Patent Application
20250019443
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been filed electronically in XML format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created on Aug. 18, 2022, is named 1234300_00388WO2_SL2.xml and is 583,704 bytes in size.
The invention relates to antibodies that bind to HLA-E-peptide complexes thereby preventing the complex from binding to the NKG2A/CD94 heterodimeric receptor expressed on subsets of Natural Killer (NK), CD8+ T-cells, and other immune cells. By preventing this interaction that normally works to inhibit NK and T-cell effector functions, the antibodies are useful for at least NK and T-cell-based immunotherapeutic, diagnostic, and research tool strategies.
Killer Immunoglobulin like receptors (KIRs) recognize classical HLA class I molecules (Colonna and Samaridis, 1995; Karlhofer et al., 1992; Pende et al., 2019), and the NKG2A/CD94 heterodimeric inhibitory receptor interacts with the non-classical HLA class Ib molecule, HLA-E in humans and the HLA-E ortholog Qa-1b in mice. This inhibitory receptor is balanced by an activating receptor NKG2C/CD94. (Braud et al., 1997; Braud et al., 1998; Brooks et al., 1997.)
While KIRs are heterogeneously expressed, NKG2A/CD94 is expressed on about 40-50% of peripheral blood NK cells. (Andre et al., 1999; Mahapatra et al., 2017; Manser and Uhrberg, 2016; Pende et al., 2019.) About 5% of human peripheral blood CD8+ T cells express cell-surface NKG2A at steady state, but this expression can be upregulated by chronic antigenic stimulation. (Bertone et al., 1999; McMahon et al., 2002; Braud et al., 2003; Sheu et al., 2005.) NKG2A-expressing-CD8+ T-cells can form a distinct population of early activated tumor resident T cells. (van Montfoort et al., 2018.)
NKG2A is an ITIM-bearing receptor. Intracytoplasmic tyrosine based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) are phosphorylated and recruit the phosphatases (SHP-1/2 or SHIP), which are responsible for transmitting the inhibition signal to immune effector cells. Binding of NKG2A/CD94 to its cognate ligand inhibits T and NK cell effector functions. This inhibition appears dependent on the recruitment of the SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase to the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the ITIM in NKG2A.
Unlike classical HLA class I molecules, HLA-E has limited polymorphism with only two predominant expressed variants HLA-E*01:01 and HLA-E*01:03 that differ only in residue 107 that is outside the peptide binding groove. (Kraemer et al., 2014.)
Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in immune surveillance by discriminating non-self from self, and function as effector cells by killing non-self malignant or pathogen-infected cells and producing inflammatory cytokines. (Chiossone et al., 2018; Raulet, 2006; Yokoyama and Kim, 2006.) Specific recognition of non-self by NK cells relies on a series of inhibitory receptors, including the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family and the NKG2A/CD94 heterodimeric receptor. (Chiossone et al., 2018; Guia et al., 2018.) NK cell inhibitory receptors promote NK sensing of human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) or major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules expressed on healthy cells as self. Conversely, cells lacking MHC class I are recognized by NK cells as “missing-self” and are sensitive to NK cell-mediated killing. (Ljunggren and Karre, 1990.)
HLA-E engages with NKG2A/CD94 via a restricted subset of peptides VMAPRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L (designated VL9) that derive from the leader sequence of HLA A, C, G and a third of B molecules. (Braud et al., 1997; Braud et al., 1998.) HLA-E binds VL9 peptides that stabilize HLA-E surface expression (Braud et al., 1997; Braud et al., 1998) and initiate the recognition by NKG2A/CD94 or NKG2C/CD94 on NK cells. The binding affinity of the HLA-E-VL9 peptide complex is greater for NKG2A/CD94 so that the inhibitory signal dominates to suppress aberrant NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity as well as cytokine production. (Aldrich et al., 1994; Braud et al., 1998; Kaiser et al., 2008; Llano et al., 1998; Rolle et al., 2018.) In addition, HLA-E or its murine and rhesus macaque homologs, is also capable of binding to a range of other host peptides and pathogen-derived peptides, including heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60)-derived peptides (Michaelsson et al., 2002). Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) peptides (Joosten et al., 2010; van Meijgaarden et al., 2015), Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag peptides, including the RMYNPTNIL peptide (RL9SIV) (Hansen et al., 2016) and its homolog in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Gag. RMYSPTSIL peptide (RL9HIV) (Walters et al., 2018). However, it is believed that only VL9 peptide-loaded HLA-E can protect cells from NK cell cytotoxicity. (Kraemer et al., 2015; Michaelsson et al., 2002; Sensi et al., 2009.) Hence, the leader sequence VL9 peptides are essential not only for stabilizing HLA-E surface expression but also for determining the role of HLA-E/NKG2A/CD94 pathway in regulating NK cell self-recognition.
Although HLA-E has a broad tissue distribution, it is expressed at low surface levels in normal cells but at higher levels in tumor tissues, including melanoma and carcinomas of lung, cervix, ovarium, vulva, and head/neck (Andersson et al., 2016; de Kruijf et al., 2010; Gooden et al., 2011; Levy et al., 2008; Seliger et al., 2016; Wei and Orr, 1990) and aged cells (Pereira et al., 2019). In the tumor microenvironment, the high expression of HLA-E renders tumor cells resistant to NK cell lysis (Gustafson and Ginder, 1996; Malmberg et al., 2002; Nguyen et al., 2009) and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) responses (Abd Hamid et al., 2019; Eugene et al., 2019). Increased HLA-E expression also contributes to the persistence of senescent cells during aging by inhibiting NK cell- and CD8+ T cell-mediated clearance (Pereira et al., 2019). Moreover, negative correlations between HLA-E expression and prognosis have been reported in different tumor types (Andersson et al., 2016; de Kruijf et al., 2010; Gooden et al., 2011; Seliger et al., 2016), suggesting an inhibitory role of HLA-E/NKG2A/CD94 pathway in anti-tumor immune responses.
The NKG2A/CD94/HLA-E pathway is considered an important immune checkpoint target and immunotherapy strategies including antibodies targeting NKG2A have been developed. (Andre et al., 2018; van Montfoort et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2019; Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes et al., 2019; Kamiya et al., 2019.) However, it remained unknown if interruption of this pathway by targeting HLA-E-peptide complexes can enhance NK cell and other effector cell activities.
Here, the invention provides novel antibodies that can interrupt this inhibitory pathway by targeting HLA-E-peptide complexes and that have the ability to enhance NK and CD8+ T-cell effector activities.
The present invention provides affinity matured monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fragments that bind to an HLA-E-peptide complex. As used herein, the term “antibody” is used broadly, and can refer to a full-length antibody, a fragment, or synthetic forms. In certain aspects, the antibody binds preferentially, or specifically, to an HLA-E-VL9 peptide complex. In certain aspects, the antibody binds specifically to an HLA-E-peptide complex where the peptide is a VL9 peptide or variant thereof. In certain aspects, the peptide of said complex is a nine-mer (9 amino acids) viral peptide or a nine-mer microbiome peptide. In certain aspects, the antibody binds preferentially to a HLA-E-VL9 peptide or variant complex and is also cross-reactive to complexes presenting viral peptides or microbiome peptides. In certain aspects, the antibody can regulate the cytotoxicity effector cell function of NK and/or CD8+ T-cells positive for cell-surface expression of NKG2A (“NKG2A+”). Herein, monoclonal antibodies were recombinantly derived from isolated functional HLA-E-VL9-binding mAbs from HLA-E-RL9 peptide-immunized HLA-B transgenic mice and from the naïve human B cell repertoire. Such antibodies are capable of regulating effector cell cytotoxicity and can recognize HLA-E-VL9 peptide complexes expressed on the surface of tumor cells. The monoclonal antibodies were affinity matured which, in some embodiments, led to enhanced VL9 peptide/HLA-E complex binding or enhanced blocking of inhibitory NKG2A binding to VL9/HLA-E complexes. The affinity matured antibodies were further affinity matured which, in some embodiments, leads to enhanced VL9 peptide/HLA-E complex binding or enhanced blocking of inhibitory NKG2A binding to VL9/HLA-E complexes. In some embodiments, the further affinity matured antibodies have increased specificity to HLA-E/VL9. For example, in some embodiments, the further affinity matured 3H4 mAbs preferentially bind to HLA-E in complex with VL-9 over HLA-E in complex with other peptides derived from viruses, such as RL9 and SARS-COV-2. See Example 7. The invention provides methods for using affinity matured HLA-E-VL9 mAbs to modulate NK and/or CD8+ T-cell function as part of immunotherapeutic strategies.
In certain aspects, provided are antibodies and fragments comprising VH and VL (as used herein, VH and VL can also be referred to as Vh or Vl and VH or VL, respectively) sequences of the antibodies described in Table 1 or
In certain aspects, the antibodies or fragments have a binding specificity that is dependent on an HLA-E-peptide complex where the peptide has an amino acid sequence according to the VL9 motif: (V/A/C/I/S/T/V/H/P)MAPRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L. In certain aspects, the binding specificity of the antibody or the fragment is dependent on an HLA-E-peptide complex where the peptide has an amino acid sequence according to the VL9 motif: VMAPRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L. As used herein, both motifs are referred to as “VL9” motifs, although the artisan might consider the first motif to be a VL9 variant motif.
In certain aspects, the antibodies can cause an increase in cytotoxic cell numbers or activity, which can be measured by counting the number of activated cytotoxic cells in biological samples or by in vitro effector cell assays as known in the art.
In certain aspects, the antibodies are recombinant antibodies having an IgG or IgM Fc domain, or a portion thereof.
In certain aspects, provided are recombinant antibodies and fragments comprising HCDR1-3 and LCDR1-3 (as used herein, the Vh CDRs can be referred to as HCDR1-3 or CDRH1-3; likewise the Vl CDRs can be referred to as LCDR1-3 or CDRL1-3) from the pairs of Vh and Vl sequences as described in Table 1 or
In certain aspects, an antibody that comprises HCDR1-3 and LCDR1-3 of an antibody of Table 2 or
In certain aspects, an antibody that comprises HCDR1-3 and LCDR1-3 of an antibody of Table 1 or
In certain aspects the invention provides optimized sequences, including without limitation affinity matured sequences or further affinity matured sequences, as described herein. In non-limiting embodiments, the optimized sequences, which are based on a murine antibody, are humanized.
In non-limiting embodiments, the optimized sequences comprise changes at one, two, three, four residues, or a combination of changes at any of the residues as described in the VH chain of an optimized variant 3H4 SD1, 3H4 SD2, 3H4 SD3, 3H4 SD4, 3H4 SD5, 3H4 SD6 or 3H4 SD7. Provided are also non-limiting embodiments of optimized sequences which comprise changed residues, or a combination thereof, selected from any of the residues as described in the VH chain of an optimized variant 3H4 SD1, 3H4 SD2, 3H4 SD3, 3H4 SD4, 3H4 SD5, 3H4 SD6 or 3H4 SD7. In certain embodiments the affinity matured 3H4 antibody is 3H4 Gv2, 3H4 Gv3, 3H4 Gv4, 3H4 Gv5, 3H4 Gv6, 3H4 Gv7, 3H4 Gv8, 3H4 Gv9, 3H4 Gv10, 3H4 Gv11, or 3H4 Gv12, a multimer thereof, or a fragment thereof. Provided are also non-limiting embodiments of optimized sequences which comprise changed residues, or a combination thereof, selected from any of the residues as described in the VH chain of an optimized variant 3H4 Gv2, 3H4 Gv3, 3H4 Gv4, 3H4 Gv5, 3H4 Gv6, 3H4 Gv7, 3H4 Gv8, 3H4 Gv9, 3H4 Gv10, 3H4 Gv11, or 3H4 Gv12. In some embodiments, the further affinity matured antibody is a further affinity matured optimized variant of antibody 3H4 Gv2, 3H4 Gv3, 3H4 Gv4, 3H4 Gv5, 3H4 Gv6, 3H4 Gv7, 3H4 Gv8, 3H4 Gv9, 3H4 Gv10, 3H4 Gv11, or 3H4 Gv12. In some embodiments, the further affinity matured antibody is a further affinity matured optimized variant of antibody 3H4 Gv3 (e.g., 3H4G_v31 is a further affinity matured optimized variant of antibody 3H4 Gv3). In some embodiments, the further affinity matured antibody is a further affinity matured optimized variant of antibody 3H4 Gv6 (e.g., 3H4G_v61 and 3H4G_v62 are further affinity matured optimized variants of antibody 3H4 Gv6). In some embodiments, the further affinity matured antibody is a further affinity matured optimized variant of antibody 3H4 Gv5 (e.g., 3H4G_v51 is a is a further affinity matured optimized variant of antibody 3H4 Gv5). In certain embodiments the further affinity matured 3H4 antibody is 3H4G_v31, 3H4G_v51, 3H4G_v61, 3H4G_v62, a multimer thereof, or a fragment thereof.
