Patent Application
20230310634
The sequence listing in the file named “11432600006012.txt” having a size of 535,940 bytes that was created on Oct. 20, 2022, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[1] The invention relates to antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) comprising an anti-human VISTA (V-region Immunoglobulin-containing Suppressor of T cell Activation(1)) antibody or anti-VISTA antigen-binding antibody fragment having a short serum half-life (≈24-27 hours or less in a human VISTA knock-in rodent) and an anti-inflammatory agent, e.g., a steroid such as dexamethasone, budesonide or other steroids known in the art or one of the novel steroid compounds disclosed herein. The invention also relates to the use of such ADCs and novel steroids for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. The invention further relates to methods for reducing the adverse side effects and/or enhancing the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents, e.g., small molecule anti-inflammatory agents such as steroids and particularly glucocorticoid receptor agonists such as dexamethasone, dexamethasone, budesonide or other steroids known in the art or one of the novel steroid compounds disclosed herein by using such ADCs to selectively deliver these anti-inflammatory agents to target immune cells, such as monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, Tregs, et al., and particularly myeloid cells, thereby reducing potential toxicity to non-target cells.
[2] VISTA is an NCR ligand, whose closest phylogenetic relative is PD-L1. VISTA bears homology to PD-L1 but displays a unique expression pattern that is restricted to the hematopoietic compartment. Specifically, VISTA is constitutively and highly expressed on CD11 bhigh myeloid cells, and expressed at lower levels on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Like PD-L1, VISTA is a ligand that profoundly suppresses immunity, and like PD-L1, blocking VISTA allows for the development of therapeutic immunity to cancer in pre-clinical oncology models. Whereas blocking VISTA enhances immunity, especially CD8+ and CD4+ mediated T cell immunity, treatment with a soluble Ig fusion protein of the extracellular domain of VISTA (VISTA-Ig) suppresses immunity and has been shown to arrest the progression of multiple murine models of autoimmune disease. Based on the foregoing the use of antagonist anti-VISTA antibodies to promote T cell immunity and treat conditions where this is beneficial such as cancer and infection has been reported. Conversely the use of agonist anti-VISTA antibodies to inhibit T cell immunity and treat conditions where this is therapeutically beneficial such as autoimmune, allergic and inflammatory conditions has been reported. Unfortunately, some anti-VISTA antibodies including some which were used in human clinical trials possess a very short serum half-life which is generally undesirable in the context of treating chronic conditions such as cancer or autoimmunity as this necessitates very frequent dosing which is inconvenient for the patient as well as costly. Additionally, the potential usage of anti-VISTA antibodies and VISTA fusion proteins to deliver payloads such as chemotherapeutics to cancer cells or tumor sites has been suggested.
Synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonists (e.g., dexamethasone, prednisolone, budesonide, beclomethasone, betamethasone, cortisol, cortisone acetate, 16-alpha hydroxyprednisolone, dexamethasone, difluorasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone acetonide et al.) are a potent class of small molecules used in the treatment of inflammation and disorders associated therewith. While these compounds are very efficacious at inhibiting inflammation associated with different conditions such as autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, cancer and infectious diseases, their utility in the chronic treatment of disease is limited due to severe side effects.
Based on the foregoing. several approaches have been explored to retain the anti-inflammatory efficacy of synthetic glucocorticoids while sparing the unwanted toxicities have been described (Rosen, J and Miner, J N Endocrine Reviews 26: 452-64 (2005)). In particular, antibody drug conjugates (ADCS) have been developed wherein such compounds are conjugated to antibodies which target antigens expressed by immune cells including CD40, CD163, CD74, PRLR and TNF. Notwithstanding, there is still a need in the field of autoimmune and inflammatory disease for improved anti-inflammatory therapies and the development of improved anti-inflammatory therapeutics, e.g., with enhanced efficacy, prolonged efficacy and/or reduced side effects compared to existing therapeutics for treatment of such conditions.
It is an object of the invention to provide therapeutics for treating or preventing inflammation and disorders associated therewith by providing novel steroids and ADCs, especially those comprising an anti-human VISTA antibody or anti-human VISTA antibody fragment.
It is an object of the invention to provide novel antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) comprising an anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment which possesses a very short serum half-life at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5), defined herein as 1 to 72 hours, 1 to 32 hours, 1 to 16 hours, 1 to 8 hours, 1 to 4 hours or 1-2 hours in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or ≈3-4 days or less in a Cynomolgus macaque, which anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment is conjugated to an anti-inflammatory drug which anti-inflammatory drug must be internalized into a cell for efficacy, e.g., a small molecule anti-inflammatory drug, e.g., a glucocorticoid receptor agonist or other steroid such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, budesonide, beclomethasone, betamethasone, cortisol, cortisone acetate, 16-alpha hydroxyprednisolone, dexamethasone, difluorasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone acetonide or a novel steroid disclosed herein.
As shown infra, the subject ADCs possess a unique combination of advantages over previous ADCs for targeting and directing internalization of anti-inflammatory agents, particularly steroids into immune cells, e.g., ADCs which target CD74, CD163, TNF, and PRLR; because of the combined benefits of VISTA as an ADC target and the specific properties of the anti-VISTA antibody which is comprised in the subject ADCs (binds to VISTA expressing immune cells at physiologic pH and possesses a very short pK). Particularly, the subject ADCs bind to immune cells which express VISTA at very high density and notwithstanding their very short PK are efficacious (elicit anti-inflammatory activity) for prolonged duration, and therefore are well suited for treating chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases wherein prolonged and repeated administration is therapeutically warranted; the subject ADCs target a broad range of immune cells including neutrophils, myeloid, T cells and endothelium, therefore the subject ADCs may be used to treat diseases inflammatory or autoimmune diseases involving any or all of these types of immune cells; the subject ADCs have a rapid onset of efficacy and therefore may be used to treat for acute treatment, the subject ADCs do not bind B cells and therefore should not be as immunosuppressive as free steroids; the subject ADCs act on Tregs which are an important immune cell responsible for steroid efficacy, the subject ADCs act on both resting and activated immune cells and consequently are active (elicit anti-inflammatory activity) both in active and remission phases of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, the subject ADCs act on neutrophils, which immune cells are critical for acute inflammation; the subject ADCs internalize immune cells very rapidly and constitutively because VISTA cell surface turnover is high; the subject ADCs possess a very short half-life (PK) and only bind immune cells, therefore the subject ADCs should not be prone to target related toxicities and undesired peripheral steroid exposure (low non-specific loss effects); the subject ADCs' biological activity (anti-inflammatory action) is entirely attributable to the anti-inflammatory payload (steroid) because the anti-VISTA antibody possessing a silent IgG therein shows no immunological functions (no blocking of any VISTA biology).
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide novel antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) comprising an anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment which possesses a serum half-life of to 72 hours, 1 to 32 hours, 1 to 16 hours, 1 to 8 hours, 1 to 4 hours or 1-2 hours±0.5 hour in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or ≈3.5, 3, 2.5, or 2.3 days±0.5 days in a primate (Cynomolgus macaque) at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5) and an anti-inflammatory drug. e.g., a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide, et al., or a novel steroid disclosed herein, hereby such ADCs when administered result in the release and internalization of the anti-inflammatory drug, e.g., a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide or derivative into target immune cells.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) that comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment comprising an antigen binding region that specifically binds to human V-domain Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation (human VISTA) (“A”), a cleavable or non-cleavable linker (“L”) and at least one small molecule anti-inflammatory agent (“AI”), optionally “Q”, a heterobifunctional group” or a “heterotrifunctional group” which is a chemical moiety optionally used to connect the linker to the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment and at least one small molecule anti-inflammatory agent (“AI”), said ADC being represented by the formula:
“A-(Q-L-AI)n” or “(AI-L-Q)n-A”
wherein “n” is at least 1 and the antibody or ADC, or composition containing, when administered to a subject in need thereof, is preferentially delivered to VISTA expressing immune cells, optionally monocytes or myeloid cells, and results in the functional internalization of the small molecule anti-inflammatory agent into said immune cells at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5), preferably wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment when used in vivo has a short in vivo serum half-life in serum at physiological pH (˜pH 7.5), optionally an in vivo serum half-life in serum at physiological pH (˜pH 7.5) of no more than 72 hours, 1 to 32 hours, 1 to 16 hours, 1 to 8 hours, 1 to 4 hours or 1-2 hours±0.5 hour in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or ≈3.5, 3, 2.5, or 2.3 days±0.5 days in a primate (Cynomolgus macaque) at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5).
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described that comprises wherein the ADC, when administered to a subject in need thereof, is preferentially delivered to VISTA expressing immune cells, optionally one or more of monocytes, myeloid cells, T cells, Tregs, NK cells, Neutrophils, Dendritic cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, and results in the functional internalization of the small molecule anti-inflammatory agent into one or more of said immune cells; wherein the anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment has a pK of at most 40 hours in a human VISTA knock-in rodent.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the AI comprises a glucocorticosteroid.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the glucocorticosteroid comprises one of the following:
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the glucocorticosteroid comprises 16-alpha hydroxyprednisolone, dexamethasone, difluorasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone acetonide or a derivative thereof.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, which has a pK of at most 3.5 to 4 days in Cynomolgus macaque or in a human at physiologic pH.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, which has a pK of at most ≈2.8 days or ≈2.5 days in ±0.5 days Cynomolgus macaque or in a human at physiologic pH.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, which has a pK of at most 6-12 hours in a human VISTA rodent at physiologic pH.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, which comprises a linker which upon internalization of the ADC into VISTA-expressing immune cells, optionally one or more of T cells, Tregs, NK cells, Neutrophils, monocytes, myeloid cells, Dendritic cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, is cleaved resulting in the release of a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-inflammatory agent in the immune cell, wherein it elicits anti-inflammatory activity.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment has an in vivo serum half-life of about 2. days or less in a primate, optionally Cynomolgus macaque at physiological pH (˜pH 7.5).
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment has an in vivo serum half-life in serum at physiological pH (˜pH 7.5) in a human VISTA knock-in rodent of no more than 70 hours, no more than 60 hours, no more than 50 hours, no more than 40 hours, no more than 30 hours, no more than 24 hours, no more than 22-24 hours, no more than 20-22 hours, no more than 18-20 hours, no more than 16-18 hours, no more than 14-16 hours, no more than 12-14 hours, no more than 10-12 hours, no more than 8-10 hours, no more than 6-8 hours, no more than 4-6 hours, no more than 2-4 hours, no more than 1-2 hours, no more than 0.5 to 1.0 hours, or no more than 0.1-0.5 hours.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the pK/pD ratio of the ADC when used in vivo is at least 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1 or greater in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or in a human or non-human primate, optionally Cynomolgus macaque.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the PD of the ADC is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days, 2-3 weeks, 3-4 weeks, 4-5 weeks, 5-6 weeks, or longer in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or in a human or non-human primate, optionally Cynomolgus macaque.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-human VISTA antibody comprises an Fc region having impaired FcR binding.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-human VISTA antibody comprises a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 Fc region having impaired FcR binding.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-human VISTA antibody comprises a human IgG1 Fc region having impaired FcR binding.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, comprising a human or non-human primate constant or Fc region which is modified to impair or eliminate binding to at least 2 native human Fc gamma receptors.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, comprising a human or non-human primate constant or Fc region modified to impair or eliminate binding to any one, two, three, four or all five of the following FcRs: hFcγRI (CD64), FcyRIIA or hFcyRIIB, (CD32 or CD32A) and FcγRIIIA (CD16A) or FcγRIIIB (CD16B).
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, comprising a human IgG2 kappa backbone with V234A/G237A/P238S/H268A/V309L/A330S/P331S silencing mutations in the Fc region.
19. The antibody drug conjugate (ADC) of any of the foregoing claims, comprising a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A silencing mutations in the Fc region and optionally a mutation which impairs complement (C1Q) binding.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, comprising a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A silencing mutations and E269R and E233A mutations in the Fc region.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the binding of the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment to VISTA expressing immune cells does not directly agonize or antagonize VISTA-mediated effects on immunity.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, comprising a human IgG2 Fc region wherein endogenous FcR binding is not impaired.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, comprising a native (unmodified) human IgG2 Fc region.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a KD ranging from 0.0001 nM to 10.0 nM, 0.001 to 1.0 nM, 0.01 to 0.7 or less determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 24° C. or 37° C.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a KD of 0.13 to 0.64 nM determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 24° C. or 37° C.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the linker is a cleavable peptide.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the linker is selected from any of the linkers generically and specifically described herein.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-inflammatory agent comprises a steroid, optionally glucocorticoid receptor agonist, further optionally dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide or a functional derivative of any of the foregoing, i.e., said derivative elicits anti-inflammatory activity upon internalization into a VISTA-expressing immune cell.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the drug antibody ratio ranges from 1:1-10:1.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the drug antibody ratio ranges from 2-8:1, 4-8:1, or 6-8:1.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the drug antibody ratio the drug antibody ratio is 8:1 (n=8).
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, which internalizes one or more of monocytes, myeloid cells, T cells, Tregs, macrophages and neutrophils.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, which does not appreciably internalize B cells.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, which when administered to a subject in need thereof promotes the efficacy and/or reduces adverse side effects associated with the anti-inflammatory agent, e.g., a steroid, optionally a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, further optionally dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide, compared to the same dosage of anti-inflammatory agent administered in naked (non-conjugated) form.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-inflammatory agent, optionally a steroid or glucocorticoid receptor agonist, further optionally dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide or a functional derivative of any of the foregoing, is conjugated to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment via the interchain disulfides.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, which comprises an esterase sensitive linker and dexamethasone or budenoside or another corticosteroid or functional derivative as the anti-inflammatory agent.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, comprising a cleavable linker is susceptible to one or more of acid-induced cleavage, photo-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the linker is an esterase cleavable linker.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, which comprises a non-cleavable linker that is substantially resistant to one or more of acid-induced cleavage, photo-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage and disulfide bond cleavage.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-VISTA antigen binding fragment comprised in the ADC comprises a Fab, F(ab′)2, or scFv antibody fragment.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment contained therein is one which:
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide ADCs as above-described, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment contained therein comprises the same CDRS as any one of VSTB92, VSTB56, VSTB95, VSTB103 and VSTB66.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment contained therein is one which comprises a VH polypeptide and a VL polypeptide which respectively possess at least 90%, 95% or 100% sequence identity to those of an antibody comprising the following VH polypeptide and a VL polypeptides and further the CDRs are not modified:
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment comprises the same variable regions as one of VSTB92, VSTB56, VSTB95, VSTB103 and VSTB66.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment comprises a human IgG2 kappa backbone with V234A/G237A/P238S/H268A/V309L/A330S/P331S silencing mutations in the Fc region.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment comprises a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A silencing mutations in the Fc region.
It is a more specific object of the invention to provide an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) as above described, wherein the AI or the L or Q is conjugated to the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment via the interchain disulfides.
A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) of any of the foregoing and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
A composition as set forth above, which is administrable via an injection route, optionally intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal, or subcutaneous.
A composition as set forth above, which is subcutaneously administrable.
A device comprising a composition as set forth above, that provides for subcutaneous administration selected from the group consisting of a syringe, an injection device, an infusion pump, an injector pen, a needleless device, an autoinjector, and a subcutaneous patch delivery system.
The device as set forth above, which delivers to a patient a fixed dose of the anti-inflammatory agent, e.g., a steroid e.g., a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, optionally dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide or a functional derivative thereof.
A kit comprising the device as set forth above, which further comprises instructions informing the patient how to administer the ADC composition comprised therein and the dosing regimen.
A method of treatment and/or prophylaxis, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof at least one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) or composition according to any of the foregoing wherein said composition may be in a device according to any of the foregoing.
The method of treatment and/or prophylaxis set forth above, which is used in the treatment of allergy, autoimmunity, transplant, gene therapy, inflammation, GVHD or sepsis, or to treat or prevent inflammatory, autoimmune, or allergic side effects associated with any of the foregoing conditions in a human subject.
The method of treatment and/or prophylaxis set forth above, wherein the treated patient comprises a condition selected from rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, adult Crohn's disease, pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, uveitis, Bechet's disease, a spondyloarthropathy, or psoriasis.
The method of treatment and/or prophylaxis set forth above, wherein the patient comprises one or more of the following:
The method of treatment and/or prophylaxis set forth above, wherein the patient is further being treated with another active agent.
The method of treatment and/or prophylaxis set forth above, wherein the patient is further being treated with an immunomodulatory antibody or fusion protein which is selected from immunoinhibitory antibodies or fusion proteins targeting one or more of CTLA4, PD-1, PDL-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, BTLA, B7-H4, B7-H3, VISTA, and/or agonistic antibodies or fusion protein targeting one or more of CD40, CD137, OX40, GITR, CD27, CD28 or ICOS.
It is another object of the invention to provide novel antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) according to any of the foregoing, wherein the drug antibody ratio ranges from 1:1-10:1.
It is another object of the invention to provide novel antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) according to any of the foregoing, wherein the drug antibody ratio ranges from 2-8:1, 4-8:1, or 6-8:1.
It is another object of the invention to provide novel antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) according to any of the foregoing, wherein the drug antibody ratio is 8:1 (n=8).
It is another object of the invention to provide novel antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) according to any of the foregoing, which when administered to a subject in need thereof promotes the efficacy and/or reduces adverse side effects associated with the anti-inflammatory agent, e.g., a steroid, optionally a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, further optionally dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide, compared to the same dosage of anti-inflammatory agent administered in naked (non-conjugated) form.
It is another object of the invention to provide novel antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) according to any of the foregoing, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment in the ADC competes with or binds to a VISTA epitope which includes or overlaps with the epitope bound by any of the anti-human VISTA antibodies having the sequences of
It is another specific object of the invention to provide methods of contacting immune cells in vitro or in vivo with an ADC according to the invention, e.g., human immune cells, e.g., wherein the contacted cells are infused after contacting with such ADCs into a human subject such as a subject who has an autoimmune or inflammatory condition or other condition such as those identified supra, wherein AI or steroid administration would be therapeutically desirable but may be associated with toxicity and/or contraindicated because of other safety or clinical concerns.
Provided herein are ADC's comprising an anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment which antibody or antibody fragment possesses a very short serum half-life at physiological conditions (pH≈7.5), generally a serum half-life of to 72 hours, 1 to 32 hours, 1 to 16 hours, 1 to 8 hours, 1 to 4 hours or 1-2 hours±0.5 hour in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or ≈3.5, 3, 2.5, or 2.3 days±0.5 days in a primate (Cynomolgus macaque) at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5) and a small molecule anti-inflammatory drug which requires cell internalization for efficacy, e.g., a glucocorticoid receptor agonist such as a glucocorticosteroid, which optionally are attached via a linker, e.g., a peptide or non-peptide linker which optionally may be cleavable under specific conditions, e.g., esterase cleavable dipeptide linker, and which optionally is directly or indirectly attached to an antibody via a heterobifunctional or heterotrifunctional group, wherein such ADC's when administered to a subject in need thereof deliver such anti-inflammatory agent to target immune cells, e.g., monocytes, T cells, neutrophils, Tregs, CD8 T cells, CD4T cells, or myeloid cells and result in the functional internalization of the anti-inflammatory agent therein where the glucocorticosteroid or other anti-inflammatory agent elicits the desired inhibitory effect on inflammation without eliciting or eliciting substantially reduced adverse side effects such as toxicity to non-target cells. Further provided are methods of making such ADCs and methods of using the same, in particular for use in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as those previously identified.
More specifically provided are novel antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) comprising an anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment which possesses a very short serum half-life at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5) and an anti-inflammatory drug, e.g., a small molecule anti-inflammatory drug, e.g., a glucocorticoid receptor agonist such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide, et al., or one of the other steroids disclosed herein.
Still more specifically provided are novel antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) comprising an anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment which in rodents possesses a serum half-life of at most about serum half-life of to 72 hours, 1 to 32 hours, 1 to 16 hours, 1 to 8 hours, 1 to 4 hours or 1-2 hours±0.5 hour in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or ≈3.5, 3, 2.5, or 2.3 days±0.5 days in a primate (Cynomolgus macaque) at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5) a and an anti-inflammatory drug. e.g., a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide, et al., whereby such ADCs when administered result in the release and internalization of the anti-inflammatory drug, e.g., a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide or other glucocorticosteroid or derivative into target immune cells.
Still more specifically provided are antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) that comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment comprising an antigen binding region that specifically binds to human V-domain Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation (human VISTA) (“A”), a cleavable or non-cleavable linker (“L”) and at least one small molecule anti-inflammatory agent (“AI”), optionally “Q”, a heterobifunctional group” or “heterotrifunctional group” which is a chemical moiety optionally used to connect the linker to the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment and at least one small molecule anti-inflammatory agent (“AI”), said ADC being represented by the formula:
“A-(Q-L-AI)n” or “(AI-L-Q)n-A”
wherein “n” is at least 1 and the antibody or ADC, or composition containing, when administered to a subject in need thereof, is preferentially delivered to VISTA expressing immune cells, optionally monocytes or myeloid cells, and results in the functional internalization of the small molecule anti-inflammatory agent into said immune cells at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5), preferably wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment when used in vivo has a short in vivo serum half-life in serum at physiological pH (˜pH 7.5), of 1 to 72 hours, 1 to 32 hours, 1 to 16 hours, 1 to 8 hours, 1 to 4 hours or 1-2 hours±0.5 hour in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or ≈3.5, 3, 2.5, or 2.3 days±0.5 days in a primate (Cynomolgus macaque) at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5)
Also, the invention provides novel steroids wherein the steroid (glucocorticoid agonist) generally comprises the following generic structure:
Also, the invention provides ADCs and steroid-linker payloads comprising the novel steroids of Formula 1 above, compositions containing, and the use thereof for treating/preventing inflammation and for treating any condition or disorder acutely, chronically or episodically associated with inflammation in a subject in need thereof, such as e.g., inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, infection, cancer among other conditions disclosed infra.
With that general understanding unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the invention or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described herein. The materials, methods and examples are illustrative only, and are not intended to be limiting. The nomenclatures utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques may be used for chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery, and treatment of patients.
To facilitate an understanding of the present disclosure, a number of terms and phrases are defined below.
As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
In the present disclosure, the term “glucocorticosteroid” or “steroid” refers to naturally-occurring or synthetic steroid hormones that interact with glucocorticoid receptors. Non-limiting exemplary glucocorticosteroids include those described in WO 2009/069032, US20180126000, WO05/028495 among others. Non-limiting exemplary glucocorticosteroids include:
Other glucocorticosteroids are described in WO 2009/069032. Specific examples of glucocorticosteroids include, 16-alpha hydroxyprednisolone, dexamethasone, difluorasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone acetonide and the novel steroids of Formula 1 disclosed herein.
A “glucocorticosteroid derivative” is a compound derived by the addition or removal of one or more atoms or functional groups in order to facilitate attachment of the “glucocorticosteroid derivative” to another moiety, e.g., a linker and/or an antibody or antibody fragment. Generally, this addition or removal will not preclude the activity of the “glucocorticosteroid derivative”, i.e., its ability to elicit anti-inflammatory activity upon internalization by an immune cell. “Glucocorticosteroid derivatives” specifically include a “radical of a glucocorticosteroid” or a “glucocorticosteroid radical”.
A “radical of a glucocorticosteroid” or a “glucocorticosteroid radical” is produced by the removal of one or more atoms from a parent glucocorticosteroid, i.e., hydrogen atoms, in order to facilitate the attachment of the parent glucocorticosteroid to another moiety, typically a linker. For example; a hydrogen atom may be removed from any suitable —NH2 group of the parent glucocorticosteroid; a hydrogen atom may be removed from any suitable —OH group of the parent glucocorticosteroid a hydrogen atom may be removed from any suitable —SH group; a hydrogen atom may be removed from any suitable —N(H)— group; a hydrogen atom is removed from any suitable —CH3, —CH2— or —CH═group of the parent glucocorticosteroid.
In the present disclosure, the term “heterobifunctional group” or the term “heterotrifunctional group” refers to a chemical moiety ((“Q”) in the generic formula for ADCs disclosed herein) that optionally may be used to connect a linker and the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment. Heterobi- and tri-functional groups are characterized as having different reactive groups at either end of the chemical moiety. Non-limiting exemplary heterobifunctional groups are disclosed in US Publication No.: 20180126000, incorporated by reference herein and which are further exemplified in the ADC conjugates disclosed in the Exemplary Embodiments section and in Example 3 of this application.
Heterobi- and tri-functional groups are well known in the art for producing protein conjugates and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) specifically. These moieties are characterized as having different reactive groups at either end of the chemical moiety. Non-limiting exemplary heterobifunctional groups include:
An exemplary heterotrifunctional
I group is:
As used herein, the terms “antibody” and “antibodies” are terms of art and can be used interchangeably herein and refer to a molecule with an antigen-binding site that specifically binds an antigen.
The term “antibody” means an immunoglobulin molecule that recognizes and specifically binds to a target, such as a protein, polypeptide, peptide, carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, or combinations of the foregoing through at least one antigen recognition site within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. As used herein, the term “antibody” encompasses intact polyclonal antibodies, intact monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, human antibodies, fusion proteins comprising an antibody, and any other modified immunoglobulin molecule so long as the antibodies exhibit the desired biological activity. An antibody can be of any the five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, or subclasses (isotypes) thereof (e.g. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2), based on the identity of their heavy-chain constant domains referred to as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. The different classes of immunoglobulins have different and well known subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations. Antibodies can be naked or conjugated to other molecules such as toxins, radioisotopes, etc. As used herein, the term “antibody” encompasses bispecific and multispecific antibodies.
The term “antibody fragment” refers to a portion of an intact antibody. An “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a portion of an intact antibody that binds to an antigen. An antigen-binding fragment can contain the antigenic determining variable regions of an intact antibody. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, and Fv fragments, linear antibodies, and single chain antibodies. An “antigen-binding fragment” can be a bispecific or multispecific antigen-binding fragment.
A “blocking” antibody or an “antagonist” antibody is one which inhibits or reduces biological activity of the antigen it binds, such as VISTA. In some embodiments, blocking antibodies or antagonist antibodies substantially or completely inhibit the biological activity of the antigen. The biological activity can be reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or even 100%.
A “promoting” antibody or an “enhancing” antibody an “agonist” antibody is one which enhances or increases a biological activity of the antigen it binds, such as VISTA. In some embodiments, blocking antibodies or antagonist antibodies substantially or completely inhibit the biological activity of the antigen. The biological activity can be reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or even 100%.
The term “anti-VISTA antibody” or “an antibody that binds to VISTA” refers to an antibody that specifically binds VISTA, generally human VISTA with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful for targeting VISTA expressing immune cells. The extent of binding of an anti-VISTA antibody to an unrelated, non-VISTA protein can be less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to VISTA as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to VISTA has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≤1 μM, ≤100 nM, ≤10 nM, ≤1 nM, or ≤0.1 nM. Exemplary anti-VISTA antibodies and fragments comprised in the subject ADCs will comprise the same CDRs and/or same variable heavy and light chin polypeptides as in an of VSTB94 or VSTB49-116, i.e., respectively having the sequences shown in
A “monoclonal” antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof refers to a homogeneous antibody or antigen-binding fragment population involved in the highly specific recognition and binding of a single antigenic determinant, or epitope. This is in contrast to polyclonal antibodies that typically include different antibodies directed against different antigenic determinants. The term “monoclonal” antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof encompasses both intact and full-length monoclonal antibodies as well as antibody fragments (such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv), single chain (scFv) mutants, fusion proteins comprising an antibody portion, and any other modified immunoglobulin molecule comprising an antigen recognition site. Furthermore, “monoclonal” antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof refers to such antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof made in any number of manners including but not limited to by hybridoma, phage selection, recombinant expression, and transgenic animals.
The term “humanized” antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof refers to forms of non-human (e.g. murine) antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that are specific immunoglobulin chains, chimeric immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof that contain minimal non-human (e.g., murine) sequences. Typically, humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human immunoglobulins in which residues from the complementary determining region (CDR) are replaced by residues from the CDR of a non-human species (e.g. mouse, rat, rabbit, hamster) that have the desired specificity, affinity, and capability (“CDR grafted”) (Jones et al., Nature 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science 239:1534-1536 (1988)). In some instances, the Fv framework region (FR) residues of a human immunoglobulin are replaced with the corresponding residues in an antibody or fragment from a non-human species that has the desired specificity, affinity, and capability. The humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be further modified by the substitution of additional residues either in the Fv framework region and/or within the replaced non-human residues to refine and optimize antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specificity, affinity, and/or capability. In general, the humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two or three, variable domains containing all or substantially all of the CDR regions that correspond to the non-human immunoglobulin whereas all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can also comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region or domain (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. Examples of methods used to generate humanized antibodies are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539; Roguska et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 91(3):969-973 (1994), and Roguska et al., Protein Eng. 9(10):895-904 (1996). In some embodiments, a “humanized antibody” is a resurfaced antibody.
A “variable region” of an antibody refers to the variable region of the antibody light chain or the variable region of the antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination. The variable regions of the heavy and light chain each consist of four framework regions (FR) connected by three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) also known as hypervariable regions. The CDRs in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FRs and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies. There are at least two techniques for determining CDRs: (1) an approach based on cross-species sequence variability (i.e., Kabat et al. Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, (5th ed., 1991, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Md.)); and (2) an approach based on crystallographic studies of antigen-antibody complexes (Al-lazikani et al (1997) J. Molec. Biol. 273:927-948)). In addition, combinations of these two approaches are sometimes used in the art to determine CDRs.
The Kabat numbering system is generally used when referring to a residue in the variable domain (approximately residues 1-107 of the light chain and residues 1-113 of the heavy chain) (e.g., Kabat et al., Sequences of Immunological Interest. 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)). Unless explicitly indicated otherwise, the numbering system used herein is the Kabat numbering system.
The amino acid position numbering as in Kabat, refers to the numbering system used for heavy chain variable domains or light chain variable domains of the compilation of antibodies in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991). Using this numbering system, the actual linear amino acid sequence can contain fewer or additional amino acids corresponding to a shortening of, or insertion into, a FR or CDR of the variable domain. For example, a heavy chain variable domain can include a single amino acid insert (residue 52a according to Kabat) after residue 52 of H2 and inserted residues (e.g. residues 82a, 82b, and 82c, etc. according to Kabat) after heavy chain FR residue 82. The Kabat numbering of residues can be determined for a given antibody by alignment at regions of homology of the sequence of the antibody with a “standard” Kabat numbered sequence. Chothia refers instead to the location of the structural loops (Chothia and Lesk J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987)). The end of the Chothia CDR-H1 loop when numbered using the Kabat numbering convention varies between H32 and H34 depending on the length of the loop (this is because the Kabat numbering scheme places the insertions at H35A and H35B; if neither 35A nor 35B is present, the loop ends at 32; if only 35A is present, the loop ends at 33; if both 35A and 35B are present, the loop ends at 34). The AbM hypervariable regions represent a compromise between the Kabat CDRs and Chothia structural loops, and are used by Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software.
In certain aspects, the CDRs of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be determined according to the Chothia numbering scheme, which refers to the location of immunoglobulin structural loops (see, e.g., Chothia C & Lesk A M, (1987), J Mol Biol 196: 901-917; Al-Lazikani B et al., (1997) J Mol Biol 273: 927-948; Chothia C et al., (1992) J Mol Biol 227: 799-817; Tramontano A et al., (1990) J Mol Biol 215(1): 175-82; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,709,226). Typically, when using the Kabat numbering convention, the Chothia CDR-H1 loop is present at heavy chain amino acids 26 to 32, 33, or 34, the Chothia CDR-H2 loop is present at heavy chain amino acids 52 to 56, and the Chothia CDR-H3 loop is present at heavy chain amino acids 95 to 102, while the Chothia CDR-L1 loop is present at light chain amino acids 24 to 34, the Chothia CDR-L2 loop is present at light chain amino acids 50 to 56, and the Chothia CDR-L3 loop is present at light chain amino acids 89 to 97. The end of the Chothia CDR-H1 loop when numbered using the Kabat numbering convention varies between H32 and H34 depending on the length of the loop (this is because the Kabat numbering scheme places the insertions at H35A and H35B; if neither 35A nor 35B is present, the loop ends at 32; if only 35A is present, the loop ends at 33; if both 35A and 35B are present, the loop ends at 34).
In certain aspects, the CDRs of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be determined according to the IMGT numbering system as described in Lefranc M-P, (1999) The Immunologist 7: 132-136 and Lefranc M-P et al., (1999) Nucleic Acids Res 27: 209-212. According to the IMGT numbering scheme, VH-CDR1 is at positions 26 to 35, VH-CDR2 is at positions 51 to 57, VH-CDR3 is at positions 93 to 102, VL-CDR1 is at positions 27 to 32, VL-CDR2 is at positions 50 to 52, and VL-CDR3 is at positions 89 to 97.
In certain aspects, the CDRs of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be determined according to MacCallum R M et al., (1996) J Mol Biol 262: 732-745. See also, e.g., Martin A. “Protein Sequence and Structure Analysis of Antibody Variable Domains,” in Antibody Engineering, Kontermann and Dubel, eds., Chapter 31, pp. 422-439, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2001).
In certain aspects, the CDRs of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be determined according to the AbM numbering scheme, which refers AbM hypervariable regions which represent a compromise between the Kabat CDRs and Chothia structural loops, and are used by Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software (Oxford Molecular Group, Inc.).
A “constant region” of an antibody refers to the constant region of the antibody light chain or the constant region of the antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination.
The term “human” antibody means an antibody produced by a human or an antibody having an amino acid sequence corresponding to an antibody produced by a human made using any technique known in the art. This definition of a human antibody includes intact or full-length antibodies, fragments thereof, and/or antibodies comprising at least one human heavy and/or light chain polypeptide such as, for example, an antibody comprising murine light chain and human heavy chain polypeptides.
The term “chimeric” antibodies refers to antibodies wherein the amino acid sequence of the immunoglobulin molecule is derived from two or more species. Typically, the variable region of both light and heavy chains corresponds to the variable region of antibodies derived from one species of mammals (e.g. mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.) with the desired specificity, affinity, and capability while the constant regions are homologous to the sequences in antibodies derived from another (usually human) to avoid eliciting an immune response in that species.
The term “epitope” or “antigenic determinant” are used interchangeably herein and refer to that portion of an antigen capable of being recognized and specifically bound by a particular antibody. When the antigen is a polypeptide, epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids and noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically retained upon protein denaturing, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost upon protein denaturing. An epitope typically includes at least 3, and more usually, at least 5 or 8-10 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation. Preferred epitopes on VISTA to which exemplary anti-VISTA antibodies may bind are identified in
“Binding affinity” generally refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a single binding site of a molecule (e.g., an antibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, “binding affinity” refers to intrinsic binding affinity which reflects a 1:1 interaction between members of a binding pair (e.g., antibody and antigen). The affinity of a molecule X for its partner Y can generally be represented by the dissociation constant (Kd). Affinity can be measured by common methods known in the art, including those described herein. Low-affinity antibodies generally bind antigen slowly and tend to dissociate readily, whereas high-affinity antibodies generally bind antigen faster and tend to remain bound longer. A variety of methods of measuring binding affinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes of the present disclosure. Such methods include surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore), ELISA, Kinexa Biosensor, scintillation proximity assays, ORIGEN immunoassay (IGEN), fluorescence quenching, fluorescence transfer, and/or yeast display. Binding affinity may also be screened using a suitable bioassay. In the present application the Kd of exemplary anti-VISTA antibodies comprised in exemplary ADCs was determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) methods on a ProteOn instrument.
“Or better” when used herein to refer to binding affinity refers to a stronger binding between a molecule and its binding partner. “Or better” when used herein refers to a stronger binding, represented by a smaller numerical Kd value. For example, an antibody which has an affinity for an antigen of “0.6 nM or better”, the antibody's affinity for the antigen is <0.6 nM, i.e. 0.59 nM, 0.58 nM, 0.57 nM etc. or any value less than 0.6 nM.
By “specifically binds,” it is generally meant that an antibody binds to an epitope via its antigen binding domain, and that the binding entails some complementarity between the antigen binding domain and the epitope. According to this definition, an antibody is said to “specifically bind” to an epitope when it binds to that epitope, via its antigen binding domain more readily than it would bind to a random, unrelated epitope. The term “specificity” is used herein to qualify the relative affinity by which a certain antibody binds to a certain epitope. For example, antibody “A” may be deemed to have a higher specificity for a given epitope than antibody “B,” or antibody “A” may be said to bind to epitope “C” with a higher specificity than it has for related epitope “D.”
By “preferentially binds,” it is meant that the antibody specifically binds to an epitope more readily than it would bind to a related, similar, homologous, or analogous epitope. Thus, an antibody which “preferentially binds” to a given epitope would more likely bind to that epitope than to a related epitope, even though such an antibody may cross-react with the related epitope.
An antibody is said to “competitively inhibit” binding of a reference antibody to a given epitope if the antibody preferentially binds to that epitope or an overlapping epitope to the extent that it blocks, to some degree, binding of the reference antibody to the epitope. Competitive inhibition may be determined by any method known in the art, for example, competition ELISA assays. An antibody may be said to competitively inhibit binding of the reference antibody to a given epitope by at least 90%, at least 80%, at least 70%, at least 60%, or at least 50%.
“Isotype” herein refers to the antibody class (e.g., IgM, IgG1, IgG3, IgG3 or IgG4) that is encoded by the heavy chain constant region genes.
“K-assoc” or “Ka”, as used herein, refers broadly to the association rate of a particular antibody-antigen interaction, whereas the term “Kdiss” or “Kd,” as used herein, refers to the dissociation rate of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.
The term “KD”, as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation constant, which is obtained from the ratio of Kd to Ka (i. e., Kd/Ka) and is expressed as a molar concentration (M). KD values for antibodies can be determined using methods well established in the art such as plasmon resonance (BIAcore®), ELISA and KINEXA. A preferred method for determining the KD of an antibody is by using surface Plasmon resonance, preferably using a biosensor system such as a BIAcore® system or by ELISA. Typically, these methods are effected at 25° or 37° C. Antibodies for therapeutic usage generally will possess a KD when determined by surface Plasmon resonance of 50 nM or less or more typically 1 nM or less at 25° or 37° C.
The phrase “Kd” herein refers Kd is the equilibrium dissociation constant, a calculated ratio of Koff/Kon, between the antibody and its antigen. The association constant (Kon) is used to characterize how quickly the antibody binds to its target. Herein the antibody Kd was determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using a Proteon instrument.
The phrase “PK” herein refers to the in vivo half-life or duration (time) that half of the amount of an antibody or antibody fragment or an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), preferably an anti-VISTA or antibody fragment according to the invention, (i.e., one comprising an anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment that binds to VISTA expressing cells at physiologic pH) and an anti-inflammatory agent (AI), which AI is a small molecule which requires cell internalization for efficacy (anti-inflammatory activity) and typically a steroid)), remains in peripheral circulation in the serum. PK may be determined in vivo in a subject administered the antibody or antibody fragment or ADC, e.g., a human VISTA knock-in rodents or in a primate (e.g., human or Cynomolgus macaque). As noted infra, the anti-VISTA antibodies which are comprised in the subject ADCs typically will comprise a short PK's i.e., generally around 2.3±0.7 days in Cynomolgus macaque and typically at most ≈2.5 days and more typically only a few hours or less in human VISTA knock-in rodents.
The phrase “PD” herein refers to the duration (time) that a dosage of an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), preferably one according to the invention, (i.e., one comprising an anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment that binds to VISTA expressing cells at physiologic pH) and an anti-inflammatory agent (AI), which AI is a small molecule which requires cell internalization for efficacy (anti-inflammatory activity) and typically comprises a steroid)) elicits efficacy (anti-inflammatory activity). PD for a steroid may be determined by different assays. For example, PD of a VISTA ADC according to the invention may be determined in vitro using VISTA expressing immune cells contacted with the ADC or may be determined in vivo in a subject administered the ADC dosage, e.g., a rodent or primate (e.g., human or Cynomolgus macaque). Because the subject ADCs bind to different immune cells (e.g., T cells, Tregs, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils) and further since these ADCs internalize anti-VISTA antibody ADCs differently based on relative VISTA expression, and further because the turn-over rate of such VISTA expressing immune cells varies, the PD values if determined in vitro using different types of VISTA expressing immune cells will vary. Generally herein PD is represented based on the duration of anti-inflammatory activity elicited by macrophages as these cells are present in the circulation and (surprisingly) elicit anti-inflammatory activity weeks after ADC administration.
The phrase PK/PD ratio herein refers to the ratio of the PK/PD values of an ADC according to the invention determined in vitro or in vivo in immune cells of a particular species or in an animal model, e.g., a human VISTA knock-in rodent or in a primate (e.g., human or Cynomolgus macaque). [As shown infra, the PK/PD ratios of ADCs according to the invention have been demonstrated to be surprisingly high, i.e., at least 14:1 in VISTA knock-in rodents. Moreover, analogous or higher PK/PD ratios are anticipated to be obtained in human and non-human primates since the expression of VISTA by different immune cells in rodents and human and primates is very similar and further since drug metabolism generally occurs much quicker in rodents than in human and non-human primates. While Applicant does not wish to be bound by this theory; it is believed that the subject ADCs internalize specific types of VISTA expressing cells in very high quantities because of the high density of surface VISTA expression on these immune cells which apparently creates a “depot effect”, i.e., the depot of internalized ADCs are very slowly metabolized, thereby providing for surprisingly prolonged release of therapeutically effective (anti-inflammatory) amounts of the anti-inflammatory agent (e.g., a steroid).
“Onset of efficacy” refers to the time that the efficacy of a therapeutic agent, e.g., a steroid or ADC conjugate, commences in vivo. In the present invention this can be detected in a subject administered a steroid or ADC conjugate according to the invention, using known in vivo assays which detect the anti-inflammatory efficacy of steroids. As disclosed infra, ADCs according to the invention have been shown to have a rapid onset of efficacy, i.e., about 2 hours in human VISTA knock-in rodents.
The phrase “substantially similar,” or “substantially the same”, as used herein, denotes a sufficiently high degree of similarity between two numeric values (generally one associated with an antibody of the disclosure and the other associated with a reference/comparator antibody) such that one of skill in the art would consider the difference between the two values to be of little or no biological and/or statistical significance within the context of the biological characteristic measured by said values (e.g., Kd values). The difference between said two values can be less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 20%, or less than about 10% as a function of the value for the reference/comparator antibody.
A polypeptide, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is “isolated” is a polypeptide, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is in a form not found in nature. Isolated polypeptides, antibodies, polynucleotides, vectors, cell or compositions include those which have been purified to a degree that they are no longer in a form in which they are found in nature. In some embodiments, an antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is isolated is substantially pure.
As used herein, “substantially pure” refers to material which is at least 50% pure (i.e., free from contaminants), at least 90% pure, at least 95% pure, at least 98% pure, or at least 99% pure.
The term “immunoconjugate,” “conjugate,” “antibody-drug conjugate,” or “ADC” as used herein refers to a compound or a derivative thereof that is linked to an anti-VISTA antibody or fragment thereof) and an anti-inflammatory agent such as a glucocorticosteroid agonist and generally a linker intervening which may be represented by a generic formula: (AI-L-Q)n-A, wherein AI=anti-inflammatory agent, generally a small-molecule glucocorticoid receptor agonist, e.g., a glucocorticosteroid which may comprise a steroid according to Formula 1, L=linker, Q=heterobifunctional group, a heterotrifunctional group, or is absent, and A=an anti-VISTA antibody or VISTA binding fragment thereof that preferentially binds to human VISTA at physiologic pH and which generally possess a short pK as afore-described, and n is an integer greater than 1, optionally from 1-10. Immunoconjugates can also be defined by the generic formula in reverse order: A-(Q-L-AI)n.
In the present disclosure, the term “linker” refers to any chemical moiety capable of linking an antibody or antibody fragment (e.g., antigen binding fragments) or functional equivalent to an anti-inflammatory agent drug, generally a glucocorticosteroid receptor agonist, e.g., a glucocorticosteroid. Linkers may be susceptible to cleavage (a “cleavable linker”) thereby facilitating release of the anti-inflammatory agent such as a glucocorticosteroid. For example, such cleavable linkers may be susceptible to acid-induced cleavage, photo-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage, at conditions under whereby the glucocorticosteroid and/or the antibody remains active before or after internalization into an immune cell such as a monocyte or myeloid cell. Alternatively, linkers may be substantially resistant to cleavage (a “noncleavable linker”).
Non-cleavable linkers include any chemical moiety capable of linking an anti-inflammatory agent such as a glucocorticosteroid agonist glucocorticosteroid to an antibody in a stable, covalent manner and does not fall off under the categories listed above for cleavable linkers. Thus, non-cleavable linkers are substantially resistant to acid-induced cleavage, photo-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage and disulfide bond cleavage. Furthermore, non-cleavable refers to the ability of the chemical bond in the linker or adjoining to the linker to withstand cleavage induced by an acid, photolabile-cleaving agent, a peptidase, an esterase, or a chemical or physiological compound that cleaves a disulfide bond, at conditions under which a glucocorticosteroid and/or the antibody does not lose its activity before or after internalization into an immune cell such as a monocyte or myeloid cell.
