof. The term “solvates” includes hydrates (e.g., hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate and similar hydrates).
The term “metabolites” refers to the substances generated via oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, deamidation, esterification and/or enzymolysis in vivo upon administration.
The antibody-drug conjugates of the present invention can selectively deliver an effective amount of cytotoxic agents to tumor tissue, thereby offering better therapeutic selectivity, and achieving desired efficacy with a lower dose.
In the second aspect, the present invention provides a preparation method of the antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect, comprising the steps of:
(1) preparing a compound of Formula (I-A):
wherein D, L, X and Y are as defined in Formula (I) above;
(2) obtaining a compound of Formula (I-A-G) by activating the compound of Formula (I-A) from step (1)
wherein G is selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —N3, —OR, —SR, —ONRR′, RC(O)O—, —OP(O)RR′, RSO2—O— and
wherein each of R and R′ at each occurrence is independently C1-C10 alkyl, C6-C14 aryl, heterocyclyl having 5 to 10 ring members, or phenoxy, and each of the alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and phenoxy is unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl having 5 to 8 ring members, C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 10 ring members;
(3) obtaining a mixture of a variety of antibody-drug conjugates having different a values by conjugating the compound of Formula (I-A-G) from step (2) with the anti-ErbB2 antibody or active fragment or variant thereof; and
(4) obtaining the antibody-drug conjugate by purifying the mixture from step (3) with one or more chromatographic methods selected from the group consisting of ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, reverse phase chromatography and affinity chromatography.
Preferably, the group G in Formula (I-A-G) in step (2) is selected from the group consisting of —ONRR′ and —OP(O)RR′, wherein each of R and R′ at each occurrence is independently phenoxy.
More preferably, the compound of Formula (I-A-G) in step (2) is a compound of Formula (I-B) formed by reacting pentafluorophenol with the compound of Formula (I-A):
wherein D, L, X and Y are as defined in Formula (I) above, and the reaction is performed preferably using EDCI, NHS and/or DCM.
Preferably, the purification in step (4) is performed by HPLC.
In the third aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or metabolite thereof, or a solvate of the foregoing, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Optionally, the pharmaceutical compositions further comprising one or more other anticancer agents, such as chemotherapeutic agents and/or antibodies.
The term “pharmaceutical composition” used herein refers to a combination of at least one active ingredient and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient for a specific purpose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a mixture of various ingredients, while in some other embodiments, the various ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition can be separate in terms of time and/or space, provided that they can work together to achieve the object of the present invention.
When two or more active ingredients are comprised in the pharmaceutical composition, the active ingredients can be applied simultaneously as a mixture to a subject, or can be applied separately to the subject. When applied separately, the active ingredients can be applied simultaneously or sequentially.
The selection of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier depends on the dosage form of the pharmaceutical composition, first the administration route of the dosage form (e.g. for oral, nasal, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous infusion), and second the formula of the dosage form. For example, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can include water (e.g., water for injection), buffer solution, isotonic salt solution such as PBS (phosphate buffered saline), glucose, mannitol, dextrose, lactose, amylum, magnesium stearate, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, 0.3% glycerin, hyaluronic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid, alcohol, polyalkylene glycol such as polyethylene glycol (e.g., polyethylene glycol 4000) or polypropylene glycol, triglyceride etc.
In addition, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can comprised various additives such as wetting agents, emulsifiers or buffers as needed.
In the fourth aspect, the present invention provides use of the antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or metabolite thereof, or a solvate of the foregoing in the manufacture of a medicament for the prophylaxis or treatment of cancer. The cancer is as described hereinafter in the sixth aspect of the present invention, e.g., including but not limited to breast cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and liver cancer, especially breast cancer, e.g., breast cancer with high expression of ErbB2.
In the fifth aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical preparation comprising the antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or metabolite thereof, or a solvate of the foregoing.
Preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is in the form of a solid preparation, a semi-solid preparation, a liquid preparation or a gas preparation. The pharmaceutical is especially preferably lyophilized powder for injection, which has the advantages of less auxiliary materials, good stability and high safety in clinical use.