In certain aspects, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant antibodies of the invention.
In certain aspects, the invention provides nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding anti-HLA-9-VL9 peptide complex antibodies comprising Vh and Vl sequences of the invention (e.g., the antibodies described in Table 1 or
In certain aspects, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising mRNAs encoding the inventive antibodies. In certain embodiments, these are optionally formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). In certain embodiments, the mRNAs are modified. Modifications include without limitations modified ribonucleotides, poly-A tail, 5 cap. In some embodiments, the antibodies could be administered using mRNAs without encapsulation into LNPs, particularly when applied to mucosal surfaces (Lindsay et al. Molecular Therapy Vol. 28 No 3 Mar. 2020, p. 805)
In certain aspects, the invention provides a kit comprising: a composition comprising an antibody of the invention, a syringe, needle, or applicator for administration of the antibody to a subject; and instructions for use.
In certain aspects, the invention provides prophylactic methods comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
In certain aspects, the invention provides methods of treatment comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Generally, the methods are applicable to infectious diseases, malignant diseases or other conditions that would benefit from an increase in the number of stimulated effector immune cells such as NK cells and CD8+ T-cells. Exemplary diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, cancer and viral or intracellular bacterial infections. In some cases, the cancer comprises tumor cells that express, or overexpress HLA-E, including melanoma and carcinomas of lung, kidney, skin, prostate, stomach, rectum, cervix, ovarium, vulva, breast and head/neck. (See, e.g., Kamiva et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2019, 129 (5): 2094-2106.) Such methods of treatment can relate to methods of immunostimulation comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody of the invention, which antibody specifically binds to at least an HLA-E-VL9 peptide or variant complex and increases the number of activated NK cells or activated CD8+ cells or other cells with cytotoxic functions such as γδ T-cells.
In some aspects, the therapeutic compositions and methods not only involve blocking the inhibitory HLA-E-VL9-NKG2A pathway in NK cells and CD8+ T-cells with an antibody or fragment of the invention, but also: (1) blocking other inhibitory receptors on these NK cells and CD8+ T-cells, and/or (2) promoting the activation of stimulatory receptors on these NK cells and CD8+ T-cells. The targeting of multiple receptors on NK cell and CD8+ T-cell sub-populations can be accomplished, for example, by the use of combination of different antibodies or agents each targeting a different receptor, or by recombinant multi-specific antibodies as described herein.
In other aspects, the administration of the anti-HLA-E-peptide complex antibodies or fragments of the invention is part of a vaccine regimen, whether the vaccine is a viral vaccine or a cancer vaccine. In certain respects, anti-HLA-E-VL9 antibodies or fragments is part of a vaccine regimen.
In other aspects, provided are methods for making and/or screening recombinant antibodies specific to an HLA-E-peptide complex from single circulating B-cells, the method including steps of folding a VL9 peptide with HLA-E to make a stable complex and assembling the folded HLA-E-peptide as a tetramer, such that the labeled tetramers can be used to identify B-cells that express antibodies that specifically bind to an HLA-E-peptide of interest complex.
In certain aspects the invention provides a recombinant HLA-E-VL9 monoclonal antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, which binds to an HLA-E-VL9 complex and comprises a variable heavy (Vh) domain and a variable light (Vl) domain that have amino acid sequences that have an overall 80% sequence identity to the Vh and Vl domains of an antibody listed in Table 1, or wherein the Vh domain and Vl domain each have at least 80% sequence identity to the Vh and Vl domains, respectively, of an antibody listed in Table 1 or an antibody encoded by a nucleic acid sequence in
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the Vh domain and Vl domain each have at least 90% sequence identity to the Vh and Vl domains, respectively, of an antibody listed in Table 1 or an antibody encoded by a nucleic acid sequence in
In certain non-limiting embodiments, (a) Vl domain CDRL1-3 regions together have no more than 10 amino acid variations as compared to the corresponding CDRL1-3 regions of an antibody listed in Table 1, and (b) Vh domain CDRH1-3 regions together have no more than 10 amino acid variations as compared to the corresponding CDRH1-3 regions of an antibody listed in Table 1 or an antibody encoded by a nucleic acid sequence in
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the antibody or fragment is humanized or fully human.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the Vh domain and Vl domain of the antibody or fragment comprises framework regions that each have sufficient number of, e.g. no more than 20 or 10, amino acid variations derived from framework regions of a human antibody. In certain embodiments, the framework regions are from human antibodies listed in Table 1.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, (a) Vl domain CDRL1-3 regions together have no more than 10 amino acid variations as compared to the corresponding CDRL1-3 regions of an antibody listed in Table 1, (b) Vh domain CDRH1-3 regions together have no more than 10 amino acid variations as compared to the corresponding CDRH1-3 regions of the antibody listed in Table 1, and (c) the Vl domain and Vh domain framework regions are derived from a human antibody.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the antibody or fragment is chimeric or humanized.
In certain aspects the invention provides a humanized HLA-E-VL9 monoclonal antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, which specifically binds to an HLA-E-VL9 complex and comprises: (1) a variable heavy (Vh) domain with CDRH1-3 regions derived from a murine parental antibody listed in Table 1; (2) a variable light (Vl) domain with CDRL1-3 regions derived from said murine parental antibody listed in Table 1.
In certain non-limiting embodiments of the humanized antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention, the CDRH1-3 and CDRL1-3 regions collectively have an amino acid sequence that has no more than twenty variations as compared to the CDRH1-3 and CDRL1-3 regions of the parental murine antibody. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the murine antibody listed in Table 1 is any one of the further affinity matured variants of 3H4: 3H4G_v31, 3H4G_v51, 3H4G_v61, or 3H4G_v62.
In certain non-limiting embodiments of the humanized antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention have a paratope comprising the same contact residues as 3H4, or any one of the affinity matured variants of 3H4: 3H4 Gv2, 3H4 Gv3, 3H4 Gv4, 3H4 Gv5, 3H4 Gv6, 3H4 Gv7, 3H4 Gv8, 3H4 Gv9, 3H4 Gv10, 3H4 Gv11, or 3H4 Gv12 or anyone of the further affinity matured variants of 3H4G_v31, 3H4G_v51, 3H4G_v61, or 3H4G_v62.
In certain non-limiting embodiments of the humanized antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention the Vh domain framework regions are derived from a human antibody having a Vl domain amino acid sequence that is most similar or identical to the Vl domain amino acid sequence of the murine antibody; and wherein the Vh domain framework regions are derived from a human antibody having a Vh domain amino acid sequence that is most similar or identical to the Vh domain amino acid sequence of the murine antibody.
In certain non-limiting embodiments of the humanized antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention the Vh domain framework regions are derived from a human antibody having a Vh domain that has the most similar three-dimensional structure to the Vh domain of the murine antibody; and wherein the Vl domain framework regions are derived from a human antibody having a Vl domain that has the most similar three-dimensional structure to the Vl domain of the murine antibody.
In certain non-limiting embodiments of the humanized antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention, the Vh domain framework regions are derived from IGHV3-21. IGHV3-11, IGHV3-23, IGHV1-69, or IGHV3-48. In non-limiting embodiments of the humanized antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention, the Vh domain framework region is derived from any one of the IGHV genes listed in
In certain non-limiting embodiments of the humanized antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention, the Vl domain framework regions are derived from IGKV3-15, IGKV3-20, IGKV1-39. IGKV3-11, or IGKV1-5. In non-limiting embodiments of the humanized antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention, the Vl domain framework region is derived from any one of the IGKV or IGLV genes listed in
In non-limiting embodiment, the binding specificity of the antibody or the fragment thereof requires the peptide of the HLA-E-VL9 complex to have an amino acid sequence according to the following motif: (V/A/C/I/S/T/V/H/P)MAPRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L.
In non-limiting embodiment, the binding specificity of the antibody or the fragment thereof requires the peptide of the HLA-E-VL9 complex to have an amino acid sequence according to the following motif: VMAPRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L.
In non-limiting embodiment, the antibody or fragment specifically binds to epitopes on both the HLA-E α2 domain and the amino terminal end of the VL9 peptide.
In non-limiting embodiment, the antibody, or the antigen binding fragment thereof, has an affinity or avidity for the HLA-E-VL9 complex that is greater than the affinity or avidity between the HLA-E-VL9 complex and NKG2A.
In non-limiting embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof increases the cytotoxic activity of NKG2A+ NK cells, NKG2A+ CD8+ T-cells, or NKG2A+γδ T-cells, in vitro or in vivo.
In non-limiting embodiment, the antibody, or the antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises an Fe moiety. In non-limiting embodiment, the antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises a mutation(s) in the Fe moiety that reduces binding of the antibody to an Fc receptor and/or increases the half-life of the antibody.
In non-limiting embodiment, the antigen binding fragment thereof, is a purified antibody, a single chain antibody, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv or scFv.
In non-limiting embodiment, the antibody or antigen fragment thereof is multimerized in any suitable form. Non-limiting embodiments include hexamers formed via the Fe portion of the antibody. Non-limiting embodiments include antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof comprised in a nanoparticle. In non-limiting embodiments, these multimers increase binding avidity and/or affinity.
In non-limiting embodiment, the antibody is of any isotype.
In certain aspects the invention provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment of the for use as a medicament. In certain aspect the use is in the prevention and/or treatment of a tumor comprising tumor cells that overexpress HLA-E.
In certain aspects, the invention provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide encoding the antibody, or the antigen-binding fragment thereof. In non-limiting embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a nucleic acid sequence according to any one of the sequences in
In certain aspects the invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment of the invention.
In certain aspects the invention provides a cell expressing the antibody, or the antigen binding fragment of the invention; or comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment of the invention.
In certain aspects the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody, or the antigen binding fragment thereof, a nucleic acid of the invention, a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment of the invention and/or a cell expressing the antibody, or the antigen binding fragment of the invention; or comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment of the invention, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In non-limiting embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
In certain aspects the invention provides method of administering antibodies or antigen fragments thereof of the invention in an amount sufficient to modulation NKG2A+ NK cells or T-cells in a subject in need thereof, for example to achieve a desired therapeutic effect. In certain aspects the invention provides methods of treating or preventing a condition that would benefit from an increase in the activation of NKG2A+ NK cells or T-cells in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the recombinant antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of the invention, a nucleic acid encoding these, a vector comprising a nucleic acid of the invention, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of these in an amount suitable to increase the number of activated cytotoxic NK cells or T-cells in the subject. In non-limited embodiments, the methods comprise administering any combination of antibodies or antigen binding fragments of the invention. In non-limiting embodiments, the methods comprise administering any additional antibody.
In certain aspects, the methods further comprise administering an additional agent that is an antagonist to an inhibitory receptor on NK cells or cytotoxic T-cells and/or an additional agent that is an agonist to a stimulatory receptor on NK cells or cytotoxic T-cells.
In certain aspects, the invention provides an in vitro transcription system to synthesize ribonucleic acids (RNAs) encoding antibodies of the invention, comprising: a reaction vessel, a DNA vector template comprising nucleic acid sequence encoding an antibody of the invention as described in any of the preceding claims, and reagents for carrying out an in vitro transcription reaction that produces mRNA encoding an antibody or fragment thereof of the invention. In certain embodiments the mRNA is modified mRNA.
In certain aspects, the invention provides methods for manufacturing an mRNA encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising:
In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises 5′-CAP, and/or any other suitable modification.
In certain aspects, the invention provides methods manufacturing an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to any of the preceding claims under conditions suitable for expression of the antibody or fragment thereof and isolating said antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.