Some cleavable linkers are cleaved by peptidases (“peptidase cleavable linkers”). Only certain peptides are readily cleaved inside or outside cells, See e.g. Trout et al., 79 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 626-629 (1982) and Umemoto et al. 43 Int. J. Cancer, 677-684 (1989). Furthermore, peptides are composed of α-amino acid units and peptidic bonds, which chemically are amide bonds between the carboxylate of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid. Other amide bonds, such as the bond between a carboxylate and the a amino acid group of lysine, are understood not to be peptidic bonds and are considered non-cleavable.
Some linkers are cleaved by esterases (“esterase cleavable linkers”). Only certain esters can be cleaved by esterases present inside or outside of cells. Esters are formed by the condensation of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Simple esters are esters produced with simple alcohols, such as aliphatic alcohols, and small cyclic and small aromatic alcohols.
In some embodiments, the cleavable linker component may comprise a peptide comprising one to ten amino acid residues. In these embodiments, the peptide allows for cleavage of the linker by a protease, thereby facilitating release of the anti-inflammatory agent, e.g., glucocorticosteroid upon exposure to intracellular proteases, such as lysosomal enzymes (Doronina et al. (2003) Nat. Biotechnol. 21:778-784). Exemplary peptides include, but are not limited to, dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and pentapeptides. Exemplary dipeptides include, but are not limited to, alanine-alanine (ala-ala), valine-citrulline (vc or val-cit), alanine-phenylalanine (af or ala-phe); phenylalanine-lysine (fk or phe-lys); phenylalanine-homolysine (phe-homolys); and N-methyl-valine-citrulline (Me-val-cit). Exemplary tripeptides include, but are not limited to, glycine-valine-citrulline (gly-val-cit) and glycine-glycine-glycine (gly-gly-gly) as well as the specific linkers identified in the “Exemplary Embodiments” section and embodied in Example 3 of this application.
A peptide may comprise naturally-occurring and/or non-natural amino acid residues. The term “naturally-occurring amino acid” refer to Ala, Asp, Cys, Glu, Phe, Gly, His, He, Lys, Leu, Met, Asn, Pro, Gin, Arg, Ser, Thr, Val, Trp, and Tyr. “Non-natural amino acids” (i.e., amino acids do not occur naturally) include, by way of non-limiting example, homoserine, homoarginine, citrulline, phenylglycine, taurine, iodotyrosine, seleno-cysteine, norleucine (“Nle”), norvaline (“Nva”), beta-alanine, L- or D-naphthalanine, ornithine (“Orn”), and the like. Peptides can be designed and optimized for enzymatic cleavage by a particular enzyme, for example, a tumor-associated protease, cathepsin B, C and D, or a plasmin protease.
Amino acids also include the D-forms of natural and non-natural amino acids. “D-” designates an amino acid having the “D” (dextrorotary) configuration, as opposed to the configuration in the naturally occurring (“L-”) amino acids. Natural and non-natural amino acids can be purchased commercially (Sigma Chemical Co., Advanced Chemtech) or synthesized using methods known in the art.
The term “drug antibody ratio” or “DAR” refers to the number of anti-inflammatory agent or functional derivative (i.e., radical derived from a small-molecule glucocorticoid receptor agonist, e.g., a glucocorticosteroid such as dexamethasone or Budesonide linked to A (an anti-VISTA antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof). Thus, in the immunoconjugate having the generic formula (AI-L-Q)n-A or the reverse, the DAR is defined by the variable “n.”
When referring to a compound having formula (AI-L-Q)n-A representing an individual immunoconjugate, the DAR refers to the number of inflammatory agent or functional derivative (e.g., radical derived from a small-molecule glucocorticoid receptor agonist, e.g., a glucocorticosteroid such as dexamethasone or Budesonide or a novel steroid of Formula 1 which are linked to the A (e.g., n is an integer or fraction of 1 to 10). linked to a particular A (e.g., n is an integer of 1 to 10).
When referring to a compound having formula (AI-L-Q)n-A representing a plurality of immunoconjugates, the DAR refers to the average number of anti-inflammatory agents or functional derivatives (e.g., radical derived from a small-molecule glucocorticoid receptor agonist, e.g., a glucocorticosteroid such as dexamethasone or Budesonide or a novel steroid of Formula 1 which are linked to the A (e.g., n is an integer or fraction of 1 to 10). Thus, by way of an example, a compound having formula (AI-L-Q)n-A comprising a first immunoconjugate with 3 AI per A and a second immunoconjugate with 4 AI per A would have a DAR (i.e., an “n”) of 3.5.
The term “subject” refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal), including, but not limited to humans, non-human primates, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular treatment. Typically, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein in reference to a human subject.
The term “pharmaceutical formulation” refers to a preparation which is in such form as to permit the biological activity of the active ingredient to be effective, and which contains no additional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the formulation would be administered. The formulation can be sterile.
An “effective amount” of an ADC or glucocorticoid receptor agonist as disclosed herein is an amount sufficient to carry out a specifically stated purpose. An “effective amount” can be determined in relation to the stated purpose.
The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of an immunoconjugate or glucocorticoid receptor agonist effective to “treat” a disease or disorder in a subject or mammal. A “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective to achieve the desired prophylactic result.
Terms such as “treating” or “treatment” or “to treat” or “alleviating” or “to alleviate” refer to therapeutic measures that cure, slow down, lessen symptoms of, and/or halt progression of a diagnosed pathologic condition or disorder. Thus, those in need of treatment include those already diagnosed with or suspected of having the disorder. Prophylactic or preventative measures refer to measures that prevent and/or slow the development of a targeted pathological condition or disorder. Thus, those in need of prophylactic or preventative measures include those prone to have the disorder and those in whom the disorder is to be prevented.
“Polynucleotide,” or “nucleic acid,” as used interchangeably herein, refer to polymers of nucleotides of any length, and include DNA and RNA. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and/or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase. A polynucleotide can comprise modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and their analogs. If present, modification to the nucleotide structure can be imparted before or after assembly of the polymer. The sequence of nucleotides can be interrupted by non-nucleotide components. A polynucleotide can be further modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component. Other types of modifications include, for example, “caps”, substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, internucleotide modifications such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoamidates, cabamates, etc.) and with charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc.), those containing pendant moieties, such as, for example, proteins (e.g., nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, ply-L-lysine, etc.), those with intercalators (e.g., acridine, psoralen, etc.), those containing chelators (e.g., metals, radioactive metals, boron, oxidative metals, etc.), those containing alkylators, those with modified linkages (e.g., alpha anomeric nucleic acids, etc.), as well as unmodified forms of the polynucleotide(s). Further, any of the hydroxyl groups ordinarily present in the sugars can be replaced, for example, by phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, protected by standard protecting groups, or activated to prepare additional linkages to additional nucleotides, or can be conjugated to solid supports. The 5′ and 3′ terminal OH can be phosphorylated or substituted with amines or organic capping group moieties of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Other hydroxyls can also be derivatized to standard protecting groups. Polynucleotides can also contain analogous forms of ribose or deoxyribose sugars that are generally known in the art, including, for example, 2′-O-methyl-, 2′-O-allyl, 2′-fluoro- or 2′-azido-ribose, carbocyclic sugar analogs, α-anomeric sugars, epimeric sugars such as arabinose, xyloses or lyxoses, pyranose sugars, furanose sugars, sedoheptuloses, acyclic analogs and abasic nucleoside analogs such as methyl riboside. One or more phosphodiester linkages can be replaced by alternative linking groups. These alternative linking groups include, but are not limited to, embodiments wherein phosphate is replaced by P(O)S (“thioate”), P(S)S (“dithioate”), “(O)NR2 (“amidate”), P(O)R, P(O)OR′, CO or CH2 (“formacetal”), in which each R or R′ is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-20 C) optionally containing an ether (—O—) linkage, aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or araldyl. Not all linkages in a polynucleotide need be identical. The preceding description applies to all polynucleotides referred to herein, including RNA and DNA.
The term “vector” means a construct, which is capable of delivering, and optionally expressing, one or more gene(s) or sequence(s) of interest in a host cell. Examples of vectors include, but are not limited to, viral vectors, naked DNA or RNA expression vectors, plasmid, cosmid or phage vectors, DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents, DNA or RNA expression vectors encapsulated in liposomes, and certain eukaryotic cells, such as producer cells.
The terms “polypeptide,” “peptide,” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. The polymer can be linear or branched, it can comprise modified amino acids, and it can be interrupted by non-amino acids. The terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification, such as conjugation with a labeling component. Also included within the definition are, for example, polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids, etc.), as well as other modifications known in the art. It is understood that, because the polypeptides of this disclosure are based upon antibodies, in certain embodiments, the polypeptides can occur as single chains or associated chains.
The terms “identical” or percent “identity” in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software are known in the art that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences. One such non-limiting example of a sequence alignment algorithm is the algorithm described in Karlin et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:2264-2268 (1990), as modified in Karlin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90:5873-5877 (1993), and incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402 (1991)). In certain embodiments, Gapped BLAST can be used as described in Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997). BLAST-2, WU-BLAST-2 (Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266:460-480 (1996)), ALIGN, ALIGN-2 (Genentech, South San Francisco, Calif.) or Megalign (DNASTAR) are additional publicly available software programs that can be used to align sequences. In certain embodiments, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in GCG software (e.g., using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 90 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). In certain alternative embodiments, the GAP program in the GCG software package, which incorporates the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. (48):444-453 (1970)) can be used to determine the percent identity between two amino acid sequences (e.g., using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Alternatively, in certain embodiments, the percent identity between nucleotide or amino acid sequences is determined using the algorithm of Myers and Miller (CABIOS, 4:11-17 (1989)). For example, the percent identity can be determined using the ALIGN program (version 2.0) and using a PAM120 with residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. Appropriate parameters for maximal alignment by particular alignment software can be determined by one skilled in the art. In certain embodiments, the default parameters of the alignment software are used. In certain embodiments, the percentage identity “X” of a first amino acid sequence to a second sequence amino acid is calculated as 100 times (Y/Z), where Y is the number of amino acid residues scored as identical matches in the alignment of the first and second sequences (as aligned by visual inspection or a particular sequence alignment program) and Z is the total number of residues in the second sequence. If the length of a first sequence is longer than the second sequence, the percent identity of the first sequence to the second sequence will be longer than the percent identity of the second sequence to the first sequence.
As a non-limiting example, whether any particular polynucleotide has a certain percentage sequence identity (e.g., is at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, and in some embodiments, at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical) to a reference sequence can, in certain embodiments, be determined using the Bestfit program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis. 53711). Bestfit uses the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Advances in Applied Mathematics 2: 482 489 (1981)) to find the best segment of homology between two sequences. When using Bestfit or any other sequence alignment program to determine whether a particular sequence is, for instance, 95% identical to a reference sequence according to the present disclosure, the parameters are set such that the percentage of identity is calculated over the full length of the reference nucleotide sequence and that gaps in homology of up to 5% of the total number of nucleotides in the reference sequence are allowed.
In some embodiments, two nucleic acids or polypeptides of the disclosure are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. Identity can exist over a region of the sequences that is at least about 10, about 20, about 40-60 residues in length or any integral value there between, and can be over a longer region than 60-80 residues, for example, at least about 90-100 residues, and in some embodiments, the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a nucleotide sequence for example.
A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which one amino acid residue is replaced with another amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art, including basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). For example, substitution of a phenylalanine for a tyrosine is a conservative substitution. In some embodiments, conservative substitutions in the sequences of the polypeptides and antibodies of the disclosure do not abrogate the binding of the antibody containing the amino acid sequence, to the antigen(s), e.g., the VISTA to which the antibody binds. Methods of identifying nucleotide and amino acid conservative substitutions which do not eliminate antigen binding are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Brummell et al., Biochem. 32: 1180-1 187 (1993); Kobayashi et al., Protein Eng. 12(10):879-884 (1999); and Burks et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:412-417 (1997)).
As used herein, “substantially pure” refers to material which is at least 50% pure (i.e., free from contaminants), more preferably at least 90% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 98% pure, more preferably at least 99% pure.
A “host cell” includes an individual cell or cell culture that can be or has been a recipient for vector(s) for incorporation of polynucleotide inserts. Host cells include progeny of a single host cell, and the progeny may not necessarily be completely identical (in morphology or in genomic DNA complement) to the original parent cell due to natural, accidental, or deliberate mutation. A host cell includes cells transfected in vivo with a polynucleotide(s) of this invention.
The term “Fc region” is used to define a C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The “Fc region” may be a native sequence Fc region or a variant Fc region. Although the boundaries of the Fc region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain might vary, the human IgG heavy chain Fc region is usually defined to stretch from an amino acid residue at position Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus thereof. The numbering of the residues in the Fc region is that of the EU index as in Kabat. Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1991. The Fc region of an immunoglobulin generally comprises two constant domains, CH2 and CH3.
As used herein, “Fc receptor” and “FcR” describe a receptor that binds to the Fc region of an antibody. The preferred FcR is a native sequence human FcR. Moreover, a preferred FcR is one which binds an IgG antibody (a gamma receptor) and includes receptors of the FcγRI, FcγRII, and FcγRII subclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors. FcγRII receptors include FcγRIA (an “activating receptor”) and FcγRIIB (an “inhibiting receptor”), which have similar amino acid sequences that differ primarily in the cytoplasmic domains thereof. FcRs are reviewed in Ravetch and Kinet, 1991, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 9:457-92; Capel et al., 1994, ImmunoMethods, 4:25-34; and de Haas et al., 1995, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 126:330-41. “FcR” also includes the neonatal receptor, FcRn, which is responsible for the transfer of maternal IgGs to the fetus (Guyer et al., 1976, J. Immunol., 117:587; and Kim et al., 1994, J. Immunol., 24:249).
“Complement dependent cytotoxicity” and “CDC” refer to the lysing of a target in the presence of complement. The complement activation pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component of the complement system (C1q) to a molecule (e.g. an antibody) complexed with a cognate antigen. To assess complement activation, a CDC assay, e.g. as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 202:163 (1996), may be performed.
A “functional Fc region” possesses at least one effector function of a native sequence Fc region. Exemplary “effector functions” include C1q binding; complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC); Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; down-regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g. B cell receptor; BCR), etc. Such effector functions generally require the Fc region to be combined with a binding domain (e.g. an antibody variable domain) and can be assessed using various assays known in the art for evaluating such antibody effector functions.
A “native sequence Fc region” or “endogenous FcR” comprises an amino acid sequence identical to the amino acid sequence of an Fc region found in nature. A “variant Fc region” comprises an amino acid sequence which differs from that of a native sequence Fc region by virtue of at least one amino acid modification, yet retains at least one effector function of the native sequence Fc region. Preferably, the variant Fc region has at least one amino acid substitution compared to a native sequence Fc region or to the Fc region of a parent polypeptide, e.g. from about one to about ten amino acid substitutions, and preferably from about one to about five amino acid substitutions in a native sequence Fc region or in the Fc region of the parent polypeptide. The variant Fc region herein will preferably possess at least about 80% sequence identity with a native sequence Fc region and/or with an Fc region of a parent polypeptide, and most preferably at least about 90% sequence identity therewith, more preferably at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99% sequence identity therewith.
As used herein “antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity” and “ADCC” refer to a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express Fc receptors (FcRs) (e.g. natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause lysis of the target cell. ADCC activity of a molecule of interest can be assessed using an in vitro ADCC assay, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,362 or 5,821,337. Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS) and NK cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in an animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al., 1998, PNAS (USA), 95:652-656.
In the present disclosure, the term “halo” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to —Cl, —F, —Br, or —I. For example, the halo is —Cl or —F.
In the present disclosure, the term “hydroxy” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to —OH.
In the present disclosure, the term “thiol” or the term “sulfhydryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to —SH.
In the present disclosure, the term “alkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to unsubstituted straight- or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons containing from one to twelve carbon atoms, i.e., C1-12 alkyl, or the number of carbon atoms designated, e.g., a C1 alkyl such as methyl, a C2 alkyl such as ethyl, a C3 alkyl such as propyl or isopropyl, a C1-3 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl, and so on. For example, the alkyl is a C1-10 alkyl. In another example, the alkyl is a C1-6 alkyl. In another example, the alkyl is a C1-4 alkyl. In another example, the alkyl is a straight chain C1-10 alkyl. In another example, the alkyl is a branched chain C3-10 alkyl. In another example, the alkyl is a straight chain C1-6 alkyl. In another example, the alkyl is a branched chain C3-6 alkyl. In another example, the alkyl is a straight chain C1-4 alkyl. In another example, the alkyl is a branched chain C3-4 alkyl. In another example, the alkyl is a straight or branched chain C3-4 alkyl. Non-limiting exemplary C1-10 alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-butyl, 3-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Non-limiting exemplary C1-4 alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and iso-butyl.
In the present disclosure, the term “optionally substituted alkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of nitro, hydroxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxamido, alkoxycarbonyl, thiol, —N(H)C(═O)NH2, and —N(H)C═NH)NH2, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl. For instance, the optionally substituted alkyl is substituted with two substituents. In another example, the optionally substituted alkyl is substituted with one substituent. In another example, the optionally substituted alkyl is unsubstituted. Non-limiting exemplary substituted alkyl groups include —CH2OH, —CH2SH, —CH2Ph, —CH2 (4-OH)Ph, —CH2 (imidazolyl), —CH2CH2CO2H, —CH2CH2SO2CH3, —CH2CH2COPh, and —CH2OC(═O)CH3.
In the present disclosure, the term “cycloalkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated, e.g., containing one or two double bonds, cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons containing one to three rings having from three to twelve carbon atoms, i.e., C3-12 cycloalkyl, or the number of carbons designated. In one example, the cycloalkyl has two rings. In another example, the cycloalkyl has one ring. In another example, the cycloalkyl is saturated. In another example, the cycloalkyl is unsaturated. In another example, the cycloalkyl is a C3-8 cycloalkyl. In another example, the cycloalkyl is a C3-6 cycloalkyl. The term “cycloalkyl” is meant to include groups wherein a ring —CH2— is replaced with a —C(═O)—. Non-limiting exemplary cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, norbornyl, decalin, adamantyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclopentanone.
In the present disclosure, the term “optionally substituted cycloalkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a cycloalkyl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, amino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclo, alkoxyalkyl, (amino)alkyl, (carboxamido)alkyl, (heterocyclo)alkyl, and —OC(═O)-amino, The term optionally substituted cycloalkyl includes cycloalkyl groups having a fused optionally substituted aryl, e.g., phenyl, or fused optionally substituted heteroaryl, e.g., pyridyl. An optionally substituted cycloalkyl having a fused optionally substituted aryl or fused optionally substituted heteroaryl group may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any available carbon atom on the cycloalkyl ring. In one example, the optionally substituted cycloalkyl is substituted with two substituents. In another example, the optionally substituted cycloalkyl is substituted with one substituent. In another example, the optionally substituted cycloalkyl is unsubstituted.
In the present disclosure, the term “aryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to unsubstituted monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring systems having from six to fourteen carbon atoms, i.e., a C6-14 aryl. Non-limiting exemplary aryl groups include phenyl (abbreviated as “Ph”), naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracyl, indenyl, azulenyl, biphenyl, biphenylenyl, and fluorenyl groups. In one example, the aryl group is phenyl or naphthyl.
In the present disclosure, the term “optionally substituted aryl” as used herein by itself or as part of another group refers to an aryl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, thiol, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, optionally substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl cycloalkylsulfonyl, (cycloalkyl)alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclo, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkyl, (amino)alkyl, (carboxamido)alkyl, and (heterocyclo)alkyl.
In one example, the optionally substituted aryl is an optionally substituted phenyl. In another example, the optionally substituted phenyl has four substituents. In another example, the optionally substituted phenyl has three substituents. In another example, the optionally substituted phenyl has two substituents. In another example, the optionally substituted phenyl has one substituent. In another example, the optionally substituted phenyl is unsubstituted. Non-limiting exemplary substituted aryl groups include 2-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,6-di-fluorophenyl, 2,6-di-chlorophenyl, 2-methyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 2-ethyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3,4-di-methoxyphenyl, 3,5-di-fluorophenyl 3,5-di-methylphenyl, 3,5-dimethoxy, 4-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 4-(pyridin-4-ylsulfonyl)phenyl The term optionally substituted aryl includes phenyl groups having a fused optionally substituted cycloalkyl or fused optionally substituted heterocyclo group. An optionally substituted phenyl having a fused optionally substituted cycloalkyl or fused optionally substituted heterocyclo group may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any available carbon atom on the phenyl ring.
In the present disclosure, the term “alkenyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl containing one, two or three carbon-to-carbon double bonds. In one example, the alkenyl has one carbon-to-carbon double bond. In another example, the alkenyl is a C2-6 alkenyl. In another example, the alkenyl is a C2-4 alkenyl. Non-limiting exemplary alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, sec-butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl.
In the present disclosure, the term “optionally substituted alkenyl” as used herein by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkenyl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocyclo.
In the present disclosure, the term “alkynyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl containing one to three carbon-to-carbon triple bonds. In one example, the alkynyl has one carbon-to-carbon triple bond. In another example, the alkynyl is a C2-6 alkynyl. In another example, the alkynyl is a C2-4 alkynyl. Non-limiting exemplary alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, 2-butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl groups.
In the present disclosure, the term “optionally substituted alkynyl” as used herein by itself or as part refers to an alkynyl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and heterocyclo.
In the present disclosure, the term “haloalkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted by one or more fluorine, chlorine, bromine and/or iodine atoms. In one example, the alkyl group is substituted by one, two, or three fluorine and/or chlorine atoms. In another example, the haloalkyl group is a C1-4 haloalkyl group. Non-limiting exemplary haloalkyl groups include fluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 1,1-difluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, and trichloromethyl groups.
In the present disclosure, the term “alkoxy” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, or optionally substituted alkynyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom. In one example, the alkoxy is an optionally substituted alkyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom. In one example, the alkoxy group is a C1-6 alkyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom. In another example, the alkoxy group is a C1-4 alkyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom. Non-limiting exemplary alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, and tert-butoxy.
In the present disclosure, the term “alkylthio” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an optionally substituted alkyl attached to a terminal sulfur atom. In one example, the alkylthio group is a C1-4 alkylthio group. Non-limiting exemplary alkylthio groups include —SCH3 and —SCH2CH3.
In the present disclosure, the term “haloalkoxy” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a haloalkyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom. Non-limiting exemplary haloalkoxy groups include fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.
In the present disclosure, the term “heteroaryl” refers to unsubstituted monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic ring systems having 5 to 14 ring atoms, i.e., a 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl, wherein at least one carbon atom of one of the rings is replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. In one example, the heteroaryl contains 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. In one example, the heteroaryl has three heteroatoms. In another example, the heteroaryl has two heteroatoms. In another example, the heteroaryl has one heteroatom. In another example, the heteroaryl is a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl. In another example, the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl. In another example, the heteroaryl has 5 ring atoms, e.g., thienyl, a 5-membered heteroaryl having four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom. In another example, the heteroaryl has 6 ring atoms, e.g., pyridyl, a 6-membered heteroaryl having five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. Non-limiting exemplary heteroaryl groups include thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, benzofuryl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzooxazonyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, pteridinyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbazolyl, β-carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, phenothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl, and phenoxazinyl. In one example, the heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of thienyl (e.g., thien-2-yl and thien-3-yl), furyl (e.g., 2-furyl and 3-furyl), pyrrolyl (e.g., 1H-pyrrol-2-yl and 1H-pyrrol-3-yl), imidazolyl (e.g., 2H-imidazol-2-yl and 2H-imidazol-4-yl), pyrazolyl (e.g., 1H-pyrazol-3-yl, 1H-pyrazol-4-yl, and 1H-pyrazol-5-yl), pyridyl (e.g., pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, and pyridin-4-yl), pyrimidinyl (e.g., pyrimidin-2-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, and pyrimidin-5-yl), thiazolyl (e.g., thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, and thiazol-5-yl), isothiazolyl (e.g., isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, and isothiazol-5-yl), oxazolyl (e.g., oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, and oxazol-5-yl), isoxazolyl (e.g., isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, and isoxazol-5-yl), and indazolyl (e.g., 1H-indazol-3-yl). The term “heteroaryl” is also meant to include possible N-oxides. A non-limiting exemplary N-oxide is pyridyl N-oxide.
In one example, the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl. In one example, the heteroaryl is a 5-membered heteroaryl, i.e., the heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring system having 5 ring atoms wherein at least one carbon atom of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Non-limiting exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups include thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, and isoxazolyl. In another example, the heteroaryl is a 6-membered heteroaryl, e.g., the heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring system having 6 ring atoms wherein at least one carbon atom of the ring is replaced with a nitrogen atom. Non-limiting exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyridazinyl.
In the present disclosure, the term “optionally substituted heteroaryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a heteroaryl that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one two, three, or four substituents, independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl cycloalkylsulfonyl, (cycloalkyl)alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclo, alkoxyalkyl, (amino)alkyl, (carboxamido)alkyl, and (heterocyclo)alkyl. In one example, the optionally substituted heteroaryl has one substituent. In another example, the optionally substituted heteroaryl is unsubstituted. Any available carbon or nitrogen atom can be substituted. The term optionally substituted heteroaryl includes heteroaryl groups having a fused optionally substituted cycloalkyl or fused optionally substituted heterocyclo group. An optionally substituted heteroaryl having a fused optionally substituted cycloalkyl or fused optionally substituted heterocyclo group may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any available carbon atom on the heteroaryl ring.
In the present disclosure, the term “heterocyclo” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to unsubstituted saturated and partially unsaturated, e.g., containing one or two double bonds, cyclic groups containing one, two, or three rings having from three to fourteen ring members, i.e., a 3- to 14-membered heterocyclo, wherein at least one carbon atom of one of the rings is replaced with a heteroatom. Each heteroatom is independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone, and/or nitrogen atoms, which can be oxidized or quaternized. The term “heterocyclo” includes groups wherein a ring —CH2— is replaced with a —C(═O)—, for example, cyclic ureido groups such as 2-imidazolidinone and cyclic amide groups such as β-lactam, γ-lactam, δ-lactam, ε-lactam, and piperazin-2-one. The term “heterocyclo” also includes groups having fused optionally substituted aryl groups, e.g., indolinyl or chroman-4-yl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclo group is a C4-6 heterocyclo, i.e., a 4-, 5- or 6-membered cyclic group, containing one ring and one or two oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms. In one embodiment, the heterocyclo group is a C4-6 heterocyclo containing one ring and one nitrogen atom. The heterocyclo can be optionally linked to the rest of the molecule through any available carbon or nitrogen atom. Non-limiting exemplary heterocyclo groups include azetidinyl, dioxanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl, piperazin-2-one, piperazine-2,6-dione, 2-imidazolidinone, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and indolinyl.
In the present disclosure, the term “optionally substituted heterocyclo” as used herein by itself or part of another group refers to a heterocyclo that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three, or four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, CF3C(═O)—, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclo, alkoxyalkyl, (amino)alkyl, (carboxamido)alkyl, or (heterocyclo)alkyl. Substitution may occur on any available carbon or nitrogen atom, or both.
In the present disclosure, the term “amino” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula —NROaRb, wherein Ra and Rb are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, and aralkyl, or Ra and Rb are taken together to form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo. Non-limiting exemplary amino groups include —NH2 and —N(H)(CH3).
In the present disclosure, the term “carboxamido” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of formula —C(═O)NRaRb, wherein Ra and Rb are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclo, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or Ra and Rb taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo group. In one embodiment, Ra and Rb are each independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. In one embodiment, Ra and Rb are taken together to taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo group. Non-limiting exemplary carboxamido groups include —CONH2, —CON(H)CH3, and —CON(CH3)2.
In the present disclosure, the term “alkoxycarbonyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a carbonyl group, i.e., —C(═O)—, substituted with an alkoxy. In one embodiment, the alkoxy is a C1-4 alkoxy. Non-limiting exemplary alkoxycarbonyl groups include —C(═O)OMe, —C(═O)OEt, and —C(═O)OtBu.
In the present disclosure, the term “carboxy” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula —CO2H.
In the present disclosure, the term “self-immolative group” or “immolative group” or “immolative linker” refers to all or part of a cleavable linker and comprises a bifunctional chemical moiety that is capable of covalently linking two spaced chemical moieties into a normally stable tripartite molecule, can release one of the spaced chemical moieties from the tripartite molecule by means of enzymatic cleavage; and following enzymatic cleavage, can spontaneously cleave from the remainder of the molecule to release the other of the spaced chemical moieties, e.g., a glucocorticosteroid. In some embodiments, an immolative linker comprises a p-aminobenzyl unit. In some such embodiments, a p-aminobenzyl alcohol is attached to an amino acid unit via an amide bond, and a carbamate, methylcarbamate, or carbonate is made between the benzyl alcohol and the drug (Hamann et al. (2005) Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2005) 15:1087-1103). In some embodiments, the immolative linker is p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB). (See Example 3 and Exemplary Embodiments section of this application).
In the present disclosure, the term “protecting group” or “PG” refers to a group that blocks, i.e., protects, a functionality, e.g., an amine functionality while reactions are carried out on other functional groups or parts of the molecule. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with the selection, attachment, and cleavage of amine protecting groups, and will appreciate that many different protective groups are known in the art, the suitability of one protective group or another being dependent on the particular the synthetic scheme planned. Treatises on the subject are available for consultation, such as Wuts, P. G. M.; Greene, T. W., “Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 4th Ed., J. Wiley & Sons, N Y, 2007. Suitable protecting groups include the carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC), 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), and benzyl (Bn) group. In one embodiment, the protecting group is the BOC group.
As used in the present disclosure and claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
It is understood that wherever embodiments are described herein with the language “comprising,” otherwise analogous embodiments described in terms of “consisting of” and/or “consisting essentially of” are also provided.
The term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A and/or B” herein is intended to include both “A and B,” “A or B,” “A,” and “B.” Likewise, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).
“Autoimmunity” or “autoimmune disease or condition,” as used herein, refers broadly to a disease or disorder arising from and directed against an individual's own tissues or a co-segregate or manifestation thereof or resulting condition therefrom, and includes. Herein autoimmune conditions include inflammatory or allergic conditions, e.g., chronic diseases characterized by a host immune reaction against self-antigens potentially associated with tissue destruction such as rheumatoid arthritis characterized by inflammation and/or wherein steroids are an effective treatment.
“Immune cell,” as used herein, refers broadly to cells that are of hematopoietic origin and that play a role in the immune response. Immune cells include but are not limited to lymphocytes, such as B cells and T cells; natural killer cells; dendritic cells, and myeloid cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and granulocytes.
“Immune related disease (or disorder or condition)” as used herein should be understood to encompass any disease disorder or condition selected from the group including but not limited to autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders and immune disorders associated with graft transplantation rejection, such as acute and chronic rejection of organ transplantation, allogenic stem cell transplantation, autologous stem cell transplantation, bone marrow transplantation, and graft versus host disease.
“Inflammatory disorders”, “inflammatory conditions” and/or “inflammation”, used interchangeably herein, refers broadly to chronic or acute inflammatory diseases, and expressly includes inflammatory autoimmune diseases and inflammatory allergic conditions. These conditions include by way of example inflammatory abnormalities characterized by dysregulated immune response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammatory disorders underlie a vast variety of human diseases. Non-immune diseases with etiological origins in inflammatory processes include cancer, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Examples of disorders associated with inflammation include: Chronic prostatitis, Glomerulonephritis, Hypersensitivities, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Reperfusion injury, Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis, Interstitial cystitis, normocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, pericarditis, myositis, anti-synthetase syndrome, scleritis, macrophage activation syndrome, Behçet's Syndrome, PAPA Syndrome, Blau's Syndrome, gout, adult and juvenile Still's disease, cryropyrinopathy, Muckle-Wells syndrome, familial cold-induced auto-inflammatory syndrome, neonatal onset multisystemic inflammatory disease, familial Mediterranean fever, chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous and articular syndrome, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Hyper IgD syndrome, Schnitzler's syndrome, TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPSP), gingivitis, periodontitis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, myocarditis, vasculitis, gastritis, gout, gouty arthritis, and inflammatory skin disorders, selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, eczema, rosacea, urticaria, and acne.
“Mammal,” as used herein, refers broadly to any and all warm-blooded vertebrate animals of the class Mammalia, including humans, characterized by a covering of hair on the skin and, in the female, milk-producing mammary glands for nourishing the young. Examples of mammals include but are not limited to alpacas, armadillos, capybaras, cats, camels, chimpanzees, chinchillas, cattle, dogs, goats, gorillas, hamsters, horses, humans, lemurs, llamas, mice, non-human primates, pigs, rats, sheep, shrews, squirrels, tapirs, and voles. Mammals include but are not limited to bovine, canine, equine, feline, murine, ovine, porcine, primate, and rodent species. Mammal also includes any and all those listed on the Mammal Species of the World maintained by the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C.
“Patient,” or “subject” or “recipient”, “individual”, or “treated individual” are used interchangeably herein, and refers broadly to any animal that needs treatment either to alleviate a disease state or to prevent the occurrence or reoccurrence of a disease state. Also, “Patient” as used herein, refers broadly to any animal that has risk factors, a history of disease, susceptibility, symptoms, and signs, was previously diagnosed, is at risk for, or is a member of a patient population for a disease. The patient may be a clinical patient such as a human or a veterinary patient such as a companion, domesticated, livestock, exotic, or zoo animal.
“Subject” or “patient” or “individual” in the context of therapy or diagnosis herein includes any human or nonhuman animal. The term “nonhuman animal” includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as nonhuman primates, sheep, dogs, cats, horses, cows, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc., i.e., anyone suitable to be treated according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, avian and mammalian subjects, and are preferably mammalian. Any mammalian subject in need of being treated according to the present invention is suitable. Human subjects of both genders and at any stage of development (i. e., neonate, infant, juvenile, adolescent, and adult) can be treated according to the present invention. The present invention may also be carried out on animal subjects, particularly mammalian subjects such as mice, rats, dogs, cats, cattle, goats, sheep, and horses for veterinary purposes, and for drug screening and drug development purposes. “Subjects” is used interchangeably with “individuals” and “patients.”
“Therapy,” “therapeutic,” “treating,” or “treatment”, as used herein, refers broadly to treating a disease, arresting, or reducing the development of the disease or its clinical symptoms, and/or relieving the disease, causing regression of the disease or its clinical symptoms. Therapy encompasses prophylaxis, treatment, remedy, reduction, alleviation, and/or providing relief from a disease, signs, and/or symptoms of a disease. Therapy encompasses an alleviation of signs and/or symptoms in patients with ongoing disease signs and/or symptoms (e.g., inflammation, pain). Therapy also encompasses “prophylaxis”. The term “reduced”, for purpose of therapy, refers broadly to the clinically significant reduction in signs and/or symptoms. Therapy includes treating relapses or recurrent signs and/or symptoms (e.g., inflammation, pain). Therapy encompasses but is not limited to precluding the appearance of signs and/or symptoms anytime as well as reducing existing signs and/or symptoms and eliminating existing signs and/or symptoms. Therapy includes treating chronic disease (“maintenance”) and acute disease. For example, treatment includes treating or preventing relapses or the recurrence of signs and/or symptoms (e.g., inflammation, pain).
Having defined certain terms and phrases used in the present application, the anti-VISTA antibodies and antigen binding antibody fragments and methods for the production and use thereof which are embraced by the invention are further described below.
The present invention relates to ADCs comprising an antibody or antibody fragment comprising an antigen binding region that binds to a V-domain Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA) which antibody or fragment possesses a short serum half-life under physiological pH conditions (≈pH 7.5), e.g., wherein the serum half-life of the antibody or fragment in a rodent (human VISTA knock-in) generally is 1 to 72 hours, 1 to 32 hours, 1 to 16 hours, 1 to 8 hours, 1 to 4 hours or 1-2 hours±0.5 hour in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or ≈3.5, 3, 2.5, or 2.3 days±0.5 days in a primate (Cynomolgus macaque) at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5), which anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment is directly attached or indirectly via a linker to an anti-inflammatory agent, e.g. a steroid or corticosteroid receptor agonist such as afore-described, or more specifically dexamethasone, prednisolone, budesonide, beclomethasone, betamethasone, cortisol, cortisone acetate, 16-alpha hydroxyprednisolone, dexamethasone, difluorasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone acetonide et al., or radical derived therefrom or a novel steroid of Formula 1 as disclosed herein) or a functional derivative or radical thereof, i.e., a derivative which when released from an ADC containing upon internalization into an immune cell elicits the desired anti-inflammatory effect when administered to a subject, e.g., human or other mammal.
Particularly the ADC will specifically bind to VISTA expressing immune cells at physiologic pH and the anti-inflammatory agent will be released from the ADC and internalized into target (immune) cells such as neutrophils, monocytes such as myeloid cells, T cells and other immune cells present in peripheral blood. The release of the anti-inflammatory agent, e.g. corticosteroid receptor agonist such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, budesonide, beclomethasone, betamethasone, cortisol, cortisone acetate, 16-alpha hydroxyprednisolone, dexamethasone, difluorasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone acetonide et al., or radical derived therefrom or a novel steroid of Formula 1 as disclosed herein or a functional derivative or radical thereof, i.e., a derivative which when released from an ADC containing upon internalization into an immune cell elicits the desired anti-inflammatory effect. Such release may occur outside the target cells or after internalization of the ADC into the target immune cell. Most typically cleavage and release of the anti-inflammatory agent will occur within the cell. As noted previously, efficacy (anti-inflammatory activity) of an anti-inflammatory agent contained in the subject ADCs is only attained after such steroid compound or an ADC comprising is internalized by the immune cell.
In preferred embodiments the anti-VISTA antibody or fragment will comprise an Fc region that is silent, i.e., mutated to impair FcR binding, e.g., a silent IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4, most typically a silent IgG2 or silent IgG1 or the antibody or fragment may lack an Fc region or comprise an Fc fragment which does not bind to FcRs. Exemplary silent Fc regions are disclosed infra. Thereby the ADC comprising the anti-VISTA antibody or fragment while binding to and being internalized into VISTA expressing immune cells will typically not elicit a modulatory effect on VISTA, i.e., it will not agonize or antagonize VISTA mediated effects on immunity. Rather the therapeutic effects elicited by the ADC will be solely or predominantly attributable to the anti-inflammatory agent(s) bound thereto, e.g. corticosteroid receptor agonist or corticosteroid as previously described, e.g., dexamethasone prednisolone, budesonide, beclomethasone, betamethasone, cortisol, cortisone acetate, 16-alpha hydroxyprednisolone, dexamethasone, difluorasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone acetonide et al., or a novel steroid of Formula 1 as disclosed herein or a functional derivative or radical of any of the foregoing, i.e., a derivative which when comprised in an ADC results in the released upon internalization into an immune cell of a functional glucocorticosteroid that elicits the desired anti-inflammatory effect, which therapeutic effects are only or preferentially elicited when the anti-inflammatory agent(s) are internalized into target immune cells.
Because the subject ADCs selectively bind to immune cells, e.g., myeloid cells, T cells, neutrophils, monocytes, et al., the subject ADCs will be potent in many immune cells but will still alleviate or prevent adverse side effects elicited by many anti-inflammatory agents, e.g. corticosteroid receptor agonists such as dexamethasone and other steroids, which may occur when the agent is internalized into non-target cells. Further, because the subject ADCs selectively bind to naive and activated target VISTA expressing immune cells, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, T cells, T regs, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, neutrophils, and myeloid cells, the ADCs potentially may facilitate the use of reduced dosages of corticosteroid receptor agonists such as dexamethasone and other steroids such as previously identified herein. Also, the subject ADCs may be used to treat conditions wherein any or all of these specific types of immune cells are involved in disease pathology.
Indeed, the subject ADCs possess a unique combination of advantages relative to previously reported ADCs for targeting and directing internalization of anti-inflammatory agents, particularly those for effecting internalization of steroids into immune cells, e.g., ADCs which target CD74, CD163, TNF, and PRLR; because of the combined benefits of VISTA as an ADC target and the specific properties of the anti-VISTA antibody which is comprised in the subject ADCs (i.e., binds to VISTA expressing immune cells at physiologic pH and possesses a very short pK).
Particularly, the subject ADCs bind to immune cells which express VISTA at very high density and notwithstanding their very short PK are efficacious (elicit anti-inflammatory activity) for prolonged duration therein, and therefore are well suited for treating chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases wherein prolonged and repeated administration is therapeutically warranted.
Also, the subject ADCs target a broad range of immune cells including neutrophils, myeloid, T cells and endothelium, therefore the subject ADCs may be used to treat diseases such as inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, and conditions associated with inflammation such as heart disease, ARDS, cancer and infection involving any or all of these types of immune cells. For example, the subject ADCs may be used to treat or prevent inflammation associated with bacterial or viral infections such as COVID-19, influenza virus, pneumonia (viral or bacterial) infection and the like.
Further, the subject ADCs have a rapid onset of efficacy, e.g., elicit anti-inflammatory activity within 2 hours of administration, and therefore may be used for acute treatment, which may be especially beneficial in the context of treating/preventing inflammation associated with bacterial or viral infections such as COVID-19, influenza virus, pneumonia (viral or bacterial) infection and the like which if not rapidly treated can give rise to a cytokine storm, ARDS and in worst case scenario sepsis or septic shock.
Moreover, VISTA, unlike some other ADC target antigens, is expressed exclusively by immune cells; therefore the subject ADCs will not be prone to internalize non-target cells.
Also, as the subject ADCs do not bind B cells they should not be as immunosuppressive as free steroids, which should be beneficial in subjects receiving the subject ADCs repeatedly and/or for a prolonged duration since chronic steroid use has been corelated to some cancers, infections and other conditions, likely an unintended consequence of prolonged immunosuppression from prolonged steroid use.
Additionally, the subject ADCs act on Tregs which are an important immune cell responsible for steroid efficacy, therefore they may be more effective broadly or specifically, particularly in treating autoimmune or inflammatory conditions or inflammation involving Tregs.
Further, the subject ADCs act on both resting (naïve) and activated immune cells (VISTA constitutively expressed thereon) and consequently the subject ADCs will remain active (elicit anti-inflammatory activity) both in active and remission phases of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
Moreover, the subject ADCs act on neutrophils, which immune cells are critical for acute inflammation, therefore the subject ADCS should be useful in treating acute inflammation and/or inflammatory or autoimmune conditions characterized by infrequent or sporadic inflammatory epidodes.
Also, the subject ADCs internalize immune cells very rapidly and constitutively (within a half hour) because VISTA cell surface turnover is high, which further indicates that the subject ADCS are well suited for treating acute inflammation and/or inflammatory or autoimmune conditions characterized by infrequent or sporadic inflammatory epidodes.
Further, the subject ADCs possess a very short half-life (PK) and only bind immune cells; therefore the subject ADCs should not less prone to target related toxicities and undesired peripheral steroid exposure (low non-specific loss effects) than other ADCs comprising antibodies of conventional (longer) PKs such as Humira.
Yet further in some embodiments the subject ADCs' biological activity (anti-inflammatory action) is entirely attributable to the anti-inflammatory payload (steroid) comprised therein, i.e., in instances wherein the anti-VISTA antibody possesses a silent IgG such as a silent IgG1 or IgG2 Fc region which shows no immunological functions (no blocking of any VISTA biology).
Based at least on the foregoing combination of advantages the subject ADCs should be well suited for acute and chronic usage, and will be suitable for both therapeutic and prophylactic usage, i.e., for reducing or inhibiting inflammation, preventing the onset of inflammation, prolonging the non-active phase of the disease, and for use in treating a myriad of different types of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
As mentioned, the subject ADCs comprise an anti-VISTA antibody which binds to VISTA, (generally human VISTA) expressing immune cells at physiologic pH conditions and which possesses a short half-life or PK as afore-mentioned. Typically, these antibodies will comprise a silent Fc or no Fc and the binding of the ADC to VISTA expressing cells will not elicit any effect on VISTA signaling or VISTA-mediated effects on immunity.
By contrast, in some embodiments the anti-VISTA antibody will comprise a functional IgG2 and promote VISTA signaling or VISTA associated functions such as suppression of T cell proliferation and T cell activity and suppression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. This may yield additive or synergistic effects on the suppression of inflammation and/or autoimmunity,
The CDRs and variable sequences of exemplary anti-VISTA antibodies and antibody fragments, i.e., which possess fragment possesses a short serum half-life under physiological pH conditions (≈pH 7.5), e.g., wherein the serum half-life of the antibody or fragment in a cynomolgus monkey or human generally is around 2.3 days±0.7 days, or less and in a rodent (human VISTA knock-in) is generally 1 to 72 hours, 1 to 32 hours, 1 to 16 hours, 1 to 8 hours, 1 to 4 hours or 1-2 hours±0.5 hour in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or 3.5, 3, 2.5, or 2.3 days±0.5 days in a primate (Cynomolgus macaque) at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5) may be found in
Exemplary inflammatory agents which may be incorporated into the inventive ADCs, i.e., which may be conjugated to anti-VISTA antibodies and anti-VISTA antibody fragments, e.g., via a linker and optionally further by an heterobifunctional group include steroid or corticosteroid receptor agonists such as corticosteroids previously generically described and more specifically budesonide, beclomethasone, betamethasone, Ciclesonide, cortisol, cortisone, cortisone acetate, 16-alpha hydroxyprednisolone, dexamethasone, difluorasone, ethamethasoneb, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fludrocortisone, fluticasone propionate (Flovent™, Flonase™), hydrocortisone, ciclesonide, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mometasone, Pulmicort, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide or another steroid compound or derivative thereof possessing anti-inflammatory or steroid activity and in particular include the novel steroids of Formula 1 according to the invention, and functional derivatives, e.g., the budenoside derivatives depicted in
It is contemplated that the subject ADCs may be used to treat a subject, e.g., human or non-human mammal having any condition wherein alleviation of inflammation is therapeutically warranted by use of an anti-inflammatory agent such as a steroid. Such conditions may be associated with acute or chronic inflammation, e.g., sporadic or episodic. In some preferred embodiments the subject will have a condition that requires repeated and/or high dosages of the anti-inflammatory agent such as a corticosteroid receptor agonist wherein dosing under conventional conditions, i.e., wherein the anti-inflammatory is naked or unconjugated, the drug may elicit undesired side effects such as toxicity to non-targeted cells. Such conditions include autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Non-limiting examples of such conditions include of allergy, autoimmunity, transplant, gene therapy, inflammation, GVHD or sepsis, infection, cancer or to treat or prevent inflammatory, autoimmune, or allergic side effects associated with any of the foregoing conditions in a human subject.