In the sixth aspect, the present invention provides a method for the prophylaxis or treatment of cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof the antibody-drug conjugate of the first aspect of the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or metabolite thereof, or a solvate of the foregoing, or administering to a patient in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the present invention or the pharmaceutical preparation of the fifth aspect of the present invention. Optionally, the method further comprises administering to patient one or more other anticancer agents, such as chemotherapeutic agents and/or antibodies, which can be administered simultaneously or sequentially with the antibody-drug conjugate, pharmaceutical composition or pharmaceutical preparation of the present invention.
The cancer includes but is not limited to carcinoma, blastoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma and other malignant lymphatic diseases. Specific examples of the cancer include: squamous cell carcinoma (e.g., squamous epithelial cell carcinoma), lung cancer (e.g., small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma), peritoneal cancer, and gastric or stomach cancer (e.g., gastrointestinal cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)), pancreatic cancer, malignant glioma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer or uterine cancer, salivary gland cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, vaginal cancer, thyroid cancer, liver cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, and head and neck cancer. Particularly, the cancer is one with high expression of ErbB2, such as breast cancer, gastric cancer, endometrial cancer, salivary gland cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, colon cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer or bladder cancer.
The present invention will be further illustrated by the following examples.
These examples are used to illustrate the present invention only, but not limit the present invention in any way.
The meanings of the abbreviations used in each example are shown in the following table:
Step a. Preparation of Intermediate D-I
At room temperature, Compound D-0 (1 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in DMF (50 ml), and DIC (1.1 eq.), HOAt (1.1 eq.) and 4-(3-azido-2-aminopropyl)aniline (1.5 eq.) were added successively. The reaction mixture was stirred for 8 hours at room temperature, and then water (600 ml) and EtOAc (200 ml*3) were added. After extraction, the organic phase was collected, concentrated and purified by HPLC to obtain Intermediate D-1.
MS m/z (ESI): 773 [M+H]+.
Step b. Preparation of Intermediate I-A-1
At room temperature, Compound S-2 (0.1 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in DMF (50 ml), and DIEA (2 eq.), HATU (1.05 eq.) and Compound D-1 (2.0 eq.) were added successively. The reaction proceeded for 12 hours at room temperature, and then water (300 ml) and EtOAc (100 ml*3) were added. After extraction, the organic phase was collected, concentrated and purified by HPLC to obtain Intermediate D-A-1.
At room temperature, Compound D-A-1 (0.1 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in DMF (5 ml), and DIC (1.1 eq.), HOAt (1.1 eq.) and piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (1.2 eq.) were added successively. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature, and then water (60 ml) and EtOAc (20 ml*3) were added. After extraction, the organic phase was collected, concentrated and purified by HPLC to obtain Intermediate I-A-1.
MS m/z (ESI): 1240 [M+H]+.
Alternatively,
In an ice-water bath, Compound S-2′ (0.1 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in DMF (10 ml), and DIEA (2.0 eq.), PyBOP (1.0 eq.), HOBT (1.0 eq.) and Compound D-1 (0.2 mmol, 2.0 eq.) were added successively. The reaction proceeded for 12 hours at room temperature, and then water (30 ml) and EtOAc (10 ml*3) were added. After extraction, the organic phase was collected, concentrated and purified by HPLC to obtain Intermediate D-A-1′.
At room temperature, Compound D-A-1′ (0.05 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in THF/H2O (6 ml, v:v=5:1), and LiOH monohydrate (3.0 eq.) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. After purification, Intermediate I-A-1 was obtained.
MS m/z (ESI): 1240 [M+H]+.
Step c. Preparation of Intermediate I-B-1
At room temperature, Compound I-A-1 (0.1 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in DCM (50 ml), and EDCI (1.5 eq.), NHS (1.5 eq.) and pentafluorophenol (2.0 eq.) were added successively. The reaction proceeded for 18 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed successively with water (30 ml), 10% (w/v) citric acid aqueous solution (20 ml) and saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution (20 ml). The organic phase was collected, concentrated and purified by HPLC to obtain Intermediate I-B-1.
MS m/z (ESI): 1406 [M+H]+.
Step d. Preparation of Crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1
To 1 ml solution of 10-20 mg/ml of Trastuzumab prepared in PBS buffer (pH=7.4), 4-6 folds molar amount of Compound I-B-1 dissolved in DMA was added. The reaction proceeded under gentle stirring for 2-6 hours at a temperature in the range of 2-40° C., and was monitored by HIC-HPLC, to obtain crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1. The HIC-HPLC chromatogram is shown in
It can be seen from
Step e. Purification of Crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1
The crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 obtained in step d was purified by HIC, then desalted by buffer change, and concentrated by ultrafiltration to obtain Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1.