In certain aspects, the invention provides methods of screening for an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to an HLA-E-VL9 peptide complex, comprising: (a) providing either a substrate with immobilized HLA-E-VL9 single chain trimers or HLA-E-non-VL9 peptide control single chain trimers or with cells expressing on their surface HLA-E-VL9 single chain trimers or HLA-E-non-VL9 peptide control single chain trimers, and (b) selecting an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof for its ability to specifically bind to the HLA-E-VL9 single chain trimers but not the HLA-E-non-VL9 peptide control single chain trimers. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragments are expressed on phage, and wherein said phage are incubated with the single chain trimers prior to the step of selecting an antigen binding fragment for its ability to specifically bind to the HLA-E-VL9 single chain trimers.
In certain aspects, the invention provides methods for identifying a non-human antibody that specifically binds to an HLA-E-VL9 peptide complex, comprising: (a) immunizing a non-human mammal with either soluble HLA-E-VL9 single chain trimers or with cells expressing HLA-E-VL9 single chain trimers, (b) isolating B-cells from the non-human mammal that express antibodies that can bind to HLA-E-VL9 single chain trimers but not HLA-E-non-VL9 control peptide single chain trimers.
In non-limiting embodiments, certain methods further comprise recombinantly expressing the selected antibody or antigen-binding fragment and further selecting the antibody or antigen-binding fragment if it can increase the cytotoxic activity of NK cells or CD8+ T-cells when such cells are co-cultured with HLA-E-VL9 expressing cells and the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, but not when such cells are co-cultured with HLA-E-non-VL9 peptide expressing cells and the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
In certain aspects, the invention provides methods for making recombinant antibodies specific to an HLA-E-peptide complex from single circulating B-cells, the method comprising: (1) folding a VL9 peptide, or other test peptide, with HLA-E to make a stable complex; (2) assembling the folded HLA-E-peptide as a tetramer; (3) staining B cells from peripheral blood of a human donor or an animal with the tetramer; (4) sorting tetramer binding B cells as single cells and cloning DNA or mRNA for antibody heavy and light chains; (4) expressing full length DNA for heavy and light chains in a suitable cell or cell-line (e.g., HEK293T) so that antibody is expressed and secreted; (5) testing specificity of the antibody or antibodies expressed and secreted from step (4) for binding to HLA-E-peptide protein complexes expressed on cells or immobilized on a substrate; and (6) purifying antibodies with requisite binding specificity, and wherein in certain embodiments step (5) further comprises selecting antibodies that can specifically bind to HLA-E-VL9 single chain trimers but not HLA-E-non-VL9 control peptide single chain trimers.
In certain aspects, the invention provides a recombinant HLA-E-VL9 monoclonal antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, which binds to an HLA-E-VL9 complex and comprises:
In certain aspects, the invention provides a recombinant HLA-E-VL9 monoclonal antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, which binds to an HLA-E-VL9 complex and comprises:
In certain aspects, the invention provides a recombinant HLA-E-VL9 monoclonal antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, which binds to an HLA-E-VL9 complex and comprises:
a. Vh domain CDRH1-3 regions from an antibody listed in Table 1; and/or Vl domain CDRL1-3 regions from an antibody listed in Table 1, wherein the Vh and Vl are from the same antibody; and
In non-limiting embodiments, the antibody is an affinity matured 3H4 variant, and the framework portions of the variable heavy (Vh) domain comprises, consists essentially of, consists of or has amino acid sequences derived from Vh gene 1-18 (Table 5) and wherein the framework portions of the variable light (Vl) domain comprises, consists essentially of, consists of or has amino acid sequences derived from Vk gene 14-111 (Table 5).
In non-limiting embodiments, the recombinant antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof of any of the invention is a multimer.
In non-limiting embodiments, the multimer is a hexameric IgG. In non-limiting embodiments, each IgG monomer comprises a heavy chain comprising a Vh sequence and constant heavy chain sequence comprising mutations E345R, E430G and S440Y in the Fc region of a human gamma immunoglobulin gene, and a Vl sequence from the same antibody, wherein in certain embodiments the IgG is Glm3 allotype. These Vh and constant heavy chain sequences are linked consecutively to express a heavy chain sequence.
In non-limiting embodiments of the hexameric IgG, each IgG monomer comprises mutations E345R. E430G and S440Y in Fc region of human gamma immunoglobulin (G1m3 allotype) and the Vh and Vl chain are from any one of the antibodies 3H4G_v31, 3H4G_v51, 3H4G_v61, or 3H4G_v62.
In non-limiting embodiments, the antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof forms a multimer displayed on a nanoparticle. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticle is ferritin based nanoparticle.
In certain embodiments, the antigen binding fragment is a Fab fragment from any one of the antibodies 3H4G_v31, 3H4G_v51, 3H4G_v61, or 3H4G_v62.
In certain embodiments, the antigen binding fragment is a Fab fragment from 3H4G_v31, 3H4G_v51, 3H4G_v61, or 3H4G_v62 antibody, wherein in certain embodiments the Fab heavy chain sequence comprises VH (
In a non-limiting embodiment, the sortase donor sequence is LPXTG(G).
Further, the invention encompasses the aspects described in the claims herein.
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. To conform to the requirements for PCT patent applications, many of the figures presented herein are black and white representations of images originally created in color.
The present invention relates to antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof, including recombinant and/or derivative forms, that bind to HLA-E-peptide complexes. In some embodiments, the antibodies or fragments bind to epitopes on the HLA-E-VL9 peptide complex. The antibodies or fragments can have a binding specificity that is sensitive to the presence of a VL9 peptide as presented by HLA-E. The art defines the VL9 peptide as having a nine amino acid motif according to the following formula: VMAPRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L. In some respects, the antibodies of the invention specifically bind an HLA-E-VL9 complex where the peptide has an amino acid sequence according to the formula: VMAPRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L. In other respects, the antibodies of the invention bind an HLA-E-VL9 complex where the peptide has an amino acid sequence according to the following formula: (V/A/C/I/S/T/V/H/P)MAPRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L. In other aspects the peptide has an amino acid sequence variation at position P2 according to the following formula: (V/A/C/I/S/T/V/H/P)(M/L/Q/F)APRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L. See e.g. Walters et al NATURE COMMUNICATIONS|(2018) 9:3137|DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05459-. Thus, as used herein, a peptide with the motif, VMAPRTL(V/LA)L, VMAPRTV (L/I/F)L. (V/A/C/I/S/T) MAPRTLLL, V(M/T) APRTLLL, V(L/I/Q/T/V/S/A/F)APRTLLL. VMAPRTLL(L/F), or (V/A/C/I/S/T/V/H/P)(M/L/Q/F)APRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L, is referred to as a VL9 peptide or a VL9 variant. Non limiting embodiments of VL-9 peptides are listed in Table 4.
By binding to the HLA-E-VL9 complex, the antibodies can prevent intercellular signaling between HLA-E expressing cells and NKG2A expressing cells, i.e., the HLA-E-NKG2A pathway, which inhibits cytotoxic effector cell functions. Accordingly, the antibodies are useful in conditions where diseased or infected cells express HLA-E-VL9 complexes (or HLA-E-peptide complexes with peptides that do not confirm to the VL9 motifs recited above, including viral peptides and microbiome peptides, where an HLA-E-VL9 specific antibody of the invention is cross-reactive to the HLA-E-peptide complex) and where the condition would benefit from an increase in effector cell function against these cells.
Recombinant antibodies of the invention include antibodies derived from rearranged VDJ variable heavy chain (Vh) and/or rearranged VJ variable light chain (Vl) sequences from individual or clonal cells that express an antibody that specifically binds to HLA-E-VL9 (or other HLA-E-peptide complex of interest), and optionally is further able to prevent or inhibit binding between the HLA-E-VL9 complex and the NKG2A/CD94 heterodimeric complex. In some respects, the antibody is cross-reactive to HLA-E-peptide complexes where the peptide does not conform to VL9 motifs but where this HLA-E-non-VL9 peptide complex still engages with the NKG2A/CD94 complex such as with certain viral peptides and microbiome peptides. Antibodies are described in the accompanying examples, figures, and tables, and the invention includes antibodies comprising CDR sequences contained with the Vh and Vl amino acid sequences described herein. In certain embodiments, the invention provides monoclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments the monoclonal antibodies are produced by a clone of B-lymphocytes. In certain embodiments the monoclonal antibody is recombinant and is produced by a host cell into which an expression vector(s) encoding the antibody, or fragment thereof, has been transfected.
Methods for obtaining rearranged heavy and light chain sequences are well known in the art and often involve amplification-based-cloning and sequencing. Standard techniques of molecular biology may be used to prepare DNA sequences encoding the antibodies or antibody fragments of the present invention. Desired DNA sequences may be synthesized completely or in part using oligonucleotide synthesis techniques. Site-directed mutagenesis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques may be used as appropriate.
The invention encompasses antibodies which are 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 87%, 86%, 85%, 84%, 83%, 82%, 81%, 80%, 75% identical to the Vh and/or Vl variable domain amino acid sequences of the antibodies described herein in the Figures or Table 1. Further, the invention encompasses variants having one or mutations (99% et seq. per above) as compared to the sequences of the antibodies of the Figures or Table 1 with one or more of the additional requirements: (1) the variant maintains antigen binding specificity to the HLA-E-VL9 complex, and in some embodiments, maintains the ability to specifically bind an epitope that includes the part of β-2 domain of HLA-E and the amino terminal end of the VL9 peptide, (2) the variant does not have a decrease in binding affinity or avidity that is more than 10-fold, 5-fold, 2-fold, or 1-fold than the corresponding antibody of the Figures or Table 1, (3) the variant has a binding affinity or avidity that is an improvement of more than 100-fold, 10-fold, 5-fold, 2-fold, or 1-fold more than the corresponding antibody of the Figures or Table 1, (4) the variant does not have a decrease in promoting cytotoxic activity by NK cells or CD8+ cells that is more than 10-fold, 5-fold, 2-fold, or 1-fold as compared to the corresponding antibody of the Figures or Table 1, (5) the variant has an increase in in promoting cytotoxic activity by NK cells or CD8+ cells that is 10-fold, 5-fold, 2-fold, or 1-fold more as compared to the corresponding antibody of the Figures or Table 1, and (6) as compared to the antibodies listed in the Figures or Table 1, the variant has a V region with shared mutations compared to the germline, identical VDJ or VJ gene family usage, identical or the same or similar HCDR3 length, and the same VL and JLgene family usage. Generally, one or more of these six requirements are applicable to any antibody, including fragments (see below, Fab. Fv, et al.) or portions (Vh, Vl, one or more CDRs from a Vh/Vl pair) thereof, derived from the antibodies listed in Table 1 or the Figures.
Table 2.
With respect to the antibodies listed in Table 1, their corresponding sequences are provided in
Binding specificity can be determined by any suitable assay in the art, for example but not limited competition binding assays, epitope mapping, etc. For example, as described in Example 1, epitope mapping can be conducted by using cells expressing HLA-E single chain trimers (SCTs) presenting different peptides including VL9 peptides with single amino acid mutations. The cells are incubated with an antibody to be tested and stained with secondary antibodies. Binding specificity is measured by counting the number of positively-stained cells using flow cytometry where specific binding to an HLA-E-peptide complex of interest is shown by differences in the number of positively stained cells as compared to experiments using cells that express HLA-E in complex with control and/or mutant peptides. For example, binding specificity can be determined by testing whether the antibody can bind to cells pulsed with a peptide of interest and that express HLA-E and is HLA class I negative; but not to the same cells pulsed with a negative control peptide or mutant peptides with sequences that differ from the peptide of interest. For example, in Example 1, antibody 3H4 was found to be able to preferentially bind HLA-E-peptide complexes with peptide variants of the classical VL9 motif, i.e., able to bind to complexes with peptides mutated at position 1 to alanine, cysteine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, valine, histidine, proline; but not to peptides mutated at position 1 to arginine, glutamate, glycine, lysine, methionine, asparagine, tryptophan, tyrosine, or phenylalanine. (See. Example 1.) Thus, in some embodiments, binding specificity can be determined in the context of epitope mapping where a peptide of interest is mutated and loaded into HLA-E complexes to test for differences in binding.
In some embodiments, an antibody or fragment of the invention has a binding specificity characterized by its ability to preferentially bind to an HLA-E-VL9 complex, where the peptide conforms to a VL9 motif as used herein or a variant thereof, but is not able to bind to a control HLA-E-peptide complex where the peptide is the RL9HIV peptide or the RL9SIV peptide. In some embodiments, an antibody or fragment preferentially binds to an HLA-E-viral peptide complex. In some embodiments, an antibody or fragment preferentially binds to an HLA-E-microbiome complex.