In some other preferred embodiments the subject will have an acute or chronic inflammatory condition or flare-up wherein a rapid onset of efficacy is therapeutically desirable, e.g., an inflammatory condition characterized by repeated acute inflammatory episodes, frequent or infrequent, optionally wherein repeated and/or high dosages of the anti-inflammatory agent such as a corticosteroid receptor agonist is therapeutically warranted, and optionally wherein dosing under conventional conditions, i.e., wherein the anti-inflammatory is naked or unconjugated, the drug may elicit undesired side effects such as toxicity to non-targeted cells. Such conditions include autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, cancer, and infectious conditions associated with inflammation, e.g., characterized by acute and/or severe inflammatory episodes.
Non-limiting examples of such conditions include allergy, autoimmunity, transplant, gene therapy, inflammation, cancer, GVHD or sepsis, infection (e.g., bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or to treat or prevent inflammatory, autoimmune, or allergic side effects associated with any of the foregoing conditions in a human subject.
Other specific exemplary conditions wherein use of the subject ADCs may be beneficial include, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, adult Crohn's disease, pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, uveitis, Bechet's disease, a spondyloarthropathy, or psoriasis.
Other exemplary conditions and instances wherein use of the subject ADCs may be therapeutically beneficial include:
Compositions containing ADCs or novel glucocorticosteroids of Formula 1 according to the invention may be used alone or in association with other therapeutics, especially other immunosuppressant molecules or other therapeutics used in treating autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as drugs used in the treatment of e.g., acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), acquired splenic atrophy, acute anterior uveitis, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM), acute gouty arthritis, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, acute or chronic sinusitis, acute purulent meningitis (or other central nervous system inflammatory disorders), acute serious inflammation, Addison's disease, adrenalitis, adult onset diabetes mellitus (Type II diabetes), adult-onset idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (AOIH), Agammaglobulinemia, agranulocytosis, vasculitides, including vasculitis, optionally, large vessel vasculitis, optionally, polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell (Takayasu's) arthritis, allergic conditions, allergic contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, allergic granulomatous angiitis, allergic hypersensitivity disorders, allergic neuritis, allergic reaction, alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, Alport's syndrome, alveolitis, optionally allergic alveolitis or fibrosing alveolitis, Alzheimer's disease, amyloidosis, amylotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's disease), an eosinophil-related disorder, optionally eosinophilia, anaphylaxis, ankylosing spondylitis, angiectasis, antibody-mediated nephritis, Anti-GBM/Anti-TBM nephritis, antigen-antibody complex-mediated diseases, antiglomerular basement membrane disease, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), aphthae, aphthous stomatitis, aplastic anemia, arrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, arteriosclerotic disorders, arthritis, optionally rheumatoid arthritis such as acute arthritis, or chronic rheumatoid arthritis, arthritis chronica progrediente, arthritis deformans, ascariasis, aspergilloma, granulomas containing eosinophils, aspergillosis, aspermiogenese, asthma, optionally asthma bronchiale, bronchial asthma, or auto-immune asthma, ataxia telangiectasia, ataxic sclerosis, atherosclerosis, autism, autoimmune angioedema, autoimmune aplastic anemia, autoimmune atrophic gastritis, autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune disease of the testis and ovary including autoimmune orchitis and oophoritis, autoimmune disorders associated with collagen disease, autoimmune dysautonomia, autoimmune ear disease, optionally autoimmune inner ear disease (AGED), autoimmune endocrine diseases including thyroiditis such as autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune enteropathy syndrome, autoimmune gonadal failure, autoimmune hearing loss, autoimmune hemolysis, Autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune hepatological disorder, autoimmune hyperlipidemia, autoimmune immunodeficiency, autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED), autoimmune myocarditis, autoimmune neutropenia, autoimmune pancreatitis, autoimmune polyendocrinopathies, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I, autoimmune retinopathy, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP), autoimmune thyroid disease, autoimmune urticaria, autoimmune-mediated gastrointestinal diseases, Axonal & neuronal neuropathies, Balo disease, Behçet's disease, benign familial and ischemia-reperfusion injury, benign lymphocytic angiitis, Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy), bird-fancier's lung, blindness, Boeck's disease, bronchiolitis obliterans (non-transplant) vs NSIP, bronchitis, bronchopneumonic aspergillosis, Bruton's syndrome, bullous pemphigoid, Caplan's syndrome, Cardiomyopathy, cardiovascular ischemia, Castleman's syndrome, Celiac disease, celiac sprue (gluten enteropathy), cerebellar degeneration, cerebral ischemia, and disease accompanying vascularization, Chagas disease, channelopathies, optionally epilepsy, channelopathies of the CNS, chorioretinitis, choroiditis, an autoimmune hematological disorder, chronic active hepatitis or autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, chronic contact dermatitis, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic hepatitis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, chronic inflammatory arthritis, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), chronic intractable inflammation, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, chronic neuropathy, optionally IgM polyneuropathies or IgM-mediated neuropathy, chronic obstructive airway disease, chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease, Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) or subacute thyroiditis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, cicatricial pemphigoid/benign mucosal pemphigoid, coronavirus mediated infections such as SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2 and associated side-effects, CNS inflammatory disorders, CNS vasculitis, Coeliac disease, Cogan's syndrome, cold agglutinin disease, colitis polyposa, colitis such as ulcerative colitis, colitis ulcerosa, collagenous colitis, conditions involving infiltration of T cells and chronic inflammatory responses, congenital heart block, congenital rubella infection, Coombs positive anemia, coronary artery disease, Coxsackie myocarditis, CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon), Crohn's disease, cryoglobulinemia, Cushing's syndrome, cyclitis, optionally chronic cyclitis, heterochronic cyclitis, iridocyclitis, or Fuch's cyclitis, cystic fibrosis, cytokine-induced toxicity, deafness, degenerative arthritis, demyelinating diseases, optionally autoimmune demyelinating diseases, demyelinating neuropathies, dengue, dermatitis herpetiformis and atopic dermatitis, dermatitis including contact dermatitis, dermatomyositis, dermatoses with acute inflammatory components, Devic's disease (neuromyelitis optica), diabetic large-artery disorder, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, Diamond Blackfan anemia, diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, discoid lupus, diseases involving leukocyte diapedesis, Dressler's syndrome, Dupuytren's contracture, echovirus infection, eczema including allergic or atopic eczema, encephalitis such as Rasmussen's encephalitis and limbic and/or brainstem encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, optionally allergic encephalomyelitis or encephalomyelitis allergica and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), endarterial hyperplasia, endocarditis, endocrine ophthalmopathy, endometriosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, endophthalmia phacoanaphylactica, endophthalmitis, enteritis allergica, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, eosinophilic fascitis, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), episclera, episcleritis, Epstein-Barr virus infection, erythema elevatum et diutinum, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum leprosum, erythema nodosum, erythroblastosis fetalis, esophageal dysmotility, Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, ethmoid, Evan's syndrome, Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE), Factor VIII deficiency, farmer's lung, febris rheumatica, Felty's syndrome, fibromyalgia, fibrosing alveolitis, filariasis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), food poisoning, frontal, gastric atrophy, giant cell arthritis (temporal arthritis), giant cell hepatitis, giant cell polymyalgia, glomerulonephritides, glomerulonephritis (GN) with and without nephrotic syndrome such as chronic or acute glomerulonephritis (e.g., primary GN), Goodpasture's syndrome, gouty arthritis, granulocyte transfusion-associated syndromes, granulomatosis including lymphomatoid granulomatosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), granulomatous uveitis, Grave's disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, gutatte psoriasis, hemoglobinuria paroxysmatica, Hamman-Rich's disease, Hashimoto's disease, Hashimoto's encephalitis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hemochromatosis, hemolytic anemia or immune hemolytic anemia including autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), hemolytic anemia, hemophilia A, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Herpes gestationis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hyperalgesia, hypogammaglobulinemia, hypogonadism, hypoparathyroidism, idiopathic diabetes insipidus, idiopathic facial paralysis, idiopathic hypothyroidism, idiopathic IgA nephropathy, idiopathic membranous GN or idiopathic membranous nephropathy, idiopathic nephritic syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic sprue, Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), IgA nephropathy, IgE-mediated diseases, optionally anaphylaxis and allergic or atopic rhinitis, IgG4-related sclerosing disease, ileitis regionalis, immune complex nephritis, immune responses associated with acute and delayed hypersensitivity mediated by cytokines and T-lymphocytes, immune-mediated GN, immunoregulatory lipoproteins, including adult or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Inclusion body myositis, infectious arthritis, infertility due to antispermatozoan antibodies, inflammation of all or part of the uvea, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) inflammatory hyperproliferative skin diseases, inflammatory myopathy, insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1), insulitis, Interstitial cystitis, interstitial lung disease, interstitial lung fibrosis, iritis, ischemic reperfusion disorder, joint inflammation, Juvenile arthritis, juvenile dermatomyositis, juvenile diabetes, juvenile onset (Type I) diabetes mellitus, including pediatric insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), juvenile-onset rheumatoid arthritis, Kawasaki syndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, kypanosomiasis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, leishmaniasis, leprosy, leucopenia, leukocyte adhesion deficiency, Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, leukopenia, lichen planus, lichen sclerosus, ligneous conjunctivitis, linear IgA dermatosis, Linear IgA disease (LAD), Loffler's syndrome, lupoid hepatitis, lupus (including nephritis, cerebritis, pediatric, non-renal, extra-renal, discoid, alopecia), Lupus (SLE), lupus erythematosus disseminatus, Lyme arthritis, Lyme disease, lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis, malaria, male and female autoimmune infertility, maxillary, medium vessel vasculitis (including Kawasaki's disease and polyarteritis nodosa), membrano- or membranous proliferative GN (MPGN), including Type I and Type II, and rapidly progressive GN, membranous GN (membranous nephropathy), Meniere's disease, meningitis, microscopic colitis, microscopic polyangiitis, migraine, minimal change nephropathy, Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), mononucleosis infectiosa, Mooren's ulcer, Mucha-Habermann disease, multifocal motor neuropathy, multiple endocrine failure, multiple organ injury syndrome such as those secondary to septicemia, trauma or hemorrhage, multiple organ injury syndrome, multiple sclerosis (MS) such as spino-optical MS, multiple sclerosis, mumps, muscular disorders, myasthenia gravis such as thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis, myasthenia gravis, myocarditis, myositis, narcolepsy, necrotizing enterocolitis, and transmural colitis, and autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing, cutaneous, or hypersensitivity vasculitis, neonatal lupus syndrome (NLE), nephrosis, nephrotic syndrome, neurological disease, neuromyelitis optica (Devic's), neuromyelitis optica, neuromyotonia, neutropenia, non-cancerous lymphocytosis, nongranulomatous uveitis, non-malignant thymoma, ocular and orbital inflammatory disorders, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, oophoritis, ophthalmia symphatica, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), opsoclonus or opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), and sensory neuropathy, optic neuritis, orchitis granulomatosa, osteoarthritis, palindromic rheumatism, pancreatitis, pancytopenia, PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus), paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, paraneoplastic syndrome, paraneoplastic syndromes, including neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes, optionally Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome or Eaton-Lambert syndrome, parasitic diseases such as Leishmania, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), Parry Romberg syndrome, pars planitis (peripheral uveitis), Parsonnage-Turner syndrome, parvovirus infection, pemphigoid such as pemphigoid bullous and skin pemphigoid, pemphigus (including pemphigus vulgaris), pemphigus erythematosus, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus mucus-membrane pemphigoid, pemphigus, peptic ulcer, periodic paralysis, peripheral neuropathy, perivenous encephalomyelitis, pernicious anemia (anemia perniciosa), pernicious anemia, phacoantigenic uveitis, pneumonocirrhosis, POEMS syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, Type I, II, & Ill, polyarthritis chronica primaria, polychondritis (e.g., refractory or relapsed polychondritis), polyendocrine autoimmune disease, polyendocrine failure, polyglandular syndromes, optionally autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (or polyglandular endocrinopathy syndromes), polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polyneuropathies, polyradiculitis acuta, post-cardiotomy syndrome, posterior uveitis, or autoimmune uveitis, postmyocardial infarction syndrome, postpericardiotomy syndrome, post-streptococcal nephritis, post-vaccination syndromes, presenile dementia, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary hypothyroidism, primary idiopathic myxedema, primary lymphocytosis, which includes monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis, optionally benign monoclonal gammopathy and monoclonal garnmopathy of undetermined significance, MGUS, primary myxedema, primary progressive MS (PPMS), and relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), primary sclerosing cholangitis, progesterone dermatitis, progressive systemic sclerosis, proliferative arthritis, psoriasis such as plaque psoriasis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary infiltration eosinophilia, pure red cell anemia or aplasia (PRCA), pure red cell aplasia, purulent or nonpurulent sinusitis, pustular psoriasis and psoriasis of the nails, pyelitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, Quervain's thyroiditis, Raynaud's phenomenon, reactive arthritis, recurrent abortion, reduction in blood pressure response, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, refractory sprue, Reiter's disease or syndrome, relapsing polychondritis, reperfusion injury of myocardial or other tissues, reperfusion injury, respiratory distress syndrome, restless legs syndrome, retinal autoimmunity, retroperitoneal fibrosis, Reynaud's syndrome, rheumatic diseases, rheumatic fever, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, rubella virus infection, Sampter's syndrome, sarcoidosis, schistosomiasis, Schmidt syndrome, SCID and Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases, sclera, scleritis, sclerodactyl, scleroderma, optionally systemic scleroderma, sclerosing cholangitis, sclerosis disseminata, sclerosis such as systemic sclerosis, sensoneural hearing loss, seronegative spondyloarthritides, Sheehan's syndrome, Shulman's syndrome, silicosis, Sjögren's syndrome, sperm & testicular autoimmunity, sphenoid sinusitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, stiff-man (or stiff-person) syndrome, subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, sudden hearing loss, Susac's syndrome, Sydenham's chorea, sympathetic ophthalmia, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or systemic lupus erythematodes, cutaneous SLE, systemic necrotizing vasculitis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, optionally Churg-Strauss vasculitis or syndrome (CSS), tabes dorsalis, Takayasu's arteritis, telangiectasia, temporal arteritis/Giant cell arteritis, thromboangiitis ubiterans, thrombocytopenia, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and autoimmune or immune-mediated thrombocytopenia such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) including chronic or acute ITP, thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), thyrotoxicosis, tissue injury, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, toxic-shock syndrome, transfusion reaction, transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, transverse myelitis, traverse myelitis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), urticaria, optionally chronic allergic urticaria and chronic idiopathic urticaria, including chronic autoimmune urticaria, uveitis, anterior uveitis, uveoretinitis, valvulitis, vascular dysfunction, vasculitis, vertebral arthritis, vesiculobullous dermatosis, vitiligo, Wegener's granulomatosis (Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, or x-linked hyper IgM syndrome.
The subject ADCs and novel corticosteroids of Formula 1 may be used for both the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of inflammation and diseases associated with inflammation including by way of example autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders, infectious diseases and cancer. A preferred application of the subject ADCs is for the treatment of chronic diseases associated with inflammation. As shown in the examples, quite unexpectedly the subject ADCs, notwithstanding the short pK of the anti-VISTA antibody which is comprised therein (which binds to VISTA expressing cells at physiological conditions and which is not engineered to alter or optimize pH binding or to enhance half-life, i.e., typically around 2.3 days or less in cyno and typically only a few hours in human VISTA engineered mice), has been found to maintain potency for a prolonged period (PD) relative to the half-life (PK) of the antibody.
As is shown herein ADC conjugates according to the invention when evaluated in vitro and in vivo models have been demonstrated to provide for PK/PD ratios of at least 14:1 (Indeed the PK/PD ratios may be substantially higher because the rodents were euthanized at the time PD was determined therefore not permitting a longer assessment of potency).
While Applicant does not want to be bound by their belief, it is theorized that the subject ADCs are delivered in very high amounts in target VISTA expressing cells such as macrophages, T cells, and Tregs and other VISTA expressing immune cells including immune cells which have long cell turnovers (weeks, months or longer). Essentially, it appears that a depot effect is created within specific types of immune cells, i.e., a large quantity or “depot” of the subject ADCs are internalized into such VISTA expressing immune cells, e.g., macrophages and myeloid cells, because of their very high surface expression of VISTA. This in turn apparently results in this depot comprising the internalized ADCs being slowly metabolized or cleaved within the immune cell, e.g., by cell enzymes. In vivo studies disclosed herein indicate that the metabolism or cleavage of internalized ADCs apparently may occur for over a week, 2 weeks or longer in a rodent thereby providing for gradual and prolonged release of therapeutically effective amounts of the steroid payload within the host's immune cells. This occurs notwithstanding the fact that by that time (because of the short PK of the ADC and antibody therein) that no appreciable amount of the ADC should remain in the serum (i.e., based on the PK not enough of ADCs will be present to be therapeutically significant).
Moreover, while these observations are highly surprising; it is anticipated since drug metabolism generally occurs much faster in rodents than in primates (much slower in humans than in rodents); and further since the levels of VISTA expression and immune cells which express VISTA are similar in rodents and in humans and non-human primates that the subject ADCs will possess similar or greater PK/PD ratios in humans and other primates. Accordingly, the subject ADCs should be well suited for therapeutic applications wherein prolonged drug efficacy is desired or necessary.
As mentioned, another preferred usage of the subject ADCs and the and novel corticosteroids of Formula 1 is for acute usage, i.e., for treating acute inflammation. As is shown in the examples the subject ADCs have a rapid onset of efficacy, e.g., they elicit anti-inflammatory effects as rapid as within 2 hours after administration. Moreover acute usage of the subject ADCs is further advantageous because the subject ADCs have been demonstrated to effectively target and internalize neutrophils wherein they elicit anti-inflammatory effects. This is especially beneficial in acute usage as neutrophils are involved in the early stages of inflammatory responses, accordingly the subject ADCs are also well suited for treating acute inflammatory indications.
Another preferred usage of the subject ADCs and the novel corticosteroids of Formula 1 is for maintenance therapy. Essentially, because VISTA is expressed on both activated and non-activated (naïve) immune cells (VISTA is constitutively expressed thereby), the subject ADCs can be administered periodically, over a prolonged time period, and such administration will elicit anti-inflammatory activity both when the treated subject is in the active stage of an inflammatory response as well as when the subject is in disease remission. This is therapeutically beneficial as many chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disorders are known to be characterized by active periods or epidodes wherein the patient experiences inflammation and other symptoms or pathologic reactions associated with the disease and periods of remission wherein the disease symptoms including inflammation and other symptoms or pathologic reactions associated with the disease are not present or are much less severe (i.e., remitting/relapsing or episodic). It is anticipated that because the subject ADCs bind to both activated and non-activated immune cells that a patient treated with the subject ADCs may more effectively maintain disease remission, i.e., the period of remission should be more prolonged and/or the active phase of the disease may manifest in a much less severe form because of the maintained anti-inflammatory efficacy of the subject ADCs on target immune cells both during active disease and during remission.
Moreover, the subject ADCs should be well suited for prolonged or chronic usage because of their absence of any effect on non-target cells, i.e. non-immune cells. As is shown in the examples infra the subject ADCs virtually exclusively act on immune cells and not on non-immune cells (some anti-inflammatory activity was detected in the liver, however, this is likely explained by the fact that the liver comprises immune cells).
Also, because of the short PK of the subject ADCs (but surprisingly long PD) the subject ADCs do not remain the serum for prolonged duration, i.e., they rapidly bind to and are internalized by immune cells wherein they deliver their anti-inflammatory payload and are potent for prolonged duration, apparently because the ADCS are efficiently and rapidly taken up in large amounts by immune cells and are slowly metabolized within these immune cells. Therefore, since the subject ADCs are only present in the peripheral circulation for short duration the subject ADCs have limited opportunity to interact with non-target cells as compared to ADCs which have a long PK because the antibody comprised therein possess a long PK (which is conventional for therapeutic antibodies).
Still further the subject ADCs should be well suited for prolonged or chronic usage because the efficacy of ADCs according to the invention (particularly anti-VISTA ADCs according to the invention comprising Fc regions engineered to impair FcR and complement binding) is entirely attributable to the anti-inflammatory payload, e.g., a steroid. Essentially the anti-VISTA antibody in such instance only provides a targeting function, i.e., it facilitates the binding and internalization of the ADC by target immune cells. However, the binding of such ADC to a VISTA expressing immune cell does not modulate the activity of VISTA, i.e., the anti-VISTA antibody comprising an Fc engineered to preclude Fc crosslinking does not antagonize or agonize VISTA activity. [This is to be contrasted to existing ADCs for delivery of steroids comprising an antibody which elicits a biological effect upon binding to target antigen (such as Humira ADCs). This should be beneficial from a dosing perspective as ADC potency only depends on the anti-inflammatory payload. Also, this is further therapeutically beneficial as VISTA agonist and antagonist antibodies may elicit a proinflammatory cytokine response which could be undesirable in the context of a drug the objective of which is to alleviate inflammation.
Acute and chronic autoimmune and inflammatory indications wherein the subject ADCs may be used have been afore-mentioned and include Acquired aplastic anemia+, Acquired hemophilia+, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)+, Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE)/Hurst's disease+, Agammaglobulinemia, primary+, Alopecia areata+, Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis+, Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)+, Arteriosclerosis, Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD)+, Autoimmune dysautonomia/Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG), Autoimmune encephalitis+, Autoimmune gastritis, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)+, Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)+, Autoimmune hyperlipidemia, Autoimmune hypophysitis/lymphocytic hypophysitis+, Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED)+, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)+, Autoimmune myocarditis, Autoimmune oophoritis+, Autoimmune orchitis+, Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP)/Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease (IgG4-RD)+, Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes, Types I, II, & III+, Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis+, Autoimmune sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) Achalasia, Addison's disease, Adult Still's disease, Agammaglobulinemia, Alopecia areata, Amyloidosis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Anti-GBM/Anti-TBM nephritis, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Autoimmune angioedema, Autoimmune dysautonomia, Autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED), Autoimmune myocarditis, Autoimmune oophoritis, Autoimmune orchitis, Autoimmune pancreatitis, Autoimmune retinopathy, Autoimmune urticaria, Axonal & neuronal neuropathy (AMAN), Baló disease, Behçet's disease, Benign mucosal pemphigoid, Bullous pemphigoid, Castleman disease (CD), Celiac disease, Chagas disease, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), Churg-Strauss Syndrome (CSS) or Eosinophilic Granulomatosis (EGPA), Cicatricial pemphigoid, Cogan's syndrome, Cold agglutinin disease, Congenital heart block, Coxsackie myocarditis, CREST syndrome, Diabetes, type 1, Dermatitis herpetiformis, Dermatomyositis, Devic's disease (neuromyelitis optica). Discoid lupus, Dressler's syndrome, Endometriosis, Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), Eosinophilic fasciitis, Erythema nodosum, Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, Evans syndrome, Fibromyalgia, Fibrosing alveolitis, Fibrosing alveolitis, Giant cell myocarditis, Glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Hemolytic anemia, Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), Herpes gestationis or pemphigoid gestationis (PG), Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) (Acne Inversa), Hypogammalglobulinemia, IgA Nephropathy, IgG4-related sclerosing disease, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Inclusion body myositis (IBM), Interstitial cystitis (IC), Juvenile arthritis, Juvenile diabetes (Type 1 diabetes), Juvenile myositis (JM), Kawasaki disease, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, Lichen planus, Lichen sclerosus, Ligneous conjunctivitis, Linear IgA disease (LAD), Lupus (including nephritis and cutaneous), Lyme disease chronic, Meniere's disease, Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), Mooren's ulcer, Mucha-Habermann disease, Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (MMN) or MMNCB, Multiple sclerosis, Myasthenia gravis, Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Disorder, Myositis, Narcolepsy, Neonatal Lupus, Neuromyelitis optica, Neutropenia, Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, Optic neuritis, Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS), Palindromic rheumatism (PR), PANDAS, Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD), Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), Parry Romberg syndrome, Pars planitis (peripheral uveitis), Parsonage-Turner syndrome, Pemphigus, Peripheral neuropathy, Perivenous encephalomyelitis, Pernicious anemia (PA), POEMS syndrome, Polyarteritis nodosa, Polyglandular syndromes type I, II, Ill, Polymyalgia rheumatica, Polymyositis, Postmyocardial infarction syndrome, Postpericardiotomy syndrome, Primary Biliary Cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Progesterone dermatitis, Psoriasis, Psoriatic arthritis, Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), Pyoderma gangrenosum, Raynaud's phenomenon, Reactive Arthritis, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Relapsing polychondritis, Restless legs syndrome (RLS), Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Rheumatic fever, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Schmidt syndrome, Scleritis, Scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome, Sperm & testicular autoimmunity, Stiff person syndrome (SPS), Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), Susac's syndrome, Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO), Takayasu's arteritis, Temporal arteritis/Giant cell arteritis, Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), Thyroid eye disease (TED), Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS), Transverse myelitis, Type 1 diabetes, Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), Uveitis, Vasculitis, Vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease, among others.
Preferred indications wherein the ADCs should be therapeutically effective include Severe asthma, Giant cell arteritis, ANKA vasculitis and IBD (Colitis (e.g., ulcerative) and Crohns). Of course, it should be understood that the disease conditions identified herein are intended to be exemplary and not exhaustive.
The subject ADCs may be combined with other therapeutics which may be administered in the same or different compositions, at the same or different time. For example, the subject ADCs may be administered in a therapeutic regimen that includes the administration of a PD-1 or PD-L1 agonist, CTLA4-Ig, a cytokine, a cytokine agonist or antagonist, or another immunosuppressive receptor agonist or antagonist.
Other examples of specific immunoinhibitory molecules that may be combined with ADCs according to the invention include antibodies that block a costimulatory signal (e.g., against CD28 or ICOS), antibodies that activate an inhibitory signal via CTLA4, and/or antibodies against other immune cell markers (e.g., against CD40, CD40 ligand, or cytokines), fusion proteins (e.g., CTLA4-Fc or PD-1-Fc), and immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., rapamycin, cyclosporine A, or FK506).
Modified Fc Region in ADCs According to the Invention
As mentioned, in some preferred embodiments of the invention the ADC comprises an Fc which may be engineered to include modifications within the Fc region, typically to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody, such as complement fixation, Fc receptor binding, and/or antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Furthermore, in some embodiments of the invention the ADC may be chemically modified (e.g., one or more chemical moieties can be attached to the antibody) or be modified to alter its glycosylation, again to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody. Such embodiments are described further below. The numbering of residues in the Fc region is that of the EU index of Kabat.
In one embodiment, the hinge region of CH1 is modified such that the number of cysteine residues in the hinge region is altered, e.g., increased or decreased. This approach is described further in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,425 by Bodmer et al. The number of cysteine residues in the hinge region of CH1 is altered to, for example, facilitate assembly of the light and heavy chains or to increase or decrease the stability of the antibody.
In another embodiment, the Fc hinge region of an antibody is mutated to further decrease the biological half-life of the antibody. More specifically, one or more amino acid mutations are introduced into the CH2-CH3 domain interface region of the Fc-hinge fragment such that the antibody has impaired Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) binding relative to native Fc-hinge domain SpA binding. This approach is described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,745 by Ward et al.
In yet other embodiments, the Fc region is altered by replacing at least one amino acid residue with a different amino acid residue to alter the effector functions of the antibody. For example, one or more amino acids selected from amino acid residues 234, 235, 236, 237, 297, 318, 320 and 322 can be replaced with a different amino acid residue such that the antibody has an altered affinity for an effector ligand but retains the antigen-binding ability of the parent antibody. The effector ligand to which affinity is altered can be, for example, an Fc receptor or the Cl component of complement. This approach is described in further detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,624,821 and 5,648,260, both by Winter et al.
In another example, one or more amino acids selected from amino acid residues 329, 331 and 322 can be replaced with a different amino acid residue such that the antibody has altered C1q binding and/or reduced or abolished complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). This approach is described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,551 by Idusogie et al.
In another example, one or more amino acid residues within amino acid positions 231 and 239 are altered to thereby alter the ability of the antibody to fix complement. This approach is described further in PCT Publication WO 94/29351 by Bodmer et al.
In yet another example, the Fc region in the ADC is modified to increase the affinity of the antibody for an Fγ receptor by modifying one or more amino acids at the following positions: 238, 239, 248, 249, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 276, 278, 280, 283, 285, 286, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 301, 303, 305, 307, 309, 312, 315, 320, 322, 324, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 337, 338, 340, 360, 373, 376, 378, 382, 388, 389, 398, 414, 416, 419, 430, 434, 435, 437, 438 or 439. This approach is described further in PCT Publication WO 00/42072 by Presta. Moreover, the binding sites on human IgG1 for FcyRI, FcyRII, FcyRIII and FcRn have been mapped and variants with improved binding have been described (See Shields, R. L. et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:6591-6604). Specific mutations at positions 256, 290, 298, 333, 334 and 339 are shown to improve binding to FcyRIII. Additionally, the following combination mutants are shown to improve FcyRIII binding: T256A/S298A, S298A/E333A, S298A/K224A and S298A/E333A/K334A. Furthermore, mutations such as M252Y/S254T/T256E or M428L/N434S improve binding to FcRn and increase antibody circulation half-life (See Chan C A and Carter P J (2010) Nature Rev Immunol 10:301-316).
In still another embodiment, the antibody in the ADC can be modified to abrogate in vivo Fab arm exchange. Specifically, this process involves the exchange of IgG4 half-molecules (one heavy chain plus one light chain) between other IgG4 antibodies that effectively results in b specific antibodies which are functionally monovalent. Mutations to the hinge region and constant domains of the heavy chain can abrogate this exchange (See Aalberse, RC, Schuurman J., 2002, Immunology 105:9-19).
In still another embodiment, the glycosylation of an antibody in the ADC s modified. For example, an aglycosylated antibody can be made (i.e., the antibody lacks glycosylation). Glycosylation can be altered to, for example, increase the affinity of the antibody for antigen. Such carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, altering one or more sites of glycosylation within the antibody sequence. For example, one or more amino acid substitutions can be made that result in elimination of one or more variable region framework glycosylation sites to thereby eliminate glycosylation at that site. Such aglyclosylation may increase the affinity of the antibody for antigen. Such an approach is described in further detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,714,350 and 6,350,861 by Co et al.
Additionally, or alternatively, an antibody in the ADC can be made that has an altered type of glycosylation, such as a hypofucosylated antibody having reduced amounts of fucosyl residues or an antibody having increased bisecting GlcNac structures. Such altered glycosylation patterns have been demonstrated to increase the ADCC ability of antibodies. Such carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, expressing the antibody in a host cell with altered glycosylation machinery. Cells with altered glycosylation machinery have been described in the art and can be used as host cells in which to express recombinant antibodies according to at least some embodiments of the invention to thereby produce an antibody with altered glycosylation. For example, the cell lines Ms704, Ms705, and Ms709 lack the fucosyltransferase gene, FUT8 (a (1,6) fucosyltransferase), such that antibodies expressed in the Ms704, Ms705, and Ms709 cell lines lack fucose on their carbohydrates. The Ms704, Ms705, and Ms709 FUT8 cell lines are created by the targeted disruption of the FUT8 gene in CHO/DG44 cells using two replacement vectors (See U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040110704 by Yamane et al. and Yamane-Ohnuki et al. (2004) Biotechnol Bioeng 87:614-22). As another example, EP 1,176,195 by Hanai et al. describes a cell line with a functionally disrupted FUT8 gene, which encodes a fucosyl transferase, such that antibodies expressed in such a cell line exhibit hypofucosylation by reducing or eliminating the a 1,6 bond-related enzyme. Hanai et al. also describe cell lines which have a low enzyme activity for adding fucose to the N-acetylglucosamine that binds to the Fc region of the antibody or does not have the enzyme activity, for example the rat myeloma cell line YB2/0 (ATCC CRL 1662). PCT Publication WO 03/035835 by Presta describes a variant CHO cell line, Lecl3 cells, with reduced ability to attach fucose to Asn(297)-linked carbohydrates, also resulting in hypofucosylation of antibodies expressed in that host cell (See also Shields, R. L. et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277:26733-26740). PCT Publication WO 99/54342 by Umana et al. describes cell lines engineered to express glycoprotein-modifying glycosyl transferases (e.g., P(1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTIII)) such that antibodies expressed in the engineered cell lines exhibit increased bisecting GlcNac structures which results in increased ADCC activity of the antibodies (See also Umana et al. (1999) Nat. Biotech. 17: 176-180). Alternatively, the fucose residues of the antibody may be cleaved off using a fucosidase enzyme. For example, the fucosidase α-L-fucosidase removes fucosyl residues from antibodies (Tarentino, A. L. et al. (1975) Biochem. 14:5516-23).
As mentioned in the exemplary embodiments the Fc region of the antibody is mutated to impair FcR binding and optionally to impair complement binding. These mutations include those mutations comprised in their exemplary antibodies. These mutations include any or all of L234A/L235A and L234A/L235A/E269R/K322A (IgG1 Fc); and V234A/G237A/P238s.V309L/A330S/P331S (IgG2 Fc).
Nucleic Acid Molecules Encoding ADCs According to the Invention
The invention further provides nucleic acids which encode an ADC according to the invention (wherein the anti-inflammatory agent in the ADC is a peptide). The nucleic acids may be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form. A nucleic acid is “isolated” or “rendered substantially pure” when purified away from other cellular components or other contaminants, e.g., other cellular nucleic acids or proteins, by standard techniques, including alkaline/SDS treatment, CsCl banding, column chromatography, agarose gel electrophoresis and others well known in the art. See, F. Ausubel, et al., ed. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York. A nucleic acid according to at least some embodiments of the invention can be, for example, DNA or RNA and may or may not contain intronic sequences. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid is a cDNA molecule.
Ex Vivo Use of ADCs According to the Invention
According to at least some embodiments, immune cells, e.g., monocytes or myeloid cells, T cells and other hematopoietic cells can be contacted ex vivo with the subject ADCs to elicit anti-inflammatory responses and the contacted cells then infused into a patient, e.g., one having an allergic, autoimmune or inflammatory condition wherein reduction of inflammation is therapeutically desired. modulate immune responses.
Exemplary Uses of Subject ADCs and Pharmaceutical Compositions Containing for Treatment of Autoimmune Disease
The ADCs and novel steroids of Formula 1 described herein may be used for treating an immune system related disease. Optionally, the immune system related condition comprises an autoimmune or inflammatory disease such as those identified previously, e.g., transplant rejection, severe asthma, colitis or IBD, graft-versus-host disease. Optionally the treatment is combined with another moiety useful for treating immune related condition.
Thus, treatment of multiple sclerosis using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating multiple sclerosis, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of rheumatoid arthritis or other arthritic condition, using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating rheumatoid arthritis, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of IBD, using the using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating IBD, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of psoriasis, using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating psoriasis, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of type 1 diabetes using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating type 1 diabetes, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of uveitis, using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating uveitis, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of psoriasis using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating psoriasis, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of Sjögren's syndrome, using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating for Sjögren's syndrome, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating for systemic lupus erythematosus, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of GVHD, using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating GVHD, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of chronic or acute infection and/or hepatotoxicity associated therewith, e.g., hepatitis, using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating for chronic or acute infection and/or hepatotoxicity associated therewith, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of chronic or acute Severe asthma, using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating for Severe asthma, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of chronic or acute Giant cell arteritis, using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating for Giant cell arteritis, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of chronic or acute ANKA vasculitis, using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating for ANKA vasculitis, optionally as described herein.
Thus, treatment of chronic or acute IBD (Colitis and Crohns), using the subject ADCs may be combined with, for example, any known therapeutic agent or method for treating for ANKA vasculitis, optionally as described herein.
Again, it should be understood that the disease conditions identified herein and proposed treatments are intended to be exemplary and not exhaustive.
In the above-described therapies preferably a subject with one of the aforementioned or other autoimmune or inflammatory conditions will be administered an ADC according to the invention, thereby preventing or ameliorating the disease symptoms.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, containing one or a combination of ADCs or novel steroids of Formula 1 according to the invention and optionally another immunosuppressive or other active agent. Thus, the present invention features a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of ADCs or novel steroids of Formula 1 according to the invention. In particular the present invention features a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective [anti-inflammatory] amount of at least one or novel steroids of Formula 1 according to the invention.
The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of agent according to the present invention that is effective to treat a disease or disorder in a mammal. The therapeutic agents of the present invention can be provided to the subject alone or as part of a pharmaceutical composition where they are mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In many instances ADCs according to the invention will be used in combination with other immunotherapeutics or other therapeutic agents useful in treating a specific condition.
A composition is said to be a “pharmaceutically acceptable” if its administration can be tolerated by a recipient patient. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. Preferably, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion).
Such compositions include sterile water, buffered saline (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength and optionally additives such as detergents and solubilizing agents (e.g., Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate 80), antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite), preservatives (e.g., Thimersol, benzyl alcohol) and bulking substances (e.g., lactose, mannitol). Non-aqueous solvents or vehicles may also be used as detailed below.
Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions according to at least some embodiments of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. Depending on the route of administration, the active compound, i.e., monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies and antigen-binding fragments and conjugates containing same, and/or alternative scaffolds, that specifically bind any one of VISTA proteins, or bispecific molecule, may be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of acids and other natural conditions that may inactivate the compound. The pharmaceutical compounds according to at least some embodiments of the invention may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts. A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt that retains the desired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (See e.g., Berge, S. M., et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66: 1-19). Examples of such salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts. Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, phosphorous and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids and the like. Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the like.
A pharmaceutical composition according to at least some embodiments of the invention also may include a pharmaceutically acceptable anti-oxidant. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, a-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms may be ensured both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositions according to at least some embodiments of the invention is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
Therapeutic compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
A composition of the present invention can be administered via one or more routes of administration using one or more of a variety of methods known in the art. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results. Preferred routes of administration for therapeutic agents according to at least some embodiments of the invention include intravascular delivery (e.g. injection or infusion), intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, spinal, oral, enteral, rectal, pulmonary (e.g. inhalation), nasal, topical (including transdermal, buccal and sublingual), intravesical, intravitreal, intraperitoneal, vaginal, brain delivery (e.g. intra-cerebroventricular, intracerebral, and convection enhanced diffusion), CNS delivery (e.g. intrathecal, perispinal, and intra-spinal) or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal), transmucosal (e.g., sublingual administration), administration or administration via an implant, or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion, or other delivery routes and/or forms of administration known in the art. The phrase “parenteral administration” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion. In a specific embodiment, a protein, a therapeutic agent or a pharmaceutical composition according to at least some embodiments of the present invention can be administered intraperitoneally or intravenously.
Alternatively, an ADC according to the invention can be administered via a non-parenteral route, such as a topical, epidermal or mucosal route of administration, for example, intranasally, orally, vaginally, rectally, sublingually or topically.
Therapeutic compositions comprising ADCs according to the invention can be administered with medical devices known in the art. For example, in a preferred embodiment, a therapeutic composition according to at least some embodiments of the invention can be administered with a needles hypodermic injection device, such as the devices disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,163; 5,383,851; 5,312,335; 5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824; or 4,596,556. Examples of well-known implants and modules useful in the present invention include: U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,603, which discloses an implantable micro-infusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate; U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,194, which discloses a therapeutic device for administering medicaments through the skin; U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,233, which discloses a medication infusion pump for delivering medication at a precise infusion rate; U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,224, which discloses a variable flow implantable infusion apparatus for continuous drug delivery; U.S. Pat. No. 4,439,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system having multi-chamber compartments; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system. These patents are incorporated herein by reference. Many other such implants, delivery systems, and modules are known to those skilled in the art.
In certain embodiments, the ADCs can be formulated to ensure proper distribution in vivo. For example, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) excludes many highly hydrophilic compounds. To ensure that the therapeutic compounds according to at least some embodiments of the invention cross the BBB (if desired), they can be formulated, for example, in liposomes. For methods of manufacturing liposomes, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,522,811; 5,374,548; and 5,399,331. The liposomes may comprise one or more moieties which are selectively transported into specific cells or organs, thus enhance targeted drug delivery (see, e.g., V. V. Ranade (1989) J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:685). Exemplary targeting moieties include folate or biotin (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,016 to Low et al.); mannosides (Umezawa et al., (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153: 1038); antibodies (P. G. Bloeman et al. (1995) FEBS Lett. 357: 140; M. Owais et al. (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39: 180); surfactant protein A receptor (Briscoe et al. (1995) Am. J Physiol. 1233: 134); p120 (Schreier et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:9090); See also K. Keinanen; M. L. Laukkanen (1994) FEBS Lett. 346: 123; J. J. Killion; and I. J. Fidler (1994) Immunomethods 4:273.
As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. Preferably, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion). Depending on the route of administration, the active compound, i.e., soluble polypeptide conjugate containing the ectodomain of the VISTA antigen, antibody, immunoconjugate, alternative scaffolds, and/or bispecific molecule, may be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of acids and other natural conditions that may inactivate the compound. The pharmaceutical compounds according to at least some embodiments of the present invention may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts. A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt that retains the desired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (See e.g., Berge, S. M., et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66: 1-19). Examples of such salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts. Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids and the like. Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the like.
A pharmaceutical composition according to at least some embodiments of the present invention also may include a pharmaceutically acceptable anti-oxidant. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, a-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions according to at least some embodiments of the present invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms may be ensured both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositions according to at least some embodiments of the present invention is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
Therapeutic compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the subject being treated, and the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the composition which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.01 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 0.1 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 1 percent to about 30 percent of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms according to at least some embodiments of the present invention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in individuals.
For administration of the ADC disclosed herein, in some embodiments the dosage ranges will generally comprise administration of an amount of the ADC which delivers the same or lesser amount of the anti-inflammatory agent, e.g., a steroid such as dexamethasone, for therapeutic efficacy compared to if the particular anti-inflammatory agent, e.g., a steroid such as dexamethasone were administered via conventional routes, i.e., wherein the steroid is administered in naked or unconjugated form to treat the specific condition. In exemplary embodiments the dosage ranges will generally comprise administration of an amount of the ADC which delivers a reduced amount of the anti-inflammatory agent, e.g., from 10-90% thereof, e.g., of dexamethasone, for therapeutic efficacy than if the AI were administered via conventional routes, i.e., wherein the steroid is administered in naked or unconjugated form to treat the specific condition, as it is anticipated based on the results obtained to date that the present ADCs, aside from reducing or eliminating adverse side effects of the AI such as a steroid, will be more effectively delivered to the desired target immune cells and will be less prone to reach non-target cells, thereby reducing the required dosage effective amount of the steroid and/or reducing effects non non-target cells.
The ADCs disclosed herein can be administered on multiple occasions. Intervals between single dosages can be, for example, every 3-5 days, weekly, bi-weekly, etc. In some methods, the dosage is adjusted to achieve a plasma steroid concentration of a desired level. Determining an effective dosing regimen for treatment or prophylaxis using the subject ADCs should be relatively facile compared to other ADCS wherein the antibody therein elicits a biologic or therapeutic effect as the therapeutic activity of the subject ADCs is entirely governed by the anti-inflammatory payload. (Essentially, the antibody only targets and directs internalization of the subject ADCs into specific immune cells).
Alternatively, the ADC can be administered as a sustained release formulation, in which case less frequent administration is required. The dosage and frequency of administration can vary depending on whether the treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic. In prophylactic applications, a relatively low dosage may be administered at relatively infrequent intervals over a long period of time. Some patients may continue to receive treatment for the rest of their lives. In therapeutic applications, a relatively high dosage at relatively short intervals is sometimes required until progression of the disease is reduced or terminated, and preferably until the patient shows partial or complete amelioration of symptoms of disease. Thereafter, the patient can be administered a prophylactic regime. As mentioned the subject ADCs are preferred for such uses as they remain in the peripheral circulation for a very short duration, do not bind to non-immune cells and do not appreciably elicit toxicity to non-target cells.
Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions of the present invention employed, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
This invention provides antibody drug conjugates (ADC's) that comprise an antibody or antigen binding fragment comprising an antigen binding region that specifically binds to human V-domain Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation (human VISTA) (“A”), a cleavable and/or non-cleavable linker (“L”) and at least one small molecule anti-inflammatory agent (“AI”), optionally “Q”, a heterobifunctional group” or “heterotrifunctional group” which is a chemical moiety optionally used to connect the linker to the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment and at least one small molecule anti-inflammatory agent (“AI”) (typically a steroid), said ADC being represented by the formula:
“A-(Q-L-AI)n” or “(AI-L-Q)n-A”
wherein “n” is at least 1 and the antibody or ADC, or composition containing, when administered to a subject in need thereof, is preferentially delivered to VISTA expressing immune cells, optionally monocytes or myeloid cells, and results in the functional internalization of the small molecule anti-inflammatory agent into said immune cells at physiological conditions (≈pH 7.5), preferably wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment when used in vivo has a short in vivo serum half-life in serum at physiological pH (˜pH 7.5), optionally an in vivo serum half-life in serum at physiological pH (˜pH 7.5) in a rodent (human VISTA knock-in mouse or rat) of no more than about 70 hours, no more than about 60 hours, no more than 50 hours, no more than 40 hours, no more than 30 hours, no more than 24 hours, no more than 22-24 hours, no more than 20-22 hours, no more than 18-20 hours, no more than 16-18 hours, no more than 14-16 hours, no more than 12-14 hours, no more than 10-12 hours, no more than 8-10 hours, no more than 6-8 hours, no more than 4-6 hours, no more than 2-4 hours, no more than 1-2 hours, no more than 0.5 to 1.0 hours, or no more than 0.1-0.5 hours and/or in a primate (e.g., human or Cynomolgus macaque) of no more than about 3, 2.5, or 2.3±0.7 days.
Exemplary cleavable and non-cleavable linkers which may be incorporated into the subject ADCs have been previously identified herein and are well known in the art. Specific types and examples of such types of linkers which may be used in ADCs according to the invention are further identified below.
As mentioned, the invention contemplates as the anti-inflammatory agent (AI) comprised in anti-VISTA ADCs according to the invention to include any small molecule anti-inflammatory agent which requires cell internalization for efficacy (anti-inflammatory activity). Particularly the invention includes as the AI synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonists (e.g., dexamethasone, prednisolone, budesonide, beclomethasone, betamethasone, cortisol, cortisone acetate, 16-alpha hydroxyprednisolone, dexamethasone, difluorasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone acetonide et al.). As mentioned, while these steroid compounds are very efficacious at inhibiting inflammation associated with different conditions such as autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, cancer and infectious diseases, their utility in the chronic treatment of disease is limited due to severe side effects which will be alleviated when they are incorporated into anti-VISTA ADCs according to the invention.
Particularly the invention includes anti-VISTA ADCs according to the invention wherein the AI comprises a steroid (glucocorticoid agonist) which comprises the following generic structure:
I. Exemplary Linkers
As mentioned previously different linkers may be incorporated into ADCs according to the invention. Such linkers have been previously identified in the definition section wherein a “linker” was defined. Additionally, exemplary linkers which may be incorporated into ADCs according to the invention are provided below:
A. Immolative Linker ADCs
B. Amino Acid (AA) Linkers
(I) Sequences Cleaved by Cathepsins
a. Single Amino Acid Linkers
b. Dipeptide Linkers
c. Tripeptide Linkers
(I) Legumain Cleavable Linkers
indicates point of attachment to the payload or an immolative linker.
Different conjugation strategies may be used to conjugate the anti-VISTA antibody to the linker and payload (steroid or other anti-inflammatory compound). Detailed synthetic methods for producing exemplary ADCs and linker payloads are provided in the examples. Additionally, exemplary conjugation strategies are provided below:
indicates a point of attachment of J to the linker selected from Q, R1 or R2.
Where an antibody does not have a cysteine, —SH, available for conjugation, an ε-amino group in the side chain of a lysine residue can be reacted with 2-iminothiolane or N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (“SPDP”) to introduce a free thiol (—SH) group—creating a cysteine surrogate. The thiol group can react with a maleimide or other nucleophile acceptor group to effect conjugation.
An antibody Ab can be modified with 4-(N-Maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (“SMCC”) or its sulfonated variant sulfo-SMCC, both of which are available from Sigma-Aldrich, to introduce a maleimide group thereto. Then, conjugation can be effected with a drug-linker compound having an —SH group on the linker.
Copper-free “click chemistry,” in which an azide group (—N3) adds across a strained cyclooctyne to form an 1,2,3-triazole ring. The azide can be located on the antibody and the cyclooctyne on the drug-linker moiety, or vice-versa. A preferred cyclooctyne group is dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO).
Introducing a non-natural amino acid into an antibody, with the non-natural amino acid providing a functionality for conjugation with a reactive functional group in the drug moiety. For instance, the non-natural amino acid p-acetylphenylalanine can be incorporated into an antibody or other polypeptide. The ketone group in p-acetylphenyalanine can be a conjugation site via the formation of an oxime with a hydroxylamino group on the linker-drug moiety. Alternatively, the non-natural amino acid p-azidophenylalanine (or p-azidomethyl-1-phenylalanine) can be incorporated into an antibody to provide an azide functional group for conjugation via click chemistry with DBCO to form a 1,2,3-triazole ring.
Another example would be the incorporation of an unnatural amino acid containing strained alkenes norbornene, trans-cyclooctene or cyclopropene which can undergo inverse electron demad Diels Alder “click chemistry” reaction with tetrazine to form a bicyclic diazine product.
Another conjugation technique uses the enzyme transglutaminase (preferably bacterial transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis or BTG). BTG forms an amide bond between the side chain carboxamide of a glutamine (the amine acceptor) and an alkyleneamino group (the amine donor), which can be, for example, the ε-amino group of a lysine or a 5-amino-n-pentyl group. In a typical conjugation reaction, the glutamine residue is located on the antibody, while the alkyleneamino group is located on the linker-drug moiety.
ADC conjugates according to the invention optionally comprising an anti-VISTA antibody (which binds to human VISTA at physiologic pH and which has a short PK as defined previously), one or more cleavable and/or non-cleavable linkers and one or more payloads (steroid or other anti-inflammatory compound) optionally attached to an immolative linker may be produced using detailed synthetic methods above-described and as disclosed in the examples. Some exemplary ADC structures and conjugation methods are provided below:
indicates a point of attachment to the antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof
indicates a point of attachment to the antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, via a sulfur atom of a cysteine residue; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, stereoisomer, and/or mixture of stereoisomers thereof.
indicates a point of attachment to the linker or AA
Different payloads (steroid or other anti-inflammatory compound) attached to a linker may be produced using detailed synthetic methods above-described and as disclosed in the examples. Some exemplary payload-linker structures are provided below:
(I) Payload-Linker-J
(II) Payload-Linker-J
(II) Payload-Linker-J
(IV) Payload-Linker-J
Alternative Site of Linker-J Attachment to Payload (C11-OH).
INX-SM-3 is Used as a Payload Example
Alkoxyamine
Bromoacetyl
Maleimide
Dibenzocyclooctyne
Tetrazine
Amine
(IV) Payload-Linker-J
Alternative Site of Linker-J Attachment to Payload (C17).
INX-SM-3 is Used as a Payload Example
Alkoxyamine
Bromoacetyl
Maleimide
Dibenzocyclooctyne
Tetrazine
Amine
Different ADC conjugates comprising an antibody or antibody fragment that binds to an antigen expressed by an immune cell, optionally an anti-VISTA antibody or fragment having the pH binding/PK properties described herein, one or more linkers and one or more payloads (steroid or other anti-inflammatory compound) may be produced using detailed synthetic methods above-described and as disclosed in the examples. Some exemplary ADCs comprising an exemplary steroid payload (INX-SM-3) are provided below:
Alkoxyamine+Ketone Conjugation (C11-OH Linked)
Azide+Dibenzocyclooctyne Conjugation (C11-OH Linked)
Haloacetyl+Cysteine Conjugation (C11-OH Linked)
Maleimide+Cysteine Conjugation (C11-OH Linked)
Tetrazine+Trans-Cyclooctene Conjugation (C11-OH Linked)
Amine+Glutamine Conjugation Using Trans Glutaminase (C11-OH Linked)
Alkoxyamine+Ketone Conjugation (C17)
Azide+Dibenzocyclooctyne Conjugation (C17)
Haloacetyl Conjugation to Cysteine (C17)
Maleimide Conjugation to Cysteine (C17)
Tetrazine+Trans-Cyclooctene (C17)
Amine+Glutamine Conjugation Using Trans Glutaminase (C17)
N-Linked Payload-Linker-Ab ADC's
Alkoxyamine+Ketone Conjugation
Alkoxyamine+Ketone Conjugation
Haloacetyl Conjugation
Alkoxyamine+Ketone Conjugation
Haloacetyl Conjugation
Azide+Dibenzocyclooctyne Conjugation
Azide+Dibenzocyclooctyne Conjugation
N-Hydroxysuccinimide Conjugation
N-Hydroxysuccinimide Conjugation
Azide+Dibenzocyclooctyne Conjugation
N-Hydroxysuccinimide Conjugation
Maleimide Conjugation
Maleimide Conjugation
Maleimide Conjugation
Trans-Cyclooctene+Tetrazine Conjugation
Trans-Cyclooctene+Tetrazine Conjugation
Trans-Cyclooctene+Tetrazine Conjugation
Amine Conjugation
Amine Conjugation
Haloacetyl Conjugation
Therapeutic Applications of Steroid Payloads of Formula 1 and ADCs Containing
ADCs which comprise a synthetic glucocorticoid agonist such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, budesonide, beclomethasone, betamethasone, cortisol, cortisone acetate, 16-alpha hydroxyprednisolone, dexamethasone, difluorasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone acetonide or a steroid of Formula 1 may be produced as above-described. In exemplary embodiments the antibody contained therein will comprise an anti-human VISTA antibody or fragment which binds to immune cells at physiologic pH and which moreover possesses a short PK. However, in ADCs wherein the steroid is one of Formula 1 the antibody or antibody fragment in the ADC may bind to another antigen expressed on an immune cell, preferably an antigen that is only expressed on immune cells.
These ADCs may be used for the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of inflammation and diseases associated with inflammation including by way of example autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders and cancer as disclosed previously. Again, a preferred application of the subject ADCs including those which comprise a steroid of Formula 1 is for the treatment of chronic diseases associated with inflammation.
As shown herein, the subject ADCs, notwithstanding the short pK of the anti-VISTA antibody which is comprised therein which binds to VISTA expressing cells at physiological conditions and which is not engineered to alter or optimize pH binding, i.e., typically around 2.3 days or less in cyno and no more than about 70 hours, no more than about 60 hours, no more than 50 hours, no more than 40 hours, no more than 30 hours, no more than 24 hours, no more than 22-24 hours, no more than 20-22 hours, no more than 18-20 hours, no more than 16-18 hours, no more than 14-16 hours, no more than 12-14 hours, no more than 10-12 hours, no more than 8-10 hours, no more than 6-8 hours, no more than 4-6 hours, no more than 2-4 hours, no more than 1-2 hours, no more than 0.5 to 1.0 hours, or no more than 0.1-0.5 hours in human VISTA engineered mice, has been found to maintain potency for a prolonged period (PD) relative to the half-life (PK) of the antibody.
As is shown herein ADC conjugates according to the invention when evaluated in vivo models have been demonstrated to provide for PK/PD ratios of at least 14:1. Again while Applicant does not want to be bound by their belief, it is theorized that the subject ADCs are delivered in very high amounts in target VISTA expressing cells such as macrophages, T cells, and Tregs and other VISTA expressing immune cells which have long cell turnovers (weeks, months or longer). Essentially, it appears that a depot effect is created, i.e., a large quantity of the subject ADCs are internalized into VISTA expressing immune cells, i.e., because of very high expression of VISTA whereupon the ADCs are slowly metabolized or cleaved e.g., by cell enzymes resulting in the gradual and prolonged release of therapeutically effective amounts of the steroid payload within the cell.
The invention further embraces the following Embodiments.
(1.) A glucocorticoid agonist compound having the following structure of Formula (1):
(2.) A glucocorticoid agonist compound according to Embodiment 1 selected from any of the glucocorticoid agonist compounds disclosed in Example 3.
(3.) A glucocorticoid agonist compound selected from those shown in
(4.) A glucocorticoid agonist compound selected from the INX-SM compounds disclosed herein.
(5.) A glucocorticoid agonist compound selected from the following:
(6.) A glucocorticoid agonist compound according to any of the foregoing Embodiments which is directly or indirectly attached to at least one cleavable or non-cleavable peptide and/or non-peptide linker (Steroid-linker payload).
(7) A compound (steroid-linker payload) that comprises at least one cleavable or non-cleavable linker (“L”), optionally “Q” a heterobifunctional group” or “heterotrifunctional group” which is a chemical moiety optionally used to connect the linker in the compound to an antibody or antibody fragment and at least one anti-inflammatory agent, (“AI”), wherein AI is a glucocorticoid agonist compound according to any of Embodiments (1)-(5) which may be represented by the following structure:
(8.) A steroid-linker payload according to (6) or (7) wherein the linker is selected from those disclosed herein.
(9) A steroid-linker payload according to (6) or (7) or (8) comprising at least one cleavable or non-cleavable linker selected from PAB and/or an amino acid or a peptide, optionally 1-12 amino acids, further optionally dipeptide, a tripeptide, a quatrapeptide, a pentapeptide and further optionally Gly, Asn, Asp, Gln, Leu, Lys, Ala, Phe, Cit, Val, Val-Cit, Val-Ala, Val-Gly, Val-Gln, Ala-Val, Cit-Cit, Lys-Val-Cit, Asp-Val-Ala, Ala-Ala-Asn, Asp-Val-Ala, Ala-Val-Cit, Ala-Asn-Val, betaAla-Leu-Ala-Leu, Lys-Val-Ala, Val-Leu-Lys, Asp-Val-Cit, Val-Ala-Val, and Ala-Ala-Asn; or optionally at least one of GlcA, PAB, and Glu-Gly.
(10.) A steroid-linker payload according to (any of the foregoing Embodiments comprising at least one cleavable linker, and/or an immolative linker, is directly or indirectly attached to the glucocorticoid agonist steroid compound.
(11.) A glucocorticoid agonist steroid compound or steroid-linker payload according to any of the foregoing Embodiments which is selected from any of the glucocorticoid agonist compounds or steroid-linker payload compounds disclosed in Example 3.
(12.) A glucocorticoid agonist (Payload)-linker conjugate which is selected from:
(13) An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) selected from the following:
(14) An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) selected from the following:
(15) An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) according to Embodiment (14) wherein the linker comprises a cleavable or non-cleavable peptide or immolative linker.
(16) An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) according to any of the foregoing Embodiments which comprises a linker is selected from PAB and/or an amino acid or a peptide, optionally 1-12 amino acids, further optionally dipeptide, a tripeptide, a quatrapeptide, a pentapeptide and further optionally Gly, Asn, Asp, Gln, Leu, Lys, Ala, Phe, Cit, Val, Val-Cit, Val-Ala, Val-Gly, Val-Gln, Ala-Val, Cit-Cit, Lys-Val-Cit, Asp-Val-Ala, Ala-Ala-Asn, Asp-Val-Ala, Ala-Val-Cit, Ala-Asn-Val, betaAla-LeuAla-Leu, Lys-Val-Ala, Val-Leu-Lys, Asp-Val-Cit, Val-Ala-Val, and Ala-Ala-Asn.
(17) A steroid antibody conjugate compound having the following structure:
Where n=2-8 and A is optionally an anti-human VISTA antibody.
(18). A composition comprising at least one glucocorticoid agonist compound or steroid-linker conjugate or ADC according to any of the afore Embodiments and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
(19). The composition of the previous Embodiment which is suitable for in vivo administration to a subject in need thereof.
(20). The composition of the previous Embodiments which is suitable for parenteral administration, optionally by injection.
(21). The composition of the previous Embodiments which is suitable for injection to a subject in need thereof, optionally via intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intratumoral, or intrathecal.
(22). The composition of the previous Embodiments which is subcutaneously administrable.
(23) The composition of the previous Embodiments which is comprised in a device that provides for subcutaneous administration selected from the group consisting of a syringe, an injection device, an infusion pump, an injector pen, a needleless device, an autoinjector, and a subcutaneous patch delivery system.
(24) The device of the previous Embodiment, which delivers to a patient a fixed dose of the anti-inflammatory agent, e.g., a steroid e.g., a glucocorticoid receptor agonist or glucocorticosteroid, optionally dexamethasone, prednisolone, or budesonide or a functional derivative thereof.
(25). Use of a glucocorticoid agonist compound or steroid-linker conjugate or ADC according to any of the afore Embodiments or a composition containing for treating, preventing or inhibiting inflammation or autoimmunity in a subject in need thereof.
(26) A glucocorticoid agonist compound or steroid-linker conjugate or ADC according to any of the afore Embodiments or a composition containing for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating, preventing or inhibiting inflammation or autoimmunity in a subject in need thereof.
(27) A method of treatment and/or prophylaxis, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof at least one glucocorticoid agonist compound or steroid-linker conjugate or ADC according to any of the previous Embodiments or a composition containing according to any of the foregoing embodiments.
(28) The use or method of the previous Embodiments, which is for the treatment of allergy, autoimmunity, transplant, gene therapy, inflammation, GVHD or sepsis, or to treat or prevent inflammatory, autoimmune, or allergic side effects associated with any of the foregoing conditions in a human subject.
(29) The use or method of any of the previous Embodiments, which is for acute use.
(30) The use or method of any of the previous Embodiments, which is for chronic use.
(31) The use or method of any of the previous Embodiments, which is for maintenance therapy.
(32) The use or method of any of the previous Embodiments, which is for the treatment or prophylaxis of Acute or chronic inflammation and autoimmune and inflammatory indications associated therewith wherein the conditions optionally include Acquired aplastic anemia+, Acquired hemophilia+, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)+, Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE)/Hurst's disease+, Agammaglobulinemia, primary+, Alopecia areata+, Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis+, Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)+, Arteriosclerosis, Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD)+, Autoimmune dysautonomia/Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG), Autoimmune encephalitis+, Autoimmune gastritis, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)+, Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)+, Autoimmune hyperlipidemia, Autoimmune hypophysitis/lymphocytic hypophysitis+, Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED)+, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)+, Autoimmune myocarditis, Autoimmune oophoritis+, Autoimmune orchitis+, Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP)/Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease (IgG4-RD)+, Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes, Types I, II, & III+, Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis+, Autoimmune sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) Achalasia, Addison's disease, Adult Still's disease, Agammaglobulinemia, Alopecia areata, Amyloidosis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Anti-GBM/Anti-TBM nephritis, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Autoimmune angioedema, Autoimmune dysautonomia, Autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED), Autoimmune myocarditis, Autoimmune oophoritis, Autoimmune orchitis, Autoimmune pancreatitis, Autoimmune retinopathy, Autoimmune urticaria, Axonal & neuronal neuropathy (AMAN), Baló disease, Behcet's disease, Benign mucosal pemphigoid, Bullous pemphigoid, Castleman disease (CD), Celiac disease, Chagas disease, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), Churg-Strauss Syndrome (CSS) or Eosinophilic Granulomatosis (EGPA), Cicatricial pemphigoid, Cogan's syndrome, Cold agglutinin disease, Congenital heart block, Coxsackie myocarditis, CREST syndrome, Diabetes, type 1, Dermatitis herpetiformis, Dermatomyositis, Devic's disease (neuromyelitis optica). Discoid lupus, Dressler's syndrome, Endometriosis, Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), Eosinophilic fasciitis, Erythema nodosum, Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, Evans syndrome, Fibromyalgia, Fibrosing alveolitis, Fibrosing alveolitis, Giant cell myocarditis, Glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Hemolytic anemia, Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), Herpes gestationis or pemphigoid gestationis (PG), Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) (Acne Inversa), Hypogammalglobulinemia, IgA Nephropathy, IgG4-related sclerosing disease, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Inclusion body myositis (IBM), Interstitial cystitis (IC), Juvenile arthritis, Juvenile diabetes (Type 1 diabetes), Juvenile myositis (JM), Kawasaki disease, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, Lichen planus, Lichen sclerosus, Ligneous conjunctivitis, Linear IgA disease (LAD), Lupus (including nephritis and cutaneous), Lyme disease chronic, Meniere's disease, Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), Mooren's ulcer, Mucha-Habermann disease, Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (MMN) or MMNCB, Multiple sclerosis, Myasthenia gravis, Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Disorder, Myositis, Narcolepsy, Neonatal Lupus, Neuromyelitis optica, Neutropenia, Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, Optic neuritis, Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS), Palindromic rheumatism (PR), PANDAS, Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD), Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), Parry Romberg syndrome, Pars planitis (peripheral uveitis), Parsonage-Turner syndrome, Pemphigus, Peripheral neuropathy, Perivenous encephalomyelitis, Pernicious anemia (PA), POEMS syndrome, Polyarteritis nodosa, Polyglandular syndromes type I, II, Ill, Polymyalgia rheumatica, Polymyositis, Postmyocardial infarction syndrome, Postpericardiotomy syndrome, Primary Biliary Cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Progesterone dermatitis, Psoriasis, Psoriatic arthritis, Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), Pyoderma gangrenosum, Raynaud's phenomenon, Reactive Arthritis, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Relapsing polychondritis, Restless legs syndrome (RLS), Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Rheumatic fever, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Schmidt syndrome, Scleritis, Scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome, Sperm & testicular autoimmunity, Stiff person syndrome (SPS), Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), Susac's syndrome, Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO), Takayasu's arteritis, Temporal arteritis/Giant cell arteritis, Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), Thyroid eye disease (TED), Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS), Transverse myelitis, Type 1 diabetes, Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), Uveitis, Vasculitis, Vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease, among others.
(33) The use or method of any of the previous Embodiments, which is for the treatment or prophylaxis of Acute or chronic inflammation and autoimmune and inflammatory indications associated therewith wherein the conditions optionally include Severe asthma, Giant cell arteritis, ANKA vasculitis and IBD (Colitis and Crohns).
(34) The use or method of any of the previous Embodiments, which is for the treatment or prophylaxis of a condition selected from rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, adult Crohn's disease, pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, uveitis, Bechet's disease, a spondyloarthropathy, or psoriasis.
(35) The use or method of any of the previous Embodiments, which is for treatment or prophylaxis in a patient who comprises one or more of the following:
(36) The use or method of any of the previous Embodiments, which is for treatment or prophylaxis in a patient who is in a special class of patients who are at risk of toxicity in steroid treatment such as pregnant/breast-feeding women, pediatric patients optionally those with growth impairment or cataracts, wherein the patient is further being treated with another active agent.
(37) The use or method of any of the previous Embodiments, wherein the patient is further being treated with an immunomodulatory antibody or fusion protein which is selected from immunoinhibitory antibodies or fusion proteins targeting one or more of CTLA4, PD-1, PDL-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, BTLA, B7-H4, B7-H3, VISTA, and/or agonistic antibodies or fusion protein targeting one or more of CD40, CD137, OX40, GITR, CD27, CD28 or ICOS.
(38). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment comprising an antigen binding region that specifically binds to human V-domain Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation (human VISTA) (“A”), at least one cleavable or non-cleavable linker (“L”), optionally “Q” a heterobifunctional group” or “heterotrifunctional group” which is a chemical moiety optionally used to connect the linker and the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment and wherein the at least one anti-inflammatory agent is a glucocorticoid compound comprising Formula 1, said ADC being represented by the formula:
“A-(Q-L-AI)n” or “(AI-L-Q)n-A”
wherein “n” is at least 1 and further wherein the ADC, when administered to a subject in need thereof, is preferentially delivered to VISTA expressing immune cells, optionally one or more of monocytes, myeloid cells, T cells, Tregs, NK cells, Neutrophils, Dendritic cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, and results in the functional internalization of the small molecule anti-inflammatory agent into one or more of said immune cells.
(39). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment that preferentially binds to VISTA expressing cells at physiological pH (≈7.5); which optionally has a pK of at most 70 hours in a human VISTA knock-in rodent.
(40). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, which has a pK of at most 3.5±0.5 days in Cynomolgus macaque or in a human at physiologic pH.
(41). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, which has a pK of at most 2.8 or 2.3±0.5 days in Cynomolgus macaque or in a human at physiologic pH.
(42). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, which has a pK of at most 6-12 hours in a human VISTA rodent at physiologic pH.
(43). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, which comprises a linker which upon internalization of the ADC into VISTA-expressing immune cells, optionally one or more of T cells, Tregs, NK cells, Neutrophils, monocytes, myeloid cells, Dendritic cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, is cleaved resulting in the release of a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-inflammatory agent in the immune cell, wherein it elicits anti-inflammatory activity.
(44). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment has an in vivo serum half-life of about 2.3 days in a primate, optionally Cynomolgus macaque at physiological pH (˜pH 7.5).
(45). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment has an in vivo serum half-life in serum at physiological pH (˜pH 7.5) in a human VISTA knock-in rodent of no more than 70 hours, no more than 60 hours, no more than 50 hours, no more than 40 hours, no more than 30 hours, no more than 24 hours, no more than 22-24 hours, no more than 20-22 hours, no more than 18-20 hours, no more than 16-18 hours, no more than 14-16 hours, no more than 12-14 hours, no more than 10-12 hours, no more than 8-10 hours, no more than 6-8 hours, no more than 4-6 hours, no more than 2-4 hours, no more than 1-2 hours, no more than 0.5 to 1.0 hours, or no more than 0.1-0.5 hours.
(46). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the pK/pD ratio of the ADC when used in vivo is at least 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1 or greater in a human VISTA knock-in rodent or in a human or non-human primate, optionally Cynomolgus macaque.
(47). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the PD of the ADC is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days, 2-3 weeks, or longer in a rodent or in a human or non-human primate, optionally Cynomolgus macaque.
(48). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the anti-human VISTA antibody comprises an Fc region having impaired FcR binding.
(49). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the anti-human VISTA antibody comprises a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 Fc region having impaired FcR binding.
(50). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment wherein the anti-human VISTA antibody comprises a human IgG1 Fc region having impaired FcR binding.
(51). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, comprising a human or non-human primate constant or Fc region which is modified to impair or eliminate binding to at least 2 native human Fc gamma receptors.
(52). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, comprising a human or non-human primate constant or Fc region modified to impair or eliminate binding to any one, two, three, four or all five of the following FcRs: hFcγRI (CD64), FcyRIIA or hFcyRIIB, (CD32 or CD32A) and FcγRIIIA (CD16A) or FcγRIIIB (CD16B).
(53). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, comprising a human IgG2 kappa backbone with V234A/G237A/P238S/H268A/V309L/A330S/P331S silencing mutations in the Fc region.
(54). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, comprising a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A silencing mutations in the Fc region and optionally a mutation which impairs complement (C1Q) binding.
(55). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, comprising a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A silencing mutations and E269R and E233A mutations in the Fc region.
(56). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment wherein the binding of the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment to VISTA expressing immune cells does not directly agonize or antagonize VISTA-mediated effects on immunity.
(57). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, comprising a human IgG2 Fc region wherein endogenous FcR binding is not impaired.
(58). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, comprising a native (unmodified) human IgG2 Fc region.
(59). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a KD ranging from 0.0001 nM to 10.0 nM, 0.001 to 1.0 nM, 0.01 to 0.7 or less determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 24° C. or 37° C.
(60). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a KD of 0.13 to 0.64 nM determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 24° C. or 37° C.
(61). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC optionally comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the drug antibody ratio ranges from 1:1-10:1.
(62). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC optionally comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the drug antibody ratio ranges from 2-8:1, 4-8:1, or 6-8:1.
(63). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises optionally an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the drug antibody ratio the drug antibody ratio is 8:1 (n=8).
(64). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, which internalizes one or more of monocytes, myeloid cells, T cells, Tregs, macrophages and neutrophils.
(65). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, which does not appreciably internalize B cells.
(66). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, when administered to a subject in need thereof promotes the efficacy and/or reduces adverse side effects such as toxicity associated with the anti-inflammatory agent, compared to the same dosage of anti-inflammatory agent administered in naked (non-conjugated) form.
(67). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC optionally comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the glucocorticoid is optionally conjugated to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment via the interchain disulfides.
(68). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, which comprises an esterase sensitive linker.
(69). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the cleavable linker is susceptible to one or more of acid-induced cleavage, photo-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage.
(70). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment wherein the anti-VISTA antigen binding fragment comprised in the ADC comprises a Fab, F(ab′)2, or scFv antibody fragment.
(71). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment contained therein is one which comprises the same CDRs as an antibody having the sequences in
(72). The antibody drug conjugate (ADC) of any one of the foregoing Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment that comprises the same CDRS as any one of VSTB92, VSTB56, VSTB95, VSTB103 and VSTB66.
(73). The antibody drug conjugate (ADC) of any one of the foregoing Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment that comprises a VH polypeptide and a VL polypeptide which respectively possess at least 90%, 95% or 100% sequence identity to those of an antibody comprising the following VH polypeptide and a VL polypeptides and further the CDRs are not modified:
(74). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment comprises the same variable regions as one of VSTB92, VSTB56, VSTB95, VSTB103 and VSTB66.
(75). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment comprises a human IgG2 kappa backbone with V234A/G237A/P238S/H268A/V309L/A330S/P331S silencing mutations in the Fc region.
(76). An antibody drug conjugate (ADC), use or method of any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein the ADC comprises an anti-human VISTA antibody or antibody fragment, wherein the anti-VISTA antibody or antibody fragment comprises a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A silencing mutations in the Fc region.
(77) The ADC of any of the previous Embodiments wherein the glucocorticosteroid (AI) or the L or Q is conjugated to an anti-VISTA antibody or antigen binding fragment comprised therein via the interchain disulfides.
(78) A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) or steroid of any of the foregoing Embodiments and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
(79) The composition of Embodiment (78) which is administrable via an injection route, optionally intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal, or subcutaneous.
(80). The composition of Embodiment (78) or (79), which is subcutaneously administrable.
(81). A device comprising the composition of any of the previous Embodiments, that provides for subcutaneous administration selected from the group consisting of a syringe, an injection device, an infusion pump, an injector pen, a needleless device, an autoinjector, and a subcutaneous patch delivery system.
(82). The device of Embodiment (81), which delivers to a patient a fixed dose of the glucocorticoid receptor agonist, or a functional derivative thereof.
(83) A kit comprising the device of Embodiment (81) or Embodiment (82), which further comprises instructions informing the patient how to administer the ADC composition comprised therein and the dosing regimen.
(84) A method of treatment and/or prophylaxis, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof at least one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) or steroid or composition according to any of the previous Embodiments wherein said composition may be in a device according to any of the foregoing Embodiments.
(85) The method of Embodiment (84), which is used in the treatment of allergy, autoimmunity, transplant, gene therapy, inflammation, GVHD or sepsis, or to treat or prevent inflammatory, autoimmune, or allergic side effects associated with any of the foregoing conditions in a human subject.
(86) The method of Embodiment (84) or (85), wherein the inflammation is associated with cancer, or an infection, optionally a viral or bacterial infection.
(87) The method of Embodiment (84) or (85), wherein the patient comprises a condition selected from rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, adult Crohn's disease, pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, uveitis, Bechet's disease, a spondyloarthropathy, or psoriasis.
(88) The method of any of the prior Embodiments, wherein the, wherein the patient comprises one or more of the following:
(89) The method or use of any of the previous Embodiments, wherein the patient is further being treated with another active agent.
(90) The method or use of any of the previous Embodiments, wherein the patient is further being treated with an immunomodulatory antibody or fusion protein which is selected from immunoinhibitory antibodies or fusion proteins targeting one or more of CTLA4, PD-1, PDL-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, BTLA, B7-H4, B7-H3, VISTA, and/or agonistic antibodies or fusion protein targeting one or more of CD40, CD137, OX40, GITR, CD27, CD28 or ICOS.
(91) Ex vivo use of an ADC or steroid according to any one of the previous Embodiments, wherein immune cells from a patient or donor are contacted with an ADC or steroid according to any one of the previous Embodiments, and the infused into a patient in need thereof, e.g., one with one or more of the conditions identified in the previous Embodiments.
Having described the invention, the following examples are provided to further illustrate the invention and its inherent advantages.
The following examples describe exemplary embodiments of the invention.
A. Synthesis
Scheme for Synthesis of Linker A
Procedure
General Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 2
To a solution of compound 1 (3.0 g, 7.64 mmol, 1.0 eq) in a dichloromethane/acetonitrile (500 mL/100 mL) were added cyclic anhydride (3.0 g, 30.58 mmol, 4.0 eq) and DMAP (1.8 g, 15.29 mmol, 2.0 eq). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 2 h and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with DCM/MeOH (10% to 15%)+0.1% AcOH to afford the compound 2 (3.2 g, 85%) as white solid.
To a solution of 2 (220 mg, 0.45 mmol) and 3 (230 mg, 0.67 mmol) in NMP (4 mL) was added HATU (342 mg, 0.90 mmol) and DIPEA (232 mg, 1.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 5 h. The mixture was purified by prep-HPLC (ACN/H2O, 0.1% HCOOH) to give Linker A (122 mg, 39%).
LCMS: 703[M+H],
1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) (δ, ppm) 7.20 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (s, 2H), 6.52 (br, 1H), 6.33 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (s, 1H), 4.91 (q, J=17.3 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (d=9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.76-3.42 (m, 10H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 2.79 (m, 2H), 2.65-2.56 (m, 3H), 2.42-2.06 (m, 7H), 1.84-1.63 (m, 3H), 1.22 (m, 1H), 1.02 (s, 3H), 0.90 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (CDCl3) (δ, ppm)−166.09 (q).
General Scheme for Preparation of Conjugates with Linker A
To conjugate eight linker A per antibody, the antibody was buffer exchanged into PBS buffer pH 7.4 at 10 mg/mL concentration, after which 7 equivalents of TCEP was added and incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. The reduced antibody was then buffer exchanged by PD-10 column (GE Healthcare) with 50 mM borate buffer pH 8.0 containing 2 mM EDTA, after which 12 equivalents of linker A (freshly prepared as 10 mM stock solution in DMSO) was added, the reaction was left at ambient temperature in a tube revolver at 10 rpm for 1 hour. The conjugate containing eight linker-A per antibody was purified using a PD-10 desalting column with PBS buffer pH 7.4. Following elution, the conjugate was further buffer exchanged and concentrated to the desired concentration using Amicon Ultra 15 mL Centrifugal Filters with 30 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO). Mass Spectrometry To determine the Drug to antibody ratio (DAR), the conjugate was incubated with 25 mM of DTT for 30 minutes at 37° C. The reduced conjugate was diluted 50-fold in water and analyzed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC interfaced to Xevo G2-S QToF mass spectrometer. Deconvoluted masses were obtained using Waters MassLynx 4.2 Software. Drug to antibody ratios (DAR) were calculated using a weighted average of the peak intensities corresponding to each drug loading species using the formula below:
DAR=Σ(drug load distribution (%) of each Ab with drug load n)(n)/100
Purity of the conjugate was determined through size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC) using a 20-minute isocratic method with a mobile phase of 0.2M sodium phosphate, 0.2M potassium chloride, 15 w/v isopropanol, pH 6.8. An injection volume of 10 μL was loaded to a TSKgel SuperSW3000 column, at a constant flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. Chromatographs were integrated based on elution time to calculate the purity of monomeric conjugate species.
After synthesis of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) as described above the naked antibodies and ADCs underwent a quality control process to assess and confirm conjugation, ability to bind to VISTA and endotoxin levels. Also, a control pH-dependent binding anti-VISTA antibody (767-IgG1.3 antibody) which possesses a relatively long in vivo half-life at physiological conditions was synthesized and was analyzed using peptide mapping to confirm its sequence identity and its pH-dependent binding.
B. Confirmation of Drug Antibody Ratio and Purity by SEC
The conjugation level, presence of high molecular weight (HMW) aggregates, and endotoxin levels were assessed for conjugates following conjugation with linker A (assays performed by Abzena). Briefly, conjugation level was assessed via reverse phase HPLC, mass spectrometry or both. The level of HMW aggregates was assessed via size exclusion column. Endotoxin level was assessed via Charles River endosafe-PTS system, using an LAL test cartridge.
200 μg of the control anti-human VISTA antibody (767-IgG1.3) was digested either with trypsin (1/20 trypsin/protein) at 23° C. for 14 h or Lys-C (1/50 Lys-C/protein) at 37° C. for 14 h. 80 μg sample was analyzed by mass spectrometry on an Agilent QTOF 6530B. Sequence searches were performed using BioConfirm 9.0.
C. ELISA Results
1. ELISA for Determination of pH Specific Binding
A 96-well flat-bottom plate (Thermo Scientific Nunc Immuno Maxisorp, cat #442404) was coated with 767-IgG1.3 or INX200 diluted to 1 μg/mL in PBS for one hour at room temperature (RT). The wells were washed three times with PT (PBS with 0.05% Tween 20) then blocked with PTB (PBS with 0.05% Tween 20 and 1% BSA) for 1.5 hour at RT.
Biotinylated hIX50 (human VISTA ECD, produced at Aragen Bioscience, biotinylated at ImmuNext) was diluted ranging from 1000 to 0.001 ng/mL in citric acid/phosphate with 0.05% Tween 20 and 1% BSA (CPTB) at pH 6.1, 6.7 or 7.5. The wells were washed three times with citric acid/phosphate with 0.05% Tween 20 (CPT) at pH 6.1, 6.7 or 7.5 then biotinylated hIX50 was added to the wells and incubated for one hour at RT.
After three washes with CPT at pH 6.1, 6.7 or 7.5, streptavidin coupled to HRP (Southern Biotech, cat #7100-05), was used as detection reagent at a dilution of 1/2000 in CPTB at pH 6.1, 6.7 or 7.5 and incubated for one hour at RT. Following three washes with CPT at pH 6.1, 6.7 or 7.5, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB (Thermo Scientific, cat #34028) as a colorimetric substrate. After five min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
2. ELISA for VISTA Binding Confirmation of Naked and Drug-Conjugated Antibodies
A 96-well flat-bottom plates (same as above) were coated with hIX50 (human VISTA ECD, produced at Aragen Bioscience for ImmuNext) at 1 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT. After three washes, the wells were blocked with PTB for one hour at RT.
INX200, INX200A, INX201, INX201A, 767-IgG1.3 or 767-IgG1.3A were diluted ranging from 500 to 0.03, 100 to 0.02, or 400 or 0.1 ng/mL in PTB. The wells were washed three times with PT then diluted antibodies were added to the wells and incubated for one hour at RT.
After three washes with PT, mouse anti-human Kappa-HRP (Southern Biotech, cat #9230-05) was used at 1/2000 diluted in PTB as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following three washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate. After 5 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
D. Conjugation Level and SEC Purity Levels for Assessed Antibodies
Conjugation of linker A involved full reduction of interchain disulfides followed by full modification with linker A (as confirmed by mass spectrometry [MS] conjugation assessment). Minimal HMW aggregates were detected as assessed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reported as % purity (See Table 1 below).
E. Peptide Mapping of 767-IgG1.3
As shown in
As shown in
Total combined sequence coverage between the trypsin and Lys-C digestion strategies was 91.7% light chain sequence coverage and 80.8% heavy chain sequence coverage. Both light and heavy chains match the intended sequences, as described in the patent WO 2018/169993 A1. Based thereon we confirmed that the cloned and expressed sequence is that of 767-IgG1.3.
F. Comparison of VISTA Binding of Anti-VISTA Antibodies at Different pH Conditions
As shown in
G. Effect of Drug Conjugation on VISTA Binding
The anti-VISTA antibody drug conjugates identified above were demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo ADC studies to have undergone full reduction of the interchain disulfides with approximately DAR 8 conjugation to dexamethasone-based linker A. Additionally, as shown in
H. Conclusions
The above described experiments and data confirm that the control 767-IgG1.3 antibody comprises the same sequence and functional characteristics (pH dependent binding) of the 767-IgG1.3 antibody described previously. These data further confirm that all anti-VISTA antibody drug conjugates which were made underwent full cysteine reduction and that DAR 8 conjugation using a dexamethasone-based linker A resulted in minimal HMW aggregate formation (as assessed by SEC purity) and further showed that such conjugation had negligible impact on the binding of the antibody drug conjugates to human VISTA.
A. ConA Model
Again, because VISTA is highly expressed on most hematopoietic cells, particularly on myeloid cells we selected it as a potential target for anti-inflammatory antibody drug conjugates (ADC's). To assess its potential efficacy in the development of ADCs for potential use in treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, the efficacy of Dex-Antibody drug conjugates was evaluated in a short-term model of concanavalin A-induced liver inflammation (ConA-induced hepatitis).
This model involves the intravenous (i.v.) injection of the plant lectin concanavalin A (ConA) in mice and comprises a widely used model for acute immune mediated hepatitis in mice. In contrast to several other models for acute hepatic damage, ConA-induced injury is primarily driven by the activation and recruitment of T cells to the liver. Hence, the ConA model has unique features with respect to its pathogenesis and important similarities to immune-mediated hepatitis in humans, such as autoimmune hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis or distinct entities of drug toxicity leading to immune activation. The ConA model is characterized by a burst of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can be monitored as early as 6 h post injection. By 24 h, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are still detected, and liver damage/necrosis can be observed by histopathology. We took advantage of this model by mainly monitoring cytokine response at 6 h post ConA injection. As discussed below and shown in the Figures these studies showed that Dex treatment has a dose dependent effect on G-CSF, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and KC so our studies focused on measuring some of these cytokines.
B. Study Design
In these experiments, mice received antibody or Dex treatments ˜15 h before disease initiation. Concanavalin A dosing was adjusted to generate acute but non-lethal inflammation at 6 hr, established in preliminary experiments. Blood was collected at 6 h post ConA i.v. injection, and plasma isolated for cytokine analyses.
The objective of the in vivo studies was to evaluate the relative efficacy of these INX human VISTA antibodies conjugated to dexamethasone via an esterase sensitive linker as compared to free Dex in ConA-induced hepatitis. Particularly, in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of anti-human VISTA antibodies (INX210 [silent IgG2 Fc], INX200 [silent IgG1 Fc] and 767.3-IgG1.3 [control pH sensitive antibody]) naked or conjugated to Dexamethasone in the Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis model (respectively Experiment 1, 2, and 3).
These experiments were conducted in human VISTA knock-in (hVISTA KI) mice. hVISTA KI mice have the human VISTA cDNA knocked-in in place of the mouse VISTA gene, and express human VISTA both at RNA and protein levels. Also, in order to rule out gender-based differences inefficacy these experiments were performed in female and male mice. All animals received treatment (antibody or dexamethasone) 15 h before Concanavalin A (ConA) injection. Mice were then bled at 6 h post ConA injection and cytokine responses evaluated as markers of disease progression.
C. Methods and Materials
Anti-VISTA Antibodies and Conjugates
INX200: Humanized anti-human VISTA antibody on a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A silencing mutations in the Fc region which possesses a very short serum half-life at physiological pH (see Table 6 infra) and comprising the variable heavy and light sequences and IgG1 Fc region contained in
INX200A: INX200 conjugated to dexamethasone drug via the interchain disulfides with a drug/antibody ratio (DAR) of ˜8. The linker/payload (A) consists of an esterase sensitive linker with a dexamethasone payload (as described in Graverson et al, 2012).
INX201: Humanized anti-human VISTA antibody on a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A/E269R/K322A silencing mutations in the Fc region which possesses a very short serum half-life at physiological pH (see Table 6 infra) having variable heavy and light sequences and IgG1 Fc region contained in
INX201A: INX201 antibody conjugated to dexamethasone drug via the interchain disulfides with a drug/antibody ratio (DAR) of 8. The linker/payload (A) again consists of an esterase sensitive linker with a dexamethasone payload (as described in Graverson et al, 2012).
INX210: Humanized anti-human VISTA antibody on a human IgG2/kappa backbone with V234A/G237A/P238S/H268A/V309L/A330S/P331S silencing mutations in the Fc region having variable heavy and light sequences and IgG1 Fc region contained in
INX210A: INX210 antibody conjugated to drug via the interchain disulfides with a drug/antibody ratio (DAR) of ˜8. The linker/payload (A) again consists of an esterase sensitive linker with a dexamethasone payload (as described in Graverson et al, 2012).
767-IgG1: Control humanized anti-human VISTA antibody developed by Five Prime Therapeutics and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company on a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235E/G237A silencing mutations in the Fc region having variable heavy and light sequences and IgG1 Fc region contained in
767-IgG1A: 767-IgG1 antibody conjugated to drug via the interchain disulfides with a drug/antibody ratio (DAR) of ˜8. The linker/payload (A) again consists of an esterase sensitive linker with a dexamethasone payload (as described in Graverson et al, 2012).
All antibodies were diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) in a volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a dose of 10 mg/Kg.
Dexamethasone (sterile injection from Phoenix, NDC 57319-519-05), was diluted in PBS and dosed at 5, 2, 0.2 and 0.02 mg/Kg via i.p. injection.
Concanavalin A was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (C2010). Depending on its lot, ConA can be more or less virulent so preliminary experiments were always conducted to define the best ConA dosing to generate acute but non-lethal inflammation at 6 hr: 15 mg/Kg for Experiment 1 and 2 (lot #SLBX7517) and 7.5 mg/Kg for Experiment 3 and 4 (lot #SLCC2664).
hVISTA mice were bred at Sage Labs (Boyertown, PA). The mice, aged 8-12 weeks, first transited for 3 weeks in our quarantine facility, and then were transferred to the regular facility. They were acclimated for 1 to 2 weeks prior to experiment initiation.