DAR of the resulting Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was analyzed by HIC-UPLC, and the chromatogram as shown in
Furthermore, the heavy and light chains of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 were analyzed by reduced liquid chromatography, and the overlapping reverse-phase chromatogram as shown in
Furthermore, peptide mappings of both Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 and Trastuzumab, as shown in
In the peptide mappings of
Step a. Preparation of Intermediate I-A-2
At room temperature, Compound D-2 (purchased from Nanjing Levena Biopharma Co., Ltd., 1 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in DMF (50 ml), and potassium carbonate (2.5 eq.) and methyl 2-chloroacetate (1.5 eq.) were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 40-45° C., and the reaction proceeded for 4 hours. After completion of the reaction, the solid potassium carbonate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated. The substance resulting from concentration was dissolved in methanol (30 ml), and 1 M lithium hydroxide aqueous solution was added to adjust the pH to 13-14. The reaction mixture was heated to 55° C., and stirred for 16 hours, followed by addition of 10% (w/v) citric acid aqueous solution, concentration and purification by HPLC to obtain Intermediate D-A-2.
At room temperature, Compound D-A-2 (0.1 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in DMF (5 ml), and DIC (1.1 eq.), HOAt (1.1 eq.) and piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (1.2 eq.) were added successively. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature, and then water (60 ml) and EtOAc (20 ml*3) were added. After extraction, the organic phase was collected, concentrated and purified by HPLC to obtain Intermediate I-A-2.
MS m/z (ESI): 907 [M+H]+.
Step b. Preparation of Intermediate I-B-2
At room temperature, Compound I-A-2 (0.1 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in DCM (50 ml), and EDCI (1.5 eq.), NHS (1.5 eq.) and pentafluorophenol (2.0 eq.) were added successively. The reaction proceeded for 18 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed successively with water (30 ml), saturated citric acid aqueous solution (20 ml) and saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution (20 ml). After extraction, the organic phase was collected, concentrated and purified by HPLC to obtain Intermediate I-B-2.
MS m/z (ESI). 1073 [M+H]+.
Step c. Preparation of Crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-2
To 1 ml solution of 10 mg/ml of Trastuzumab prepared in PBS buffer (pH=7.4), 8 folds molar amount of Compound I-B-2 dissolved in DMA was added. The reaction proceeded under gentle stirring for 16 hours at room temperature, and was monitored by HIC-HPLC (HIC-HPLC conditions were the same as those in step d of Example 1), to obtain crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-2. The HIC-HPLC chromatogram is shown in
It can be seen from
Step d. Purification of Crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-2
The crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-2 obtained in step c was purified by HIC (HIC conditions were the same as those in step e of Example 1), then desalted by buffer change, and concentrated by ultrafiltration to obtain Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-2.
DAR of the resulting Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-2 was analyzed by HIC-HPLC, and the chromatogram as shown in
Furthermore, the heavy and light chains of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-2 were analyzed by reduced liquid chromatography, and the overlapping chromatogram as shown in
Furthermore, peptide mappings of both Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-2 and Trastuzumab, as shown in
In the peptide mappings of
Step a. Preparation of Intermediate I-A-3
At room temperature, Compound D-3 (synthetized according to Example V-3 at page 65 of CN 104662000A, 1 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in a mixture of THF (60 ml) and DMF (30 ml), and di-(p-nitrophenyl)carbonate (3 eq.) and DIEA (2 eq.) were added successively. The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 hours at room temperature, and water (600 ml) and EtOAc (200 ml*3) were added. After extraction, the organic phase was collected and concentrated to obtain crude Intermediate D-A-3 which was used directly for the reaction in the next step without purification.
At room temperature, piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (5 eq.) was dissolved in saturated NaHCO3 aqueous solution (5 ml), and crude D-A-3 (1 eq.) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 8 hours at room temperature. 10% (w/v) citric acid aqueous solution was added to adjust the pH to 4-5, followed by extraction with EtOAc (150 ml*2). The organic phase was dried and concentrated to obtain the crude Intermediate I-A-3.
MS m/z (ESI): 1020 [M+H]+.