Another binding specificity assay can test whether the antibody can specifically bind to soluble HLA-E-peptide complexes using ELISA or SPR (or HLA-E-peptide complexes are immobilized and the antibody is soluble). (See. e.g., Example 1, where HLA-E-VL9 peptides were used.) Control antibodies that bind to HLA-E but are not specific to the HLA-E-VL9 complex are known in the art, for example, the pan-HLA-E mAb 3D12.
Another binding specificity assay can test whether the antibody can specifically bind to peptides that can form a complex with HLA-E by analyzing FACS. (See, e.g., Example 7, where HLA-E, RL9HIV RIV, SARS-COV-2 001, Mtb and Mamu-E peptides were used.)
Affinity can be measured, for example, by surface plasmon resonance. It is well-known in the art how to conduct SPR for measuring antibody affinity to an antigen. SPR affinity measurements can provide the affinity constant KD of an antibody, which is based on the association rate constant kon divided by the disassociation rate constant koff. Thus, in certain embodiments, comparing affinity between a variant and an antibody of Table 1 is based on KD. In other embodiments, the comparison is based only on koff. When comparing affinity between antibodies, the antibodies should have the same valency, i.e., Fab vs. Fab, scFv vs. scFv, IgG v. IgG, IgM v. IgM, etc. Thus, when the comparison is between antibodies that are not monovalent, then affinity is a measure of functional affinity. In the art, functional affinity covers the binding strength of a bi- or polyvalent antibody to antigens that present more than one copy of an epitope, because they are multimeric or conjugated in multiple copies to a solid phase, thus allowing cross-linking by the antibody. It is known in the art that a monovalent antibody fragment (e.g., Fab) provides a measure of intrinsic affinity irrespective of the density of antigens (SPR often immobilizes antigen on a solid substrate and the antibody is flowed over the substrate thereby allowing kinetic measurements of antibody association and disassociation rates).
Avidity can also be measured by SPR. Avidity can be quantitatively expressed, for example, by the ratio of KD for a Fab over the multivalent form, e.g., IgG, IgM et al.
Potency can be measured, for example, by a NK cell or CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity assay as known in the art. (See, e.g., Example 1. NK cell cytotoxicity assay.) Herein, the cytotoxicity assay utilizes different HLA-E-peptide complex expressing cells as the target cells. Target cells are incubated with antibodies and NKG2A+ NK cells or NKG2A+CD8+ T-cells (effector cells) and pulsed with 51Cr (chromium). Cytotoxicity is measured as a percentage of specific lysis according to the following formula: (51Cr Release %)=[(Experimental Release-Spontaneous Release)/(Maximum Release-Spontaneous Release)]×100.
In certain embodiments, the invention provides antibodies with CDR amino acid sequences that are 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 87%, 86%, 85%, 84%, 83%, 82%, 81%, 80% identical to the CDR1, 2, and/or 3 of Vh (also referred to as CDRH1, CDRH2, and CDRH3) and/or CDR1, 2, and/or 3 of Vl (also referred to as CDRL1, CDRL2, and CDRL3) amino acid sequences of the antibodies of Table 1 or the amino acid sequences translated from the nucleotide sequences of the antibodies of
In certain embodiments, the invention provides antibodies with CDR amino acid sequences that are 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 87%, 86%, 85%, 84%, 83%, 82%, 81%, 80% identical to CDRs to an antibody of Table 1 or the amino acid sequences translated from the nucleotide sequences of the antibodies of
In certain embodiments, the invention provides antibodies which can tolerate a larger percent variation in the sequences outside of the Vh and/Vl sequences of the antibodies. In certain embodiments, the invention provides antibodies which are 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 87%, 86%, 85%, 84%, 83%, 82%, 81%, 80%, 79%, 78%, 77%, 76%, 75%, 74%, 73%, 72%, 71%, 70%, 69%, 68%, 67%, 66%, 65% identical, wherein the identity is outside of the Vh or Vl regions, or the CDRs of the Vh or Vl chains of the antibodies described herein.
In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a heavy chain comprising at least one CDRH1, at least one CDRH2 and at least one CDRH3 and a light chain comprising at least one CDRL1, at least one CDRL2 and at least one CDRL3, wherein at least one CDR, comprises, consists essentially of or consists of an amino acid sequence according to any of the sequences in
In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a heavy chain comprising at least one CDRH1, at least one CDRH2 and at least one CDRH3 and a light chain comprising at least one CDRL1, at least one CDRL2 and at least one CDRL3, wherein at least one CDR, comprises, consists essentially of or consists of an amino acid sequence according to any of the sequences in
In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a Vh amino acid sequence or a Vl amino acid sequence in
In some respects, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a Vh amino acid sequence and/or a Vl amino acid sequence according to
Furthermore, the invention provides antibodies that were affinity matured in vitro. The affinity of an antibody to its antigen target can be modulated by identifying mutations introduced into the variable region generally or into targeted sub-regions. For example, it is known in the art that one can sequentially introduce mutations through each of the CDRs, optimizing one at a time, or to focus on CDRH3 and CDRL3, or CDRH3 alone, because it often forms the majority of antigen contacts. Alternatively, it is known in the art how to simultaneously mutagenize all six CDRs by generating large-scale, high-throughput expression and screening assays, such as by antibody phage display. Antibody-antigen complex structural information can also be used to focus affinity maturation to a small number of residues in the antibody binding site.
Various algorithms for sequence alignment are known in the art. For example, the NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403, 1990) is available from several sources, including the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, Md.) and on the internet, for use in connection with the sequence analysis programs blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn and tblastx. A description of how to determine sequence identity using this program is available on the NCBI website on the internet.
The similarity between amino acid sequences is expressed in terms of the similarity between the sequences, otherwise referred to as sequence identity. Sequence identity is frequently measured in terms of percentage identity (or similarity or homology); the higher the percentage, the more similar the two sequences are. Homologs or variants of a polypeptide will possess a relatively high degree of sequence identity when aligned using standard methods.
In some embodiments, the CDRs of the antibodies and fragments of the invention are defined according to the IMGT scheme. IMGT-defined CDR regions have been highlighted/underlined in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for each of the Vh and Vl variable regions of the antibodies of Table 1. (See
In some embodiments, CDR and framework regions can be identified based on other classical variable region numbering and definition schemes or conventions, including the Kabat, Chothia, Martin, and Aho schemes. The ANARCI (Antigen receptor Numbering And Receptor Classification; see http://opig.stats.ox.ac.uk/webapps/newsabdab/sabpred/anarci/) online tool allows one to input amino acid sequences and to select an output with the IMGT, Kabat, Chothia, Martin, or AHo numbering scheme. With these numbering schemes, CDR and framework regions within the amino acid sequence can be identified. The person of ordinary skill is able to ascertain CDR and framework boundaries using one or more of several publicly available tools and guides.
For example, Table 3A below provides a general, not limiting guide, for the CDR regions as based on different numbering schemes (see http://www.bioinf.org.uk abs/info.html #cdrid). In the Table, any of the numbering schemes can be used for these CDR definitions, except the Contact CDR definition uses the Chothia or Martin (Enhanced Chothia) numbering.
In Table 3A above, for CDRH1 Kabat numbering using the Chothia CDR definition, the boundary is H26 to H32 or H34 because the Kabat numbering convention varies between H32 and H34 depending on the length of the loop. This is because the Kabat numbering scheme places insertions at H35A and H35B. If neither H35A nor H35B is present. CDRH2 ends at H32. If only H35A is present, the loop ends at H33. If both H35A and H35B are present, the loop ends at H34.
Different methods of identifying CDRs are well known and described in the art (e.g. Kabat, Chothia, IMGT). Delineating CDRs by any one of these methods would result in CDRs with specific boundaries within a VH or VL sequence as listed herein. CDRs identified by any one of the methods are specific and well defined. See, for example, Martin, A. C., R. “Chapter3: Protein Sequence and Structure Analysis of Antibody Variable Domains,” Antibody Engineering, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg pp. 33-51 (2010) (describing inter alia Kabat, Chothia, IMGT); and Munshaw, S. and Kepler, T. B., “SoDA2: a Hidden Markov Model approach for identification of immunoglobulin rearrangements,” Bioinformatics, vol. 26, No. 7, pp. 867-872 (February 2010) (describing SoDA2). Any of these methods for identifying CDRs may be used with the instant technology.
Alternatively or in combination, one can examine amino acid sequences and identify CDR and framework regions according to the following alternative general guideline of Table 3B, which is non-limiting.
In
CDR and framework regions can also be demarcated using other numbering schemes and CDR definitions. The ABnum tool numbers the amino acid sequences of variable domains according to a large and regularly updated database called Abysis, which takes into account insertions of variable lengths and integrates sequences from Kabat, IMGT, and the PDB databases. The Honneger scheme is based on structural alignments of the 3D structures of immunoglobulin variable regions and allows one to define structurally conserved Ca positions and deduction of appropriate framework regions and CDR lengths (Honegger and Pluckthun, J. Mol. Biol. 2001, 309:657-70). Similarly, Ofran et al. used a multiple structural alignment approach to identify the antigen binding residues of the variable regions called “Antigen Binding Regions (ABRs)” (Ofran et al., J. Imunol., 2008, 181:6230-5). ABRs can be identified using the Paratome online tool that identifies ABR by comparing the antibody sequence with a set of antibody-antigen structural complexes (Kunik et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 2012, 40:521-4). Another alternative tool is the proABC software, which estimates the probabilities for each residue to form an interaction with the antigen (Olimpieri et al., Bioinformatics, 2013, 29:2285-91).
In some embodiments, the CDRs of the antibodies of the invention are defined by the scheme or tool that provides the broadest or longest CDR sequence. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by a combination of schemes or tools that provides the broadest/longest CDRs. For example, from the Table of CDR Definitions above, CDRL1 would be L24-L36, CDRL2 would be L46-L56, CDR3 would be L89-L97, CDRH1 would be H26-H35/H35B. CDRH2 would be H47-H65, and CDRH3 would be H93-H102. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by the Anticalign software, which automatically identifies all hypervariable and framework regions in experimentally elucidated antibody sequences from an algorithm based on rules from the Kabat and Chothia conventions (Jarasch et al., Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinforma, 2017, 85:65-71). In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by a combination of the Kabat. IMGT, and Chothia CDR definitions. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by the Martin scheme in combination with the Kabat and IMGT schemes. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by a combination of the Martin and Honneger schemes. In some embodiments, the CDRs comprise the ABR residues identified by the Paratome tool.
The complete human immunoglobulin germline gene loci and alleles are available in the Immunogenetics Database (IMGT). Skilled artisan can readily determine the V, D, and/or J of the heavy and/or light sequences of various embodiments of antibodies of the invention of fragments thereof.
In certain embodiments the invention provides antibody fragments, which have the binding specificity and/or properties of the inventive antibodies. Recombinant fragments of the antibodies can be obtained by cloning and expression of part of the sequences of the heavy or light chains.
Antibody “fragments” include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, F(ab)c, diabodies, Dabs, nanobodies, and Fv fragments. Also included are heavy or light chain monomers and dimers, single domain heavy chain antibodies, single domain light chain antibodies. (a single domain antibody, sdAb, is also referred to in the art as a nanobody) as well as single chain antibodies, e.g., single chain Fv in which the heavy and light chain variable domains are joined by a peptide linker. (See, e.g., Bird et al., Science 242:423-426, 1988; Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883, 1988; McCafferty et al., Nature 348:552-554, 1990). Optionally, a cleavage site can be included in a linker, such as a furin cleavage site.
A recombinant antibody can also comprise a heavy chain variable domain from one antibody and a light chain variable domain from a different antibody. Further, the invention encompasses chimeric antigen receptors (CARs; chimeric T cell receptors) engineered from the variable domains of antibodies. (Chow et al, Adv. Exp. Biol. Med., 2012, 746:121-41). The Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) consists of an antibody-derived targeting domain (including fragments such as scFv or Fab) fused with T-cell signaling domains that, when expressed by a T-cell, endows the T-cell with antigen specificity determined by the targeting domain of the CAR.
Whether full-length, or fragments engineered to have a Fc domain, (or particular constant domain portions thereof), the antibodies of the invention can be of any isotype or have any Fc (or portion thereof) of any isotype. It is well-known in the art how to engineer Fc domains or portions together with antibody fragments.