Peripheral blood was harvested from the retro-orbital cavity using a glass Pasteur pipette that was 1st rinsed with heparin to prevent coagulation. Blood was then centrifuged at 400 rcf for 5 min and plasma collected and stored at −80° C. before cytokine analysis.
Cytokine analyses were conducted on 25 μl of plasma using a Millipore mouse 7-plex platform.
EXPERIMENT 1 and 2: Cytokines included in the analysis for in vivo studies ADC-INVIVO-5 and ADC-INVIVO-7 were G-CSF, IL-2 IFNγ, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and KC.
EXPERIMENT 3: For in vivo Experiment 3, only G-CSF and KC were analyzed via ELISA using R&D Duo sets for G-CSF (DY414-05; Expected <100,000 μg/mL of G-CSF and likely <50,000 μg/mL—Kit detection level: 2000 μg/mL—31.3 μg/mL) and KC (DY453-05; expected <120,000 μg/mL and likely <50,000 μg/mL—Kit detection level: 1000 μg/mL—15.6 μg/mL).
D. Results
Experiment 1: INX210A Efficacy in ConA-Induced Hepatitis in Female hVISTA KI Mice
As shown in the Figure, treatment with INX210A showed some efficacy (though non-significant) in controlling ConA-induced G-CSF upregulation, comparable to Dex treatment at 5 mg/Kg. By contrast, the non-Dex conjugated antibody INX210 or Dex administered 0.2 mg/Kg (which is the molar equivalent of Dex delivered by INX210A) had no anti-inflammatory impact.
Because we observed high levels of intragroup variability in the ConA response, the data from the 6 other cytokines is not included as it varied too much for interpretation. This is not unexpected because when experiments are run in female mice the effect of ConA is highly dependent on the hormonal state of the animal. While female mice may show a higher susceptibility to ConA, they also show greater variation in the disease outcome. All subsequent ConA experiments were run in male mice.
Experiment 2: INX210A Efficacy in ConA-Induced Hepatitis in Male hVISTA KI Mice
As has been previously reported in the literature, male mice displayed more consistent cytokine responses to ConA. Six out of 7 cytokines analyzed showed significant reduction (1 to 3 fold) when compared to the untreated ConA group at 6 h following INX210A treatment (
To evaluate if the ADC INX200A confers an efficacy boost, the response to various Dex dosages to the equivalent Dex payload from ADC (0.2 mg/Kg of free Dex=INX200A at 10 mg/Kg; 0.02 mg/Kg of free Dex=INX200A at 1 mg/Kg) were compared. As can be seen from the data in
We show that the anti-VISTA antibody (INX210) when conjugated to Dex (INX210A) can prevent ConA induced inflammation as efficiently or better than free Dex at equivalent molar dosage of Dex. Unconjugated, INX210, has no impact. We also show that conjugating Dex to the anti-VISTA antibody INX200 improved Dex delivery as we show that free Dex at 0.02 mg/Kg has no efficacy while the molar equivalent delivered via ADC has high potency.
In this example we describe the synthesis of novel steroids according to the invention, conjugates wherein said steroid is coupled to a linker and/or a bifunctional or trifunctional group which permits attachment of the steroid linker conjugate to an antibody and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) comprising said steroid coupled to a linker and/or a bifunctional or trifunctional group coupled to an antibody, i.e., an anti-VISTA antibody that binds to human VISTA at physiologic pH and which comprises a short pK.
As noted previously these steroids possess the following structure of Formula 1:
Exemplary compounds of Formula 1 are depicted in
General Procedures
The following general procedures were used for liquid chromatography (preparative or analytical) and nuclear magnetic resonance.
Unless noted otherwise, the following conditions were used for high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification or for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS):
Sample analysis according to this method was performed on an Agilent 1260 LCMS-4-QUAD system with an Onyx™ Monolithic C18 LC Column, 50×2 mm. Samples were run using a gradient of 5-95% A in B over 6 minutes, where A=0.05% AcOH in water/ACN (95:5 v/v) and B=0.05% AcOH in ACN.
Sample analysis according to this method was performed on a Waters Acquity LCMS-5-SQD system with a Kinetex® 1.7 μm C18 100 Å, LC Column 50×2.1 mm. Samples were run using a gradient of 10-95% A in B over 2.5 minutes, where A=0.02% formic acid in water and B=0.05% formic acid in ACN.
The following conditions were used for obtaining proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra: NMR spectra were recorded on an 1H NMR (400 MHz) Bruker Advancer-III HD FT-NMR spectrophotometer (Bruker, USA). The crude NMR data was analyzed using Topspin 3.6.3 software.
Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm) downfield from the position of TMS inferred by the deuterated NMR solvent. Apparent multiplicities are reported as: singlet-s, doublet-d, triplet-t, quartet-q, or multiplet-m. Peaks that exhibit broadening are further denoted as br. Integrations are approximate. It should be mentioned that integration intensities, peak shapes, chemical shifts and coupling constants can be dependent on solvent, concentration, temperature, pH and other factors.
All reactions were conducted under a dry nitrogen atmosphere unless otherwise stated. All the key chemicals were used as received. All other commercially available materials, such as solvents, reagents and catalyst were used without further purification. Reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using pre-coated Merck silica gel 60F254 aluminium sheets (Merck, Germany). The visualization of TLC plates was accomplished using UV light, ninhydrin spray, and iodine vapors. Column chromatographic separations were carried out using 230-400 mesh, 100-200 mesh and 60-120 mesh silica gel or C18 silica as stationary phase using appropriate mobile phase.
Reaction Scheme
A round bottom flask was charged with Fmoc-Gly-OSu (1.0 g, 2.535 mmol, 1.0 eq), H-Glu(OtBu)-OH (0.6183 g, 3.043 mmol, 1.2 eq), and sodium bicarbonate (0.4260 g, 5.07 mmol, 2.0 eq). A solution of water and 1,4-dioxane (1:1, 26 mL) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. Starting material consumption was confirmed by LCMS and the solvent was reduced, removing the dioxane but leaving the water. The mixture was then acidified to pH 2-3, added to a separatory funnel, and extracted with 5:1 isopropyl acetate/isopropanol (3×100 mL). Combined organics were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, reduced, loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 100 g reverse phase column, and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.9982 g of INX J.a, 82% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method B (ESI+): C26H31N2O7 [M+H]+ requires 483.21, found 483.25 at 1.14 minutes.
Procedure:
A round bottom flask was back-filled with argon and charged with tert-butyl (3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamate (4.2765 g, 13.40 mmol, 1.0 eq), 4-bromomethylbenzaldehyde (4.0 g, 20.1 mmol, 1.5 eq), potassium carbonate (9.2594 g, 67.0 mmol, 5.0 eq), and [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium-dichloromethane complex (0.3841 g, 0.469 mmol, 0.035 eq). Anhydrous THF (84 mL) was added to the flask, which was then equipped with a reflux condenser and heated to 80° C. for 16 h. Starting material consumption was confirmed by LCMS and the mixture was then cooled, diluted with water (200 mL), added to a separatory funnel, and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, reduced, and loaded onto an Isco Rf Gold 80 g SiO2 column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes. The fractions containing pure product were combined and reduced to afford 3.529 g of compound INX J-1, 85% yield, as a clear oil which crystallized overnight after removal from reduced pressure. LCMS Method A (ESI−): C19H20NO3 [M−H]− requires 310.15, found 310.1 at 3.080 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with 16-α-hydroxyprednisolone (3.30 g, 8.765 mmol, 1.0 eq), aldehyde INX J-1 (3.0023 g, 9.641 mmol, 1.1 eq), and MgSO4 (3.1659 g, 26.29 mmol, 3.0 eq). The solids were suspended in acetonitrile (88 mL) and the mixture was cooled to 0° C., whereupon trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (3.9 mL, 43.83 mmol, 5.0 eq) was added dropwise. After 10-20 minutes the reaction turned pink, and the starting material was fully consumed after 1 h. The solvent was reduced and the crude was purified in two batches, each being loaded onto to an Isco C18 Aq 275 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 5-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions from both batches containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 2.50 g of INX J-2, 50% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C35H40NO6 [M+H]+ requires 570.28, found 570.3 at 2.572 minutes.
DMF (2.3 mL) was added to a round bottom flask that was charged with bis-amino acid INX J.a (0.3074 g, 0.6372 mmol, 1.1 eq). Aniline INX J-2 (0.330 g, 0.579 mmol, 1.0 eq) was then added, followed by triethylamine (0.24 mL, 1.73 mmol, 3.0 eq). The solution was cooled to 0° C., whereupon a solution of 50% propanephosphonic acid anhydride in DMF (0.70 mL, 1.1586 mmol, 2.0 eq) was added. The mixture was allowed to stir 16 h while warming to room temperature. Once reaction completion was confirmed by LCMS, the crude mixture was directly loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 50 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.200 g of INX J-3, 33% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C61H68N3O12 [M+H]+ requires 1034.47, found 1034.4 at 3.073 minutes.
A vial was charged with compound INX J-3 (0.080 g, 0.0774 mmol, 1.0 eq) which was then dissolved in acetonitrile (0.50 mL) and piperidine (62 μL). The mixture was allowed to stir until all starting material was deprotected, 30 min. The solvent was reduced, the crude was diluted in DMSO, and loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 15.5 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.0423 g of INX J-4·AcOH, 63% yield, as a clear oil. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C46H58N3O10 [M+H]+ requires 812.40, found 812.4 at 2.638 minutes.
A vial was charged with 2-bromoacetic acid (0.0092 g, 0.0665 mmol, 2.1 eq) and DMF (0.33 mL). N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (0.0156 g, 0.0632 mmol, 2.0 eq) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir for ˜90 minutes. Amine INX J-4·AcOH (0.0270 g, 0.0309 mmol, 1.0 eq) was then added to the solution along with sodium bicarbonate (0.0140 g, 0.1665 mmol, 5.4 eq) and the mixture was allowed to stir for 2 h (until all INX J-4 was consumed). Once reaction completion was confirmed by LCMS, the crude mixture was directly loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 5.5 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.0100 g of INX J-5, 35% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C48H59BrN3O1 [M+H]+ requires 932.33, found 932.2 at 2.926 minutes.
A vial was charged with tert-butyl ester INX J-5 (0.010 g, 0.01072 mmol, 1.0 eq), which was dissolved in a solution of 50% TFA in DCM (0.200 mL) and allowed stir for 1 h. Once reaction completion was confirmed by LCMS, the solvent was removed, the residue was dissolved in DMSO, and loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 5.5 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.0033 g of INX J, 35% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C44H51BrN3O11 [M+H]+ requires 876.26, found 877.2 at 2.524 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with Boc-Gly-OSu (12.0 g, 44.07 mmol, 1.0 eq), H-Glu(OtBu)-OH (9.8524 g, 48.47 mmol, 1.1 eq), and sodium bicarbonate (7.4040 g, 88.14 mmol, 2.0 eq). A solution of water and 1,4-dioxane (1:1, 220 mL) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. Starting material consumption was confirmed by LCMS and the solvent was reduced, removing the dioxane but leaving the water. The mixture was then acidified to pH 2-3, forming a precipitate which was then filtered and dried on a lyophilizer to afford 14.0152 g of Boc-Gly-Glu(OtBu)-OH, 88% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C16H29N2O7 [M+H]+ requires 361.19, found 361.2 at 2.122 minutes.
An oven-dried vial under inert atmosphere was charged with amine INX J-2 (0.8200 g, 2.63 mmol, 1.0 eq), Boc-Gly-Glu(OtBu)-OH (2.5916 g, 7.197 mmol, 2.73 eq), ((7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) (2.2515 g, 4.318 mmol, 1.64 eq), and DMF (15 mL mL). Next, N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (1.5 mL, 8.636 mmol, 3.3 eq) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir until all the amine was consumed, 1 h. The crude solution was then added directly to an Isco C18 Aq 100 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% TFA additive) in H2O (0.05% TFA additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.4404 g of INX L-1, 34% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C51H66N3O12 [M+H]+ requires 912.46, found 912.4 at 2.524 minutes.
An oven-dried vial under inert atmosphere was charged with tert-butyl ester INX L-1 (0.200 g, 0.220 mmol, 1.0 eq) and DMF (0.50 mL). Next, 1-H tetrazole (0.1540 g, 2.20 mmol, 10 eq) and di-tert-butyl N,N-diethylphosphoramidite (1.311 g, 5.265 mmol, 24.0 eq) were added and the mixture was allowed to stir for 72 h to achieve 90% conversion. Hydrogen peroxide (2 mL) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir for 1 h before being loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 50 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.120 g of INX L-2, 49% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C59H83N3O15P [M+H]+ requires 1104.55, found 1104.5 at 3.894 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl ester INX L-2 (0.772 g, 0.7 mmol, 1.0 eq), DCM (10 mL), trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL), and triisopropylsilane (1.2 mL). The mixture was allowed to stir for 8 h at room temperature. Starting material consumption was confirmed by LCMS and the solvent was reduced. The resulting residue was dissolved in DMF (4 mL), loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 100 g reverse phase column, and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% TFA additive) in H2O (0.05% TFA additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.3976 g of INX L-3·TFA, 54% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C42H51N3O13P [M+H]+ requires 836.3, found 836.3 at 2.053 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with 2-bromoacetic acid (0.0250 g, 0.180 mmol, 3.5 eq), DMF (0.50 mL), (7-azabenzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.0470 g, 0.090 mmol, 1.7 eq), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.0155 g, 0.120 mmol, 2.3 eq). In a separate vial, amine INX L-3·TFA (0.050 g, 0.052 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in DMF (2.0 mL) and added to the vessel containing the bromoacetic acid and coupling agent. The mixture was allowed to stir for 30 minutes and starting material consumption was confirmed by LCMS. The crude mixture was purified by preparative HPLC with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.030 g of INX L, 60% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C44H52BrN3O14P [M+H]+ requires 956.78, found 956.2 at 2.323 minutes.
A round bottom flask under inert atmosphere was charged with 4-(Bromomethyl)benzaldehyde (1.465 g, 7.40 mmol, 1.2 eq), tert-butyl (5-(tributylstannyl)thiazol-2-yl)carbamate (3.00 g, 6.10 mmol, 1.0 eq), tripotassium phosphate (3.902 g, 18.40 mmol, 3.0 eq), and (2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl) [2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate (1.148 g, 1.50 mmol, 20 mol %). Water (10 mL) and THF (100 mL) were degassed and then added and the mixture was refluxed overnight. Upon completion, which was determined via LCMS, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, reduced, and loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 450 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (10 mM NH4OAc additive) in H2O (10 mM NH4OAc additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 1.064 g of INX-SM-1-1, 55% yield, as an off-white solid. LCMS Method B (ESI+): C11H11N2OS [M−Boc+H]+ requires 219.10, found 219.04 at 1.66 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with 16-α-hydroxyprednisolone (1.1833 g, 3.143 mmol, 1.0 eq), aldehyde INX-SM-1-1 (1.10 g, 3.458 mmol 1.1 eq), and MgSO4 (1.1355 g, 9.431 mmol, 3.0 eq). The solids were suspended in acetonitrile (31 mL) and the mixture was cooled to 0° C., whereupon trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (1.4 mL, 15.718 mmol, 5.0 eq) was added dropwise. After 10-20 minutes, the reaction turned pink, and the starting material was consumed after 1 h. The solvent was reduced, the crude was loaded onto to an Isco C18 Aq 275 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 1.059 g of INX-SM-1·AcOH, 53% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method B (ESI+): C32H37N2O6S [M+H]+ requires 577.23, found 577.93 at 1.10 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with INX-SM-1·AcOH (1.000 g, 1.57 mmol, 1.0 eq), Boc-Gly-Glu(OtBu)-OH (3.1212 g, 8.607 mmol, 5.5 eq), and PyAOP (4.5210 g, 8.678 mmol, 5.5 eq). A mixture of 1:1 DCM/DMF (22 mL total volume) was added, followed by DIPEA (3.0 mL, 17.356 mmol, 11.0 eq) and the mixture was stirred for 5 hours. Once most of INX-SM-1 was consumed, the solvent was reduced (to just DMF) and the crude mixture was loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 275 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 5-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.4050 g of INX N-1, 28% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C48H63N4O12S [M+H]+ requires 919.41, found 919.4 at 3.089 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl ester INX N-1 (0.200 g, 0.2177 mmol, 1.0 eq), MeCN (2.0 mL), trifluoroacetic acid (2.0 mL), and triisopropylsilane (0.70 mL, 3.266 mmol, 15.0 eq). The mixture was allowed to stir for 3 h at room temperature. Starting material consumption was confirmed by LCMS and the solvent was reduced. The resulting residue loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 30 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.10% TFA additive) in H2O (0.10% TFA additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.0954 g of INX N-2·TFA, 50% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C39H47N4O10S [M+H]+ requires 763.29, found 763.3 at 1.732 minutes.
A vial was charged with 2-bromoacetic acid (0.0127 g, 0.0913 mmol, 2.0 eq), which was dissolved in DMF (0.500 mL). N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (0.0215 g, 0.0867 mmol, 1.9 eq) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir for 90 minutes. Amine INX N-2·TFA (0.040 g, 0.0457 mmol, 1.0 eq) was then added to the solution along with sodium bicarbonate (0.0230 g, 0.2739 mmol, 6.0 eq) and the mixture was allowed to stir for 2 h (until all INX N-2 was consumed). Once reaction completion was confirmed by LCMS, the crude mixture was directly loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 15.5 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.0091 g of INX N, 22% yield, as a fluffy yellow solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C41H48BrN4O11S [M+H]+ requires 883.21, found 883.2 at 2.247 minutes.
A round bottom flask was back-filled with argon and charged with tert-butyl (4-(bromomethyl)thiazol-2-yl)carbamate (0.150 g, 0.5115 mmol, 1.5 eq), (4-formylphenyl)boronic acid (0.0511 g, 0.3411 mmol, 1.0 eq), potassium carbonate (0.2357 g, 1.706 mmol, 5.0 eq), and [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium-dichloromethane complex (0.0279 g, 0.0341 mmol, 0.10 eq). Anhydrous THF (2.5 mL) was added to the flask, which was then equipped with a reflux condenser and heated to 80° C. for 16 h. Starting material consumption was confirmed by LCMS and the mixture was then cooled, diluted with water (10 mL), added to a separatory funnel, and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, reduced, and loaded onto an Isco Rf Gold 24 g SiO2 column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes. The fractions containing pure product were combined and reduced to afford 0.0082 g of compound IN-SM-2-1, 8% yield, as a clear oil which crystallized overnight after removal from reduced pressure. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C16H19N2O3S [M+H]+ requires 319.10, found 319.1 at 2.1716 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with 16-α-hydroxyprednisolone (0.1936 g, 0.5143 mmol, 1.0 eq), aldehyde INX-SM-2-1 (0.1800 g, 0.5659 mmol 1.1 eq), and MgSO4 (0.1857 g, 1.5428 mmol, 3.0 eq). The solids were suspended in acetonitrile (5.1 mL) and the mixture was cooled to 0° C., whereupon trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (0.23 mL, 2.571 mmol, 5.0 eq) was added dropwise. After 10-20 minutes, the reaction turned pinkish and the starting material was consumed after ˜1 h. The solvent was reduced, the crude was loaded onto to an Isco C18 Aq 30 g reverse phase column, and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.1680 g of INX-SM-2·AcOH, 52% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C32H37N2O6S [M+H]+ requires 577.23, found 577.3 at 1.974 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with INX-SM-2·AcOH (0.1125 g, 0.176 mmol, 1.0 eq), Boc-Gly-Glu(OtBu)-OH (0.0700 g, 0.1760 mmol, 1 eq), and PyAOP (0.1220 g, 0.2340 mmol, 1.3 eq). DMF (1.6 mL) was added, followed by DIPEA (0.081 mL, 0.4686 mmol, 2.6 eq) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Once most of INX-SM-2 was consumed, the crude mixture was loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 15.5 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.060 g of INX Q-1, 37% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C48H63N4O12S [M+H]+ requires 919.41, found 919.4 at 2.931 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl ester INX Q-1 (0.0800 g, 0.0871 mmol, 1.0 eq), MeCN (1.0 mL), trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL), and triisopropylsilane (0.178 mL, 0.871 mmol, 10.0 eq). The mixture was allowed to stir for 3 h at room temperature. Starting material consumption was confirmed by LCMS and the solvent was reduced. The resulting residue loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 15.5 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.10% TFA additive) in H2O (0.10% TFA additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.0100 g of INX Q-2·TFA, 13% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C39H47N4O10S [M+H]+ requires 763.29, found 763.2 at 1.945 minutes.
A vial was charged with 2-bromoacetic acid (0.0036 g, 0.0262 mmol, 2.3 eq), which was dissolved in DMF (0.500 mL). N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (0.0062 g, 0.0250 mmol, 2.2 eq) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir for 90 minutes. Amine INX Q-2·TFA (0.010 g, 0.0114 mmol, 1.0 eq) was then added to the solution along with sodium bicarbonate (0.0066 g, 0.0786 mmol, 6.9 eq) and the mixture was allowed to stir for 2 h (until all INX Q-2 was consumed). Once reaction completion was confirmed by LCMS, the crude mixture was directly loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 5.5 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.0036 g of INX Q, 36% yield, as a fluffy yellow solid. LCMS Method B (ESI+): C41H48BrN4O11S [M+H]+ requires 883.21, found 883.53 at 1.20 minutes.
To a solution of 3-(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic acid (10 g, 58.76 mmol) in tert-Butyl alcohol (20 mL) diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) (20.2 mL, 88.15 mmol) and triethyl amine (33.04 mL, 235.0 mmol) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 12:88) to give the title compound as white solid (10 g, 70.55%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 7.43 (bs, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 6H), 1.46 (s, 9H).
To a stirred solution of methyl 3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylate (INX-SM-3-1) (5 g, 20.70 mmol) in THF:MeOH (3:1) (20 mL), sodium borohydride (3.9 g, 103.5 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for another 16 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with dil. aqueous HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product (4.3 g, 97.38%). LCMS: 214.0 [M+H]+; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 4.99 (bs, 1H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 1.95 (s, 6H), 1.42 (s, 6H).
To a stirred solution of tert-butyl (3-(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-3-2) (0.1 g, 0.46 mmol) in DCM (2 mL), Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) (0.40 g, 40.93 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 30 min. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 40:60) to give the title compound as white solid (0.050 g, 52%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 9.59 (s, 1H), 7.68 (bs, 1H), 2.12 (s, 6H), 1.37 (s, 9H).
To a stirred solution of tert-butyl (3-formylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-3-3) (0.40 g, 1.89 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL), p-toluenesulfonhydrazide (8.8 g, 47.20 mmol) was added and stirred for 2 h at 50° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 30:70) to give the title compound as white solid (0.28 g, 38.96%). LCMS: 324.5 (M-56); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 11.07 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 9H).
To a stirred solution of tert-butyl)-(3-((2-tosylhydrazono) methyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-3-4) (3.20 g, 8.43 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL), (4-formylphenyl)boronic acid (1.64 g, 8.43 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.74 g, 12.64 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for another 2 h at 110° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 15:85) to give title compound as white solid (0.81 g, 31.87%). LCMS: 302.5 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 9.97 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (s, 2H), 1.68 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 9H).
To a solution of tert-butyl (3-(4-formylbenzyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-3-5) (1.0 g, 3.31 mmol) and (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one(16-□-hydroxyprednisolone) (1.24 g, 3.31 mmol) in DCM (10 mL), PTSA (0.95 g, 4.97 mmol) was added and stirred for another 16 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give the crude product as mixture of isomers. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC and then the isomers were separated by chiral prep-HPLC (Column: IG 250*21 □m, 5 micron, Mobile phase: A=0.1% ammonia in Heptane, B=IPA: ACN (70:30), A:B=60:40) to give Isomer-1 and Isomer-2. These isomers were eluted at retention time 6.72 min (Isomer-1) and 11.87 min (Isomer-2). INX-SM-3 (Isomer-1): LCMS: 561.0 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.45 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.07 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H, C16H) INX-SM-53 (Isomer-2): LCMS 561.1 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 6.13 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.41 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H, C16H)
A 500 mL three-necked round bottom flask was charged with (S)-2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-5-(tert-butoxy)-5-oxopentanoic acid (25 g, 58.82 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (9.8 g, 116.66 mmol) in DMF (200 mL). To this suspension, benzyl bromide (10.9 g, 63.74 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 16 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was triturated with diethyl ether and pentane to give title compound as white solid (26 g, 85.83%). LCMS: 516.4 (M+H)+.
A 500 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with 1-benzyl 5-(tert-butyl) (((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)-L-glutamate (INX-P-1) (26 g, 50.42 mmol) and THF (200 mL). To this solution, diethyl amine (36.8 g, 504.11 mmol) was added and stirred for 3 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, evaporated under vacuum and triturated with pentane to give title compound as light-yellow sticky (28 g). Crude product was directly used for next step without any analytical data.
A 500 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)glycine (28.0 g, 94.27 mmol) and DMF (200 mL). To this solution, EDC·HCl (19.7 g, 102.76 mmol), HOBT (13.9 g, 102.76 mmol), DIPEA (24.2 g, 187.24 mmol) and 1-benzyl 5-(tert-butyl) L-glutamate (INX-P-2) (30.38 g, 103.25 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 50:50) to give title compound as light yellow (12.0 g, 23.64%). LCMS: 574.4 (M+H)+.
A 500 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with 1-benzyl 5-(tert-butyl) (((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)glycyl-L-glutamate (INX-P-3) (12.0 g, 20.95 mmol) in MeOH (120 mL). To this solution, 10% Pd/C (2.4 g) was added at room temperature and purged with hydrogen for 3-4 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was filtered through a bed of celite and the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water) to give the title compound as off white solid (5 g, 49.45%). LCMS: 483.2 (M+H)+.
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (S)-2-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-(tert-butoxy)-5-oxopentanoic acid (INX-P-4) (0.47 g, 0.97 mmol), HATU (0.55 g, 1.45 mmol), DIPEA (0.25 g, 1.94 mmol) and DMF (4 mL) at room temperature. To this solution, (6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-10-(4-((3-aminobicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)methyl) phenyl)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-1,2,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-4-one (INX-SM-3)(0.59 g, 1.06 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water, 50:50) to give the title compound as light-yellow solid (0.42 g, 57.38%). LCMS: 1025.0 (M+H)+.
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicycle [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-P-5) (0.40 g, 0.41 mmol) and THF (4 mL). To this solution, diethyl amine (0.40 g, 4.10 mmol) was added and stirred for 3 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum to give title compound as yellow solid (0.23 g, 73.43%) LCMS: 802.1 (M+H)+.
A 25 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-aminoacetamido)-5-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxy acetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho [2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-P-6) (0.23 g, 0.28 mmol) and DCM (2 mL). To this solution, Na2CO3 (0.12 g, 0.57 mmol) solution in water (1 mL) followed by bromoacetyl bromide (0.029 g, 0.28 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water, 50:50) to give title compound as pale yellow solid (0.090 g, 34.00%). LCMS: 922.9 & 924.8 (M & M+2).
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-(2-bromoacetamido)acetamido)-5-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxo pentanoate (INX-P-7) (0.090 g, 0.097 mmol) and DCM (2 mL). To this solution, TFA (0.055 g, 0.48 mmol) was added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: SUNFIRE Prep C18 OBD, 19×250 mm, 5 μm, Mobile phase: A=0.1% FA in Water, B=acetonitrile; A:B, 55:45), Retention time 15.51 min to give R-Isomer as off white solid (0.010 g, 11.83%). LCMS: 866.80 & 868.8 (M & M+2); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMOS-d6, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.40 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 4.92 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H, C16H).
To a solution of 3-(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic acid (10 g, 58.75 mmol) in THF (15 mL), borane dimethyl sulfide (BH3·DMS) (13.49 mL, 176.2 mmol) was added drop wise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for additional 30 min. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched by slow addition of dil. HCl solution. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate and combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give the title compound as gummy solid (8.2 g, 89.30%). The crude was carried forward in next step. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.07 (bs, 1H), 2.05 (s, 6H).
To a stirred solution of methyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylate (INX-SM-4-1) (8.0 g, 56.27 mmol) in DCM (240 mL), Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) (23.87 g, 56.27 mmol) was added at 0° C. and stirred for another 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with saturated solution of NaHCO3. The reaction mixture was extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give the title compound as gummy white solid (12 g, crude). The crude product was carried forward for next step without purification.
A mixture of methyl 3-formylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylate (INX-SM-4-2) (8 g, 51.88 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide (9.66 g, 51.88 mmol) in dioxane (120 mL) was heated at 50° C. for 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 60:40) to give the title compound as white solid (10 g, 60.34%). LCMS: 323.2 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 11.19 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 6H).
To a stirred solution of methyl 3-((2-tosylhydrazono)methyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylate (INX-SM-4-3) (4 g, 12.42 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL), (4-nitrophenyl)boronic acid (2.07 g, 12.42 mmol) and K2CO3 (2.57 g, 18.63 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred at 110° C. for 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 06:94) to give the title compound as white solid (0.520 g, 16.04%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 8.10 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.64-7.59 (m, 2H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 2.95 (s, 2H), 1.82 (s, 6H).
To a stirred solution of methyl 3-(3-nitrobenzyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylate (INX-SM-4-4) (0.490 g, 1.87 mmol) in DCM (25 mL), diisobutylaluminium hydride (1M in toluene, 3.2 mL, 3.75 mmol) was added at −78° C. and stirred further for 30 min. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with dilute HCl solution and allowed to come at room temperature then extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 18:82) to give title compound as white solid (0.27 g, 62.26%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 9.55 (s, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.51 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (s, 2H), 1.93 (s, 6H).
To a stirred solution of 3-(3-nitrobenzyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carbaldehyde (INX-SM-4-5) (0.27 g, 1.16 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dode cahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one(16-□-hydroxyprednisolone) (0.351 g, 0.93 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.30 g, 1.76 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for additional 16 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give title compound as mixture of isomer (0.470 g, crude). LCMS: 590.93 (M+H)+.
Further the isomers were separated by chiral prep HPLC (Column: IG 250*21 □m, 5 micron, Mobile phase: A=0.1% ammonia in Heptane, B=IPA: ACN (70:30), A:B=75:25) to give Isomer-1 and Isomer-2. These isomers were eluted at retention time 12.85 min (Isomer-1) and 19.40 min (Isomer-2).
Isomer-1: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) Fr-1: □ 4.94 (d, 1H, C16H), 4.57 (s, 1H, Acetal-H)
Isomer-2: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) Fr-1: □ 5.19 (d, 1H, C16H), 5.08 (s, 1H, Acetal-H)
To a stirred solution of (INX-SM-4-6, mix of isomer) (0.30 g, 0.50 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was added NH4Cl (0.22 g, 4.0 mmol) and Zn dust (0.26 g, 4.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was filtered, and filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to give title compound as mixture of isomer (0.360 g, crude).
Further the isomers were separated by chiral prep HPLC (Column: IG 250*21 □m, 5 micron, Mobile phase: A=0.1% ammonia in Heptane, B=IPA: ACN (70:30), A:B=82:18) to give Isomer-1 and Isomer-2. These isomers were eluted at retention time 27.96 min (Isomer-1) and 43.90 min (Isomer-2).
INX-SM-4 (Isomer-1): LCMS: 560.90 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment) δ: 5.00-4.90 (m, 2H, acetal & C16-H)
INX-SM-54 (Isomer-2: LCMS: 561.00 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment) δ: 5.16 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H, C16-H), 5.09 (s, 1H, acetal-H)
A round bottom flask was charged with INX-SM-4 (0.050 g, 0.0894 mmol, 1.0 eq), Boc-Gly-Glu(OtBu)-OH (0.0805 g, 0.2235 mmol, 2.5 eq), and PyAOP (0.1165 g, 0.2235 mmol, 2.5 eq). DMF (0.10 mL) was added, followed by DIPEA (0.078 mL, 0.4470 mmol, 5.0 eq) and the mixture was stirred for 45 minutes. At this point all INX-SM-4 was consumed and there was a 2:1 ratio of desired product to bis Gly-Glu coupled compound. The crude mixture was loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 30 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 5-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.0220 g of INX O-1, 28% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method B (ESI+): C50H68N3O12 [M+H]+ requires 902.47, found 902.88 at 1.76 minutes.
A round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl ester INX O-1 (0.020 g, 0.022 mmol, 1.0 eq), MeCN (0.50 mL), trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL), and triisopropylsilane (0.075 mL, 0.3662 mmol, 16.6 eq). The mixture was allowed to stir for 1 h at room temperature. Starting material consumption was confirmed by LCMS and the solvent was reduced. The resulting residue was loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 30 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.10% TFA additive) in H2O (0.10% TFA additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.0144 g of INX O-2·TFA, 76% yield, as a white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C41H52N3O10 [M+H]+ requires 746.36, found 746.3 at 2.088 minutes.
A vial was charged with 2-bromoacetic acid (0.0205 g, 0.1476 mmol, 2 eq), which was dissolved in DMF (0.40 mL). N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (0.0347 g, 0.1402 mmol, 2 eq) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir for 90 minutes. Amine INX O-2·TFA (0.0622 g, 0.072 mmol, 1.0 eq) was then added to the solution along with sodium bicarbonate (0.0371 g, 0.4428 mmol, 6.15 eq) and the mixture was allowed to stir for 2 h (until all INX O-2 was consumed). Once reaction completion was confirmed by LCMS, the crude mixture was directly loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq 5.5 g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford 0.0124 g of INX O, 20% yield, as a fluffy white solid. LCMS Method A (ESI+): C43H53BrN3O11 [M+H]+ requires 866.28, found 866.3 at 2.174 minutes.
To a solution of 2-(3-nitrophenyl)acetic acid (0.5 g, 2.76 mmol) in DCM (15 mL), oxalyl chloride (0.71 mL, 8.28 mmol) was added drop wise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for additional 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to give gummy liquid which was dissolved in DCM and ammonia gas was purged into at 0° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, the reaction mixture was quenched with sodium bicarbonate solution and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give the title compound as off white solid (0.3 g, 60.33%). The crude was carried forward in next step. LCMS: 181.1 (M+H)+.
To a stirred solution of 2-(3-nitrophenyl) acetamide (INX-SM-6-1) (3.0 g, 16.6 mmol) in THF (50 mL), Lawesson's reagent (13.4 g, 33.33 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred the reaction mixture at reflux temperature for 14 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted the product with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 28:72) to give the title compound as pale-yellow solid (3.0 g, 91.76%). LCMS: 197.1 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (DMSO): 9.62, 9.54 (2 brs, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 2H).
To a solution of methyl ethyl formate (0.5 g, 6.75 mmol) and ethyl 2-chloroacetate (0.824 g, 6.75 mmol) in diisopropyl ether (25 mL), potassium tert-butoxide (0.75 g, 6.75 mmol) was added 0° C. and allowed to stir at rt for 3 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by triturating with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to give the title compound as yellow solid (0.55 g, 71.40%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 8.94 (s, 1H), 3.94 (q, 2H), 1.11 (t, 3H).
Potassium 2-chloro-3-ethoxy-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-olate (INX-SM-6-3) (5.5 g) was treated with dil. HCl and extracted by ethyl acetate and dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to give yellow semi solid of ethyl 2-chloro-3-oxopropanoate (3.0 g). To a stirred solution of 2-(3-nitrophenyl) ethanethioamide (INX-SM-6-2) (3 g, 15.30 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL), ethyl 2-chloro-3-oxopropanoate (2.75 g, 18.36 mmol) and Na2SO4 (8.03 g, 76.53 mmol) was added and stirred at 80° C. for 12 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 30:70) to give the title compound as yellowish liquid (1.6 g, 35.80%). LCMS: 293.40 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.22-8.19 (m, 2H), 7.70 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 4.32 (q, 2H), 1.31 (t, 3H).
To a stirred solution of ethyl 2-(3-nitrobenzyl) thiazole-5-carboxylate (INX-SM-6-4) (1.6 g, 5.4 mmol) in DCM (100 mL), diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL) (1M in toluene, 12.05 ml, 12.05 mmol) was added at −78° C. and stirred further for 20 min at −78° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with dilute HCl solution and allowed to come at room temperature. The product was extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 10:90) to give title compound as off white solid (0.400 g, 29.44%). LCMS: 249.29 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 10.00 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (s, 2H).
To a stirred solution of 2-(3-nitrobenzyl) thiazole-5-carbaldehyde ((INX-SM-6 0.5) (0.4 g, 1.06 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one (16-□-hydroxyprednisolone) (0.211 g, 0.84 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (1.0 g, 5.30 mmol) and stirred for 8 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with bicarbonate solution and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by flash chromatography (Methanol/DCM: 6:94) to give compound as mixture of diastereomers (INX-SM-6 0.6).
Further the diastereomers were separated by prep HPLC (Column: YMC-Actus Triart Prep C18-S, 250×20 mm S-10 μm, 12 mm, Mobile phase: A=0.05% ammonia in water, B=20% A-Line in ACN, A:B=45:55). These isomers were eluted at retention time 13.5 min (INX-SM-6-7, Isomer-1) (0.030 g, 8.8%) and 18.50 min (INX-SM-56-1, Isomer-2) (0.040 g, 11.8%).
To a stirred solution of (INX-SM-6-7, Isomer-1) (0.030 g, 0.049 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) was added NH4Cl (0.020 g, 0.39 mmol) and Zn metal (0.025 g, 0.39 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was filtered, and filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase prep HPLC (0.05% Ammonia-Acetonitrile) to give title compound as white solid (0.005 g, 17.8%).
INX-SM-6 (R-Isomer): LCMS: 577.2 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.86 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.02 (d, C-16H).
To a stirred solution of (INX-SM-56-1, Isomer-2) (0.040 g, 0.065 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) was added NH4Cl (0.027 g, 0.52 mmol) and Zn metal (0.034 g, 0.52 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was filtered, and filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was further purified by reverse phase prep HPLC (0.05% Ammonia-Acetonitrile) to give title compound as white solid (0.015 g, 39%); LCMS: 577.1 (M+H)+.
INX-SM-56 (S-Isomer): LCMS: 577.2 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 6.40 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.33 (d, J=6.0 Hz, C-16H)
To a solution of 2-bromothiazole-5-carboxylic acid (5.0 g, 24.0 mmol) in t-BuOH (50 mL), diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) (7.74 mL, 36.0 mmol) and triethylamine (13.48 ml, 96.1 mmol) were added and allowed to stir at 80° C. for 12 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 10:90) to give title compound as brown solid (2.3 g, 34.28%). LCMS: 278 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): 10.98 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H) 1.46 (s, 9H).
To a stirred solution of tert-butyl (2-bromothiazol-5-yl) carbamate (INX-SM-7-1) (1.5 g, 5.37 mmol) dioxane (50 mL), tributyl(vinyl)tin (1.70 g, 5.37 mmol) was added at room temperature and degassed with N2(g) for 15 min. Tetrakis triphenylphosphine palladium(O) (0.310 g, 0.26 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred the reaction mixture at 100° C. for 12 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was filtered through celite and filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 20:80) to give title compound (0.9 g, 74.2%). LCMS: 227.0 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): 10.72 (s, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 6.76 (dd, J=11.2 & 17.6 Hz, 1H), 5.82 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H).
To a solution of tert-butyl (2-vinylthiazol-5-yl) carbamate (INX-SM-7-2) (3.8 g, 16.8 mmol) in dioxane (50 mL), a solution of K2OsO4·2H2O (0.179 g, 0.48 mmol) in water (2 ml) was added. NaIO4 (18.15 g, 85.2 mmol) was dissolved in water (10 ml) and added to the reaction mixture stirred at rt for 3 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was filtered through celite bad and filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate:hexane: 15:85) to give the title compound as a pale-yellow solid (2.5 g, 65.22%). LCMS: 229.0 (M+H)+.
To a solution of tert-butyl (2-formylthiazol-5-yl) carbamate (INX-SM-7-3) (2.5 g, 10.9 mmol) in dioxane (50 mL), p-toluenesulphonylhydrazide (2.23 g, 12.0 mmol) was added and stirred the reaction mixture at 90° C. for 5 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate:hexane: 25:75) to give title compound as a pale-yellow solid (2.8 g, 64.48%). LCMS: 397.0 (M+H)+.
To a stirred solution of tert-butyl-(2-((2-tosylhydrazono) methyl) thiazol-5-yl) carbamate (INX-SM-7-4) (2.8 g, 7.06 mmol) in dioxane (50 mL), (4-formylphenyl)boronic acid (1.16 g, 7.76 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.94 g, 14.12 mmol) were added and stirred at 110° C. for 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 20:80) to give title compound as a pale-yellow solid (0.4 g, 17.79%). LCMS: 319.0 (M+H)+.
To a stirred solution of tert-butyl (2-(4-formylbenzyl) thiazol-5-yl) carbamate (INX-SM-7-5) (0.1 g, 0.31 mmol) and (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one(16-□-hydroxyprednisolone) (0.118 g, 0.31 mmol) in DCM (50 mL), a solution of triflic acid (0.15 g, 1.03 mmol) in acetonitrile (6.2 ml) was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into saturated NaOH Solution and extracted with MDC. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give title compound as mixture of isomer (0.060 g, crude).
Further the diastereomers were separated by prep HPLC (Column: Xbridge prep, C18, OBD19*250 mm, 5 micron, Mobile phase: A=0.05% ammonia in water, B=ACN (67:33), A:B=67:33) to give Isomer-1 and Isomer-2. These isomers were eluted at retention time 17.70 min (Isomer-1) and 20.87 min (Isomer-2).
To a solution of tert-butyl (3-(4-formylbenzyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-3-5) (0.180 g, 0.597 mmol) and (8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-9-fluoro-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one (Triamcinolone) (0.259 g, 0.656 mmol) in DCM (2 mL), p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.908 g, 4.77 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for another 16 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into sat. NaHCO3 solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product compound as mixture of isomers.
Further the crude product was purified and isomers were separated by reverse phase prep-HPLC (Column: YMC-Actus Triart Prep C18-S, 250×20 mm S-10 μm, 12 nm, Mobile phase: A=0.05% Ammonia in Water, B=ACN:MeOH (50:50). These isomers were eluted at retention time 14 min (Isomer-1) and 19.5 min (Isomer-2).
To a solution of tert-butyl (3-(4-formylbenzyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-3-5) (0.500 g, 1.66 mmol) and (2S,6aS,6bR,7S,8aS,8bS,11aR,12aS,12bS)-2,6b-difluoro-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a, 10,10-tetramethyl-1,2,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-4-one (Fluocinolone acetonide) (0.716 g, 1.65 mmol) in DCM (10 mL), p-toluenesulfonic acid (2.5 g, 13.26 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for another 16 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into sat. NaHCO3 solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give the crude product as mixture of isomers.
Further the crude product was purified and isomers were separated by reverse phase prep-HPLC (Column: Unisil 10-120 C18 Ultra, 250×21.2 mm×10 μm, Mobile phase: A=0.05% Ammonia in Water, B=Acetonitrile) to give Isomer-1 and Isomer-2. These isomers were eluted at retention time 13.5 min.
A 100 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with 4-methoxycarbonyl cubanecarboxylic acid (2 g, 9.69 mmol) and tert-Butyl alcohol (60 mL). To this solution, diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) (3.1 mL, 14.54 mmol) and triethylamine (10.8 mL, 77.59 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 15:85) to give title compound as white solid (0.90 g, 33.46%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 4.1 (bs, 6H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 9H).
A 100 mL three-neck round bottom flask was charged with methyl 4-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)cubane-1-carboxylate (INX-SM-9-1) (0.9 g, 3.24 mmol) and THF (40 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, 1M lithium aluminium hydride in THF (3.2 mL, 3.24 mmol) was added at −78° C. and stirred for another 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with 1N NaOH solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product (0.8 g, 98.88%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 7.58 (bs, 1H), 4.42 (t, 1H), 3.80 (bs, 3H), 3.57 (bs, 3H) 3.48 (d, 2H, J=5.2), 1.37 (s, 9H).
A 100 mL three-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (4-(hydroxymethyl)cuban-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-9-2) (0.9 g, 3.60 mmol) and DCM (25 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) (3.06 g, 7.21 mmol) was added at 0° C. and stirred for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was filtered through celite and washed with diethyl ether. The combined filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to give title compound as white solid (1.0 g, crude, quantitative). The crude was used immediately for next step.
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (4-formylcuban-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-9-3) (1.0 g, 4.04 mmol) and EtOH (30 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide (1.1 g, 6.06 mmol) was added with catalytic amount of AcOH and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water. The solid was filtered and the product was dried under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate:hexane, 1:4) to give title compound as white solid (0.8 g, 47.61%). LCMS: 416.3 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 11.07 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.38 (m, 3H), 3.85-3.81 (m, 6H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 9H).