Step b. Preparation of Intermediate I-B-3
At room temperature, Compound I-A-3 (0.1 mmol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in DCM (50 ml), and EDCI (1.5 eq.), NHS (1.5 eq.) and pentafluorophenol (2.0 eq.) were added successively. The reaction proceeded for 18 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed successively with water (30 ml), 10% (w/v) citric acid aqueous solution (20 ml) and saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution (20 ml). After extraction, the organic phase was collected, concentrated and purified by HPLC to obtain Intermediate I-B-3.
MS m/z (ESI): 1186 [M+H]+.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 7.02-7.09 (m, 4H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 3.89 (d, 1H), 3.77 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.55 (m, 3H), 3.46 (m, 2H), 3.24 (m, 6H), 3.05 (d, 2H), 2.92-2.90 (m, 4H), 2.68 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.27 (m, 11H), 1.97-1.93 (m, 4H), 1.73-1.72 (m, 5H), 1.29-1.24 (m, 5H), 1.06-1.01 (m, 15H), 0.96 (m, 3H), 0.74 (m, 4H), 3.34 (m, 4H).
Step c. Preparation of Crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-3
To 1 ml solution of 10 mg/ml of Trastuzumab prepared in PBS buffer (pH=7.8), 8 folds molar amount of Compound I-B-3 dissolved in DMA was added. The reaction proceeded under gentle stirring for 4 hours at room temperature, and was monitored by HIC-HPLC (HIC-HPLC conditions were the same as those in step d of Example 1), to obtain crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-3. The HIC-HPLC chromatogram is shown in
It can be seen from
Step d. Purification of Crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-3
The crude Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-3 obtained in step c was purified by HIC (HIC conditions were the same as those in step e of Example 1), then desalted by buffer change, and concentrated by ultrafiltration to obtain Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-3.
DAR of the resulting Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-3 was analyzed by HIC-HPLC, and the chromatogram as shown in
Furthermore, the heavy and light chains of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-3 were analyzed by reduced liquid chromatography, and the overlapping chromatogram as shown in
Furthermore, peptide mappings of both Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-3 and Trastuzumab, as shown in
In the peptide mappings of
In this example, the antibody-drug conjugates of Examples 1-3 were evaluated for inhibition of tumor proliferation in mice transplanted with human tumor cells subcutaneously. Specifically, in this example, the antibody-drug conjugates of Examples 1-3 were administered by single intravenous injection in caudal vein to mice transplanted with human gastric cancer cell line NCI-N87, breast cancer cell line BT474, or ovarian cancer cell line SK-OV-3. The change of tumor volume and animal weight were measured for calculation of the efficacy (tumor-inhibitory efficacy) of the antibody-drug conjugates in the tumor-bearing mice.
An appropriate amount of Trastuzumab, T-DM1 (positive control, KADCYLA® (ado-Trastuzumab emtansine), Roche) and the antibody-drug conjugates of the present invention (I-3, I-1 or I-2 prepared in Example 1-3) were weighed, and mother solutions of certain concentrations were prepared using sterile ultrapure water. After gently shaking, the mother solutions were sub-packed and stored at −80° C. Treatment solutions for use were obtained by dilution with normal saline, and a normal saline at the same concentration was used as solvent control.
The tumor-bearing mice (models obtained in 1.2) with tumor volume of 100-200 mm3 were randomly assigned (the number of samples in each group was determined according to sample quantity), 7 mice per group. The dosage was 10 ml/kg. The route of administration was single intravenous injection in caudal vein. After administration, the tumor diameter was measured with vernier caliper twice a week for an observation period of 8 weeks, and the tumor volume was calculated according to the following equation: V=0.5 a2×b, wherein a and b represent the major diameter and the minor diameter of the tumor, respectively. Animal deaths were observed and recorded daily.
The tumor growth inhibition TGI (%) was calculated with the following equation for evaluating the antitumor efficacy of the antibody-drug conjugates:
TGI (%)=[1−(VTe−VTs)/(VCe−VCs)]*100%
wherein VTe: Average tumor volume of treatment group at the end of observation
The results are shown in Tables 1-4.
The antibody-drug conjugates of the present invention have similar tumor inhibitory efficacy on various breast cancer cell lines.