In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the invention can be used as IgG1, lgG2, IgG3, IgG4, whole IgG1 or IgG3s, whole monomeric IgAs, dimeric IgAs, secretory IgAs, IgMs as monomeric, pentameric, hexameric, or other polymer forms of IgM. The class of an antibody comprising the VH and VL chains described herein can be specifically switched to a different class of antibody by methods known in the art.
In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the VH and VL can encode an Fc domain (immunoadhesin). The Fc domain can be an IgA, IgM or IgG Fc domain. The Fc domain can be an optimized Fc domain, as described in U.S. Published patent application Ser. No. 20100093979, incorporated herein by reference. In one example, the immunoadhesin is an IgG1 Fc. In one example, the immunoadhesin is an IgG3 Fc.
In one embodiment, the IgG constant region comprises the LS mutation. Additional variants of the Fc portion of the antibody are also contemplated by the invention. See Maeda et al. MAbs. 2017 July; 9 (5): 844-853. Published online 2017 Apr. 7, PMID: 28387635; see also Booth et al. MAbs. 2018 October; 10 (7): 1098-1110. Published online 2018 Jul. 26. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1490119.
In certain embodiments the antibodies comprise amino acid alterations, or combinations thereof, for example in the Fc region outside of epitope binding, which alterations can improve their properties. Various Fc modifications are known in the art.
In some embodiments, the invention contemplates antibodies comprising mutations that affect neonatal Fc receptor (FeRn) binding, antibody half-life, and localization and persistence of antibodies at mucosal sites. See e.g. Ko S Y et al., Nature 514:642-45, 2014, at
In certain embodiments, the antibodies comprise AAAA substitution in and around the Fc region of the antibody that has been reported to enhance ADCC via NK cells (AAA mutations) containing the Fc region aa of S298A as well as E333A and K334A (Shields R I et al JBC, 276:6591-6604, 2001) and the 4th A (N434A) is to enhance FcR neonatal mediated transport of the IgG to mucosal sites (Shields R I et al. ibid).
Other antibody mutations have been reported to improve antibody half-life or function or both and can be incorporated in sequences of the antibodies. These include the DLE set of mutations (Romain G, et al. Blood 124:3241, 2014), the LS mutations M428L/N434S, alone or in a combination with other Fc region mutations, (Ko S Y et al. Nature 514:642-45, 2014, at
In some embodiments, modifications, such as but not limited to antibody fucosylation, may affect interaction with Fc receptors (See e.g. Moldt, et al. JVI 86 (11): 66189-6196, 2012). In some embodiments, the antibodies can comprise modifications, for example but not limited to glycosylation, which reduce or eliminate polyreactivity of an antibody. See e.g. Chuang, et al. Protein Science 24:1019-1030, 2015.
In some embodiments the antibodies can comprise modifications in the Fc domain such that the Fc domain exhibits, as compared to an unmodified Fc domain enhanced antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); increased binding to FcγRIIA or to FcγRIIIA; decreased binding to FcγRIIB; or increased binding to FcγRIIB. See e.g. US Pub 20140328836.
In certain embodiments the invention provides a multivalent and multispecific antibody. A multivalent antibody has at least two antigen-binding sites, i.e., at least two heavy/light chain pairs, or fragments thereof. When the heavy/light pairs of a multivalent antibody bind to different epitopes, whether on the same antigen or on different antigens, the antibody is considered to be multispecific. Antibody fragments may impart monovalent or multivalent interactions and be contained in a variety of structures as described above. For instance, monovalent scFv molecules may be synthesized to create a bivalent diabody, a trivalent “triabody” or a tetravalent “tetrabody.” The scFv molecules may include a domain of the Fc region resulting in bivalent minibodies. In addition, the sequences of the invention may be a component of multispecific molecules in which the sequences of the invention target the epitopes of the invention and other regions of the molecule bind to other targets. Exemplary molecules include, but are not limited to, bispecific Fab2, trispecific Fab3, bispecific scFv, and diabodies (Holliger and Hudson, 2005, Nature Biotechnology 9:1126-1136).
In some embodiments, multivalent but not multispecific antibodies are provided, where the multispecific antibody comprises multiple identical Vh/Vl pairs, or the CDRs from the Vh and a Vl pairs. This type of multispecific antibody will serve to improve the avidity of an antibody. For example, a tetramer can comprise four identical scFvs where the scFv is based on the Vh/Vl pair from an antibody of Table 1.
In some embodiments, multivalent but not multispecific antibodies comprise multiple Vh/Vl pairs (or the CDRs from the pairs) where each pair binds to an overlapping epitope. Determining overlapping epitopes can be conducted, for example, by structural analysis of the antibodies and competitive binding assays as known in the art.
In some embodiments, multispecific antibodies comprise multiple Vh/Vl pairs (or the CDRs from the pairs) where each pair binds to a distinct epitope (not overlapping) on the HLA-E-VL9 complex.
In some embodiments, multispecific antibodies or fragments of the invention comprise at least a Vh and a Vl pair from Table 1, or the CDRs from the Vh and a Vl pair, in order to provide the multispecific antibody with binding specificity to the HLA-E-VL9 peptide complex. As described below, the multispecific antibody can have one or more additional binding specificities by further comprising antibody binding site fragments from antibodies that bind to different antigens. For example, a multispecific antibody can comprise a Vh/Vl pair that targets the HLA-E-VL9 peptide complex from Table 1 and one or more Vh/Vl pairs that target and block different inhibitory receptors. Other inhibitory receptors include, but are not limited to, NKG2A, CD94, NKG2A/CD94 heterodimer, LAG-3. TIM-3, TIGIT, BTLA, PD-1, and CTLA-4. In other embodiments, a multispecific antibody can comprise a Vh/V1 pair that targets the HLA-E-VL9 peptide complex from Table 1 and one or more Vh/Vl pairs that specifically bind and operate as agonists upon stimulatory receptors for effector cell function. Non-limiting examples of stimulatory receptors for effector cell function include NKG2C, NKG2D, 4-1BB (CD137), OX40 (CD134). TNFRSF7 (CD27), ICOS (CD278). TNFRSF8 (CD30), LFA-2 (CD2), DNAM-1 (CD226), CD3, CD16. CD32, and CD64.
In certain embodiments the invention provides a bispecific antibody. A bispecific or bifunctional/dual targeting antibody is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different heavy/light chain pairs and two different binding sites (see, e.g., Romain Rouet & Daniel Christ “Bispecific antibodies with native chain structure” Nature Biotechnology 32, 136-137 (2014); Garber “Bispecific antibodies rise again” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 13, 799-801 (2014),
Non-limiting examples of multispecific antibodies also include: (1) a dual-variable-domain antibody (DVD-Ig), where each light chain and heavy chain contains two variable domains in tandem through a short peptide linkage (Wu et al., Generation and Characterization of a Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig™) Molecule, In: Antibody Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2010)); (2) a Tandab, which is a fusion of two single chain diabodies resulting in a tetravalent bispecific antibody that has two binding sites for each of the target antigens; (3) a flexibody, which is a combination of scFvs with a diabody resulting in a multivalent molecule; (4) a so called “dock and lock” molecule, based on the “dimerization and docking domain” in Protein Kinase A, which, when applied to Fabs, can yield a trivalent bispecific binding protein consisting of two identical Fab fragments linked to a different Fab fragment; (5) a so-called Scorpion molecule, comprising. e.g., two scFvs fused to both termini of a human Fc-region. Examples of platforms useful for preparing bispecific antibodies include but are not limited to BITE (Micromet), DART (MacroGenics) (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,795,667; US Publications 20090060910:20100174053). Fcab and Mab2 (F-star), Fc-engineered IgG1 (Xencor) or DuoBody (based on Fab arm exchange, Genmab).
In certain embodiments, the multispecific antibodies can include a Fc region. For example. Fc bearing DARTs are heavier, and could bind neonatal Fc receptor, increasing their circulating half-life. See Garber “Bispecific antibodies rise again” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 13, 799-801 (2014),
In certain embodiments, the invention encompasses multispecific molecules comprising an Fc domain or portion thereof (e.g. a CH2 domain, or CH3 domain). The Fc domain or portion thereof may be derived from any immunoglobulin isotype or allotype including, but not limited to, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE and IgM. In some embodiments, the Fc domain (or portion thereof) is derived from IgG. In some embodiments, the IgG isotype is IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 or an allotype thereof.
In some embodiments, the multispecific molecule comprises an Fc domain, which Fc domain comprises a CH2 domain and CH3 domain independently selected from any immunoglobulin isotype (i.e. an Fc domain comprising the CH2 domain derived from IgG and the CH3 domain derived from IgE, or the CH2 domain derived from IgG1 and the CH3 domain derived from IgG2, etc.). In some embodiments, the Fc domain may be engineered into a polypeptide chain comprising the multispecific molecule of the invention in any position relative to other domains or portions of the polypeptide chain (e.g., the Fc domain, or portion thereof, may be e-terminal to both the Vl and Vh domains of the polypeptide of the chain; may be n-terminal to both the Vl and Vh domains; or may be N-terminal to one domain and c-terminal to another (i.e., between two domains of the polypeptide chain)).
The present invention also encompasses molecules comprising a hinge domain. The hinge domain be derived from any immunoglobulin isotype or allotype including IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE and IgM. In preferred embodiments, the hinge domain is derived from IgG, wherein the IgG isotype is IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4, or an allotype thereof. The hinge domain may be engineered into a polypeptide chain comprising the multispecific molecule together with an Fc domain such that the multispecific molecule comprises a hinge-Fc domain. In certain embodiments, the hinge and Fc domain are independently selected from any immunoglobulin isotype known in the art or exemplified herein. In other embodiments the hinge and Fc domain are separated by at least one other domain of the polypeptide chain, e.g., the Vl domain. The hinge domain, or optionally the hinge-Fc domain, may be engineered into a polypeptide of the invention in any position relative to other domains or portions of the polypeptide chain. In certain embodiments, a polypeptide chain of the invention comprises a hinge domain, which hinge domain is at the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain, wherein the polypeptide chain does not comprise an Fc domain. In yet other embodiments, a polypeptide chain of the invention comprises a hinge-Fc domain, which hinge-Fc domain is at the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain. In further embodiments, a polypeptide chain of the invention comprises a hinge-Fc domain, which hinge-Fc domain is at the N-terminus of the polypeptide chain.
In some embodiments, the invention encompasses multimers of polypeptide chains, each of which polypeptide chains comprise a Vh and a Vl domain, comprising CDRs as described herein. In certain embodiments, the Vl and Vh domains comprising each polypeptide chain have the same specificity, and the multimer molecule is bivalent and monospecific. In other embodiments, the Vl and Vh domains comprising each polypeptide chain have differing specificity and the multimer is bivalent and bispecific. In some embodiments, the polypeptide chains in multimers further comprise an Fc domain. Dimerization of the Fc domains leads to formation of a diabody molecule that exhibits immunoglobulin-like functionality, i.e., Fc mediated function (e.g., Fc-FcγR interaction, complement binding, etc.).
One non-limiting approach to multimerize antibodies or fragments uses staphylococcus Sortase A transpeptidase ligation to conjugate antibodies or fragments, for e.g. but not limited to a nanoparticle. To conjugate antibody or fragment thereof to a nanoparticle via a sortase reaction, a C-terminal LPXTG (G) tag or a N-terminal pentaglycine repeat tag is added to the gene encoding antibody or fragment thereof, where X signifies any amino acid, such as Ala, Ser, Glu. A nanoparticle carrying the complementary tag is provided. Sortase A is then used to covalently bond the tagged antibody or fragment thereof to a nanoparticle.
The sortase A-tagged antibody or fragment thereof can also be conjugated to other peptides, proteins, or fluorescent labels. In non-limiting embodiments, the sortase A tagged antibody or fragment thereof are conjugated to ferritin to form nanoparticles. In non-limiting embodiments, ferritin is H. pylori ferritin. Any suitable ferritin can be used. In non-limiting embodiments, ferritin sequences are disclosed in WO/2018/005558.
In some embodiments sequences herein include c-terminal sortase A donor sequences to allow for site specific conjugation to multimerizing scaffolds expressing the n-terminal sortase A acceptor sequence. The donor sequence is a LPXTGG where the third amino acid can vary. In one embodiment X is E. The acceptor sequence is composed of 5 or more glycines appended to the N-terminus.
Any suitable ferritin can be used in the nanoparticles of the invention. In non-limiting embodiments, the ferritin is derived from Helicobacter pylori. In non-limiting embodiments, the ferritin is insect ferritin. In non-limiting embodiments, each nanoparticle displays 24 copies of the spike protein on its surface.