A 35 mL vial was charged with tert-butyl (4-((2-tosylhydrazono)methyl)cuban-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-9-4) (0.50 g, 1.20 mmol) and dioxane (10 mL) under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was purged for 10 min with N2. To this solution, (4-formyl phenyl)boronic acid (0.36 g, 2.40 mmol) and K2CO3 (0.33 g, 2.41 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred for 1 h at 110° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 15:85) to give title compound as white solid (0.040 g, 9.85%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 9.96 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (bs, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (bs, 3H), 3.58 (bs, 3H), 2.96 (s, 2H), 1.35 (s, 9H).
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl ((2r,3R,4s,5S)-4-(4-formylbenzyl)cuban-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-9-5) (0.035 g, 0.10 mmol) and (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one(16-alfa-hydroxy prednisolone) (0.038 g, 0.10 mmol), MgSO4 (0.062 g, 0.51 mmol) and DCM (10 mL). To this solution, HClO4 (0.157 g, 1.55 mmol) was added and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with sat. NaHCO3 solution and concentrated under vacuum. The crude was triturate with cold water and participated was filtered and dried under vacuum. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: SUNFIRE Prep C18 OBD, 19×250 mm, 5 μm, Mobile phase: A=0.1% FA in Water, B=ACN:MeOH:IPA (65:25:10), A:B, 67:33); Retention time 15.14 min to give R-Isomer as white solid (0.010 g, 16.18%); LCMS: 597.4 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.47 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.06 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with methyl 6-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)spiro[3.3]heptane-2-carboxylate (2.0 g, 7.43 mmol) and THF:MeOH (15:5 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, NaBH4 (1.4 g, 37.17 mmol) was added portion-wise at 0° C. and stirred for another 4 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was dilute with water and adjusted neutral pH with 1N HCl. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product (2.0 g, quantitative). LCMS: 186.2 (M+H−56), 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 4.63 (bs, 1H), 3.97 (bs, 1H), 3.54 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.50-2.25 (m, 3H), 2.20-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.40 (m, 5H), 1.46 (s, 9H).
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (6-(hydroxymethyl)spiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-32-1) (2.0 g, 8.30 mmol) and DCM (20 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) (3.51 g, 8.30 mmol) was added at 0° C. and stirred for 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was filtered through celite and washed with diethyl ether. The combined organic layer was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 40:60) to give title compound as yellow solid (1.7 g, 85.72%). LCMS: 184.2 (M+H−56).
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (6-formylspiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-32-2) (1.5 g, 6.27 mmol) and EtOH (15 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, p-toluenesulfonhydrazide (1.16 g, 6.27 mmol) and catalytic amount of AcOH (0.2 mL) were added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water. The solid was filtered and dried under vacuum to give title compound as white solid (2.2 g, 86.13%). LCMS: 425.5 (M+18).
A 35 mL vial was charged with tert-butyl(6-((2-tosylhydrazono)methyl) spiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-32-3) (1.0 g, 2.45 mmol) and dioxane (10 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, (4-formylphenyl)boronic acid (0.36 g, 2.45 mmol) and K2CO3 (0.51 g, 3.68 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred at 100° C. for another 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 30:70) to give title compound as yellow solid (0.16 g, 19.79%). LCMS: 274.3 (M+H−56).
A 35 mL vial was charged with tert-butyl (6-(4-formylbenzyl)spiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-32-4) (0.16 g, 0.48 mmol), (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9, 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one(16-alfa-hydroxyprednisolone) (0.13 g, 0.34 mmol), MgSO4 (0.29 g, 2.43 mmol) and DCM (4 mL). To this solution, HClO4 (0.40 g, 2.43 mmol) was added and stirred for another 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with sat. NaHCO3 solution and concentrated over vacuum. The crude was triturated with cold water and precipitated solid was filtered and dried under vacuum.
The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: SUNFIRE Prep C18 OBD, 19×250 mm, 5 μm, Mobile phase: A=0.1% FA in water, B=acetonitrile, A:B, 80:20), Retention time 18.54 min to give R-Isomer as white solid (0.045 g, 15.76%); LCMS: 588.4 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.45 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.05 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 100 mL three-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl 7-(hydroxymethyl)-5-oxa-2-azaspiro[3.4]octane-2-carboxylate (1.0 g, 4.11 mmol) and DCM (20 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) (3.40, 8.22 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 30 min. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give title compound as gummy solid (0.8 g, 78.71%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 9.59 (s, 1H), 4.08-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.70 (m, 5H), 3.21-3.19 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.21 (m, 2H), 1.36 (s, 9H).
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl 7-formyl-5-oxa-2-azaspiro[3.4]octane-2-carboxylate (INX-SM-31-1) (0.8 g, 4.04 mmol) and EtOH (30 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide (0.92 g, 4.97 mmol) and catalytic amount of AcOH were added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and the solid was filtered and dried under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 20:80) to give title compound as white solid (0.7 g, 51.56%). LCMS: 410.8 (M+H)+.
A 35 mL vial was charged with tert-butyl-7-((2-tosylhydrazono)methyl)-5-oxa-2-azaspiro[3.4]octane-2-carboxylate ((INX-SM-31-2) (0.72 g, 1.76 mmol) and dioxane (10 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, (4-formylphenyl)boronic acid (0.26 g, 1.76 mmol) and K2CO3 (0.48 g, 3.52 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred at 110° C. for another 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 15:85) to give title compound as white solid (0.30 g, 52.96%). LCMS: 332.8 (M+H)+.
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl 7-(4-formylbenzyl)-5-oxa-2-azaspiro[3.4]octane-2-carboxylate (INX-SM-31-3) (0.30 g, 0.90 mmol), (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one(16-alfa-hydroxyprednisolone) (0.34 g, 0.90 mmol), MgSO4 (0.54 g, 4.52 mmol) and DCM (5 mL). To this solution, was added HClO4 (0.45 g, 4.52 mmol) and stirred for another 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate.
The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: SUNFIRE Prep C18 OBD, 19×250 mm, 5 μm, Mobile phase: A=0.1% FA in Water, B=ACN:MEOH:IPA (65:25:10); Retention time: 16.40 min to give R-Isomer as white solid 0.022 g, 4.50%); LCMS: 591.3 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.44 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.06 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 100 mL three-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (3-(hydroxymethyl)oxetan-3-yl)carbamate (2.0 g, 9.84 mmol) and DCM (20 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) (4.17 g, 9.84 mmol) was added at 0° C. and stirred for 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was filtered through celite and washed with diethyl ether. The combined organic layer was evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 45:55) to give the title compound as yellow solid (2.0 g, quantitative). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 9.85 (s, 1H), 5.50-5.42 (m, 1H), 5.10-4.940 (m, 1H), 4.86-4.84 (d, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H).
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (3-formyloxetan-3-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-33-1)(1.7 g, 8.44 mmol) and EtOH (17 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide (1.57 g, 8.44 mmol) and catalytic AcOH were added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 50:50) to give title compound as white solid (2.5 g, 80.10%). LCMS: 387.4 (M+18).
A 50 mL vial was charged with tert-butyl(3-((2-tosylhydrazono)methyl)oxetan-3-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-33-2) (2.5 g, 6.77 mmol) and dioxane (25 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, (4-formylphenyl)boronic acid (1.0 g, 6.77 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.4 g, 10.16 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred for another 2 h at 100° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 30:70) to give title compound as yellow solid (0.25 g, 12%). LCMS: 292.2 (M+H)+.
A 35 mL vial was charged with tert-butyl (3-(4-formylbenzyl)oxetan-3-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-33-1) (0.080 g, 0.27 mmol), (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta [a]phenanthren-3-one(16-alfa-hydroxyprednisolone) (0.073 g, 0.19 mmol), MgSO4 (0.16 g, 1.37 mmol) and DCM (2 mL). To this solution, HClO4 (0.23 g, 1.37 mmol) was added and stirred for another 4 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with sat. NaHCO3 solution and concentrated under vacuum. The crude was triturated with cold water and precipitated solid was filtered and dried under vacuum. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: SUNFIRE Prep C18 OBD, 19×250 mm, 5 μm, Mobile phase: A=0.1% FA IN WATER, B=Acetonitrile; A:B, 80:20); Retention time: 8.70 min to give R-isomer as white solid (0.004 g, 2.65%) LCMS: 551.3 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.48 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.07 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with 4-(methoxy carbonyl) bicyclo [2.2.2] octane-1-carboxylic acid (1 g, 4.47 mmol) and toluene (20 mL). To this solution, diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) (1.29 g, 4.47 mmol) and triethyl amine (0.47 g, 4.47 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was heated at 110° C. for 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with 10% citric acid solution and then saturated bicarbonate solution. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 10:90) to give title compound as colorless liquid. (0.45 g, 45.46%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 3.62 (s, 3H), 1.90-1.87 (m, 12H).
A 25 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with methyl 4-isocyanatobicyclo [2.2.2] octane-1-carboxylate (INX-SM-10-1) (0.45 g, 2.15 mmol) and 6N HCl (10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for another 12 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was triturated with n-pentene and diethyl ether to give white solid (0.45 g, quantitative). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 12.21 (bs, 1H), 8.20 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.69 (m, 12H).
A 25 mL three-necked round bottom flask was charged with ethanol (5 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, thionyl chloride (0.62 g, 5.32 mmol) was added at 0° C. and 4-aminobicyclo [2.2.2] octane-1-carboxylic acid (INX-SM-10-2) (0.45 g, 2.65 mmol) was added and refluxed for 3 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by trituration with n-pentene and diethyl ether to give white solid (0.55 g, quantitative). LCMS: 198.20; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.68 (s, 2H), 4.04-4.99 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.82-1.71 (m, 12H) 1.16-1.12 (t, 3H, J=8 Hz).
A 25 mL three-necked round bottom flask was charged with ethyl 4-aminobicyclo [2.2.2] octane-1-carboxylate (INX-SM-10-3) (0.55 g, 2.27 mmol) and THF (5.5 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, LiAlH4 (1M in THF) (6.9 mL, 6.9 mmol) was added at −20° C. and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with 10% NaOH solution and filtered through celite bed. The filtrate was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was triturated with n-pentene and diethyl ether to give title compound as white solid (0.30 g, 69.32%). LCMS: 156.1 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 3.05 (s, 2H), 1.48-1.37 (m, 12H).
A 25 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (4-aminobicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-yl) methanol (INX-SM-10-4) (0.30 g, 1.93 mmol) and DCM (15 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, Boc-anhydride (0.63 g, 2.90 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for another 16 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with saturated bicarbonate solution, dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was triturated with diisopropyl ether to give white solid (0.45 g, 91.19%). LCMS: 200.2 (M+H−56); 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ: 4.34 (bs, 1H), 3.27 (s, 2H), 1.86=1.82 (m, 6H), 1.59-1.53 (m, 6H), 1.43 (s, 9H).
A 25 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (4-(hydroxymethyl) bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-yl) carbamate (INX-SM-10-5) (0.45 g, 1.76 mmol) and THF (10 mL). Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) (1.12 g, 2.64 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous NaHCO3 solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give title compound as white solid (0.45 g, crude). LCMS: 198.3 (M+H−56).
A 10 mL glass vial was charged with tert-butyl (4-formylbicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-yl) carbamate (INX-SM-10-6) (0.45 g, 1.77 mmol) and ethanol (5 mL). To this solution, p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide (0.39 g, 2.13 mmol) and acetic acid (0.05 g, 0.88 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water. The white solid was filtered and dried under vacuum to give title compound as off white solid (0.38 g 51.42%). LCMS: 422.3 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 10.72 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H) 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.37 (bs, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 1.71-1.69 (m, 6H), 1.46-1.42 (m, 6H), 1.34 (s, 9H).
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl(4-((2-tosylhydrazono) methyl) bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-yl) carbamate (INX-SM-10-7) (1.0 g, 2.37 mmol) and dioxane (20 mL). (4-Formylphenyl) boronic acid (0.53 g, 3.55 mmol) and K2CO3 (0.49 g, 3.55 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred for another 2 h at 110° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane: 50:50) to give title compound as colorless liquid (0.06 g, 7.36%). LCMS: 288.8 (M+H−56).
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (4-(4-formylbenzyl) bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-yl) carbamate (INX-SM-10-8) (0.05 g, 0.145 mmol) and (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one(16-alfa-hydroxyprednisolone) (0.054 g, 0.14 mmol), MgSO4 (0.080 g, 0.73 mmol) and DCM (5 mL). To this solution, HClO4 (0.072 g, 0.73 mmol) was added and stirred for another 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with saturated bicarbonate solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: SUNFIRE Prep C18 OBD, 19×250 mm, 5 □m, Mobile phase: A=0.1% FA in water, B=ACN:MEOH:IPA (65:25:10); A:B, 80:20); Retention time 18.76 min to give R-Isomer as white solid (0.015 g, 14.27%); LCMS 603.52 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD Key proton assignment) δ: 5.46 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.06 (d, J=4.80 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 30 mL glass vial was charged with tert-butyl (3,3-difluoro-1-formylcyclobutyl) carbamate (0.50 g, 2.12 mmol) and dioxane (5 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide (0.4 g, 2.12 mmol) was added and stirred for 2 h at 90° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 30:70) to give title compound as light-yellow solid (0.55 g, 64.23%). LCMS: 348.1 (M+H−56).
A 30 mL vial was charged with tert-butyl(3,3-difluoro-1-((2-tosylhydrazono) methyl)cyclobutyl)carbamate (INX-SM-35-1) (0.50 g, 1.72 mmol) and dioxane (5 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, (4-formylphenyl)boronic acid (0.18 g, 1.72 mmol) and K2CO3 (0.25 g, 1.85 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred for another 2 h at 110° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 10:90) to give title compound as white solid (0.11 g, 24.80%). LCMS: 326.1 (M+H)+.
A 25 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (3,3-difluoro-1-(4-formylbenzyl)cyclobutyl)carbamate (INX-SM-35-3)(0.11 g, 0.33 mmol), (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one(16-alfa-hydroxyprednisolone)(0.1 g, 0.27 mmol), MgSO4 (0.2 g, 1.69 mmol) and DCM (3 mL). To this solution, HClO4 (0.16 g, 1.69 mmol) was added and stirred for another 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: YMC-Actus Triart Prep C18-S, 250×20 mm S-5 μm, 12 nm, Mobile phase: A=0.05% ammonia in water, B=Acetonitrile; A:B, 58:42), Retention time 18.36 min to give R-Isomer (Fr-1) as white solid (0.030 g, 15.58%); LCMS: 585.4 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.48 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.07 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (S)-2-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-(tert-butoxy)-5-oxopentanoic acid (INX-P-4) (0.20 g, 0.41 mmol), HATU (0.24 g, 0.64 mmol), DMF (2 mL) and DIPEA (0.11 g, 0.82 mmol) at room temperature. To this solution, tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl) amino)acetamido)-5-((3,3-difluoro-1-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)cyclobutyl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-SM-35) (0.25 g, 0.41 mmol) was added and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water: 50:50) to give the title compound as pale yellow solid (0.24 g, 52.03%).
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-((3,3-difluoro-1-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl) cyclobutyl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-A1-1) (0.2 g, 0.12 mmol) and THF (3 mL). To this solution, diethyl amine (0.3 g, 0.24 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 3 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum and triturated with diethyl ether and pentane to give title compound as yellow solid (0.13 g, 68.74%) LCMS: 827.6 (M+1).
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-aminoacetamido)-5-((3,3-difluoro-1-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)cyclobutyl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-A1-2) (0.1 g, 0.12 mmol) and DCM (4 mL). To this solution, Na2CO3 (0.048 g, 0.24 mmol) solution in water (1 mL) and bromo acetyl bromide (0.005 g, 0.48 mmol) were added drop wise at room temperature and stirred for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water: 50:50) to give title compound as pale yellow solid (0.10 g, 67.10%). LCMS: 946.8, 848.9 (M &M+2).
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-(2-bromoacetamido)acetamido)-5-((3,3-difluoro-1-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)cyclobutyl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate(INX-A1-3) (0.10 g, 0.01 mmol) in DCM (2 mL). To this solution, TFA (0.24 g, 2.10 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum to give title compound as off white solid. (0.090 g, 95.67%). LCMS: 890.90, 893.0 (M&M+2).
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (S)-2-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-(tert-butoxy)-5-oxopentanoic acid(INX-P-4) (0.25 g, 0.41 mmol) and HATU (0.20 g, 0.41 mmol), DMF (2 mL) and DIPEA (0.10 g, 0.82 mmol) at room temperature. To this solution, (6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-10-(4-((6-aminospiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl)methyl)phenyl)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-1,2,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3] dioxol-4-one (INX-SM-32) (0.25 g, 0.41 mmol) was added and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water: 50:50) to give title compound as pale-yellow solid. It was used immediately for next step.
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-((6-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)spiro[3.3] heptan-2-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-V-1) (0.2 g, 0.19 mmol) and THF (2 mL). To this solution, diethyl amine (0.14 g, 1.9 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 3 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum and triturated with diethyl ether to give yellow solid (0.15 g, 90.12%). LCMS: 831.9 (M+H)+.
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-aminoacetamido)-5-((6-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12 bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxy acetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho [2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)spiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-V-2)(0.15 g, 0.28 mmol) in DCM (3 mL). To this solution, Na2CO3 (0.11 g, 0.57 mmol) solution in water (1 mL) followed by bromoacetyl bromide (0.037 g, 0.18 mmol) was added dropwise at room temperature and stirred for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water: 50:50) to give title compound as pale-yellow solid (0.070 g, 40%). LCMS: 950.9, 952.9 (M & M+2).
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-(2-bromoacetamido)acetamido)-5-((6-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)spiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-V-3) (0.070 g, 0.07 mmol) and DCM (2 mL). To this solution, TFA (0.055 g, 0.71 mmol) was added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum to give crude product as light-yellow solid. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: Xbridge Prep, C18, OBD 19×250 mm, 5 μm; Mobile phase: A=0.1% FA in Water, B=acetonitrile; A:B, 58:42) to give R-Isomer which was eluted at retention time 16.92 min to give title compound as off white solid (0.004 g, 11.83%). LCMS: 895.1 & 897.1 (M& M+2); 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.44 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.05 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 250 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)glycine (8.8 g, 29.62 mmol), HATU (16.9 g, 44.67 mmol), DMF (100 mL) and DIPEA (16 g, 89.28 mmol) at room temperature. To this solution, benzyl N6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-lysinate (10 g, 29.76 mmol) was added and stirred for 4 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate:hexane, 30:70) to give title compound as light-yellow solid (15 g, 81.96%). LCMS: 616.6 (M+H)+.
A 100 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with benzyl N2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)glycyl)-N6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-lysinate (INX-W-1)(5 g, 8.12 mmol) and MeOH (50 mL). To this solution, 10% Pd/C (2.5 g) was added at room temperature and purged hydrogen for 2 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was filtered through celite and filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile:water, 50:50) to give title compound as yellow solid (0.5 g, 23.43%). LCMS: 426.2 (M+1−Boc).
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with N2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)glycyl)-N6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-lysine(INX-W-2) (0.5 g, 0.95 mmol), HATU (0.54 g, 1.42 mmol), DMF (25 mL) and DIPEA (0.5 mL, 2.85 mmol) at room temperature. To this solution, (6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-10-(4-((3-amino bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-1,2,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-4-one (INX-SM-3)(0.53 g, 0.95 mmol) was added and stirred for 4 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile:water, 70:30) to give the title compound as yellow solid (0.45 g, 44.32%). LCMS: 1067.7 (M+H)+.
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (2-(((S)-6-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodeca hydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl) amino)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)carbamate(INX-W-3)(0.45 g, 0.42 mmol) and THF (20 mL). To this solution, diethyl amine (0.30 g, 4.21 mmol) was added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by trituration with diethyl ether-hexane and dried under vacuum to give title compound as yellow solid (0.35 g, 98.23%). LCMS: 845.6 (M+H)+.
A 25 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl ((S)-5-(2-aminoacetamido)-6-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxy acetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho [2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicycle[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-6-oxohexyl) carbamate (INX-W-4)(0.35 g, 0.41 mmol) and DCM (5 mL). To this solution, Na2CO3 (0.070 g, 0.82 mmol) in water (1 mL) followed by bromoacetyl bromide (0.1 g, 0.49 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water, 50:50) to give title compound as off white solid (0.330 g, 82.48%). LCMS: 967.5 (M+H)+.
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl ((S)-5-(2-(2-bromoacetamido)acetamido)-6-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-6-oxohexyl)carbamate (INX-W-5) (0.10 g, 0103 mmol) and DCM (5 mL). To this solution, TFA (0.059 g, 0.52 mmol) was added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: SUNFIRE Prep C18 OBD, 19×250 mm, 5 μm, Mobile phase: A=0.1% FA in water, B=ACN:MeOH:IPA (65:25:10); A:B, 62:38); Retention time 19.06 min to give R-Isomer as white solid (0.008 g, 8.93%); 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.47 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.07 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 30 mL glass vial was charged with (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanine (5.0 g, 26.45 mmol), DIPEA (1.36 mL, 79.36 mmol) and DMF (50 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, HATU (15.07 g, 39.67 mmol) was added at 0° C. followed by methyl L-alaninate hydrochloride (3.69 g, 26.45 mmol). Stirred the reaction mixture for 30 min at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was triturated with hexane and DCM to give the title compound as white solid (5.5 g, 56.20%). LCMS 275.3 (M+H)+.
A 100 mL glass sealed vial was charged with (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanyl-L-alaninate (INX-R-1) (4.5 g, 16.42 mmol) and THF-Water (9:1) (55 mL). To this solution, LiOH·H2O (20.69 g, 49.26 mmol) was added and stirred for 2 h at 60° C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was triturated with hexane and DCM to give title compound as white solid (4.0 g, 93.70%). LCMS: 261.20 (M+H)+.
A 30 mL glass vial was charged with (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanyl-L-alanine(INX-R-2) (0.33 g, 1.26 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) and DIPEA (0.65 mL, 3.78 mmol) under nitrogen. To this solution, HATU (0.96 g, 2.52 mmol) was added at 0° C. followed by (6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-10-(4-((3-aminobicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-1,2,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a, 12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-4-one (INX-SM-3) (0.70 g, 1.26 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water. The solid was filtered and dried under vacuum. The crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (Methanol/DCM: 6:94) to give title compound as white solid (0.35 g, 34.42%). LCMS: 802.6 (M+H)+.
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl ((S)-1-(((S)-1-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate (INX-R-3) (0.35 g, 0.44 mmol) and DCM (3 mL). To this solution, 2M HCl in diethyl ether (3 ml) was added and stirred for another 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum and triturated with diethyl ether and n-pentane to give the title compound as yellow solid (0.3 g, 97.92%). LCMS: 702.5 (M+H)+.
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (S)-2-amino-N—((S)-1-((3-(4-((6a R,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11a R, 12aS,12 bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl) propanamide (INX-R-4) (0.30 g, 0.43 mmol) and DCM:Water (8:2) (3.6 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, Na2CO3 (0.91 g, 0.855 mmol) was added followed by bromoacetyl bromine (0.87 g, 0.43 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: Xbridge Prep, C18, OBD 19×250 mm, 5 μm, Mobile phase: A=0.05% NH3 in water, B=acetonitrile; A:B, 65:35), Retention time 24.10 min to give R-Isomer as white solid (0.030 g, 8.53%); LCMS: 822.5, 824.4 (M&M+2); 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.46 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.05 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 100 mL screw cap glass vial was charged with (((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)glycine (5.0 g, 16.83 mmol), DIPEA (8.68 mL, 50.50 mmol) and DMF (50 mL) under nitrogen. To this solution, HATU (7.67 g, 20.19 mmol) was added at 0° C. followed by tert-butyl L-asparaginate (3.79 g, 20.19 mmol). Stirred the reaction mixture for 1 hr at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was triturated with hexane and DCM to give title compound as white solid (7.5 g, 95.41%). LCMS 412.83 (M-56).
A 250 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with methyl tert-butyl (((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)glycyl-L-asparaginate (INX-X-1)(2.0 g, 4.28 mmol) and DCM (50 mL). To this solution, TFA (40 ml) was added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum and triturated with diethyl ether and DCM to give title compound as white solid (1.5 g, 85.22%). LCMS: 412.8 (M+H)+.
A 30 mL glass vial was charged with (((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)glycyl-L-asparagine (INX-X-2)(0.4 g, 0.973 mmol), DMF (5 mL), HATU (0.96 g, 2.52 mmol) and (6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-10-(4-((3-aminobicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)methyl) phenyl)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-1,2,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-4-one (INX-SM-3) (0.70 g, 1.26 mmol) under nitrogen. To this solution, DIPEA (0.50 mL, 2.91 mmol) was added and stirred for 30 min at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water. The solid was filtered and dried under vacuum. The crude was triturated with diethyl ether and n-pentane to give title compound as white solid (0.6 g, 64.72%). LCMS: 954.24 (M+H)+.
A 25 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (2-(((S)-4-amino-1-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)carbamate (INX-X-3) (0.30 g, 0.314 mmol) and THF (5 mL). To this solution, DEA (0.48 mL, 4.72 mmol) was added and stirred for another 4 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum and triturated with hexane to give title compound as yellow solid (0.20 g, 96.06%). LCMS: 731.0 (M+H)+.
A 25 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (S)-2-(2-aminoacetamido)-N1-(3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)succinamide (INX-X-4)(0.20 g, 0.273 mmol) and THF-Water (8:2) (3.6 mL) under nitrogen. To this reaction mixture, Na2CO3 (0.58 g, 0.55 mmol) followed by bromoacetyl bromine (0.066 g, 0.33 mmol) was added and stirred for 4 h at rt. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: YMC-Actus Triart Prep C18-S, 250×20 mm S-5 μm, 12 nm, Mobile phase: A=0.05% NH3 in water, B=acetonitrile; A:B 62:38), Retention time 17.79 min to give R-Isomer as white solid (0.030 g, 8.53%); LCMS: 852.7 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.46 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.06 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 100 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-9-fluoro-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one (Triamcinolone) (1.0 g, 2.53 mmol) and tert-butyl (3-(4-formylbenzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)carbamate (INX-SM-3-5) (0.76 g, 2.53 mmol) and DCM (10 mL). To this solution, MgSO4 (1.51 g, 12.65 mmol) was added and stirred for 5 min at room temperature. HClO4 (1.2 g, 12.65 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for another 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water; 60:40) to give the title compound as light yellow (0.5 g, 34.14%). LCMS: 579.4 (M+H)+
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with(S)-2-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-(tert-butoxy)-5-oxopentanoic acid (INX-P-4)(0.42 g, 0.87 mmol), HATU (0.49 g, 1.30 mmol), DMF (4 mL) and DIPEA (0.22 g, 1.74 mmol) at room temperature. To this solution, (6aS,6bR,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-10-(4-((3-aminobicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-6b-fluoro-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-1,2,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-4-one (INX-Y-1) (0.50 g, 0.97 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water, 50:50) to give title compound as light-yellow solid (0.65 g, 71.42%).
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-((3-(4-((6aS,6bR,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-6b-fluoro-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl) bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-Y-2)(0.65 g, 0.62 mmol) in THF (4 mL). To this solution, diethyl amine (0.40 g, 64.24 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 3 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum and triturated with diethyl ether to give title compound as yellow solid (0.42 g, 84.82%). LCMS: 821.4 (M+H)+.
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-aminoacetamido)-5-((3-(4-((6aS,6bR,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-6b-fluoro-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-Y-3) (0.42 g, 0.51 mmol) in DCM (10 mL). To this solution, Na2CO3 (0.11 g, 1.02 mmol) dissolved in water (1 ml) followed by bromoacetyl bromide (0.10 g, 0.51 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile:water, 60:40) to give title compound as pale yellow solid (0.20 g, 41.45%). LCMS: 942.0 (M+H)+.
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-(2-bromoacetamido)acetamido)-5-((3-(4-((6aS,6bR,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-6b-fluoro-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-Y-4) (0.20 g, 0.20 mmol) and DCM (2 mL). To this solution, TFA (0.11 g, 1.01 mmol) was added and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: Xbridge Prep, C18, 30×250 mm, 5 μm, Mobile phase: A=0.1% Formic acid in water, B=ACN:MeOH, 50:50; A:B, 47:53); Retention time 18.83 min to give R-Isomer (Fr-1) as white solid (0.040 g, 22.37%). LCMS: 885.8 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.48 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 5.06 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 25 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with (2S,6aS,6bR,7S,8aS,8bS,11aR,12aS,12bS)-2,6b-difluoro-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a,10,10-tetramethyl-1,2,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5] indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-4-one(Fluocinolone acetonide) (1.0 g) and 50% aqueous HBF4 (20 ml) was added and then stirred for another 16 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, the solid was filtered, washed with water and dried under vacuum (1.0 g, quantitative). LCMS: 413.3 (M+H)+.
A 25 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with 6S,8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-6,9-difluoro-11,16,17-trihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one (INX-S-1) (1.0 g, 2.42 mmol) and tert-butyl (3-(4-formylbenzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl)carbamate (0.80 g, 2.66 mmol) and DCM (10 mL). To this solution, MgSO4 (1.42 g, 12.14 mmol) was added and stirred for another 5 min at room temperature. HClO4 (1.2 g, 12.14 mmol) was added and stirred for another 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water, 60:40) to give the compound as light yellow (0.61 g, 42.28%). LCMS: 596.4 (M+H)+.
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with(S)-2-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-(tert-butoxy)-5-oxopentanoic acid (INX-P-4) (0.45 g, 0.93 mmol), HATU (0.53 g, 1.40 mmol), DMF (4 mL) and DIPEA (0.23 g, 1.86 mmol) at room temperature. To this solution, ((2S,6aS,6bR,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-10-(4-((3-aminobicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-2,6b-difluoro-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-1,2,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-4-one (INX-S2) (0.61 g, 1.02 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water, 50:50) to give title compound as light-yellow solid (0.40 g, 56.19%). LCMS: 1061.5 (M+H)+.
A 50 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-((3-(4-((2S,6aS,6bR,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-2,6b-difluoro-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl) benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-S3) (0.41 g, 0.39 mmol) and THF (4 mL). To this solution, diethyl amine (0.28 g, 3.91 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 3 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum to give title compound as yellow solid (0.26 g, 82.24%). LCMS: 838.5 (M+H)+.
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-aminoacetamido)-5-((3-(4-((2S,6aS,6bR,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-2,6b-difluoro-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoateINXall (INX-S4) (0.22 g, 0.26 mmol) in DCM (2 mL). To this solution, Na2CO3 (0.10 g, 0.53 mmol) in water (1 mL) followed by bromoacetyl bromide (0.030 g, 0.28 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 1 h. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile/water: 60:40) to give title compound as light yellow (0.1 g, 39.72%). LCMS: 960.4 (M+H)+.
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-(2-bromo acetamido)acetamido)-5-((3-(4-((2S,6aS,6bR,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-2,6b-difluoro-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicycle[1.1.1] pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-S-5) (0.10 g, 0.10 mmol) in DCM (2 mL). To this solution, TFA (0.059 g, 0.52 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was directly evaporated under vacuum. The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: SUNFIRE Prep C18 OBD, 19×250 mm, 5 μm, Mobile phase: A=0.1% Formic acid in water, B=Acetonitrile; A:B, 65:35); Retention time 17.7 min to give R-Isomer as white solid (0.011 g, 11.68%). LCMS: 902.3, 904.3 (M & M+2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, Key proton assignment): δ: 5.45 (s, 1H, Acetal-H), 4.95 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H, C16H).
A 10 mL vial was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-7-hydroxy-8b-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-P-5) (0.20 g, 0.19 mmol) and DMF (1 mL). To this solution, 1H-tetrazole (0.137 g, 1.950 mmol) and (tBuO)2PNEt2 (1.3 g, 4.68 mmol) were added at room temperature and stirred for 79 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, hydrogen peroxide (1.3 g, 4.68 mmol) was added into the solution. The crude was purified by reverse phase column chromatography (acetonitrile:water, 80:20) to give title compound as light yellow solid (0.070 g, 29.47%). It was immediately used for next step.
A 10 mL glass vial was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)acetamido)-5-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S, 8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-8b-(2-((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)oxy)acetyl)-7-hydroxy-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl) bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-T-1) (0.070 g, 0.057 mmol) in THF (1 mL). To this solution, diethyl amine (0.042 g, 0.57 mmol) was added at room temperature and stirred for 16 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was concentrated. The crude was purified by trituration with diethyl ether and hexane to give title compound as pale yellow solid (0.30 g, 52.44%). It was used immediately for next step.
A 10 mL glass vial was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-aminoacetamido)-5-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-8b-(2-((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)oxy)acetyl)-7-hydroxy-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho [2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-T-2) (0.030 g, 0.030 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). To this solution, Na2CO3 (0.006 g, 0.060 mmol) solution in water (0.1 mL) and bromoacetyl bromide (0.006 g, 0.030 mmol) were added stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum to give crude product as off white solid (0.040 g, crude)
A 10 mL single-necked round bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl (S)-4-(2-(2-bromoacetamido)acetamido)-5-((3-(4-((6aR,6bS,7S,8aS,8bS,10R,11aR,12aS,12bS)-8b-(2-((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)oxy)acetyl)-7-hydroxy-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,8b,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-10-yl)benzyl)bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoate (INX-T-3) (0.001 g, 0.0089 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). To this solution, TFA (0.005 g, 0.043 mmol) and catalytic triisopropylsilane were added at room temperature and stirred for 20 min. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum to give title compound as yellow solid. (0.006 g, 71%). LCMS: 946.2, 948.2 (M& M+2).
To a solution of compound INX-A-1 (3.0 g, 7.64 mmol, 1.0 eq) in a dichloromethane/acetonitrile (500 mL/100 mL) were added cyclic anhydride (3.0 g, 30.58 mmol, 4.0 eq) and DMAP (1.8 g, 15.29 mmol, 2.0 eq). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 2 h and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with DCM/MeOH (10% to 15%)+0.1% AcOH to afford the compound INX-A-2 (3.2 g, 85%) as white solid. TLC: DCM/MeOH=10:1. Rf (Compound 1)=0.45. Rf (Compound 2)=0.30. LC-MS: (M+H)+=394.40
To a solution of INX-A-2 (220 mg, 0.45 mmol) and INX-A-3 (230 mg, 0.67 mmol) in NMP (4 mL) was added HATU (342 mg, 0.90 mmol) and DIPEA (232 mg, 1.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 5 h. The mixture was purified by prep-HPLC (ACN/H2O, 0.1% HCOOH) to give INX-A (122 mg, 39%). LCMS: [M+H]+=703; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) (δ, ppm) 7.20 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (s, 2H), 6.52 (br, 1H), 6.33 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (s, 1H), 4.91 (q, J=17.3 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (d=9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.76-3.42 (m, 10H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 2.79 (m, 2H), 2.65-2.56 (m, 3H), 2.42-2.06 (m, 7H), 1.84-1.63 (m, 3H), 1.22 (m, 1H), 1.02 (s, 3H), 0.90 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (CDCl3) (δ, ppm)−166.09 (q).
A round bottom flask is charged with 16-α-hydroxyprednisolone (1.0 eq), aldehyde (1.1 eq), and MgSO4 (3.0 eq). The solids are suspended in acetonitrile (0.10M) and the mixture is cooled to 0° C., whereupon trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (5.0 eq) is added dropwise. After 10-20 minutes the reaction turns pink, and the starting material is fully consumed after ˜1 h. The solvent is reduced and the crude is loaded onto to an Isco C18 Aq reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 5-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product are combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford the title compound.
A round bottom flask is charged with acetal (1.0 eq), Boc-Gly-Glu(OtBu)-OH (5.0 eq), and PyAOP (5.0 eq). A mixture of 1:2 DCM/DMF (22 mL total volume) is added, followed by DIPEA (3.0 mL, 17.356 mmol, 10.0 eq) and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour. After 1 hour, most of the free amine is consumed the solvent is reduced (to just DMF) and the crude mixture is loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 5-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product are combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford the title compound.
Deprotection of Boc and tert-Butyl Groups:
A round bottom flask is charged with tert-butyl/Boc protected compound (1.0 eq), MeCN (0.10M), trifluoroacetic acid (0.10M), and triisopropylsilane (15.0 eq). The mixture is allowed to stir for 2-3 h at room temperature. Starting material consumption is confirmed by LCMS and the solvent is reduced. The resulting residue is loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.10% TFA additive) in H2O (0.10% TFA additive). The fractions containing pure product are combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford the title compound.
A vial is charged with 2-bromoacetic acid (2.0 eq) and DMF (0.20M). N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (1.9 eq) is added and the mixture is allowed to stir for ˜90 minutes. Amine (1.0 eq) is then added to the solution along with sodium bicarbonate (5.0 eq) and the mixture is allowed to stir for 2 h. Once reaction completion is confirmed by LCMS, the crude mixture is directly loaded onto an Isco C18 Aq g reverse phase column and eluted with a mobile phase of 0-100% acetonitrile (0.05% AcOH additive) in H2O (0.05% AcOH additive). The fractions containing pure product are combined, frozen, and lyophilized to afford the title compound.
Compound INX AA-1 is synthesized using the representative procedure for Gly-Glu coupling.
Compound INX AA-2 is synthesized using the representative procedure for Boc/tert-butyl deprotection.
Compound INX AA is synthesized using the representative procedure for bromoacetic acid coupling.
(INX-SM-102-1):
To a solution of bicyclo [2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyldimethanol (255 mg, 1 mmol) in THF (0.6M) at −78° C. under argon is added n-BuLi (1 eq, 0.4 mL of 2.5M in hexanes), and the resulting solution is stirred for 30 min at −78° C. A solution of TBS-Cl (1 eq, 1 mmol) in THF (1 mL) is added rapidly, and the resulting mixture is stirred at −78° C. for 10 min, and then warmed to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. The reaction is diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ether (10 mL). The aqueous phase is extracted with ether (10 mL) and the combined organic layers are washed with brine and dried over MgSO4. The solvent is removed via rotary evaporation, producing the title compound INX-SM-102-1, which is used without further purification.
To a solution of alcohol INX-SM-102-1 (28.4 mg, 0.1 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) is added imidazole (2.2 eq, 0.22 mmol), PPh3 (2.5 eq, 0.25 mmol), and CBr4 (2.2 eq, 0.22 mmol) with stirring under argon. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 h, quenched with aq. sat. NaHCO3, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and filtered. The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with a mixture of hexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound INX-SM-102-2.
A mixture of INX-SM-102-2 (347 mg, 1 mmol) and magnesium turnings (2.5 eq, 2.5 mmol) in diethyl ether with catalytic amount of dibromoethane is refluxed for 4 hr. To that solution is added a solution of 4-bromostyrene (0.6 eq, 0.6 mmol) and Ni(dppf)Cl2 (10 mol %). The resulting reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 8 h. The reaction is quenched with aq saturated NH4Cl, and extracted with MTBE (2×15 mL). The combined organic extracts are washed with water, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated. The residue is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with a mixture of hexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound INX-SM-102-3.
A solution of TBAF in THF (1.00M, 3 mL, 3 eq) is added to a solution of INX-SM-102-3 (345 mg, 1 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at 0° C. After 5 min, the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for an additional 3.5 h, at which point saturated aqueous NH4Cl solution (10 mL), water (5 mL), ether (10 mL), and EtOAc (10 mL) are added successively. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic layers are combined, washed with brine (10 mL), then dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with a mixture of hexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound INX-SM-102-4.
A solution of INX-SM-102-4 (69 mg, 0.20 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2.5 mL) is cooled to 0° C. and Dess-Martin periodinane (129 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.5 eq) is added and stirred for 1 h. The reaction is then quenched with a mixture of a saturated solution (15 mL, NaHCO3/Na2S2O3=1:1). The mixture is extracted with EtOAc (15 mL×3). The combined organic layers are dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with a mixture of hexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound INX-SM-102-5.
Compound INX-SM-102 is synthesized using the representative procedure for acetal formation.
Compound INX AB-1 is synthesized using the representative procedure for Gly-Glu coupling.
Compound INX AB-2 is synthesized using the representative procedure for Boc/tert-butyl deprotection.
Compound INX AB is synthesized using the representative procedure for bromoacetic acid coupling.
A mixture of tert-butyl (3-hydroxybicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)carbamate (1.1 eq, 1.1 mmol), 4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (124 mg, 1 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.5 eq, 1.5 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) is heated at 80° C. for 16 h, cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL×3). The combined organic layers are washed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with a mixture of hexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound INX-SM-8-1.
Compound INX-SM-8 is synthesized using the representative procedure for acetal formation.
Compound INX AC-1 is synthesized using the representative procedure for Gly-Glu coupling.
Compound INX AC-2 is synthesized using the representative procedure for Boc/tert-butyl deprotection.
Compound INX AC is synthesized using the representative procedure for bromoacetic acid coupling.
Initially to assess whether VISTA antibodies would potentially effectively deliver steroids or other payloads into target immune cells studies were conducted to evaluate the internalization of different anti-VISTA antibodies into human monocytes. Specifically, the binding and internalization of naked anti-human VISTA antibodies (respectively INX200, 767 IgG1,3 (antibody sequences in
Drug conjugates to anti-EGFR antibodies have been studied extensively as antibodies bound to EGFR are rapidly internalized into target cells. The literature details robust methods for determining internalization rates. For example, in EGFR-expressing cell lines, the LA22 mAb against EGFR reached the maximum internalization level of 65.8% within 10 min at 37° C. (Liu, Z., et al., (2009), “In-vitro internalization and in-vivo tumor uptake of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody LA22 in A549 lung cancer cells and animal model”, Cancer Biother Radiopharm, 15-20), while Ab033 showed 54% internalization by 15 min (Durbin, K. R. et al., 2018, “Mechanistic Modeling of Antibody-Drug Conjugate Internalization at the Cellproton assignmentular Level Reveals Inefficient Processing Steps”, Mol Cancer Ther, 1535-7163).
The objective of the present studies was to evaluate the internalization rate of anti-VISTA monoclonal antibody INX200 in human monocytes and to further assess the internalization properties of 767-IgG1,3, in comparison to a pH-sensitive anti-human VISTA with enhanced serum PK half-life, developed by Five Prime Therapeutics and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Johnston, R. J. et al., (2019), “VISTA is an acidic pH-selective ligand for PSGL-1”, Nature, 574-(7779), 565-570).
In this experiment the binding curves of anti-VISTA antibodies INX200, and 767-IgG1,3 to human monocytes (from freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or PBMCS) were first determined. Second, the internalization rates of these different antibodies on human monocytes were defined using as a negative control, the non-internalizing antibody anti-CD45. Briefly, to detect only internalized antibody, cells were first incubated with the fluorescently labelled antibody for 30 min at 4° C., a temperature at which little to no internalization can occur. Cells were washed and incubated at 25° C. to allow internalization. Cell surface signal was then quenched at various time points using equivalent amounts of anti-AF488 antibody. Subsequently, PBMCS were stained with anti-CD14 antibody to identify monocytes and analyzed by flow cytometry.
All antibodies, except anti-AF488, were conjugated with AF488 following the manufacturer's instructions for labeling and purification (Invitrogen Cat #A10235). Unless stated otherwise, antibodies were diluted in RPMI medium containing 1% BSA.
Human PBMCs were isolated under sterile conditions from apheresis cones obtained from the Blood Donor Program at the Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center from healthy unrelated human donors. The blood was transferred to a 50 ml Falcon tube and diluted with PBS to 30 ml. 13 ml of Histopaque 1077 (Sigma Aldrich) was slowly layered under the blood, and tubes were centrifuged at 850×g for 20 min at RT with mild acceleration and no brake. Mononuclear cells were collected from the plasma/Ficoll interface, resuspended in 50 ml of PBS and centrifuged at 300×g for 5 min. Cells were resuspended in PBS and then counted.
Anti-human VISTA antibodies and huIgG1si were conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 dye following the manufacturer's instructions for labeling and purification (Invitrogen Cat #A10235). Concentration and degree of labeling were assessed via Nanodrop. The degree of labelling was 5.9 for INX200, and 7.1 for 767 IgG1,3. Anti-human CD45 (clone H130) conjugated to AF488 (Biolegend, #304017) and anti-CD14 to APC (clone M5E2, Biolegend, #301808) were used as is.
PBMCs were resuspended at 5×106 cells/ml in RPMI/1% BSA buffer containing human Fc blocking reagent (eBioscience, 14-9161-73) and 50 μl/well of cells was then distributed to a 96-well plate. Anti-human VISTA antibodies were prepared in a 2× dilution series (10 concentrations) starting from 333 nM (50 μg/ml) in the RPMI/1% BSA buffer. PBMCS were stained for 30 min on ice to limit internalization, washed twice with PBS, and fixed with 2% FA in PBS for 10 min at 4° C. Monocytes were labelled with anti-CD14 mAb at 1:400 (v/v) in PBS/0.2% BSA for 20 min at RT. Cells were washed and analyzed by FACS, using a Macsquant (Miltenyi) flow cytometer and FlowJo for analysis. All graphs were prepared with GraphPad (Prism).
5×106 PBMCs were resuspended in 1 ml in RPM1/1% BSA buffer containing human Fc blocking reagent (eBioscience, 14-9161-73) and incubated with anti-human VISTA mAbs at 133 nM (20 μg/ml) for 30 min on ice. Cells were washed with 3 ml ice cold PBS and centrifuged for 2 min at 515×g. PBMCS were resuspended in 1.25 ml of fresh RPMI/1% BSA and kept at room temperature. Slowing down the internalization allowed to generate a robust curve. At each time point, 50 μl of cells were transferred to a 96 well plate containing 50 μl RPM1/1% BSA and anti-CD14 APC to measure total antibody bound. Cells were kept on ice to block subsequent internalization.