As shown in Table 1 to 4, Antibody-Drug Conjugates I-1, I-3 an I-2 of the present invention have apparently superior tumor-inhibitory activity on various tumors, e.g., gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, as compared with T-DM1, and animal deaths indicate their advantageous safety.
The stability of the antibody-drug conjugates of Examples 1-3 in rats was evaluated in this example. Specifically, in this example, the antibody-drug conjugates of Examples 1-3 were administered to rats by single intravenous injection in caudal vein in a dosage of 2 mg/kg. Blood were regularly collected from jugular vein, and concentrations of the antibody-drug conjugates and the total antibody in the blood were measured by ELISA to calculate the half-lives of the antibody-drug conjugates in rats. The results are shown in Table 5.
It can be seen from Table 5 that Antibody-Drug Conjugates I-1, I-2, I-3 of the present invention have longer half-lives, indicating apparently superior stability as compared with T-DM1.
Materials in Table 6 were used to prepare lyophilized powder for injection of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1:
Materials in Table 7 were used to prepare lyophilized powder for injection of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-2:
Materials in Table 8 were used to prepare lyophilized powder for injection of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-3:
Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 and T-DM1 were respectively incubated with 3 cell lines (BT-474, JIMT-1, and MDA-MB-468) for 1 h, and then the corresponding secondary antibody was added. The fluorescent intensity of cell surface binding was measured with FACS to determine the affinity of the drugs to the above cells.
The test results are shown in Table 9. For the HER2 expression-positive cells BT-474 and JIMT-1, the affinity of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was better than that of the control T-DM1. For the HER2 expression-negative cell MDA-MB-468, neither of them shows binding.
NOD/SCID mice were orthotopically inoculated with BT-474 cells to establish an orthotopic xenograft model of human-derived breast cancer. The test groups were administered Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg. The positive control group was administered T-DM1 at a dosage of 3 mg/kg, and the negative control group was administered solvent. Each group has 10 mice, and the administration was a single injection via tail vein. Tumor volume was measured on the 31st day after the single injection (i.e., 39th day after inoculation of BT-474 cells), and TGI was calculated. The efficacy was evaluated based on TGI.
TGI (%) was calculated with the following equation for evaluating the antitumor efficacy of the antibody-drug conjugates:
TGI (%)=[1−(VTe−VTs)/(VCe−VCs)]*100%
wherein VTe: Average tumor volume of treatment group at the end of observation
The experimental results show that compared to the tumor volume in the negative control group, the TGI of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg is respectively 113% and 129% (P<0.001), and the TGI (%) of the positive control T-DM1 (3 mg/kg) is 43% (P<0.05). At the same dosage (3 mg/kg), Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has a better anti-tumor effect than the positive control T-DM1, with statistically significant difference (P<0.001). The tumor inhibition in each treatment group and control group is shown in Table 10.
NOD/SCID mice were subcutaneously inoculated with JIMT-1 cells to establish a subcutaneous xenograft model of human-derived breast cancer. The test groups were administered Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg. The positive control group was administered T-DM1 at a dosage of 10 mg/kg, and the negative control group was administered solvent. Each group has 8 mice, and the administration was a single injection via tail vein. Tumor volume was measured on the 31st day after the single injection (i.e., 43rd day after inoculation of JIMT-1 cells), and TGI was calculated. The efficacy was evaluated based on TGI, and the tolerance was evaluated based on body weight changes and death of the mice. TGI was calculated as described above in (1).
The experimental results show that compared to the tumor volume in the negative control group, the TGI of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg is respectively 50%, 93% and 109% (P<0.001), and the TGI of the positive control T-DM1 (3 mg/kg) is 28% (P<0.05). At the same dosage (3 mg/kg), Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has a better anti-tumor effect than the positive control T-DM1, with statistically significant difference (P<0.001). For all the treatment groups, no animal death or significant weight loss was found during the observation period, and good tolerance was found during the treatment period. The tumor inhibition in each treatment group and control group is shown in Table 11.
BALB/c Nude mice were subcutaneously inoculated with Calu-3 cells to establish a subcutaneous xenograft model of human-derived lung adenocarcinoma. The test groups were administered Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg. The positive control group was administered T-DM1 at a dosage of 1 mg/kg, and the negative control group was administered solvent. Each group has 8 mice, and the administration was a single injection via tail vein. Tumor volume was measured on the 31st day after the single injection (36th day after inoculation of Calu-3 cells), and TGI was calculated. The efficacy was evaluated based on TGI, and the tolerance was evaluated based on body weight changes and death of the mice. TGI was calculated as described above in (1).