Another non-limiting approach to multimerize antibodies or fragments uses mutations E345R. E430G, S440Y in the Fc region of human gamma immunoglobulin (Glm3 allotype) that allow formation of hexamers (see Diebolder, C A et al Science 343:1260-63 2014).
In yet other embodiments, diabody molecules of the invention encompass tetramers of polypeptide chains, each of which polypeptide chain comprises a Vh and Vl domain. In certain embodiments, two polypeptide chains of the tetramer further comprise an Fc domain. The tetramer is therefore comprised of two ‘heavier’ polypeptide chains, each comprising a Vl, Vh and Fc domain, and two ‘lighter’ polypeptide chains, comprising a Vl and Vh domain. Interaction of a heavier and lighter chain into a bivalent monomer coupled with dimerization of the monomers via the Fc domains of the heavier chains will lead to formation of a tetravalent immunoglobulin-like molecule. In certain aspects the monomers are the same, and the tetravalent diabody molecule is monospecific or bispecific. In other aspects the monomers are different, and the tetravalent molecule is bispecific or tetraspecific.
Formation of a tetraspecific diabody molecule as described supra requires the interaction of four differing polypeptide chains. Such interactions are difficult to achieve with efficiency within a single cell recombinant production system, due to the many variants of potential chain mispairings. One solution to increase the probability of mispairings, is to engineer “knobs-into-holes” type mutations into the desired polypeptide chain pairs. Such mutations favor heterodimerization over homodimerization. For example, with respect to Fc-Fc-interactions, an amino acid substitution (preferably a substitution with an amino acid comprising a bulky side group forming a ‘knob’, e.g., tryptophan) can be introduced into the CH2 or CH3 domain such that steric interference will prevent interaction with a similarly mutated domain and will obligate the mutated domain to pair with a domain into which a complementary, or accommodating mutation has been engineered, i.e., ‘the hole’ (e.g., a substitution with glycine). Such sets of mutations can be engineered into any pair of polypeptides comprising the diabody molecule, and further, engineered into any portion of the polypeptides' chains of the pair. Methods of protein engineering to favor heterodimerization over homodimerization are well known in the art, in particular with respect to the engineering of immunoglobulin-like molecules, and are encompassed herein (see e.g., Ridgway et al. (1996) “‘Knobs-Into-Holes’ Engineering Of Antibody CH3 Domains For Heavy Chain Heterodimerization,” Protein Engr. 9:617-621, Atwell et al. (1997) “Stable Heterodimers From Remodeling The Domain Interface Of A Homodimer Using A Phage Display Library,” J. Mol. Biol. 270:26-35, and Xie et al. (2005) “A New Format Of Bispecific Antibody: Highly Efficient Heterodimerization, Expression And Tumor Cell Lysis,” J. Immunol. Methods 296:95-101; each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
The invention also encompasses diabody molecules comprising variant Fc or variant hinge-Fc domains (or portion thereof), which variant Fc domain comprises at least one amino acid modification (e.g. substitution, insertion deletion) relative to a comparable wild-type Fc domain or hinge-Fc domain (or portion thereof). Molecules comprising variant Fc domains or hinge-Fc domains (or portion thereof) (e.g., antibodies) normally have altered phenotypes relative to molecules comprising wild-type Fc domains or hinge-Fc domains or portions thereof. The variant phenotype may be expressed as altered serum half-life, altered stability, altered susceptibility to cellular enzymes or altered effector function as assayed in an NK dependent or macrophage dependent assay. Fc domain variants identified as altering effector function are known in the art. For example International Application WO04/063351. U.S. Patent Application Publications 2005/0037000 and 2005/0064514.
The bispecific diabodies of the invention can simultaneously bind two separate and distinct epitopes. In certain embodiments the two separate epitopes are on different cells, e.g., HLA-E-VL9 epitope on one cell and a stimulatory receptor epitope on another cell. In certain embodiments, the two separate epitopes are on two different inhibitory receptors on the same cell. In certain embodiments the epitopes are from the same antigen. In other embodiments, the epitopes are from different antigens. In some embodiments, at least one epitope binding site is specific for a determinant expressed on an immune effector cell (e.g. CD3, CD16, CD32, CD64, etc.) which are expressed on T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells or other mononuclear cells. In one embodiment, the diabody molecule binds to the effector cell determinant and also activates the effector cell. In this regard, diabody molecules of the invention may exhibit Ig-like functionality independent of whether they further comprise an Fc domain (e.g., as assayed in any effector function assay known in the art or exemplified herein (e.g., ADCC assay).
In certain embodiments the bispecific antibodies engage cells for Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC). In certain embodiments the bispecific antibodies engage natural killer cells, neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes and macrophages. In certain embodiments the bispecific antibodies are T-cell engagers. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises an HLA-E-VL9 binding fragment and a CD3 binding fragment. Various CD3 antibodies are known in the art. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 8,784,821. The CD3 antibodies may be activating or non-activating to recruit CD8 T cells as effector cells (See for e.g. Sung et al. J Clin Invest. 2015; 125 (11): 4077-4090, https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI82314). In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises a HLA-E-VL9 binding fragment and CD16 binding fragment.
In certain embodiments the invention provides antibodies with dual targeting specificity. In certain aspects the invention provides bi-specific molecules that are capable of localizing an immune effector cell to an HLA-E over-expressing cell, such as a tumor cell or a virally infected cell, so as facilitate the killing of this cell. In this regard, bispecific antibodies bind with one “arm” to a surface antigen on target cells, and with the second “arm” to an activating, invariant component of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex or to an activating, invariant component of a different stimulatory receptor such as NKG2C on NK cells or other immune effector cells. The simultaneous binding of such an antibody to both of its targets will force a temporary interaction between target cell and effector cell, causing, for example, activation of any cytotoxic T cell or NK cell and subsequent lysis of the target cell Hence, the immune response is re-directed to the target cells and may be independent of classical MHC class I peptide antigen presentation by the target cell or the specificity of the T cell as would be relevant for normal MHC-restricted activation of CTLs. In this context it is crucial that CTLs are only activated when a target cell is presenting the bispecific antibody to them, i.e. the immunological synapse is mimicked. Particularly desirable are bispecific antibodies that do not require lymphocyte preconditioning or co-stimulation in order to elicit efficient lysis of target cells.
Several bispecific antibody formats have been developed and their suitability for T cell mediated immunotherapy investigated. Out of these, the so-called BiTE (bispecific T cell engager) molecules have been very well characterized and already shown some promise in the clinic (reviewed in Nagorsen and Bauerle, Exp Cell Res 317, 1255-1260 (2011)). BiTEs are tandem scFv molecules wherein two scFy molecules are fused by a flexible linker. Further bispecific formats being evaluated for T cell engagement include diabodies (Holliger et al., Prot Eng 9, 299-305 (1996)) and derivatives thereof, such as tandem diabodies (Kiprivanov et al., J Mol Biol 293, 41-66 (1999)). DART (dual affinity retargeting) molecules are based on the diabody format that separates cognate variable domains of heavy and light chains of the two antigen binding specificities on two separate polypeptide chains but feature a C-terminal disulfide bridge for additional stabilization (Moore et al., Blood 117, 4542-51 (2011)). The invention also contemplates Fc-bearing DARTs. The so-called triomabs, which are whole hybrid mouse/rat IgG molecules and also currently being evaluated in clinical trials, represent a larger sized format (reviewed in Seimetz et al., Cancer Treat Rev 36, 458-467 (2010)).
The invention also contemplates bispecific molecules with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. In some embodiments, such molecules are expected to have increased serum half-life. In some embodiments, these are Fc-bearing DARTs (see supra).
In certain embodiments, such bispecific molecules comprise one portion which targets HLA-E-VL9 and a second portion which binds a second target. In certain embodiments, the first portion comprises Vh and Vl sequences, or CDRs from the antibodies described herein. In certain embodiments, the second target could be, for example but not limited to an effector cell. In certain embodiments the second portion is a T-cell engager. In certain embodiments, the second portion comprises a sequence/paratope which targets CD3, CD16, or another suitable target. In certain embodiments, the second portion is an antigen-binding region derived from a CD3 antibody, optionally a known CD3 antibody. In certain embodiments, the anti-CD antibody induce T cell-mediated or NK-mediated killing. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are whole antibodies. In other embodiments, the dual targeting antibodies consist essentially of Fab fragments. In other embodiments, the dual targeting antibodies comprise a heavy chain constant region. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody does not comprise Fe region. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibodies have improved effector function. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibodies have improved cell killing activity. Various methods and platforms for design of bispecific antibodies are known in the art. See for example US Pub. 20140206846, US Pub. 20140170149. US Pub. 20090060910. US Pub 20130295121, US Pub. 20140099318. US Pub. 20140088295 which contents are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The invention also provides trispecific antibodies comprising binding specificities of the invention antibodies. Non-limiting embodiments of trispecific format is described in Xu et al. Science 6 Oct. 2017. Vol. 358, Issue 6359, pp. 85-90.
The invention also provides CAR-T cell designs which comprise antigen binding portions or fragments incorporating portions of Vh and Vl sequences as described herein.
Recombinant antibodies include chimeric and humanized forms of non-human Vh and Vl sequences, or portions thereof. For example, chimeric and humanized antibodies can be based on the murine antibodies listed in Table 1. For some of these antibodies, the CDR regions based on the IMGT convention are underlined. In particular, antibody variable regions of the Fab is a major focus of engineering because of its role in antigen or target binding. The antigen combining site is formed by the combination of the six CDR or hypervariable regions, three from the heavy chain and three from the light chain.
Chimeric antibodies are well-known in the art and have a design where the non-human Vh and Vl variable domain sequences are spliced together with human heavy chain and light chain constant domain sequences. Generally, humanized antibodies are created by combining at the genetic level (engineering, grafting), the CDR regions of a non-human antibody (usually murine) with the framework sequences of a human antibody variable domain.
As discussed below, many of the humanization techniques involve engineering one or more of the six non-human antibody CDRs onto different templates or frameworks. In some embodiments of the invention, all six CDRs are grafted, in others just CDRH3 and CDRL3. Depending on the humanization technique, it often involves retaining those non-human framework residues that influence antigen-binding activity.
In some embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises Vl domain framework regions that are derived from a human antibody having a Vl domain amino acid sequence that is most similar or identical to the Vl domain amino acid sequence of the murine antibody, and wherein the Vh domain framework regions are derived from a human antibody having a Vh domain amino acid sequence that is most similar or identical to the Vh domain amino acid sequence of the murine antibody.
In some embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises Vh domain framework regions are derived from a human antibody having a Vh domain that has the most similar three-dimensional structure to the Vh domain of the murine antibody, and wherein the Vl domain framework regions are derived from a human antibody having a Vl domain that has the most similar three-dimensional structure to the Vl domain of the murine antibody.
In some embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises Vh domain framework regions derived from IGHV3-21, IGHV3-11. IGHV3-23, IGHV1-69, or IGHV3-48.
In some embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises Vl domain framework regions are derived from IGKV3-15, IGKV3-20, IGKV1-39. IGKV3-11, or IGKV1-5.
There are several humanization approaches known in the art. CDR grafting is the traditional approach, where non-human CDRs are engineered onto human framework regions, while retaining only those murine framework residues deemed important for the integrity of the antigen-binding site. (Jones et al., Nature. 1986, 321:522-25.) There are several strategies for selecting the human framework. In the “fixed frameworks” strategy, the human framework is fixed regardless of the parental antibody or its sequence similarity. Usually the human myeloma antibodies REI for the light chain and NEW for the heavy chain are used. In the “best fit” or “homology matching” approach, human frameworks are selected based on shared sequence similarities to the parental antibody's variable regions. In the “consensus” approach, human frameworks are based on the consensus sequence of subgroups in the Kabat database. The consensus sequence of each Kabat subgroup is composed of the most frequent amino acid at each framework position. Consensus sequences for the Vh and Vl most similar to the non-human sequences are chosen for CDR grafting. In the “germline” approach, human immunoglobulin germline genes most similar to the non-human Vl and Vh sequences are selected. The complete human immunoglobulin germline gene loci and alleles are available in the Immunogenetics Database (IMGT). Regardless of the approach for selecting human frameworks, “backmutations” are often conducted, which involves changing one or more residues of the human framework back to non-human residues. Considerations for backmutations include whether framework residues can directly interact with antigen, affect packing and orientation of the □-sheets of the variable domain that might affect the topography of the antigen binding site. All CDRs except HCDR3 have a limited repertoire of structural conformations and therefore are categorized into canonical classes. (Chothia & Lesk, J. Mol. Biol., 1987, 196:901-17.) A few critical residues in each class have been identified as being conserved in order to retain CDR conformation. Once the canonical class is identified for each non-human CDR, then backmutation of the critical/conserved residues in the human frameworks to their non-human counterpart is conducted as they usually are important for maintaining proper CDR conformation. (See also, SAbPred and PylgClassify for CDR structure prediction and classification; see proABC and Paratome for paratope identification that includes CDR residues and FR residues.) Backmutations are tested for their effect on antigen binding.