50 μl of cells were then transferred to a 96 well plate containing 50 μl RPMI/1% BSA, anti-AF488 antibody at 266 nM (40 μg/ml) to quench fluorescence of the surface bound antibody, and anti-CD14 APC to label monocytes. Cells were kept on ice to block subsequent internalization. Samples were collected in technical duplicates and the antibody internalization was followed for up to 60 min. At the end of the time course, all the samples were washed with PBS and fixed with 2% FA in PBS for 10 min at 4° C. After the last wash in PBS, cells were analyzed by FACS, using a Macsquant (Miltenyi) flow cytometer and FlowJo for analysis. The median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the anti-VISTA or CD45 mAbs was measured and data plotted.
The intracellular fraction was calculated by subtracting the background fluorescence of untreated cells and normalizing the MFI values to the MFI at time=0. The internalization rate was calculated as a fraction of the intracellular signal to the total cell associated fluorescence at each timepoint (See equation below) and normalized to 100% (Liao-Chan, S. et al., (2015), “Quantitative assessment of antibody internalization with novel monoclonal antibodies against Alexa fluorophores”, PLoS One, 10(4): e012470).
In the experiments in
As shown therein nonspecific signal as represented by human IgG1si staining was assessed as 5.9% at 0 min. A clear increase in intracellular signal was observed over time when cells were incubated with INX200, and by 60 min the intracellular fraction was 70.4%±9.2%. The MFI values reached plateau by 40 min of the time course. By contrast, only 5.3%±7.5% of 767-IgG1,3 was detected as an internal fraction at 60 min. The intracellular signal of the human IgG1si was within 5-6% during the period of the time course.
Additionally, in
The data show that the anti-human VISTA INX200 binds with high affinity and is internalized with maximum internalization level of 64% by 40 minutes. This strongly suggests that VISTA is a uniquely suitable target for delivering anti-inflammatory payloads to immune cells, as these results suggest that a majority of payload should be delivered within a relatively short period of time, which is both nonobvious and nontrivial given the lack of CD45 internalization. By contrast, the pH sensitive antibody, anti-human VISTA 767.3-IgG1.3 has limited binding to monocytes at a physiological pH. Also, compared to INX200, 767-IgG1,3 displayed negligible to limited levels of internalization at a physiological pH.
Two experiments were conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the anti-human VISTA antibodies INX200 naked or conjugated to Dexamethasone (INX200A) in a first experiment (ADC-INVIVO-11 or Experiment 1), and 767-IgG1.3 naked or conjugated to Dexamethasone (767-IgG1.3A) (Johnston et al, “VISTA is an acidic pH-selective ligand for PSGL-1.” Nature. 2019 October; 574-(7779):565-5702019) in a second experiment (Experiment 2 or ADC-INVIVO-14), in human VISTA knock-in (hVISTA KI) mice. These mice have the human VISTA cDNA knocked-in in place of the mouse VISTA gene, and express human VISTA both at RNA and protein levels. The experiments were performed in male hVISTA KI mice and in both studies the animals received 1 dose of antibody at 10 mg/Kg. Antibody amount in peripheral blood was quantified at 20 min, 4, 24, 48 hrs, and then at day 5, 8, 14, 21 and 28 for Experiment 1 and day 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 for Experiment 2.
The objective of the these 2 experiments was to evaluate if the addition of 8 linker-payload molecules/antibody would modify the PK and confirm that the “pH sensitive” antibody described by BMS/Five Prime Therapeutics, and a glucocorticoid linked form have a significantly different PK (comparable to hIgG1) than anti-VISTA antibodies which bind to human VISTA expressing cells at physiologic and their respective glucocorticoid linked forms (short relative to hIgG1).
The hVISTA KI mice were divided into 3 groups of 10 mice each, treated respectively with human IgG1, INX200 and INX200A at 10 mg/Kg on day 0.
The hVISTA KI mice were divided into 3 groups of 10 mice each, treated respectively with human IgG1, 767-IgG1.3 and 767-IgG1A at 10 mg/Kg on day 0. In both experiments, mice were bled retro-orbitally at 20 min, 4, 24, 48 hrs, and then at day 5 and 8 for Experiment 1 and day 4 and 7 for Experiment 2; circulating antibodies were quantified by ELISA.
All antibodies were diluted in PBS and injected intravenously in the mouse tail vein in a volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a dose of 10 mg/Kg.
The hVISTA mice were bred at Sage Labs (Boyertown, PA). The mice, aged 8-12 weeks, first transited for 3 weeks in our quarantine facility, and then were transferred to the regular facility. They were acclimated for 1 to 2 weeks prior to experiment initiation.
Animals were bled no more than once every 24 hrs. Each mouse group was divided in 2 sub-groups of 5 mice that were bled alternatively on day 0. Blood was collected on day 0 post injection at 20 min, 4, 24, 48 hrs, and then at day 5 and 8 for Experiment 1 and day 4 and 7 for Experiment 2. In the first 24 hrs period, some data were excluded based on the registered quality of the intravenous injections. For subsequent time points, only animals that had successful intravenous injections were bled.
Peripheral blood was harvested from the retro-orbital cavity using a glass Pasteur pipette that was first rinsed with heparin to prevent coagulation. Blood was then centrifuged at 400 rcf for 5 min and plasma collected and stored at −80° C. for analysis (See above).
ELISA for Detection of Human IgG1
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (Thermo Scientific Nunc Immuno Maxisorp, cat #442404) were coated with mouse anti-huIgG Fcγ (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-005-098) at 1 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at room temperature (RT).
The wells were washed 3 times with PT (PBS with 0.05% Tween 20) then blocked with PTB (PBS with 0.05% Tween 20 and 1% BSA) for 1 hour at RT. Human IgG (Southern Biotech, cat #0150-01) was used as a positive control and human IgG1 (BioXcell, cat #BE0297) was used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes with PT, mouse anti-human IgG Fcγ coupled to HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-035-098), was used as detection reagent at a dilution of 1/2000 and incubated for 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB (Thermo Scientific, cat #34028) as a colorimetric substrate. After 5-10 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
ELISA for Detection of INX200 or INX200A
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (same as in 4.4.1) were coated with hIX50 (human VISTA ECD, produced at Aragen Bioscience for ImmuNext) at 1 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT. After 3 washes, the wells were blocked with PTB for one hour at RT. INX908 (produced at Aragen Bioscience for ImmuNext) was used as a positive control and INX200 or INX200A was used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes with PT, mouse anti-human Kappa-HRP (Southern Biotech, cat #9230-05) was used at 1/2000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate. After 5 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
ELISA for Detection of 767-IgG1.3 or 767-IgG1.3A
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (same as above) were coated with mouse anti-huIgG Fcγ (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-005-098) at 1 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT.
After 3 washes, the wells were blocked with PTB for one hour at RT. Human IgG (Southern Biotech, cat #0150-01) was used as a positive control and 767-IgG1.3 or 767-IgG1.3A was used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes in PTB, mouse anti-human IgG Fcγ-HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-035-098) was used at 1/2000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate following manufacturer instructions. After 5 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4. Antibody half-life was determined using the PKsolver program performing a non-compartmental analysis (NCA) after intravenous bolus.
Plasma samples from the groups treated with INX200, INX200A or hIgG1 were collected to determine antibody concentration and subsequently their half-life. INX200 displayed a half-life of 0.1 day, which is lower but consistent with previous PK data (T1/2=˜0.3 day), and the antibody was below quantification level at 24 hrs. INX200A displayed the same PK. In contrast, human IgG1 had a half-life of 7.2 days which is low but not atypical for an immunoglobulin (
Plasma samples from the groups treated with 767-IgG1.3, 767-IgG1.3A or hIgG1 were collected to determine antibody concentration and subsequently their half-life. The results showed that 767-IgG1.3 and 767-IgG1.3A displayed similar half-life of respectively 3.5 and 4 days, and both were still detectable on day 7. The hIgG1 half-life was of 8.7 days, similar to what was observed in Experiment 1 (See
The results of these 2 experiments show that:
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In this example 9 experiments were conducted to assess the long term efficacy of an exemplary inventive antibody drug conjugate (ADC) molecule which comprises an antibody that targets VISTA, a cell surface molecule highly expressed on most hematopoietic cells, including myeloid and T cells, and a glucocorticoid (GC) drug. We have previously shown (internal non-published studies) that such ADCs exert robust anti-inflammatory activity in short term inflammation models. The purpose of these studies was (i) to evaluate the pharmacodynamic range of various antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and anti-human VISTA monoclonal antibodies linked to a glucocorticoid (GC) payload in myeloid cells; and (ii) evaluate the potency of exemplary INX GC linker payload ADCs.
First, we evaluated long-term in vivo impact of ADC on an early GC response gene, FKBP5 (Vermeer et al. (2003) “Glucocorticoid-induced increase in lymphocytic FKBP51 messenger ribonucleic acid expression: a potential marker for glucocorticoid sensitivity, potency, and bioavailability”, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 88(1):277-84), as compared to Dexamethasone (Dex) on peritoneal resident macrophages (PRM) and spleen monocytes.
Based thereon we developed a model to allow us to evaluate long-term anti-inflammatory impact of ADC on specific target populations, such as PRMs. Briefly, ADCs were delivered in vivo via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, and after 1 to 7 days PRMs were isolated and put in culture. In the absence of GC treatment, after 2 h PRMs become highly activated as shown by increases in cytokine production. Dex treatment in vivo 2 h before PRM isolation robustly reduces cytokine production. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the efficacy and pharmacodynamic range of INX human VISTA antibodies conjugated to a glucocorticoid payload as compared to free Dex.
Dex was injected i.p. 2 to 24 h before mouse euthanasia and cell isolation. ADCs were then injected from 17 h to 7 days before mouse euthanasia and cell isolation.
The antibodies were diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) in a volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a specified dose.
Dexamethasone sterile injection from Phoenix, NDC 57319-519-05, was diluted in PBS and dosed as described via i.p. injection.
The hVISTA mice were bred on site (Center for Comparative Medicine and Research at Dartmouth). All the experiments were done in female mice enrolled between 9 and 15 weeks of age.
After euthanasia, mice were injected in the peritoneal cavity with 7 ml of PBS/0.5% BSA/2 mM EDTA. After a brief massage of the peritoneum, a small incision was performed and the peritoneal lavage collected. PRM were isolated using negative selection (Miltenyi kit, ref 130-110-434). Spleen were dissected and dissociated mechanically; monocytes were isolated using negative selection (Stem Cell, EasySep™ Mouse CD11 b Positive Selection Kit II).
Cell pellets from different tissues were resuspended in 0.4 ml RNeasy lysis buffer from RNeasy Plus Mini kit (Qiagen, PN: 74136) and homogenize with 20G needle for 5 times. RNA was isolated following manufacturer's instructions and RNA eluted in in 30 or 40 ml H2O (RNase/DNase free). RNA concentration was assessed on Nanodrop.
Reverse transcription was done using Taqman reverse transcription reagents (#N8080234) and following manufacturer's instructions. Quantitative Real-Time PCR was done using Taqman master mix 2× kit (#4369016) and Taqman primers for mouse FKBP5 (Mm00487401_m1), and mouse HPRT as housekeeping gene (Mm446968_m1) and run on a QuantStudio3 from Applied Biosystem.
Ct data were converted to DCt (FKBP5 normalized to HPRT within a sample) and then ΔΔCt (FKBP5 relative levels for treated sample vs PBS control) to obtain Log 2 fold-changes relative to PBS.
PRMs were resuspended in RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS, 10 mM Hepes, Penicillin/Streptomycin and glutamine and 100,000 cells were plated per well in a 96-well tissue culture plate. Supernatants were collected at 2 and 24 h post plating and stored at −80° C.
Cytokine analyses were conducted on 25 ml of plasma using a Millipore mouse 32-plex platform. The Immune Monitoring Lab (IML, Shared Resources at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Norris Cotton Cancer Center) performed the analyses.
Cytokine Analyses Via ELISA
ELISAs were conducted following the manufacturer's included protocol.
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In the absence of any added stimulus, when PRMs are transferred on tissue culture plates, they become very rapidly activated and massively increase the production of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines that can be measured from cell supernatants as early as 1 h post plating.
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These results show that Dex treatment in vivo, 2 h before cell isolation, can robustly shut down the ex vivo PRM activation exemplified here by IL-6 and TNFa secretion, as early as 1 h post plating of the cells. This impact is still clearly detected after 24 h in culture (not shown).
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As noted all ADCs were injected i.p. on day −7 at different doses: 10, 3 and 1 mg/Kg delivering respectively 0.2, 0.06 and 0.02 mg/Kg of GC payload. Dex was dosed at 2 mg/Kg 2 h before cell isolation. The results showed that no significant differences were observed between the different ADCs, suggesting they have similar potencies (
In the experiment in
As noted, all treatments were injected i.p. on day −7, with Dex at 2 mg/Kg and the ADCs at 0.2 mg/Kg of payload. The data in
Experiment 7: Impact of INX201J Vs. INX231P, INX234P and INX240P on Macrophage Activation Ex Vivo when Injected at Day −7
In this experiment, we evaluated the impact on extended potency of varying the anti-VISTA CDR by assessing the INX P payload conjugated to different anti-VISTA as compared to INX201J. All ADCs were injected i.p. on day −7, at a dosing of 0.2 mg/Kg of payload.
The data showed that all anti-VISTA ADCs carrying the INX J or INX P linker payload have comparable potency after an extended period (
Experiment 8: Impact of INX231P, INX233P, INX234P and INX231R on Macrophage Activation Ex Vivo when Injected at Day −7
In this experiment, we evaluated the long term potency of the INX R linker payload conjugated to INX231. This conjugate is analogous to INX231P; however, it contains a neutral dipeptide linker where INX231P has a negatively charged dipeptide linker. We also evaluated an additional anti-VISTA antibody INX233. As comparators, we used INX231P and INX234P. All ADCs were injected i.p. on day −7, at a dosing of 0.2 mg/Kg of payload. We analyzed cell supernatants collected at 24 h as previous experiments showed no significant difference between supernatant collected at 2 h or 24 h.
The data showed that except for INX231P that showed lower than usual potency (see Experiment 0.7, INX231R and INX233P have comparable potency to INX234P (
Experiment 9: Impact of INX231P, INX231R, INX231S, INX231V, INX231W and INX201O on Macrophage Activation Ex Vivo when Injected at Day
In this experiment, we evaluated the long term potency of several new INX linker payloads conjugated to INX231. In this experiment, the charge of the dipeptide linker (INX R, INX W vs INX P), the halogenation of the steroid ring (INX S vs INX P), and the payload (INX V vs INX P) were independently varied. The linker payload INX O that has a distinct payload from INX P was also evaluated as an INX201 conjugate. All ADCs were injected i.p. on day −7, at a dosing of 0.2 mg/Kg of payload. We analyzed cell supernatants collected at 24 h.
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Conclusions
The data show that:
Ten in vivo studies the results of which are disclosed in this example and shown in
In order to evaluate the ADC potential efficacy in auto-immune diseases, we used the short-term model of LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is widely used as a model for acute immune response—both local and systemic—in mice. The LPS model is characterized by a burst of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood circulation that can be monitored as early as 2 h post injection. By 24 h, most cytokines are back to normal levels. We took advantage of this model by mainly monitoring cytokine response at 2 or 4 h post LPS injection. Preliminary studies showed that Dexamethasone (Dex) treatment has a dose dependent effect on IL-12p40, TNFα, MIG, MIP-1α, and IL-1β detectable as early as 2 h, so our studies focused on measuring one or more of these 5 cytokines. (See Vermeer et al. (2003) Glucocorticoid-induced increase in lymphocytic FKBP51 messenger ribonucleic acid expression: a potential marker for glucocorticoid sensitivity, potency, and bioavailability. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. January; 88(1):277-84)
The objective of the studies was to evaluate the efficacy of human anti-VISTA antibodies conjugated to various glucocorticoid payloads as compared to free Dex.
In these experiments, mice received antibody or Dex treatments at ˜20 h or 2-4 h, respectively, before LPS injection. Dex is short-lived and acts quickly, whereas the ADC requires additional processing time. These time points were chosen as a way to fairly compare peak activities of ADC and Dex.
Blood was collected at 2 or 4 h post LPS i.p. injection, and plasma isolated for cytokine analyses.
The antibodies were diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) in a volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a specified dose.
Dexamethasone sterile injection from Phoenix, NDC 57319-519-05, was diluted in PBS and dosed as described via i.p. injection.
LPS was obtained from AMSBIO (#9028). Mice were dosed at 0.5 mg/Kg.
The hVISTA mice were bred on site (Center for Comparative Medicine and Research at Dartmouth). All the experiments were done in female mice enrolled between 9 and 15 weeks of age.
Peripheral blood was harvested from the retro-orbital cavity using a glass Pasteur pipette that was first rinsed with heparin to prevent coagulation. Blood was then centrifuged at 550 rcf for 5 min and plasma collected and stored at −80° C. before cytokine analysis.
Cytokine Analyses Using a Millipore Platform
Cytokine analyses were conducted on 25 μl of plasma using a Millipore mouse 5 or 7-plex platform. For ADC-INVIVO-30 and 35, the Immune Monitoring Lab (IML, Shared Resources at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Norris Cotton Cancer Center) performed the analyses.
Cytokines included in the analysis were MIP-1α, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-12p40 and MIG and were detected via ELISA as follows:
ELISAs were conducted following the manufacturer's included protocol.
Cytokine data are censored when below a 20 μg/ml threshold for IL-12p40 and/or 10 μg/ml threshold for TNF-α as it indicates a failed LPS injection.
After euthanasia, mice were injected in the peritoneal cavity with 7 ml of PBS/0.5% BSA/2 mM EDTA. After a brief massage of the peritoneum, a small incision was performed and the peritoneal lavage collected. PRM were isolated using negative selection (Miltenyi kit, ref 130-110-434). Spleen were dissected and dissociated mechanically; monocytes were isolated using negative selection (Stem Cell, EasySep™ Mouse CD11 b Positive Selection Kit II).
Cell pellets from different tissues were resuspended in 0.4 ml RNeasy lysis buffer from RNeasy Plus Mini kit (Qiagen, PN: 74136) and homogenized with 20G needle for 5 times. RNA was isolated following manufacturer's instructions and eluted in 30 or 40 μl H2O (RNase/DNase free). RNA concentration was assessed by UV spectroscopy using a Nanodrop.
Reverse transcription was done using Taqman reverse transcription reagents (#N8080234) and following manufacturer's instructions.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR was done using Taqman master mix 2× kit (#4369016) and Taqman primers for mouse FKBP5 (Mm00487401_m1), and mouse HPRT as housekeeping gene (Mm446968_ml) and run on a QuantStudio3 from Applied Biosystem.
Ct data were converted to □Ct (FKBP5 normalized to HPRT within a sample) and then ΔΔCt (FKBP5 relative levels for treated sample vs PBS control) to obtain Log 2 fold-changes relative to PBS.
As shown in
In this experiment, we also evaluated if our ADC needed more time for processing than free Dex. We showed that efficacy was improved when the ADC was dosed 17 h before LPS injection when compared to 2 h pre LPS. No difference in cytokine response was noted between 2 and 4 h post LPS and for all our next studies, we collected blood plasma only at 2 h timepoint.
In this experiment, we evaluated INX201J anti-inflammatory properties at higher dilutions. As shown in
We also tested the efficacy of Dex when injected at 17 h pre LPS, as was done with INX201J. As expected, due the short half-life of Dex, there was a loss in potency in that group when compared to the group dosed 2 h pre LPS, suggesting that INX201J may have increased pharmacodynamic impact on cytokine production.
In this experiment, we compared the efficacy of INX201J at 0.2 and 0.06 mg/Kg of GC payload to free Dex at 2 and 0.2 mg/Kg. As shown in
Experiment 4: Evaluation of In Vivo Efficacy of INX201J Vs. Dexamethasone in LPS-Induced Cytokine Release
As shown in
Experiment 5: Evaluation of In Vivo Efficacy of INX231J, INX234J and INX240 J Vs. INX201J in LPS-Induced Cytokine Release
We next evaluated 3 different anti-VISTA antibodies conjugated to the same INX J payload. As shown in
Experiment 6: Evaluation of In Vivo Efficacy of INX201O and INX201P Vs. INX201J in LPS-Induced Cytokine Release
As shown in
Experiment 7: Evaluation of In Vivo Efficacy of INX201O and INX201P Vs. INX201J in LPS-Induced Cytokine Release—Dose Response Study
As observed in Experiment 6, INX201O showed reduced efficacy compared to INX201J. In contrast, both INX201P and INX201J showed similar potency in controlling IL-12p40 and TNFα response to LPS. To note, at 0.06 mg/Kg of payload, there is still potent control of the cytokine response (
Cytokine plasma concentrations were measured by ELISA; Dosing: PBS, INX201J (circle), INX201O (square) and INX201P (lozenge) were dosed 17 h before LPS injection at 0.2 mg/Kg of GC payload (SEM; n=5/group except where technical failures are excluded from analysis; ordinary one-way ANOVA as compared to PBS group (solid black triangle)).
Experiment 8: Evaluation of In Vivo Efficacy of INX231R, INX233P Vs. INX231P in LPS-Induced Cytokine Release
As shown in
Experiment 9: Evaluation of In Vivo Efficacy of INX231R, INX2010, INX231S, INX231V and INX231W Vs. INX231P in LPS-Induced Cytokine Release
As observed in Experiment 8, INX231R had lower efficacy than INX231P and INX231W behaved similarly with impact mainly on TNFa. INX231S and INX231V displayed similar efficacy to INX231P. Finally, as observed in two previous experiments (section 5.6 and 5.7), INX201O showed reduced efficacy compared to the other ADCs (
Specifically,
Experiment 10: Comparison of INX231R, INX2010, INX231S, INX231V and INX231W Vs. INX231P Impact on FKBP5 Transcription
As shown herein peritoneal resident macrophages (PRM) are exquisitely sensitive to ADCs and that GC impact on the GC target FKBP5 can be measured by real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).
PRM were isolated on day 3 post LPS treatment (4 days post ADC dosing), RNA extracted and RT-qPCR done for FKBP5. As shown in
As disclosed herein different ADCs comprising different anti-VISTA antibodies which bind VISTA at physiologic pH and which moreover all possess short PKs and different complementarity-determining regions (CDR) and different GC payloads have been synthesized.
The data show that immune cell targeted GC delivery using each of INX201, INX231, INX234, INX240 or INX233:
Additionally, we evaluated conjugates analogous to the INX P linker payload wherein the charge of the dipeptide linker was varied. These included positive charge (INX W), neutral charge (INX R), and negative charge (INX P). These results showed the following:
We further evaluated conjugates with 4 budesonide analog linker/payloads, INX N, INX O, INX P, and INX V, in addition to the initial INX J linker/payload which varied the structure of the payload. These results showed the following:
We evaluated conjugates with a fluocinolone acetonide analog (INX S) in comparison to its budesonide analog counterpart (INX P). These results showed the following:
The impact of exemplary ADCs on non-target (non-VISTA) expressing cells was assessed in the experiments described in in this example and shown in
Dex was injected i.p. at 2 h before mouse euthanasia and cell isolation, which corresponds to peak FKBP5 induction. INX201J was injected 20 h before mouse euthanasia and cell isolation, to provide sufficient time for ADC processing and peak FKBP5 induction. The control group injected with PBS only was included to define FKBP5 transcript baseline.
These antibodies were diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) in a volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a specified dose.
Dexamethasone sterile injection from Phoenix, NDC 57319-519-05, was diluted in PBS and dosed as described via i.p. injection.
The hVISTA KI mice were bred on site (Center for Comparative Medicine and Research at Dartmouth). All the experiments were done in female mice enrolled between 9 and 15 weeks of age.
After euthanasia, spleen, liver, adrenal gland and brain were dissected and dissociated mechanically. After passage on a 40 μm filter, cell pellets were resuspended in the RNA lysis buffer (See below).
Cell pellets from different tissues were resuspended in 0.4 ml RNeasy lysis buffer from RNeasy Plus Mini kit (Qiagen, PN: 74136) and homogenized with a 20G needle for 5 times. RNA was isolated following manufacturer's instructions and eluted in in 30 or 40 μl H2O (RNase/DNase free). RNA concentration was assessed on Nanodrop.
Reverse transcription was done using Taqman reverse transcription reagents (#N8080234) and following manufacturer's instructions. Quantitative Real-Time PCR was done using Taqman master mix 2× kit (#4369016) and Taqman primers for mouse FKBP5 (Mm00487401_m1), and mouse HPRT as housekeeping gene (Mm446968_m1) and run on a QuantStudio3 from Applied Biosystem.
Ct data were converted to ΔCt and ΔΔCt or Log 2 fold changes to PBS.
Briefly the Liver dissociation kit and Liver Endothelial Cell Isolation kit from Miltenyi were used (130-105-807 and 130-092-007 respectively) to isolate liver endothelial cells from hVISTA KI mice. As shown in
In the experiments shown in
As can be seen from the results in
Further, a clear dose dependent induction with INX201J was observed in spleen with a 10-fold increase in FKBP5 signal with INX201J at 0.2 mg/Kg of payload when compared to Dex at 0.2 mg/Kg of payload. By contrast a comparable response with Dex was only achieved at 2 mg/Kg.
The data shows that INX201J at 3 and 10 mg/Kg (0.06 and 0.2 mg/Kg of payload) induces FKBP5 expression in VISTA-expressing splenocytes, but not adrenal gland or brain (
In this example we assessed the in vitro potency of different steroid payloads in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The presence of LPS results in PBMCS proliferation and cytokine release (Jansky, L., Reymanova, P., & Kopecky, J. (2003), “Dynamics of cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by LPS, or infected by Borrelia”, Physiological Research, 52(5), 593-5981). Therefore, the objective of the present studies was to evaluate the potency of novel steroids in an in vitro model of inflammation.
The potency of novel steroids was assessed in a model of LPS stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS). Stimulated PBMCs in this assay produce multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines1. Steroid potency was judged in these studies by the ability to reduce the expression of stimulation-related cytokines in a dose dependent manner relative to no treatment at 24 hrs.
The objective of the present studies was to evaluate the potency of novel glucocorticoids generated at ImmuNext, identified as INX-SM-GC, in a well characterized in vitro model of inflammation. Human PBMCS when stimulated with LPS produce several pro-inflammatory cytokines and this cytokine response can be dramatically inhibited by glucocorticoids (GC). We used budesonide, a very potent and clinically relevant GC as a comparator in our studies.
In all the following experiments, human PBMCs, isolated from 1-2 healthy donors per experiment, were stimulated with LPS to induce cytokine production. Cells were co-treated with serially diluted glucocorticoids (1000-0.2 nM) to identify the dose dependent potency of the individual drugs, with budesonide as a positive control.
In preliminary experiments, we identified IL-6 and IL-1b as highly GC responsive cytokines. Therefore, after incubating PBMCS with GC for 24 h, cell supernatants were collected and assessed for IL-6 and IL-1β cytokine levels via ELISA.
Test Payloads
Cell Culture Media
Other Reagents
ELISA Kits
Human PBMCs were isolated under sterile conditions from apheresis cones obtained from the Blood Donor Program at the Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center from deidentified healthy human donors.
The blood was transferred to a 50 ml Falcon tube and diluted with PBS to 30 ml. 13 ml of Histopaque 1077 (Sigma Aldrich) was slowly layered under the blood, and tubes were centrifuged at 850×g for 20 min at RT with mild acceleration and no brake.
Mononuclear cells were collected from the plasma/Ficoll interface, resuspended in 50 ml of PBS and centrifuged at 300×g for 5 min. Cells were resuspended in PBS and counted.
Isolated PBMCs were resuspended in RPMI 1640 containing 10% human A/B serum, 10 mM Hepes, 1× Penicillin/Streptomycin/L-Glutamine (assay media).
Cells were plated in flat bottom 96 well plates at a final concentration of 150,000 cells/well, with technical duplicates for each condition.
Test agents were serially diluted in the assay media and added to a final concentration of 1,000 nM-1 nM or 0.2 nM depending on the assay or as a no treatment control.
LPS stimulation was added to a final concentration of 1 ng/ml.
Cells were placed at 37° C. in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24 h before supernatant harvesting.
Human IL-1β and IL-6 ELISA kits were used on supernatants according to vendor protocols. All graphs were prepared with GraphPad (Prism).
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In this experiment, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory potency of novel glucocorticoid payloads INX-SM-9, INX-SM-31 and INX-SM-35. PBMCS from two donors were tested. As shown from the results in
In this experiment, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory potency of novel glucocorticoid payload INX-SM-32. The experiment was repeated with PBMCS from a second donor. As shown in
In this experiment, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory potency of novel glucocorticoid payloads INX-SM-10, and INX-SM-33. PBMCS from one donor were tested. As shown in
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The lowest potency among the R stereoisomers of the series was observed with INX-SM-31 and INX-SM-33. An assessment of the impact of fluorination on the potency of INX-SM-3 demonstrated that double halogenation at both the C6 and C9 positions of INX-SM-24 led to increased potency. However, fluorination at the C9 position alone (INX-SM-13) did not lead to increased potency over the non-fluorinated payload (INX-SM-3)
The payloads containing the S stereoisomer at the acetal position-INX-SM-53, INX-SM-54, and INX-SM-56-did not show potency. The exception to this is INX-SM-74, which is halogenated at both the C9 and C6 position which showed moderate potency albeit much weaker than the R stereoisomer with the same halogenation.
The data show that:
In this example studies were conducted to define the pharmacokinetics (PK) of various anti-human VISTA antibodies according to the invention and compare same with the pH sensitive anti-human VISTA from BMS (767-IgG1.3, Johnston et al, 2019).
The objective of the present experiment was to 1) confirm that the “pH sensitive” antibody described by BMS/Five Prime Therapeutics has a significantly different PK (comparable to hIgG1) compared to ImmuNext (INX) anti-VISTA antibodies; 2) evaluate the PK of a larger number of INX anti-VISTA antibodies. (See INX200 and other INX antibody sequences in
These studies were conducted in human VISTA knock-in (hVISTA KI) mice which mice have the human VISTA cDNA knocked-in in place of the mouse VISTA gene, and express human VISTA both at RNA and protein levels. The experiments were performed in female or male hVISTA KI mice and in all studies the animals received one dose of antibody at 10 mg/Kg. Antibody amount in peripheral blood was quantified by ELISA.
Experiment Design
Experiment 1: The hVISTA KI mice were divided into 2 groups of 10 mice each, treated respectively with one dose of human IgG1 and INX200 at 10 mg/Kg on day 0.
Experiment 2: The hVISTA KI mice were divided into 2 groups of 10 mice each, treated respectively with one dose of human IgG1 and 767-IgG1.3 at 10 mg/Kg on day 0.
In both experiments, five mice were bled retro-orbitally at 20 min, 4, 24, 48 hrs, and then at day 5 and 8 for Experiment 1 and day 4 and 7 for Experiment 2; circulating antibodies were quantified by ELISA. These results are respectively in
Experiment 3: The hVISTA KI mice were divided into 4 groups of 15 mice each, treated respectively with one dose of INX231, INX234, INX237 and INX240 at 10 mg/Kg on day 0. Five mice per group were bled retro-orbitally at 20 min, 4 h, 24 h and then on day 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 21. These results are in
Experiment 4: The hVISTA KI mice were divided into 4 groups of 10 mice each, treated respectively with one dose of INX901, INX904, INX907 and INX908 at 10 mg/Kg on day 0. Five mice per group were bled retro-orbitally at 30 min, 4 h, 24 h and then on day 2, 3, 4, 7 and 14. These results are in
Experiment 5: The hVISTA KI mice were divided into 5 groups of 4 mice each, treated respectively with one dose of INX201J, INX231J, INX234J, and INX240 J at 10 mg/Kg on day 0. The mice were bled retro-orbitally on day 3 and 6. These results are in
All antibodies were diluted in PBS and injected intravenously in the mouse tail vein in a volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a dose of 10 mg/Kg.
The hVISTA mice were bred at Sage Labs (Boyertown, PA). The mice, aged 8-12 weeks, first transited for 3 weeks in our quarantine facility, and then were transferred to the regular facility. They were acclimated for 1 to 2 weeks prior to experiment initiation.
Animals were bled no more than once every 24 hrs. Each mouse group was divided in 2 or 3 sub-groups of 5 mice that were bled alternatively on day 0. Blood was collected on day 0 post injection at 20 min, 4, 24, 48 hrs, and then at day 5 and 8 for Experiment 1 and day 4 and 7 for Experiment 2. In the first 24 hrs period, some data were excluded based on the registered quality of the intravenous injections. For subsequent time points, only animals that had successful intravenous injections were bled.
For Experiment 3, mice were bled at 20 min, 4 h, 24 h and then on day 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 21.
For Experiment 4, mice were bled at 30 min, 4 h, 24 h, and then on day 2, 3, 4, 7, 14.
Peripheral blood was harvested from the retro-orbital cavity using a glass Pasteur pipette that was first rinsed with heparin to prevent coagulation. Blood was then centrifuged at 400 rcf for 5 min and plasma collected and stored at −80° C. for analysis (See infra).
ELISA for Detection of Human IgG1
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (Thermo Scientific Nunc Immuno Maxisorp, cat #442404) were coated with mouse anti-huIgG Fcγ (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-005-098) at 1 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at room temperature (RT).
The wells were washed 3 times with PT (PBS with 0.05% Tween 20) then blocked with PTB (PBS with 0.05% Tween 20 and 1% BSA) for 1 hour at RT. Human IgG (Southern Biotech, cat #0150-01) was used as a positive control and human IgG1 (BioXcell, cat #BE0297) was used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes with PT, mouse anti-human IgG Fcγ coupled to HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-035-098), was used as detection reagent at a dilution of 1/2000 and incubated for 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB (Thermo Scientific, cat #34028) as a colorimetric substrate. After 5-10 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (same as in 4.5.1) were coated with hIX50 (human VISTA ECD, produced at Aragen Bioscience for ImmuNext) at 1 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT.
After 3 washes, the wells were blocked with PTB for one hour at RT. INX908 (produced at Aragen Bioscience for ImmuNext) was used as a positive control and INX200 was used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes with PT, mouse anti-human Kappa-HRP (Southern Biotech, cat #9230-05) was used at 1/2000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate. After 5 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (same as above) were coated with mouse anti-huIgG Fcγ (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-005-098) at 1 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT.
After 3 washes, the wells were blocked with PTB for one hour at RT. Human IgG (Southern Biotech, cat #0150-01) was used as a positive control and 767-IgG1.3 was used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes in PTB, mouse anti-human IgG Fcγ-HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-035-098) was used at 1/2000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate following manufacturer instructions. After 5 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (same as above) were coated with hIX50 (human VISTA ECD, produced at Aragen Bioscience for ImmuNext) at 1 mg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT.
After 3 washes, the wells were blocked with PTB for one hour at RT. INX908 (produced at Aragen Bioscience for ImmuNext) was used as a positive control and INX231, INX234, INX237 or INX240 were used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes in PTB, mouse anti-human IgG Fcγ-HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-035-098) was used at 1/2000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate following manufacturer instructions. After 5 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (same as prior Experiment) were coated with hINX50 (human VISTA ECD, produced at Aragen Bioscience for ImmuNext) at 1 mg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT.
After 3 washes, the wells were blocked with PTB for one hour at RT. INX201 was used as a positive control and INX231, INX234 or INX240 were used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes in PTB, mouse anti-human IgG Fcγ-HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-035-098) was used at 1/2000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate following manufacturer instructions. After 5 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (same as above) were coated with hIX7 (human VISTA ECD on a mouse IgG2s backbone) at 1 mg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT.
After 3 washes, the wells were blocked with PTB for one hour at RT. INX901, INX904, INX907 or INX908 were used as positive controls and to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes in PTB, mouse anti-human IgG Fcγ-HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat #209-035-098) was used at 1/2000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate following manufacturer instructions. After 5 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
LOQ is calculated by multiplying the lowest point of the standard curve by the lowest dilution factor used to dilute the sample. For example, if the lowest standard point is 0.3 ng/mL and the lowest standard dilution is 1/400, then the LOQ is 0.1 ug/mL as it is reported in the same units as the sample is reported.
The LOD is determined when the sample OD can't be distinguished from the background OD, approximately an OD of 0.01. No concentration is calculated for the LOD but a concentration of 0 or 0.001 ug/mL is assigned for graphing and PK calculation purposes.
Antibody half-life was determined using the PKsolver program performing a non-compartmental analysis (NCA) after intravenous bolus.
The results of Experiments 1-5 are respectively in
The data in these experiments show the following:
Experiment 1 (
Experiment 2 (
Experiment 3 (
Experiment 4 (
Experiment 5 (
These results indicate that the inventive anti-VISTA antibodies and ADCs containing same possess PK values and clearance properties making them well suited for targeted delivery of desired payloads, particularly steroid payloads into target immune cells.
Glucocorticoid hormones are rapidly synthesized and secreted from the adrenal gland in response to stress. In addition, under basal conditions glucocorticoids are released rhythmically with both a circadian and an ultradian (pulsatile) pattern. These rhythms are important not only for normal function of glucocorticoid target organs, but also for the HPA axis responses to stress. Numerous studies have shown that disruption of glucocorticoid rhythms by prolonged GC treatment is associated with disease both in humans and in rodents. In human, the most abundant GC is cortisol, in mice, it is corticosterone.
Based on the foregoing we assessed the impact of long-term treatment with an exemplary antibody drug conjugate (ADC) INX201J, and an anti-human VISTA monoclonal antibody linked to a glucocorticoid (GC) payload, on the HPA axis, specifically the corticosterone basal levels. As discussed below the experiment was conducted in human VISTA knock-in (hVISTA KI) which have the human VISTA cDNA knocked-in in place of the mouse VISTA gene, and express human VISTA both at RNA and protein levels with the same expression pattern as mouse VISTA. The experiment was performed in female mice that were first acclimated for a week to a specific handler that would carry subsequently all injections and bleed to limit stress-induced changes in basal level of GC.
Mice were then subjected to injections of INX201J at 10 or 3 mg/Kg (0.2 or 0.06 mg/Kg of payload respectively) or dexamethasone (Dex) at 2 or 0.2 mg/Kg. Dex was dosed daily for 4 days while INX201J was dosed on days 1, 3 and 4. On day 5, mice were bled and their corticosterone levels assessed by ELISA.
The experiment was performed in female hVISTA KI mice. Mice were then subjected to injections of INX201J at 10 or 3 mg/Kg (0.2 or 0.06 mg/Kg of payload respectively) on day 1, 3 and 4; or daily injection of dexamethasone (Dex) at 2 or 0.2 mg/Kg for 4 days in a row. A control group was included that received daily PBS injections. On day 5, mice were bled and their plasma corticosterone levels assessed by ELISA.
The rationale for the dosing schedule is based on other studies (See previous example) that showed that the inventive ADC has a much longer pharmacodynamic range (>96 h) than Dex (<24 h).
INX201J (Abzena, Lot #s: JZ-0556-025-1, JZ-0556-027, JZ-0556-013) is based on INX201 which is a humanized anti-human VISTA antibody on a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A/E269R/K322A silencing mutations in the Fc region. INX201J is the conjugated antibody with a drug/antibody ratio of 8.0, conjugated via full modification of the interchain disulfides. The linker/payload (J) consists of a protease sensitive linker with a budesonide analog payload.
The antibodies were diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a specified dose.
Dexamethasone sterile injection from Phoenix, NDC 57319-519-05, was diluted in PBS and dosed as described via i.p. injection.
The hVISTA mice were bred on site (Center for Comparative Medicine and Research at Dartmouth). All the experiments were done in female mice enrolled between 9 and 15 weeks of age.
Peripheral blood was harvested from the retro-orbital cavity using a glass Pasteur pipette that was first rinsed with heparin to prevent coagulation. Blood was then centrifuged at 550 rcf for 5 min and plasma collected and stored at −80° C. before corticosterone analysis.
The ELISA was conducted following the manufacturer's included protocol using Arbor Assays (cat #K014-H5) Corticosterone 5 pack ELISA Kit.
As shown in
The data show that Dex at 2 mg/Kg dramatically reduces basal levels of corticosterone while at 0.2 mg/Kg the decrease is more limited though still highly significant (P<0.001). By contrast, INX201J at 0.2 mg/Kg of payload, which is therapeutically equivalent to 2 mg/Kg Dex, had a more limited impact (ns or P<0.5). At 0.06 mg/Kg, there was no effect on corticosterone levels. (These doses were selected because as shown in the previous examples INX201J at 0.2 mg/Kg of payload has similar efficacy as Dex at 2 mg/Kg).
Glucocorticoids (GC) are known to have profound effects on primary immune responses and can significantly affect IgG responses to vaccines. Accordingly, we used a vaccine model to evaluate the functionality of the subject antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) in disrupting antigen-specific responses. As discussed in detail below we used a standard immunization protocol combining a mouse CD40 agonist antibody (FGK4.5), the OVA peptide SIINFEKL as a model antigen (Ag) and the TLR agonist Poly (I:C), which drives a potent CD8 T cell driven Ag response that can be measured using the tetramer technology. A further benefit is that this model permitted us to also evaluate the pharmacodynamic range of our ADCs by treating up to 1 week pre vaccine inoculation.
As discussed in detail below three studies were conducted in such human VISTA knock-in mice (hVISTA KI), which have the human VISTA cDNA knocked-in in place of the mouse VISTA gene, and express human VISTA both at RNA and protein levels with the same expression pattern as mouse VISTA. In brief these mice were injected with ADCs up to 7 days pre-immunization. Dexamethasone (Dex) was used as a positive GC control. Immune response in peripheral blood was measured on day 6 post immunization at the peak of the anti-Ag response.
All 4 experiments were performed in female mice with 5 mice per group.
Experiment 1: Impact of Dex on Ag-Specific Response when Administered 2 h Pre-Immunization
This experiment (results in
Mice were dosed i.p. with Dex at 2 or 0.2 mg/Kg or PBS. Two hours later, they received the vaccine cocktail injected i.p. These mice were then bled after 6 days and Ag specific CD8 T cells number quantified.
Experiment 2: Impact of the ADC INX201J on Ag-Specific Response when Administered at Different Time Points Pre-Immunization
This experiment (results in
Mice from groups 1 to 3 were dosed i.p. 2 h before immunization. Mice from groups 4 to 6 were dosed as indicated 1, 2 or 4 days pre-immunization. All mice were immunized on day 0. All of these animals were then bled after 6 days and Ag specific CD8 T cells number quantified.
This experiment (results in
Mice from groups 1 to 3 were dosed i.p. 2 h before immunization. Mice from groups 4 to 9 were dosed as indicated 1 or 7 days pre-immunization. All mice were immunized on day 0. All of these animals were then bled after 6 days and Ag specific CD8 T cells number quantified.
This experiment (results in
Mice from groups 1 to 2 were dosed i.p. 2 h before immunization. Mice from groups 3 to 7 were dosed as indicated 1 or 7 days pre-immunization. All mice were immunized on day 0. All of these animals were then bled after 6 days and Ag specific CD8 T cells number quantified.
INX201, INX231, INX234 and INX240 (lot #72928.1.a, 72931.1.a and 73419.1.a respectively) were used in these experiments which all comprise humanized anti-human VISTA antibodies on a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A/E269R/K322A silencing mutations in the Fc region.
INX201J, INX231J, INX234J and INX240 J (lot #JZ-0556-027, JZ-0556-013-1, JZ-0556-013-2, JZ-0556-013-3) respectively comprise INX201, INX231, INX234 and INX240 with a drug/antibody ratio (DAR) of 8.0, conjugated via full modification of the interchain disulfides. The linker/payload (J) consists of a protease sensitive linker with a budesonide analog payload.
INX201P, INX231P, INX234P and INX240 P (lot #JZ-0556-0271, JZ-0556-017-1, JZ-0556-017-2, JZ-0556-017-3) are respectively INX201, INX231, INX234 and INX240 with a drug/antibody ratio (DAR) of 8.0, conjugated via full modification of the interchain disulfides. The linker/payload (P) consists of a protease sensitive linker with a budesonide analog payload.
Each of these antibodies was diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a specified dose.
Dexamethasone sterile injection from Phoenix, NDC 57319-519-05, was diluted in PBS and dosed as described via i.p. injection.
A standard immunization protocol of antibody/peptide/poly(I:C) with 50 μg mouse CD40 agonist antibody (clone FGK4.5)+50 μg SIINFEKL peptide+50 μg poly(I:C) was used per mouse. Vaccine is diluted in PBS and injected i.p. in a final volume of 200 μl.
The hVISTA mice were bred on site (Center for Comparative Medicine and Research at Dartmouth). All the experiments were done in female mice enrolled between 9 and 15 weeks of age. C57BI/6 mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories.
Peripheral blood was harvested from the retro-orbital cavity using a glass Pasteur pipette that was first rinsed with heparin to prevent coagulation. A 1-wash protocol was used that allows for absolute blood cell count.