The experimental results show that compared to the tumor volume in the negative control group, the TGI of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at 0.3 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg is respectively 73% and 117% (P<0.001), and the TGI of the positive control T-DM1 (1 mg/kg) is 64% (P<0.001). At the same dosage (1 mg/kg), Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has a better anti-tumor effect than the positive control T-DM1, with statistically significant difference (P<0.001). For all the treatment groups, mild weight loss was found in the middle of the observation period and gradually recovered later. No animal death was found throughout the observation period, and good tolerance was found. The tumor inhibition in each treatment group and control group is shown in Table 12.
(4) Study on the efficacy and tolerance of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 in a subcutaneous xenograft model of BR0438 human-derived breast cancer (PDX)
NOD/SCID mice were subcutaneously inoculated with BR0438 tumor mass to establish a subcutaneous xenograft model of human-derived breast cancer. The administration was conducted when the average tumor volume reached 173 mm3. The test groups were administered Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg. The positive control group was administered T-DM1 at a dosage of 15 mg/kg, and the negative control group was administered solvent. Each group has 8 mice, and the administration was a single injection via tail vein. Tumor volume was measured on the 21st day after the single injection, and TGI was calculated. The efficacy was evaluated based on TGI, and the tolerance was evaluated based on body weight changes and death of the mice. TGI was calculated as described above in (1).
The experimental results show that compared to the tumor volume in the negative control group, the TGI of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at 5 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg is respectively 52.18% and 96.99% (P<0.05), and the TGI of the positive control T-DM1 (15 mg/kg) is 3.65%. At the same dosage (15 mg/kg), Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has a better anti-tumor effect than the positive control T-DM1. For all the treatment groups and the negative control group, no continuous weight loss or animal death was found during the observation period, and good tolerance was found. The tumor inhibition in each treatment group and control group is shown in Table 13.
BALB/c nude mice were subcutaneously inoculated with GA0006 tumor mass to establish a subcutaneous xenograft model of human-derived gastric cancer. The administration was conducted when the average tumor volume reached 141 mm3. The test groups were administered Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg. The positive control group was administered T-DM1 at a dosage of 15 mg/kg, and the negative control group was administered solvent. Each group has 8 mice, and the administration was a single injection via tail vein. Tumor volume was measured on the 21st day after the single injection, and TGI was calculated. The efficacy was evaluated based on TGI, and the tolerance was evaluated based on body weight changes and death of the mice. TGI was calculated as described above in (1).
The experimental results show that compared to the tumor volume in the negative control group, the TGI of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at 5 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg is respectively 105.36% and 122.53% (P<0.05), and the TGI of the positive control T-DM1 (15 mg/kg) is 86.97%. At the same dosage (15 mg/kg), Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has a better anti-tumor effect than the positive control T-DM1. For all the treatment groups and the negative control group, no continuous weight loss or animal death was found during the observation period, and good tolerance was found. The tumor inhibition in each treatment group and control group is shown in Table 14.
One patient having breast cancer with HER2 amplification was treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 1.2 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks. The efficacy was assessed after 9 weeks, and the efficacy of the treatment with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was assessed to be SD (stable).
One patient having breast cancer with a HER2 expression level of IHC 3+ was treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 3.6 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks. The efficacy was assessed after 9 weeks, and the efficacy of the treatment with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was assessed to be PR (partial remission).
Twenty-one patients having breast cancer with a HER2 expression level of IHC 3+(15 cases), IHC 2+/FISH positive (5 cases), or IHC 1+/FISH negative (1 case) were treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 4.8 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks. The efficacy was assessed after 2-24 weeks, and the efficacy of the treatment with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was assessed to be PR (partial remission) in 11 cases and SD (stable) in 6 cases, among the 20 cases that can be assessed for efficacy.
Patients having breast cancer with a HER2 expression level of IHC 3+(10 cases), IHC 2+/FISH positive (2 cases), or IHC 1+/FISH positive (1 case) were treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 6.0 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks. The efficacy was assessed after 4-12 weeks, and the efficacy of the treatment with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was assessed to be PR (partial remission) in 9 cases and SD (stable) in 1 case, among the 12 cases that can be assessed for efficacy.