Specificity-determining residue (SDR) grafting is similar to CDR grafting, but involves grafting a subset of residues in the CDRs that are more variable and are directly involved in the interaction with antigen as compared to more conserved residues in CDRs that maintain the conformations of CDR loops. An SDR-grafted humanized antibody is constructed by grafting the SDRs and the residues maintaining the conformations of the CDRs onto a human template/scaffold/framework. The choice of a human template can be based on selecting human antibody framework sequence(s) that exhibit the closest Vh/Vl angles compared to those in the parental non-human antibody for a correct positioning of the CDRs in the humanized construct. (See Abangle or PAPS software for angle analysis.) The SDRs are identified from the 3D structure of the antigen-antibody complex, computational analysis of three-dimensional structures of antibody:antigen complexes in databases, and/or by mutational analysis of the antibody-combining site. (De Pascalis et al., J. Immunol., 2002, 169:3076-84.) SDRs are mainly in CDRH1, in the N-terminal and middle regions of CDRH2. CDRH3 but not in the terminal region, C-terminal region of CDRL1, the first and sometimes middle parts of CDRL2, and in the middle region of CDRL3. (Padlan et al., FASEB. J., 1995, 9:133-9.)
Reshaping or veneering involves replacing only the surface residues of the non-human variable regions with human residues while maintaining the non-human core and CDRs. (Pedersen et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1994, 235:959-73; Padlan, Mol. Immunol., 1991, 28:489-98.) Surface residues can be identified according to a defined set of positions in the heavy and light chain variable regions that are thought to describe the exposed framework surface of the Fv regions, and those residues that are non-human are subsequently backmutated. (Id.; see also Staclens et al., Mol. Immunol., 2006, 43:1243-57.)
Superhumanization is also a CDR-grafting approach, but it focuses on structural homologies between the non-human CDRs and human CDRs. Superhumanization involves selecting variable region framework sequences from human antibody genes by comparing canonical CDR structure types for CDR sequences of the variable region of a non-human antibody to canonical CDR structure types for corresponding CDRs from a library of human antibody sequences, preferably germline antibody gene segments. Human antibody variable regions having similar canonical CDR structure types to the non-human CDRs form a subset of member human antibody sequences from which to select human framework sequences. Human germline V genes are identified that have the same canonical structure class as the non-human antibody to be humanized, and those human gene segments are selected whose CDRs have the best residue-to-residue homology to the non-human antibody. In the selected sequences, non-homologous CDR residues in the human gene segments are converted to the non-human antibody sequence. (Tan et al., J. Immunol., 2002, 169:1119-1125; U.S. Pat. No. 7,732,578.)
Human string content (HSC) optimization quantifies humanness of a non-human antibody by counting 9-mer stretches in the non-human Fv region that perfectly matches corresponding stretches in human germline sequences. (Lazar et al., Mol. Immunol., 2007, 44:1986-98.) This approach utilizes the homology present in human germline sequences to make non-human to human substitutions that increase the human sequence content of the non-human Fv region. The humanness of the resulting Fv is derived from several discrete germline sequences, and positions that are not within or proximal to CDRs and the Vh/Vl interface are optimized in the process.
In “framework shuffling,” a non-human antibody is humanized by synthesizing a combinatorial library comprised of its six CDRs fused in frame to a pool of mixed and matched human germline frameworks. (Dall'Acqua et al., Methods, 2005, 36:43-60.) The human frameworks encompass all known heavy and light chain human germline genes. Libraries of the CDR-framework pools are cloned into phage expression vectors and screened for binding to the antigen. Framework shuffling does not require rational design from sequence analysis, structural information, or backmutations.
In “human framework adaptation (HFA),” human germline genes are selected based on sequence and structural considerations. (Fransson et al. 2010.) An expression library is first constructed by combining the binding site of the non-human antibody with human germline genes. The binding site includes CDRs (Kabat definition) and also hypervariable loops (Chothia definition). The size of the library is intentionally limited from sequence and structural considerations. Further, human genes for frameworks are not shuffled. Rather, only frameworks coming from the same human heavy or light chain genes are used.
Antibodies, preferably monoclonal antibodies, according to the invention can be made by any method known in the art.
In certain embodiments, plasma cells are cultured in limited numbers, or as single plasma cells in microwell culture plates. Antibodies can be isolated from the plasma cell cultures. Vh and Vl can be isolated from single cell sorted plasma cells. From the plasma cell, RNA can be extracted, and PCR can be performed using methods known in the art. The Vh and Vl regions of the antibodies can be amplified by RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase PCR), sequenced and cloned into intermediate vectors for further engineering or into an expression vector that is then transfected into HEK293T cells or other host cells as described below or known in the art. The cloning of nucleic acid in intermediate vectors, expression vectors, the transfection of host cells, the culture of the transfected host cells and the isolation of the produced antibody can be done using any methods known to one of skill in the art. Antibody isolation and purification techniques are known in the art, which can include filtration, centrifugation and various chromatographic methods such as HPLC or affinity chromatography. Techniques for purification of antibodies, e.g., monoclonal antibodies, including techniques for producing pharmaceutical-grade antibodies (and at a sufficiently high concentration or titer for therapeutic use), are well known in the art.
In some embodiments, the antibodies or fragments of the invention have an IgM Fc region or constant domains thereof. It is established that IgM can assume both pentameric and hexameric configurations, depending on the substitution of the J-chain with an additional Fab(2) monomer, which increases the number of Fabs on a single IgM from 10 to 12 (Hiramoto et al Sci. Adv. 2018; 4: eaau 1199; Moh E S et al J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2016 July; 27 (7): 1143-55). Methods for the recombinant production of polymeric IgM (both with and without J chain) have been described (Chromikova et al, Cytotechnology, 2015, 67:343-356; Gilmour et al. Transfusion Medicine, 2008, 18:167-174; Hennicke et al., PLOS ONE, 2020, 15 (3) e0229992). Stable or transient IgM producing cells lines can be generated as described in Chromikova et al., 2015 and Hennieke et al., 2020, where two different pIRES expression vectors are used, one to express the heavy chain and the other to express the light chain and the J-chain sequence, IgM antibodies can be purified according to standard methods in the art, including IgM specific resins for use in affinity chromatography (e.g., POROS Capture Select IgM Affinity Matrix by ThermoFisherScientific.) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to confirm pentameric and hexameric forms of IgM.
In addition, besides expression constructs that encode antibody fragments or elements, protein fragments of antibodies can be obtained by methods that include digestion with enzymes, such as pepsin or papain, and/or by cleavage of disulfide bonds by chemical reduction.
Any suitable host cell/vector system may be used for expression of the DNA sequences encoding the antibody molecules of the present invention or fragments thereof. Bacterial, for example E. coli, and other microbial systems may be used, in part, for expression of antibody fragments such as Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments, and especially Fv fragments and single chain antibody fragments, for example, single chain Fvs. Eukaryotic. e.g., mammalian, host cell expression systems may be used for production of larger antibody molecules, including complete antibody molecules. Suitable mammalian host cells include, but are not limited to, CHO. HEK293T, PER.C6, NS0, myeloma or hybridoma cells. Mammalian cell lines suitable for expression of therapeutic antibodies are well known in the art.
The antibody molecule may comprise only a heavy or light chain polypeptide, in which case only a heavy chain or light chain polypeptide coding sequence needs to be used to transfect the host cells. For production of products comprising both heavy and light chains, the cell line may be transfected with two vectors, a first vector encoding a light chain polypeptide and a second vector encoding a heavy chain polypeptide. Alternatively, a single vector may be used, the vector including sequences encoding light chain and heavy chain polypeptides. Alternatively, antibodies according to the invention may be produced by (i) expressing a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention in a host cell, e.g. by use of a vector according to the present invention, and (ii) isolating the expressed antibody product. Additionally, the method may include (iii) purifying the isolated antibody. Transformed B cells and cultured plasma cells may be screened for those producing antibodies of the desired specificity or function.
The screening step may be carried out by any immunoassay. e.g., ELISA, by staining of tissues or cells (including transfected cells), by neutralization assay or by one of a number of other methods known in the art for identifying desired specificity or function. The assay may select on the basis of simple recognition of one or more antigens, or may select on the additional basis of a desired function e.g., to select neutralizing antibodies rather than just antigen-binding antibodies, to select antibodies that can change characteristics of targeted cells, such as their signaling cascades, their shape, their growth rate, their capability of influencing other cells, their response to the influence by other cells or by other reagents or by a change in conditions, their differentiation status, etc.
Individual transformed B cell clones may then be produced from the positive transformed B cell culture. The cloning step for separating individual clones from the mixture of positive cells may be carried out using limiting dilution, micromanipulation, single cell deposition by cell sorting or another method known in the art.
Nucleic acid from the cultured plasma cells can be isolated, cloned and expressed in HEK293T cells or other known host cells using methods known in the art.
B cell clones or transfected host-cells of the invention can be used in various ways e.g., as a source of monoclonal antibodies, as a source of nucleic acid (DNA or mRNA) encoding a monoclonal antibody of interest, for research, etc.
Expression from recombinant sources is common for pharmaceutical purposes than expression from B cells or hybridomas e.g., for reasons of stability, reproducibility, culture case, etc.
Thus the invention also provides a method for preparing a recombinant cell, comprising the steps of: (i) obtaining one or more nucleic acids (e.g., heavy and/or light chain mRNAs) from the B cell clone or the cultured plasma cells that encodes the antibody of interest; (ii) inserting the nucleic acid into an expression vector and (iii) transfecting the vector into a host cell in order to permit expression of the antibody of interest in that host cell.
Similarly, the invention provides a method for preparing a recombinant cell, comprising the steps of: (i) sequencing nucleic acid(s) from the B cell clone or the cultured plasma cells that encodes the antibody of interest; and (ii) using the sequence information from step (i) to prepare nucleic acid(s) for insertion into a host cell in order to permit expression of the antibody of interest in that host cell. The nucleic acid may, but need not, be manipulated between steps (i) and (ii) to introduce restriction sites, to change codon usage, and/or to optimize transcription and/or translation regulatory sequences.
Furthermore, the invention also provides a method of preparing a transfected host cell, comprising the step of transfecting a host cell with one or more nucleic acids that encode an antibody of interest, wherein the nucleic acids are nucleic acids that were derived from a cell sorted B cell or a cultured plasma cell of the invention.
These recombinant cells of the invention can then be used for expression and culture purposes. They are particularly useful for expression of antibodies for large-scale pharmaceutical production. They can also be used as the active ingredient of a pharmaceutical composition. Any suitable culture technique can be used, including but not limited to static culture, roller bottle culture, ascites fluid, hollow-fiber type bioreactor cartridge, modular minifermenter, stirred tank, microcarrier culture, ceramic core perfusion, etc.
Any suitable host cells could be used for transfection and production of the antibodies of the invention. The transfected host cell may be a eukaryotic cell, including yeast and animal cells, particularly mammalian cells (e.g., CHO cells, NS0 cells, human cells such as PER.C6 or HKB-11 cells, myeloma cells, or a human liver cell), as well as plant cells. In certain embodiments, expression hosts can glycosylate the antibody of the invention, particularly with carbohydrate structures that are not themselves immunogenic in humans. In one embodiment, the transfected host cell may be able to grow in serum-free media. In a further embodiment, the transfected host cell may be able to grow in culture without the presence of animal-derived products. The transfected host cell may also be cultured to give a cell line.