10 μl of antibody cocktail (See below) was directly added to 50 or 100 μl of blood. After 30 min incubation at room temperature (RT), 600 μl BD FACS lysis buffer was added to the sample. After 30 min incubation at RT, samples were spun at 550 rcf for 5 min, wash once in PBS, resuspended in a fixed volume of PBS. The whole sample was run on a MacsQuant flow cytometer to obtain an absolute cell number.
The following antibodies were diluted in PBS.
As noted above the experiment in in
As shown in
Four different ADCs were evaluated in the experiment in
In this experiment contained in
As noted above the data In Experiments 1-4 show the following:
Altogether, these data show that:
Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease clinically characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and bronchial walls, and airway structural changes. Inhaled glucocorticoids (GCs) are considered as standard of care for most asthma types. Based thereon studies were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of an exemplary antibody drug conjugate (ADC) INX201J, in a mouse model of allergic asthma.
Briefly, as discussed in detail below and shown in the Figures referenced in this example mice were sensitized with 2 injections of ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified in aluminium hydroxide at one week interval. After 1 or 2 weeks (Part 1 and Part 2 of the experiment), mice were challenged with daily exposure via inhalation to OVA for 5 days in a row. Treatment consisted of 3 doses of INX201J at 10 mg/Kg (or 0.2 mg/Kg of payload) or dexamethasone (Dex) at 2 mg/Kg daily during OVA exposure. Analyses were conducted 24 h post the last challenge.
These experiments were again conducted in human VISTA knock-in (hVISTA KI) mice which have the human VISTA cDNA knocked-in in place of the mouse VISTA gene, and express human VISTA both at RNA and protein levels with the same expression pattern as mouse VISTA or C57BI/6 mice. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of our ADC, INX201J, as compared to free dexamethasone (Dex), in the murine model of OVA asthma.
To evaluate the efficacy level of our ADC, we measured by flow cytometry the number of inflammatory cells recruited to the lungs as well as cytokine production in the BAL. Systemic response was evaluated by ELISA to quantify the production of OVA specific IgG and IgE. Finally, we did a blind analysis of H&E stained lung sections to score for disease.
As discussed in detail below these experiments were conducted using 2 different time points for the OVA challenge as we evaluated 2 different protocols described in the literature in parallel which can be considered as an internal repeat.
The experiments comprised the following groups with 10 female mice per group. Groups 1-3 and 5,6 are C57BI/6, mice from groups 4 and 7 are human VISTA KI mice. All mice from groups 2 to 7 were sensitized to OVA and challenged with OVA.
Mice from group 2 to 7 were all sensitized with ovalbumin at 10 μg/mouse emulsified in aluminum hydroxide.
—Part 1 of the Experiment:
Five mice from group 1 (naïve) and all the animals from groups 2-4 were subjected to OVA inhalation (3% OVA in PBS) for 30 min for 5 days in a row from day 14 to 18. Dex at 2 mg/Kg was injected i.p. daily from day 14 to 18. INX201J at 10 mg/Kg was dosed i.p. on day 13, 15 and 17. The treated animals were sacrificed on day 19.
—Part 2 of the Experiment:
Five mice from group 1 and all the animals from groups 5-7 were subjected to OVA inhalation (1% OVA in PBS) for 30 min for 5 days in a row from day 21 to 25. Dex at 2 mg/Kg was injected i.p. daily from day 21 to 25. INX201J at 10 mg/Kg was dosed i.p. on day 20, 22 and 24. The treated animals were sacrificed on day 25.
The experiment design and analyses were based on the literature (Gueders et al, “Mouse models of asthma: a comparison between C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains regarding bronchial responsiveness, inflammation, and cytokine production”, Inflamm. Res. (2009) 58:845-854; Yu et al, “Establishment of different experimental asthma models in mice”, Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15: 2492-2498, 2018).
INX201J (Abzena, Lot #s: JZ-0556-025-1, JZ-0556-027, JZ-0556-013). INX201 is a humanized anti-human VISTA antibody on a human IgG1/kappa backbone with L234A/L235A/E269R/K322A silencing mutations in the Fc region. INX201J is the conjugated antibody with a drug/antibody ratio of 8.0, conjugated via full modification of the interchain disulfides. The linker/payload (J) consists of a protease sensitive linker with a budesonide analog payload. INX201J was diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) in a volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a specified dose.
Dexamethasone sterile injection from Phoenix, NDC 57319-519-05, was diluted in PBS and dosed as described via i.p. injection.
Ovalbumin (or albumin from chicken egg whites) was purchased from Sigma (A5503) and resuspended in PBS. It was dosed i.p. or via nebulizer.
The hVISTA KI mice were bred on site (Center for Comparative Medicine and Research at Dartmouth). All the experiments were done in female mice enrolled at 15 weeks of age. C57BI/6 mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories.
OVA was delivered via nebulizer using the nebulizer delivery system from Kent Scientific (AG-ALSM-0530LG).
Peripheral blood was harvested from the retro-orbital cavity using a glass Pasteur pipette that was first rinsed with heparin to prevent coagulation. Blood was then centrifuged at 550 rcf for 5 min and 75 μl of plasma collected and stored at −80° C. before cytokine analysis. Blood cells were resuspended with 75 μl of PBS and processed for immunostaining.
Mice were sacrificed by CO2 inhalation, and a bronchoalveolar lavage was immediately performed using 5×1 ml PBS-EDTA (0.5 mM). Cells were recovered by gentle manual aspiration. Volumes were recorded. Samples with a recovery volume below 4 ml were excluded. After centrifugation at 550 rcf for 5 min, supernatant was collected and frozen at −80° C. for protein assessment. Cells were resuspended in PBS and processed for immunostaining.
BAL cell samples divided in 2 and stained with 2 different antibody panels for lymphocytes and for myeloid cells (See Table 1 and Table 2). After 30 min at samples were washed once and resuspended in a fixed volume. The fixed volume was analyzed on a MacsQuant flow cytometer to obtain comparable cell numbers.
We used the 1-wash protocol that allows for absolute blood cell count. 10 μl of antibody cocktail (See below) was directly added to 100 μl of blood. After 30 min incubation at room temperature (RT), 600 μl BD FACS lysis buffer was added to the sample. After 30 min incubation at RT, samples were spun at 550 rcf for 5 min, wash once in PBS, resuspended in a fixed volume of PBS. The whole sample was run on a MacsQuant flow cytometer to obtain an absolute cell number.
As shown in Table 3 and Table 4 different antibody panels were used for the lymphocytes and myeloid cells.
ELISA for Mouse IgG1
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (Thermo Scientific Nunc Immuno Maxisorp, cat #442404) were coated with goat anti-mouse IgG1 (Southern Biotech, cat #1070-01) at 1 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT. The wells were washed 3 times with PT (PBS with 0.05% Tween 20) then blocked with PTB (PBS with 0.05% Tween 20 and 1% BSA) for one hour at RT. Mouse IgG1 anti-ovalbumin (Biolegend, cat #520502) was used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes with PT, goat anti-mouse IgG1-HRP (Southern Biotech, cat #1070-05) was used at 1/20,000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate following manufacturer instructions. After 5-10 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
ELISA for Mouse IgG1 Anti-Ovalbumin
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (Thermo Scientific Nunc Immuno Maxisorp, cat #442404) were coated with ovalbumin (Sigma, cat #1070-01) at 95 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then blocked with PTB for one hour at RT. Mouse IgG1 anti-ovalbumin (Biolegend, cat #520502) was used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes with PT, goat anti-mouse IgG1-HRP (Southern Biotech, cat #1070-05) was used at 1/20,000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate following manufacturer instructions. After 5-10 min at RT, the reaction was again stopped with 1M H2SO4.
ELISA for Mouse IgE
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (Thermo Scientific Nunc Immuno Maxisorp, cat #442404) were coated with goat anti-mouse IgE (Southern Biotech, cat #1110-01) at 1 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then blocked with PTB for one hour at RT. Mouse IgE anti-ovalbumin (BioRad, cat #MCA2259) was used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes with PT, goat anti-mouse IgE-HRP (Southern Biotech, cat #1110-05) was used at 1/2000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate following manufacturer instructions. After 5-10 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
ELISA for Mouse IgE Anti-Ovalbumin
First, 96-well flat-bottom plates (Thermo Scientific Nunc Immuno Maxisorp, cat #442404) were coated with ovalbumin (Sigma, cat #1070-01) at 95 μg/ml in PBS for one hour at RT. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then blocked with PTB for one hour at RT. Mouse IgG1 anti-ovalbumin (BioRad, cat #MCA2259) was used to build a standard curve. The wells were washed 3 times with PT then plasma samples were incubated at up to 4 different dilutions in PTB (to fit on the standard curve) for 1 hour at RT.
After 3 washes with PT, goat anti-mouse IgE-HRP (Southern Biotech, cat #1110-05) was used at 1/2000 as a detection reagent, incubating 1 hour at RT. Following 3 washes, the ELISA reaction was revealed using TMB substrate following manufacturer instructions. After 5-10 min at RT, the reaction was stopped with 1M H2SO4.
All ELISAs were conducted following the manufacturer's included protocol.
Lung were dissected, formalin fixed and processed for paraffin embedding. Disease scoring was conducted in a blind manner on H&E stained sections, and scores assigned as follows:
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Of significance, similar results were observed in the 2 parts/2 different schedules of these experiments.
In these experiments we evaluated the targeting specificity of the antibody drug conjugate (ADC) INX231J, an anti-human VISTA monoclonal antibody linked to a glucocorticoid (GC) payload. To monitor/confirm GC delivery and activity, we measured the transcriptional activation of FKBP5 by quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) (1). These experiments were again conducted in human VISTA knock-in (hVISTA KI) mice which have the human VISTA cDNA knocked-in in place of the mouse VISTA gene, and express human VISTA both at RNA and protein levels with the same expression pattern as mouse VISTA.
Particularly, we evaluated the impact of non-specific ADC internalization by two different approaches. First, we added a human IgG1 silent conjugated to the same payload; second, we ran the same experiment in C57BI/6 mice that do not express the human VISTA target (mouse VISTA only). Briefly, INX231J or INX231P, human IgG1siJ, or free dexamethasone (Dex) were delivered in vivo via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. After 20 h for INX231J/hlgG1siJ/INX231P and 2 h for Dex, blood cells and splenocytes were isolated, RNA extracted and FKBP5 transcriptional levels evaluated.
The objective of these experiments was to validate the targeting specificity of our ADC to human VISTA expressing cells/tissues as compared to free dexamethasone (Dex). To monitor/confirm GC delivery and activity, we measured by quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) the transcriptional activation of FKBP5, a sensitive and early GC response gene. We have previously shown in this application that Dex treatment causes dramatic increases in FKBP5 messenger RNA in VISTA expressing cells 2-4 h post treatment, but that the transcriptional impact is gone by 24 h. In contrast, the ADC's impact on FKBP5 transcription is long-lasting, with peak induction at 20 h post treatment but signal is still detectable for 3 days in monocytes and 14 days in macrophages.
In these experiments, we used the anti-VISTA antibody INX231 with 2 different payloads (J and P, both previously described herein) or free Dex delivered in vivo via intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections respectively. Splenocytes and blood cells were isolated, RNA was extracted and FKBP5 transcriptional levels evaluated. These experiments and the results thereof are described in detail below.
For all 3 studies:
Dex was injected i.p. at 2 h before mouse euthanasia and cell isolation, which corresponds to peak FKBP5 induction.
The ADC (INX231J or INX231P or hIgG1siJ) was injected i.v. 20 h before mouse euthanasia and cell isolation, to provide sufficient time for ADC processing and peak FKBP5 induction. To note, ADCs were injected i.v. to ensure more consistent delivery of large molecules.
A control group injected with PBS only was included to define FKBP5 transcript baseline.
Five mice from group 1 and all the animals from groups 5-7 were subjected to OVA inhalation (1% OVA in PBS) for 30 min for 5 days in a row from day 21 to 25. Dex at 2 mg/Kg was injected i.p. daily from day 21 to 25. INX201J at 10 mg/Kg was dosed i.p. on day 20, 22 and 24. The treated animals were sacrificed on day 25. All ADC were diluted in PBS and injected i.v. in a final volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a specified dose.
Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone sterile injection solution from Phoenix, NDC 57319-519-05, was diluted in PBS and dosed as described via i.p. injection.
The hVISTA KI mice were bred on site (Center for Comparative Medicine and Research at Dartmouth); C57BI/6 mice were received from Jackson Laboratories (ref #000665).
Male or female mice were enrolled between 9 and 15 weeks of age.
After euthanasia, cardiac blood (volume ranging between 0.3 and 0.5 ml) and spleen were collected.
Blood prep: 6 ml of ACK buffer was added to the blood for red blood cell lysis. After 5 min at RT, cells were spun down at 1500 rpm for 5 min; after one wash in 10 ml of PBS, cells were pelleted and directly resuspended in RNA lysis buffer.
Spleens were dissociated mechanically. After passage through a 40 □m filter, cell pellets were resuspended in RNA lysis buffer (See below).
Cell pellets from blood and spleen were resuspended in 0.4 ml of RNA lysis buffer from NucleoSpin® RNA Plus kit (Macherey-Nagel #740984). RNA was isolated following manufacturer's instructions and eluted in 30 or 40 ml H2O (RNase/DNase free). RNA concentration was assessed on Nanodrop.
Reverse transcription was done using Taqman reverse transcription reagents (#N8080234) and following manufacturer's instructions.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR was done using Taqman master mix 2× kit (#4369016) and Taqman primers for mouse FKBP5 (Mm00487401_m1), and mouse HPRT as housekeeping gene (Mm446968_m1) and run on a QuantStudio3 from Applied Biosystem.
Ct data were converted to ΔCt and ΔΔCt or Log 2 fold changes to PBS.
In this experiment, we evaluated the impact of human IgG1 silent control conjugated to the J payload (IgG1siJ) vs. INX231J and Dex on VISTA expressing tissues (blood and spleen) in hVISTA KI male mice. IgG1siJ and INX231J were dosed at 5 mg/Kg (delivering 0.1 mg/Kg of payload) and FKBP5 induction was measured 20 h later, providing sufficient time for ADC processing and robust FKBP5 induction. Dex was injected at 2 mg/Kg and FKBP5 induction measured 2 h later.
As shown in
In this experiment, we evaluated the impact of INX231P vs. Dex in C57BI/6 male mice that do not express human VISTA, on blood and spleen cells. INX231P was dosed at 10 mg/Kg (delivering 0.2 mg/Kg of payload) and FKBP5 induction was measured 20 h later, providing sufficient time for ADC processing and robust FKBP5 induction. Dex was injected at 2 mg/Kg and FKBP5 induction measured 2 h later.
As shown in
In this experiment, we evaluated the impact of INX231P vs. Dex in C57BI/6 female mice that do not express human VISTA, on blood and spleen cells. We added a hVISTA KI group as control for ADC activity. INX231P was dosed at 10 mg/Kg (delivering 0.2 mg/Kg of payload) and FKBP5 induction was measured 20 h later, providing sufficient time for ADC processing and robust FKBP5 induction. Dex was injected at 2 mg/Kg and FKBP5 induction measured 2 h later.
As shown in
The results of Experiment 1 shows that in hVISTA KI, while INX231J and Dex induced robust levels of FKBP5 in spleen and blood cells, the human IgG1 silent steroid conjugated control had little to no impact on FKBP5 transcription levels in both tissues.
The results of Experiment 2 shows that in male C57BI/6 mice, in the absence of the human VISTA target, INX231P has no impact on FKBP5 transcription levels in VISTA-expressing blood cells or splenocyte, while free steroid induced robust levels of FKBP5 in both tissues.
The results of Experiment 3 which is a repeat of Experiment 2 in female C57BI/6 mice, with the addition of a positive control of hVISTA KI mice, show that in the absence of the human VISTA target, INX231P has little to no impact on FKBP5 transcription levels in VISTA-expressing blood cells or splenocytes. In contrast, INX231P at same dosing in hVISTA KI mice or Dex induced robust levels of FKBP5 in both tissues.
Altogether, the data demonstrate that the presence of the human VISTA target is necessary for efficient cellular delivery of GC by the ADC, regardless of the GC payload.
The experiments in this example were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and pharmacodynamic range of the antibody drug conjugate (ADC) INX231P, an anti-human VISTA monoclonal antibody linked to a glucocorticoid (GC) payload, in monocytes. We showed in an earlier example that the transcription of the GC target gene FKBP5 is upregulated in monocytes up to 3 days post treatment while free Dexamethasone (Dex) impact on FKBP5 is undetectable at 24 h.
We further developed a model that allows us to evaluate potential long-term anti-inflammatory impact of ADC on monocytes. Briefly, ADCs were delivered in vivo via intravenous (i.v.) injection, and after 1 to 7 days splenic monocytes were isolated and put in culture. Cells were then activated with different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), causing dramatic increases in cytokine production at 24 h. Dex treatment 2 h before monocyte isolation robustly reduces cytokine production.
Three experiments (Experiments 1, 2 and 3 discussed below) were conducted in human VISTA knock-in (hVISTA KI) mice which have the human VISTA cDNA knocked-in in place of the mouse VISTA gene, and express human VISTA both at RNA and protein levels with the same expression pattern as mouse VISTA. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the impact of INX231P in vivo treatment specifically on monocytes, which express high levels of VISTA. A second objective was to compare its anti-inflammatory capabilities to its agonist counterpart INX901. Briefly, ADCs were delivered in vivo via intravenous (i.v.) injection, and after 1 to 7 days spleen monocytes were isolated and put in culture. Cells were then activated with different concentration of LPS and supernatants were collected at 24 h to evaluate cytokine response (by Luminex mouse 32-plex (Experiment 1) or ELISA for selected cytokines (Experiment 3 and Experiment 3)).
For all 3 Experiments Dex was injected i.p. at 2 h before mouse euthanasia and cell isolation, at optimal response. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, both the ADC INX231P and the agonist counterpart INX901 were injected i.v. 24 h before mouse euthanasia and cell isolation, to provide sufficient time for ADC processing. Also, a control group injected with PBS was included to define maximal cytokine responses.
All antibodies and ADC were diluted in PBS and injected intravenous (i.v.) in a volume of 0.2 ml to deliver a specified dose.
Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone sterile injection solution from Phoenix, NDC 57319-519-05, was diluted in PBS in a volume of 0.2 ml and dosed as described via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection.
The hVISTA KI mice were bred on site (Center for Comparative Medicine and Research at Dartmouth); C57BI/6 mice were received from Jackson Laboratories (ref #000665). Male or female mice were enrolled between 9 and 15 weeks of age.
In Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, cells were isolated using the EasySep™ Mouse Monocyte Isolation Kit from StemCell (Catalog #19861) following manufacturer's instructions; in ADC-INVIVO-109, the Monocyte Isolation Kit from Miltenyi was used (catalog #130-100-629). Similar cell number and purity were obtained across experiments.
After counting, cells were plated at ˜100,000 cells/well depending on the number of cells isolated (Note that all reported data were normalized to the plated cell number) and as singlicates. LPS was added to tissue culture medium at 0, 10 or 100 ng/ml as described. Cell supernatant were collected at 24 h for cytokine analysis.
Cytokine analyses were conducted on 25 μl of supernatant using a Millipore mouse 32-plex platform; the Immune Monitoring Lab (IML, Shared Resources at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Norris Cotton Cancer Center) performed the analyses. See following website for all protocol and analysis descriptions http://www.dartmouth.edu/˜dartlab/?page=multiplexed-cytokines.
Cytokine analyses were conducted via ELISA for TNFa, MIP-1a and MIP-1b using the following kits:
All the ELISA were conducted following manufacturers' instructions.
Experiment 1: Impact of Dexamethasone on Ex Vivo LPS Stimulation of Monocytes Isolated from Spleen
In Experiment 1, we evaluated the impact of in vivo treatment with Dex at 2 different doses on spleen monocytes ex vivo. Briefly, female C57BI/6 mice were treated with Dex at 2 or 0.2 mg/Kg injected i.p. The control group received PBS. After 2 h, animals were sacrificed and the spleens were collected. Monocytes were isolated and put in culture. Because of low monocyte number post isolation, the 5 samples per group were pooled into 2 samples for plating (pool of 2 or 3 initial samples). The cytokine data were then normalized to cell number afterward.
After plating, cells were treated with LPS at 10 or 100 ng/ml or untreated. Cell supernatants were collected at 30 min and 24 h. Cytokine production was analyzed on a mouse 32-plex. No changes in cytokine levels were observed at 30 min (not shown). At 24 h, 8 cytokines G-CSF, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, TNFa and RANTES were upregulated by LPS treatment in spleen samples. As shown in
Experiment 2: Impact of Dexamethasone Vs INX231P Vs INX901 on Ex Vivo LPS Stimulation of Monocytes Isolated from Spleen
In Experiment 2, we evaluated the impact of INX231P vs. INX901 (same CDRs as INX231 but on a human IgG2 backbone) vs. Dex in vivo treatment on spleen monocytes from hVISTA KI female mice stimulated ex vivo by LPS. To evaluate the pharmacodynamic range of these molecules, spleen monocytes were isolated 24 h, 3 days and 7 days later for both INX231P and INX901 treated groups and at 2 h, 2 days and 6 days post treatment for the Dex treated group. INX231P and INX901 were dosed at 10 mg/Kg, Dex was injected at 2 mg/Kg. After plating, samples were treated with LPS at 10 ng/ml or untreated. Cell supernatants were collected at 24 h. Cytokine analysis was conducted via ELISA for TNFα, MIP-1b and MIP-1α. Cytokine data were normalized to plated cell number.
As shown in
Experiment 3: Impact of Dexamethasone Vs INX231P Vs INX901 on Ex Vivo LPS Stimulation of Monocytes Isolated from Spleen
In Experiment 3, we evaluated cytokine response only after 2 h for Dex (at 2 mg/Kg) or 24 h for antibody treatment (10 mg/Kg). Spleen monocytes were isolated, placed in culture and treated with LPS at 10 or 100 ng/ml. Cell supernatants were collected at 24 h. Cytokine analysis was conducted via ELISA for TNFa, MIP-1b and MIP-1a and the data was normalized to plated cell number.
Experiment 1 showed that In vivo Dex treatment at 2 mg/Kg efficiently prevents ex vivo monocyte activation by LPS as shown by dramatic decreases in cytokine production. Experiment 2 showed that INX231P treatment in vivo can decrease ex vivo activation of monocytes as shown by decreases in the production of some cytokines at 24 h, but these effects are not observed 3 or 7 days post treatment which is consistent with the known half-life of monocytes that is in the range of 2-3 days. Additionally, ADC impact on cytokine production is due to the GC delivery to VISTA expressing cells as treatment with the unconjugated agonist counterpart antibody (same CDR) has no anti-inflammatory activity. Experiment 3, which is a repeat of Experiment 2, except looking only at 2 h post Dex or 24 h post ADC and unconjugated agonist treatments shows that INX231P potently decreases ex vivo activation of monocytes while the agonist antibody had no impact.
Accordingly, the experimental results show that
Altogether the experimental results indicate that INX231P in vivo treatment can prevent monocyte ex vivo activation with a potency at least 10× superior to free steroid. By contrast, the agonist anti-VISTA antibody INX901 showed no potency in this model. Accordingly, the observed results in this experiment are entirely elicited by the steroid payload and not by VISTA modulation.
We describe herein different anti-human VISTA monoclonal antibodies linked to various glucocorticoid (GC) payloads and their in vitro and in vivo effects. In this example we assess VISTA target dependence by evaluating the impact on the transcription of a GC reporter gene FKBP5 for exemplary ADC according the invention, by evaluating the effects of 1) INX201J on monocytes and B cells vs isotype control (huIgG1si J) and free J payload and 2) INX231P (on Tregs) vs free payload (INX-SM-3).
As shown herein, treatment with anti-VISTA steroid ADC led to robust and dose dependent upregulation of FKBP5 on monocytes, cells with high expression levels of VISTA. A significant but more moderate impact was observed with Tregs that have lower VISTA expression than monocytes. Negligible impact was seen on B cells where VISTA is not expressed. No changes in FKBP5 expression were observed for either monocytes or B cells when treated with steroid conjugated isotype control.
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) allow for specific cell targeting of highly potent drugs to allow for efficacy while limiting toxicity. INX201 and INX231 are anti-human VISTA antibodies. In their steroid conjugated forms, INX201J and INX231P deliver steroids to VISTA expressing cells including myeloid cells, and T cells and we hoped would have little or no impact on VISTA negative cells such as B cells (Cancer Res. 74: 1924-1932, 2014).
To monitor/confirm GC delivery and activity, we measured by quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) the transcriptional activation of FKBP5 that is a direct and robust biomarker of glucocorticoid activity (JCEM 101: 4305-4312, 2016). We conducted this assessment on isolated human monocytes, regulatory T cells (T regs) and B cells following in vitro treatment with ADCs.
Monocytes or B cells were isolated from healthy donor blood samples and treated with free steroid, anti-VISTA conjugated steroid, or conjugated isotype control. RNA was isolated, and change in FKBP5 transcript level assessed by qPCR.
For monocytes vs B cell analyses, one blood donor collection was used for the single drug concentration experiment; blood from a separate single donor collection was used to assess drug dose response. For the regulatory T cell (Treg) analysis, blood from two separate donors was used.
Human PBMCs were isolated under sterile conditions from apheresis cones obtained from the Blood Donor Program at the Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center from deidentified healthy human donors.
The blood was transferred to a 50 ml Falcon tube and diluted with PBS to 30 ml. 13 ml of Histopaque 1077 (Sigma Aldrich) was slowly layered under the blood, and tubes were centrifuged at 850×g for 20 min at RT with mild acceleration and no brake.
Mononuclear cells were collected from the plasma/Ficoll interface, resuspended in 50 ml of PBS and centrifuged at 300×g for 5 min. Cells were resuspended in PBS and counted.
The various immune populations were isolated using different cell isolation kits and following manufacturer instructions:
Monocytes, B cells or Tregs were plated (from single donors) at 2×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells per well in a 12-well plate in RPMI, 10% human AB serum, 10 mM Hepes, 1× Penicillin/Streptomycin/Glutamine.
For single dose experiments, cells were treated with 20 nM free J payload or INX-SM-3 payload or the molar payload equivalent of huIgG1si J, INX201J or INX231P (the linked form of INX-SM-3).
For dose response, serial dilutions resulting in 100, 20, 5, 0.5, 0 nM of free J payload or the molar payload equivalent of INX201J. For the 0 nM point, unconjugated INX201 equivalent to the amount of antibody used for the 100 nM molar payload equivalent of INX201 J was used (e.g., 12.5 nM unconjugated antibody). A no treatment well was used as a control.
Plates were incubated for 1 day at 37° C.
Cells were then harvested and wells for each condition were pooled post harvesting to allow sufficient RNA for subsequent qRT-PCR analysis.
After one wash with PBS, RNA was isolated from cell pellets using either the RNeasy Plus Mini kit (Qiagen, PN: 74136) or NucleoSpin RNA Plus (Macherey-Nagel #740984.250). RNA was isolated following manufacturer's instructions and eluted in in 30 or 40 μl H2O (RNase/DNase free). RNA concentration was assessed by UV spectroscopy using a Nanodrop 2000.
Reverse transcription was done using Taqman reverse transcription reagents (#N8080234) and following manufacturer's instructions.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR was done using Taqman master mix 2× kit (#4369016) and run on a QuantStudio3 from Applied Biosystem. Primers used:
Ct data were converted to ΔCt and ΔΔCt or Log 2 fold changes compared to untreated control.
In this experiment, we evaluated the necessity of target expression for steroid delivery by an ADC as assessed by induction of FKBP5 transcription in monocytes as a VISTA positive cell population and B cells as a VISTA negative population. Free steroid was added as a positive control for steroid impact on FKBP5 levels for a particular cell type. Free steroid (free J payload), J linker-payload conjugated anti-VISTA (INX201J) or isotype control (huIgG1si J) were dosed to provide the same molar equivalent of payload (20 nM).
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In this experiment in
In this experiment in
The data demonstrate that anti-VISTA antibodies conjugated to steroid specifically induce FKBP5 transcription in monocytes and Tregs, but not in B cells indicating that payload delivery is specific and target dependent.
While all cell types analyzed showed robust responses to free payload, only VISTA expressing cell types (monocytes/Tregs) show moderate to strong responses when treated with 20 nM of anti-VISTA steroid conjugates. Additionally, isotype control ADC showed little to no induction of FKBP5 when compared to no treatment controls.
Target requirement for GC effect is supported by a robust dose dependent impact on VISTA expressing cells and limited to no impact on non-VISTA expressing cells by anti-VISTA ADC.
The data demonstrate that anti-VISTA antibodies conjugated to steroid induce FKBP5 transcription in monocytes and Tregs, but not in B cells showing that payload delivery is dependent upon the expression or absence of expression on the target cells. While all cell types analyzed showed robust responses to free payload, only VISTA expressing cell types (monocytes/Tregs) showed moderate to strong responses when treated with 20 nM of anti-VISTA steroid conjugates. Additionally, isotype control ADC showed no effect on either monocytes or B cells. Target requirement for GC effect is supported by a robust dose dependent impact on VISTA expressing cells and very limited to no impact on non-VISTA expressing cells by anti-VISTA ADC.
As afore-mentioned the subject anti-inflammatory drug conjugates are believed to possess a superior attributes in relation to previous anti-inflammatory drug conjugates in part because of the expression or absence of expression of VISTA on specific immune and non-immune cells compared to antigens which have been targeted by previous anti-inflammatory drug conjugates.
This is suggested by their reported RNA expression profiles. In particular the inventors initially compared RNA expression of VISTA and other immune cell targets on immune and non-immune cells based on a comprehensive review of “Human Protein Atlas Version 20.1 and Berglund L et al., “A genecentric Human Protein Atlas for expression profiles based on antibodies”, Mol Cell Proteomics, Vol. 7(10): 2019-2027 (Oct. 1, 2008) (https://www.proteinatlas.org).
Based on this analysis the inventors prepared a Consensus Dataset from the reported human tissue/cell RNAseq data from Human Protein Atlas Version 20.1 and Berglund et al. (Id). The results of this comparison are shown in
As shown in the
With respect to the foregoing, while these reported RNA expression levels by different immune cells are of interest they do not provide actual evidence as to the comparative putative efficacy of these antigens as ADC targets. Rather, this can only be reasonably assessed by actual surface protein expression levels of these targets on different immune cells and experimental evidence that VISTA ADCs effectively target and are efficacious in different immune cells (i.e., provide for the internalization and release of therapeutically effective amounts of active inflammatory drugs such as steroids into one or more of these different types of immune cells).
The surface antigen density of VISTA, CD74, CD163 and membrane TNFα (mTNFα) was assessed by flow cytometry on naive human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS) and in whole blood. As indicated below the data show that when compared to CD74, CD163 and mTNFα:
VISTA is highly expressed on most hematopoietic cells, particularly on myeloid and T cells. The objective of the present studies was to evaluate the antigen density of VISTA, CD74, CD163, and mTNFα on both human PBMCs and leukocytes from whole blood.
The binding of directly labelled antibodies to human cells (PBMCs) or whole blood leukocytes from multiple donors were determined by flow cytometry and the antigen density calculated using calibration beads.
Anti-VISTA GG8 (Aragen lot #AB131122-3) is a chimeric anti-human VISTA antibody on a wildtype human IgG1/kappa backbone and was generated at ImmuNext. The GG8 clone was conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647 dye following manufacturer's instructions for labelling and purification (Invitrogen, cat #A20186). All remaining antibodies were purchased from BioLegend, unless stated otherwise, and used as is including:
The calibration beads (Quantum Simply Cellular Mouse IgG) were purchased from Bangs Laboratories and used following manufacturer's protocol.
Human PBMCs were isolated under sterile conditions from apheresis cones obtained from the Blood Donor Program at the Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center from healthy unrelated human donors. First, the blood was transferred to a 50 ml Falcon tube and diluted with PBS to 30 ml. 13 ml of Histopaque 1077 (Sigma Aldrich) was slowly layered under the blood, and tubes were centrifuged at 850×g for 20 min at RT with mild acceleration and no brake.
Mononuclear cells were collected from the plasma/Ficoll interface, resuspended in 50 ml of PBS and centrifuged at 300×g for 5 min. Cells were resuspended in PBS and counted.
Fresh blood was drawn at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center from healthy unrelated human donors and staining done on whole blood.
PBMCs were resuspended in PBS/0.2% BSA buffer containing human Fc blocking reagent (eBioscience, 14-9161-73) and 106 cells/well were then distributed to a 96-well plate. An antibody cocktail was prepared and PBMCS were stained for 30 min on ice to limit internalization, washed twice with PBS.
100 μl of blood was stained in a deep well 96-well plate and antibody cocktail was added directly. After 30 min incubation the erythrocytes were lysed with 1 ml of ACK buffer (Gibco) for 10 min. Blood was centrifuged and blood leukocytes were transferred to a 96-well plate, washed with PBS and analyzed.
Quantification beads were stained with anti-VISTA, anti-CD74, anti-CD163, and anti-mTNFα following manufacturer's protocol. Cells and beads were analyzed by fluorescence associated cell sorting (FACS), using a Macsquant (Miltenyi) flow cytometer and FlowJo for analysis. Antibody binding capacity was calculated using QuickCal analysis template provided with the Quantum beads.
All graphs were prepared with GraphPad (Prism).
To evaluate the antigen density on cell populations, human PBMCs from 5 different donors were incubated with the mAbs and analyzed by flow cytometry. The median fluorescence was normalized by substracting background signal and calibrated against the quantification beads with known antibody binding capacity. Cell populations were identified as CD20+ B cells, CD14+ SSChigh monocytes, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and CD4+ CD25+ CD127low T regulatory cells (T regs). All values are reported as mean±SD.
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In naïve PBMCs, mTNFα was not detected above background level. The absence of mTNFa was confirmed by negative staining with a second mTNFa antibody (R&D Systems, Adalimumab biosimilar, clone Hu7). mTNFa was also not detected on cells activated with LPS (data not shown). Specificity of commercially obtained anti-TNFa antibody was determined by manufacturer and confirmed internally via ELISA (data not shown).
Neutrophils are an essential part of the immune system that is missing from the PBMCS preparation. Therefore, whole blood leukocytes from 3 healthy donors were also examined and the antigen expression on cell populations evaluated. Similarly to PBMCS, whole blood was stained with monoclonal antibody cocktail and analyzed by FACS. The median fluorescence was normalized by substracting background signal and calibrated against the quantification beads with known antibody binding capacity.
Cell populations were identified as CD20+ B cells, CD14+ SSChigh monocytes, CD66b+ SSChigh neutrophils, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, CD4+ CD25+ CD127low T regulatory cells (T regs). All values are reported as mean±SD.
As was observed on PBMCs, VISTA was the most abundant on CD14+ monocytes (ABC=223674±16503), CD163 expression was maintained at 13126±790 molecules, but the expression of CD74 was much lower than in PBMCs (ABC=562±338) (
The data summarized in
As afore-mentioned the subject anti-inflammatory drug conjugates are believed to possess superior attributes in relation to previous anti-inflammatory drug conjugates in part because of the expression or absence of expression of VISTA on specific immune and non-immune cells compared to antigens which have been targeted by previous anti-inflammatory drug conjugates.
Based on these results, since VISTA is only expressed by immune cells, unlike some other targets such as PRLR which are not immune restricted, VISTA ADCs should be less prone to eliciting toxicity to non-target cells. Moreover, because VISTA is constitutively expressed by naive immune cells and T cells in particular, unlike some other ADC targets such as TNF, VISTA ADCs may be preferred for use in the treatment of chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases since VISTA ADCs should maintain a constant level of efficacy (i.e., will be effective during activation and non-activation) thereby potentially reducing the likelihood of recurrence of inflammation, and/or may reduce the level of inflammation during reoccurrence of inflammation or autoimmunity. This is therapeutically significant as many autoimmune/inflammatory diseases are remitting/relapsing and consequently a significant clinical objective of drugs and biologics used to treat such conditions is to provide a therapeutic regimen whereby the disease is effectively managed both during remission and relapse such that the patient does not suffer tissue damage.
Moreover, of these ADC targets only VISTA is expressed on neutrophils. This is significant since neutrophils are important during the beginning (acute) phase of inflammation, particularly during bacterial infection, environmental exposure, and some cancers and indeed are one of the first responders of inflammatory cells to migrate toward the site of inflammation via chemotaxis. (Yoo S K et al., (November 2011). “Lyn is a redox sensor that mediates leukocyte wound attraction in vivo”. Nature. 480 (7375): 109-12). Also, since these cells are expressed in the early phase of inflammatory responses VISTA ADCs are expected to have a rapid onset of action (which in fact is shown herein).
Of yet additional therapeutic significance, because VISTA is also not expressed on B cells (unlike some other ADC targets such as CD40 and CD74), VISTA ADCs should not affect B lymphocytes during treatment. Accordingly VISTA ADCs may preserve humoral immunity during treatment, which may reduce the likelihood of the subject developing an infection or even cancer during treatment. (Because steroids are potent immunosuppressives a risk associated therewith, particularly during chronic usage, is the risk that the treated subject may develop a lethal infection or malignancy during treatment).
Also, of these ADC targets only VISTA appears to be constitutively expressed by naïve Tregs, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells. This is significant particularly since these cells are involved in inflammatory response and further since Tregs have recently been reported to be highly significant to the efficacy of steroids. (See Buttgereit, Frank and Timo Gaber, Timo; Cellular and Molecular Immunology, “New insights into the fascinating world of glucocorticoids: the dexamethasone-miR-342-Rictor axis in regulatory T cells”, Vol. 18, 520-522 (2021); and Immunity, “Anti-inflammatory Roles of Glucocorticoids Are Mediated by Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells via a miR-342-Dependent Mechanism, Vol. 53(2): 581-596 (September 2020); Braitch M. et al., Acta Neurol Scand., “Glucocorticoids increase CD4+CD25high cell percentage and Foxp3 expression in patients with multiple sclerosis”, 2009 April; 119(4): 239-245).
In fact experimental evidence contained herein demonstrates that VISTA ADCs effectively target and are efficacious in these different types of immune cells (i.e., provide for the internalization of therapeutic (anti-inflammatory) amounts of steroids into different types of immune cells).
As afore-mentioned the subject anti-inflammatory drug conjugates provide for PD durations which are much more prolonged than expected given the short PK of the anti-VISTA antibody comprised in the conjugate. The PK, PD and Kd values for exemplary anti-VISTA antibodies and ADCs containing according to the invention are summarized in Table 6.
The CDR and variable sequences for the antibodies identified in Table 6 are found in
The data shows that exemplary antibodies (which all bind to human VISTA expressing immune cells at physiologic pH and which possess short pKs, notwithstanding provide for long PDs, i.e., as would be anticipated for an antibody with a longer (and more typical) PK for a therapeutic antibody. This data substantiates that this subject ADCs should be suitable for uses wherein prolonged efficacy is desired.
The Dextran sodium sulfate colitis murine model (DSS) model is commonly used to assess potential IBD or colitis therapeutics. (See, Eichele et al., “Dextran sodium sulfate colitis murine model: An indispensable tool for advancing our understanding of inflammatory bowel diseases pathogenesis”, World J Gasteroenterology, 2017 Sep. 7; 23(33): 6016-6029″). Accordingly, this animal model was used to preliminarily assess the efficacy of an ADC according to the invention for treatment of colitis or IBD.
Also as is generally known IBD and colitis are chronic, conditions which are difficult to effectively treat and manage, and which, if ineffectively treated may result in sepsis and death. Currently the primary means of IBD or colitis disease management involves chronic steroid administration. However, unfortunately this potentially can cause toxicity, e.g., because of effects of the steroid on non-target (e.g., epithelial cells) and/or prolonged immunosuppression.
In this preliminary experiment one animal group was administered a Dex ADC according to the invention (INX243) at a steroid dose of 0.2 mpk every other day, a second positive control animal group was administered free Dex steroid at a steroid dose of 2 mpk every day, and the third negative control animal group was untreated. There were 10 animals per group. ADC or Dex treatment was initiated when animals started showing weight loss (day 7) (DSS started on day 0). The experiment terminated on day 13 when one group (dex treated) reached maximum allowed weight loss.
The results (preliminary, not shown) suggest that the ADC showed efficacy compared to the untreated control. Also, the results suggest that the ADC did not elicit the same toxicity observed in the free steroid treated animal. With respect thereto, it has been reported that dexamethasone causes toxicity in this IBD model; see van Meeteren M E, Meijssen M A C, Zijlstra F J. “The effect of dexamethasone treatment on murine colitis”, Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35:517-521; and Ocon et al., “The glucocorticoid budesonide has protective and deleterious effects in experimental colitis in mice”, Biochemical Pharmacology 116 (2016) 73-88).
While these results are preliminary, they suggest that the subject ADCs may be useful in treating colitis or IBD indications. Also, they suggest that the subject ADCs may be preferred over existing free steroid therapies for treating these chronic diseases as they may alleviate the toxicity which may occur during prolonged free steroid therapies.
The experimental results disclosed in this application show that the subject ADCs possess a unique combination of advantages compared to previous ADCs for targeting and directing internalization of anti-inflammatory agents, particularly steroids into immune cells, e.g., ADCs which target CD74, CD163, TNF, and PRLR; because of the combined benefits of VISTA as an ADC target and the specific properties of the anti-VISTA antibody which is comprised in the subject ADCs (binds to VISTA expressing immune cells at physiologic pH and possesses a very short pK).
These advantages include the following:
The subject ADCs bind to immune cells which express VISTA at very high density and notwithstanding their very short PK are efficacious (elicit anti-inflammatory activity) for prolonged duration, and therefore are well suited for treating chronic or episodic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases wherein prolonged and repeated administration is therapeutically warranted.
The subject ADCs target a broad range of immune cells including neutrophils, myeloid, T cells and endothelium, therefore the subject ADCs may be used to treat diseases inflammatory or autoimmune diseases involving any or all of these types of immune cells.
The subject ADCs have a rapid onset of efficacy (as short as within 2 hours) and therefore may be used for acute treatment.
The subject ADCs do not bind B cells and therefore should not be as immunosuppressive as free steroids (i.e., humoral immunity will be retained). This potentially will reduce toxicity or adverse side effects during chronic or prolonged usage of the subject ADCs which has been associated with the prolonged usage of free steroids (e.g., prolonged steroid use has been correlated to some cancers, infectious conditions, and other diseases, apparently because of the adverse effects of prolonged immunosuppression).
The subject ADCs act on Tregs which are an important immune cell responsible for steroid efficacy.
The subject ADCs act on both resting and activated immune cells (constitutively expressed thereon); consequently the subject ADCs will be active (elicit anti-inflammatory activity) both in active and remission phases of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
The subject ADCs act on neutrophils, which immune cells are critical for acute inflammation, further evidencing that the ADCs are well suited for treating acute inflammation, and for controlling bouts of inflammation, e.g., associated with the active phase of a chronic or episodic autoimmune or inflammatory condition, early in onset, ideally before pathologic symptoms manifest. This potentially will reduce tissue damage which can occur even before the subject experiences pain or other symptoms associated with inflammation.
The subject ADCs internalize immune cells very rapidly and constitutively because VISTA cell surface turnover is high.
The subject ADCs possess a very short half-life (PK) and only bind immune cells, therefore the subject ADCs should not be prone to target related toxicities and undesired peripheral steroid exposure (low non-specific loss effects).
The subject ADCs biological activity (anti-inflammatory action) in some embodiments is entirely attributable to the anti-inflammatory payload (steroid) because the anti-VISTA antibody possessing a silent IgG therein shows no immunological functions (no blocking of any VISTA biology) thereby potentially simplifying dosing and/or potentially avoiding adverse side effects, e.g., in individuals wherein VISTA agonism may not be therapeutically desirable.
The subject ADCs' biological activity (anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive action) in some embodiments is attributable to both the anti-inflammatory payload (steroid) and to the Fc portion of the anti-VISTA antibody, particularly in embodiments wherein the anti-VISTA antibody comprises a functional IgG2 Fc region because the binding of anti-VISTA antibodies possessing a functional IgG2 to VISTA expressing immune cells agonizes the immunosuppressive effects of VISTA, particularly its suppressive effects on T cell proliferation and T cell activity, thereby providing an ADC with immunosuppressive activity elicited by 2 distinct mechanisms.
The following references and other references cited in this application are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Homo sapiens VISTA (Alternate names: B7-H5;
Mus musculus VISTA AMINO ACID SEQUENCE
Mus musculus VISTA AMINO ACID SEQUENCE
Homo sapiens VISTA (Alternate names: B7-H5;
Homo sapiens VISTA (Alternate names: B7-H5;
Mus musculus VISTA CODING NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE
This application is a U.S. Nat'l Phase application of Intl Appl. No. PCT/US2021/08698, filed Apr. 22, 2021, which claims priority to the following U.S. Provisional Applications: U.S. Prov. Appl. No. 63/138,958, filed Jan. 19, 2021, U.S. Prov. Appl. No. 63/134,811, filed Jan. 7, 2021, U.S. Prov. Appl. No. 63/013,887, filed Apr. 22, 2020, and U.S. Prov. Appl. No. 63/013,878, filed Apr. 22, 2020, each and all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2021/028698 | 4/22/2021 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63013878 | Apr 2020 | US | |
| 63013887 | Apr 2020 | US | |
| 63134811 | Jan 2021 | US | |
| 63138958 | Jan 2021 | US |