In summary, Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 showed good efficacy in the treatment of patients having breast cancer with low HER2 expression, high HER2expression or HER2 amplification.
One patient having adenocarcinoma in gastroesophageal junction with HER2 amplification was treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 3.6 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks. The efficacy was assessed after 9 weeks, and the efficacy of the treatment with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was assessed to be SD (stable), indicating that Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has an effect of keeping a stable condition in the treatment of adenocarcinoma in gastroesophageal junction.
One patient having ovarian cancer with HER2 amplification/mutation was treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 4.8 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks. The efficacy was assessed after 9 weeks, and the efficacy of the treatment with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was assessed to be SD (stable), indicating that Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has an effect of keeping a stable condition in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
One patient having bladder cancer with a HER2 expression level of IHC 3+ was treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 4.8 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks. The efficacy was assessed after 9 weeks, and the efficacy of the treatment with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was assessed to be SD (stable), indicating that Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has an effect of arresting bladder cancer.
Two patients having colorectal cancer with a HER2 expression level of IHC 3+ were treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 4.8 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks. The efficacy was assessed after 9 weeks, and the efficacy of the treatment with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was assessed to be PR (partial remission), indicating that Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has a certain remission effect in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
One patient having lung cancer with HER2 amplification was treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 3.6 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks. The efficacy was assessed after 9 weeks, and the efficacy of the treatment with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was assessed to be SD (stable).
One patient having lung cancer with HER2 mutation was treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 4.8 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks. The efficacy was assessed after 9 weeks, and the efficacy of the treatment with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 was assessed to be PR (partial remission).
Thus, Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has the effect of preventing the progression of lung cancer and alleviating the disease to some extent.
An in vivo pharmacokinetic study was conducted in forty one patients having breast cancer with HER2 expression and treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 4.8 mg/kg or 6.0 mg/kg. The results show that Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 presents nonlinear pharmacokinetic characteristics, where the half-life increases with the increase of the dosage, and the half-life averages of the 4.8 and 6.0 mg/kg dosage groups are 9.53 and 10.4 days, respectively. In the first cycle of administration, Cmax and AUC of the free toxin accounts for 0.1% and 0.2% of the total ADC molar concentrations, respectively, indicating a low rate of toxin shedding of Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1, which is stable in blood circulation.
In the safety studies in clinical trials of commercially available HER2-ADC drugs, Kadcyla® (T-DM1) and Enhertu® both have the side effects of thrombocytopenia, vomiting, diarrhea, neutropenia, leukopenia, anemia, and nausea (see Dieras V, Miles D, Verma S, et al: Trastuzumab emtansine versus capecitine plus lapatinib in patients with previously treated HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (EMILIA): a descriptive analysis of final overall survival results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 18:732-742, 2017; Modi S, Saura C, Yamashita T, et al: Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Previously Treated HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med 382:610-621, 2020). The present Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 has lower incidence of side effects such as thrombocytopenia, vomiting, diarrhea, neutropenia, and nausea, and has better clinical safety than the commercially available Kadcyla® and Enhertu®.
In the present safety studies in clinical trials, patients having breast cancer with HER2 expression were treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 at a dosage of 4.8 mg/kg or 6.0 mg/kg via intravenous injection, once every three weeks and on the first day of each administration cycle. The safety results from 41 patients currently available for statistic are shown in Table 15.
Moreover, no side effects of thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukopenia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or pulmonary toxicity of level 3 or above of the present Antibody-Drug Conjugate I-1 occurred in the above-mentioned safety studies in clinical trial, and the incidence of anemia of level 3 or above is very low (2.4%) as well. The results are shown in Table 16.
Although the present invention has been illustrated by way of the specific examples above, it should not be interpreted as being limited to the examples. The present invention contemplates the general aspects disclosed above, and those skilled in the art can make various modifications or changes to the various details of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the specification is for illustrative purpose only, not for any restrictions.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 201510824064.8 | Nov 2015 | CN | national |
This application is a Continuation-in-Part of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 15/765,685, filed Apr. 3, 2018, which application is a National Phase Entry of PCT/CN2016/106802, filed Nov. 22, 2016, which claims priority to CN 201510824064.8, filed Nov. 23, 2015, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15765685 | Apr 2018 | US |
| Child | 17471653 | US |