In general, protein therapeutics are produced from mammalian cells. The most widely used host mammalian cells are Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and mouse myeloma cells, including NS0 and Sp2/0 cells. Two derivatives of the CHO cell line, CHO-K1 and CHO pro-3, gave rise to the two most commonly used cell lines in large scale production, DUKX-X11 and DG44. (Kim, J., et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2012, 93:917-30.) Other mammalian cell lines for recombinant antibody expression include, but are not limited to, COS, HeLa, HEK293T, U2OS, AS49, HT1080, CAD, P19, NIH 3T3, L929, N2a. HEK 293. MCF-7, Y79, SO-Rb50, HepG2. J558L, and BHK. If the aim is large-scale production, the most currently used cells for this application are CHO cells. Guidelines to cell engineering for mAbs production were also reported. (Costa et al., Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 2010, 74:127-38.) Using heterologous promoters, enhancers and amplifiable genetic markers, the yields of antibody and antibody fragments can be increased. Thus, in certain embodiments, the invention provides an antibody, or antibody fragment, that is recombinantly produced from a mammalian cell-line, including a CHO cell-line. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising an antibody, or antibody fragment, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment was recombinantly produced in a mammalian cell-line, and wherein the antibody or antibody fragment is present in the composition at a concentration of at least 1, 10, 100, 1000 micrograms/mL, or at a concentration of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, or 100 milligrams/mL.
Furthermore, large-scale production of therapeutic-grade antibodies are much different than those for laboratory scale. There are extreme purity requirements for therapeutic-grade. Large-scale production of therapeutic-grade antibodies requires multiples steps, including product recovery for cell-culture harvest (removal of cells and cell debris), one or more chromatography steps for antibody purification, and formulation (often by tangential filtration). Because mammalian cell culture and purification steps can introduce antibody variants that are unique to the recombinant production process (i.e., antibody aggregates, N- and C-terminal variants, acidic variants, basic variants, different glycosylation profiles), there are recognized approaches in the art for analyzing and controlling these variants. (See. Fahmer, et al., Industrial purification of pharmaceutical antibodies: Development, operation, and validation of chromatography processes, Biotech. Gen. Eng. Rev., 2001, 18:301-327.) In certain embodiments of the invention, the antibody composition comprises less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 50, or 100 nanograms of host cell protein (i.e., proteins from the cell-line used to recombinantly produce the antibody)). In other embodiments, the antibody composition comprises less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or 25 ng of protein A per milligram of antibody or antibody fragment (i.e., protein A is a standard approach for purifying antibodies from recombinant cell culture, but steps should be done to limit the amount of protein A in the composition, as it may be immunogenic). (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,458,704, Reduced protein A leaching during protein A affinity chromatography; which is hereby incorporated-by-reference.)
In certain aspects the invention provides nucleic acids encoding the inventive antibodies. In non-limiting embodiments, the nucleic acids are mRNA, modified or unmodified, suitable for use any use, e.g. but not limited to use as pharmaceutical compositions. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acids are formulated in lipid, such as but not limited to LNPs.
Method for Making Recombinant HLA-E-VL9 Specific Antibodies from Circulating Single B-Cells
In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method for making recombinant HLA-E-VL9 specific antibodies by screening for very rare antibodies from a circulating B-cell antibody repertoire. The method has a sensitivity level where it can identify and isolate B-cells expressing HLA-E-VL9 specific antibodies that are present at a very low percentage as compared to the overall circulating B-cell population, i.e., 1 in 1 million, 1 in 2 million, 1 in 3 million, 1 in 4 million, 1 in 5 million, 1 in 10 million cells, or 1 in 100 million cells or more.
In certain embodiments, the method comprises the following steps: (1) Fold a VL9 peptide (or other test peptide) with HLA-E to make a stable complex; (2) Assemble the folded HLA-E-peptide as a tetramer; (3) Use the tetramer to stain B cells from peripheral blood of a human donor or an animal (the donor or animal may be pre-immunized or challenged; for example, mice can be immunized with HLA-E-peptide, or for example, if one is preparing an antibody to an HLA-E-pathogen peptide complex, then one can screen human donors infected or immunized with the pathogen or animals immunized with the HLA-E-pathogen peptide complex); (3) Sort tetramer binding B cells as single cells and clone DNA or mRNA for antibody heavy and light chains; (4) Express full length DNA for heavy and light chains in suitable cells (e.g., HEK293T) so that antibody is expressed and secreted (or express fragments or other derivative forms that can be secreted); (5) Determine specificity of antibody binding to HLA-E-peptide protein complexes expressed on cells transfected with DNA encoding single chain trimers of peptide-β2microblobulin-HLA-E (such as by flow cytometry) or to such complexes immobilized on a substrate (such as by ELISA by SPR (and with such assays, alternatively, the antibodies can be immobilized on the substrate and soluble trimers added); and (6) purify antibodies with requisite binding specificity.
In this method, standard approaches can be used for staining and sorting for B-cells that express antibodies specific to an HLA-E-peptide complex. For example, using fluorescent activated cells sorting (FACS; flow cytometry), numerous commercial reagents are available to stain cells with antibodies conjugated to different fluorescent colors, including different combinations of reagents to identify and sort B-cells and B-cell sub-populations such as naïve and memory B-cells. For identifying and sorting B-cells that bind to HLA-E-peptide tetramers, the tetramers are conjugated to fluorescent dyes according to standard methods in the art. A non-limiting example is provided in Example 1 herein, under Materials & Methods, Antigen-Specific Single B-cell Sorting.
The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of: (i) the antibody, or the antibody fragment thereof, according to the present invention; (ii) the nucleic acid encoding the antibody, or antibody fragments according to the present invention; (iii) the vector comprising the nucleic acid according to the present invention; and/or (iv) the cell expressing the antibody according to the present invention or comprising the vector according to the present invention.
In certain aspects, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody, or the antigen binding fragment thereof, according to the present invention, the nucleic acid according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention and/or the cell according to the present invention.
The pharmaceutical composition may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent and/or excipient. Although the carrier or excipient may facilitate administration, it should not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition. Nor should it be toxic. Suitable carriers may be large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polypeptides, liposomes, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers and inactive virus particles. In general, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers in a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be active components or inactive components. In certain embodiments the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is not an active component in respect to coronavirus infection.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be used, for example mineral acid salts, such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates and sulphates, or salts of organic acids, such as acetates, propionates, malonates and benzoates.
Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers in a pharmaceutical composition may additionally contain liquids such as water, saline, glycerol and ethanol. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents or pH buffering substances, may be present in such compositions. Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries and suspensions, for ingestion by the subject.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be prepared in various forms. For example, the compositions may be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions. Solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection can also be prepared (e.g., a lyophilized composition, similar to Synagis™ and Herceptin™, for reconstitution with sterile water containing a preservative). The composition may be prepared for topical administration e.g., as an ointment, cream or powder. The composition may be prepared for oral administration e.g., as a tablet or capsule, as a spray, or as a syrup (optionally flavored). The composition may be prepared for pulmonary administration e.g., as an inhaler, using a fine powder or a spray. The composition may be prepared as a suppository or pessary. The composition may be prepared for nasal, aural or ocular administration e.g., as drops. The composition may be in kit form, designed such that a combined composition is reconstituted just prior to administration to a subject. For example, a lyophilized antibody may be provided in kit form with sterile water or a sterile buffer.
A thorough discussion of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers is available in Gennaro (2000) Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th edition, ISBN: 0683306472.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention generally have a pH between 5.5 and 8.5, in some embodiments this may be between 6 and 8, and in other embodiments about 7. The pH may be maintained by the use of a buffer. The composition may be sterile and/or pyrogen free. The composition may be isotonic with respect to humans. In one embodiment pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are supplied in hermetically-scaled containers.
Within the scope of the invention are compositions present in several forms of administration: the forms include, but are not limited to, those forms suitable for parenteral administration, e.g., by injection or infusion, for example by bolus injection or continuous infusion Where the product is for injection or infusion, it may take the form of a suspension, solution or emulsion in an oily or aqueous vehicle and it may contain formulatory agents, such as suspending, preservative, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the antibody molecule may be in dry form, for reconstitution before use with an appropriate sterile liquid. A vehicle is typically understood to be a material that is suitable for storing, transporting, and/or administering a compound, such as a pharmaceutically active compound, in particular the antibodies according to the present invention. For example, the vehicle may be a physiologically acceptable liquid, which is suitable for storing, transporting, and/or administering a pharmaceutically active compound, in particular the antibodies according to the present invention. Once formulated, the compositions of the invention can be administered directly to the subject. In one embodiment the compositions are adapted for administration to mammalian, e.g., human subjects.
The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered by any number of routes including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal, transcutaneous, topical, subcutaneous, intranasal, enteral, sublingual, intravaginal or rectal routes. Hyposprays may also be used to administer the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be prepared for oral administration, e.g. as tablets, capsules and the like, for topical administration, or as injectable, e.g. as liquid solutions or suspensions. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an injectable. Solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection are also contemplated, e.g. that the pharmaceutical composition is in lyophilized form.
For injection, e.g. intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous injection, or injection at the site of affliction, the active ingredient could be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those of relevant skill in the art are well able to prepare suitable solutions using, for example, isotonic vehicles such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection. Lactated Ringer's Injection. Preservatives, stabilizers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be included, as required. Whether it is a polypeptide, peptide, or nucleic acid molecule, other pharmaceutically useful compound according to the present invention that is to be given to an individual, administration is in a “prophylactically effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount”, this being sufficient to show benefit to the individual. The actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated. For injection, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be provided for example in a pre-filled syringe.
The inventive pharmaceutical composition as defined above may also be administered orally in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient, i.e. the inventive transporter cargo conjugate molecule as defined above, is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
The inventive pharmaceutical composition may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, e.g. including diseases of the skin or of any other accessible epithelial tissue. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs. For topical applications, the inventive pharmaceutical composition may be formulated in a suitable ointment, containing the inventive pharmaceutical composition, particularly its components as defined above, suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxvethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the inventive pharmaceutical composition can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream. In the context of the present invention, suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
Suitable dose ranges can depend on the antibody (or fragment) and on the nature of the formulation and route of administration. For example, doses of antibodies in the range of 0.1-50 mg/kg, 1-50 mg/kg, 1-10 mg/kg, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 mg/kg of antibody can be used. If antibody fragments are administered, then less antibody can be used (e.g., from 5 mg/kg to 0.01 mg/kg). In other embodiments, the antibodies of the invention can be administered at a suitable fixed dose, regardless of body size or weight. See Bai et al. Clinical Pharmacokinetics February 2012, Volume 51, Issue 2, pp 119-135.
Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. In particular, the pharmaceutical composition may be provided as single-dose product. In certain embodiments, the amount of the antibody in the pharmaceutical composition—in particular if provided as single-dose product—does not exceed 200 mg. In certain embodiments, the amount does not exceed 100 mg, and in certain embodiments, the amount does not exceed 50 mg.
In non-limiting embodiments, the antibodies of the invention could be used for non-therapeutic uses, such as but not limited to diagnostic assays.
In some embodiments the antibodies are administered as nucleic acids, including but not limited to mRNAs which could be modified and/or unmodified. See US Pub 20180028645A1., US Pub 20090286852, US Pub 20130111615, US Pub 20130197068, US Pub 20130261172, US Pub 20150038558, US Pub 20160032316. US Pub 20170043037, US Pub 20170327842, U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,006,007, 9,371,511, 9,012,219, US Pub 20180265848. US Pub 20170327842, US Pub 20180344838A1 at least at paragraphs [0260]-[0281]. WO/2017/182524 for non-limiting embodiments of chemical modifications, wherein each content is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
mRNAs delivered in LNP formulations have advantages over non-LNPs formulations. See US Pub 20180028645A1, WO/2018/081638, WO/2016/176330, wherein each content is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments the nucleic acid encoding an envelope is operably linked to a promoter inserted an expression vector. In certain aspects the compositions comprise a suitable carrier. In certain aspects the compositions comprise a suitable adjuvant.
In certain aspects the invention provides an expression vector comprising any of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention, wherein the nucleic acid is operably linked to a promoter. In certain aspects the invention provides an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding any of the polypeptides of the invention, wherein the nucleic acid is operably linked to a promoter. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acids are codon optimized for expression in a mammalian cell, in vivo or in vitro. In certain aspects the invention provides nucleic acids comprising any one of the nucleic acid sequences of invention. In certain aspects the invention provides nucleic acids consisting essentially of any one of the nucleic acid sequences of invention. In certain aspects the invention provides nucleic acids consisting of any one of the nucleic acid sequences of invention. In certain embodiments the nucleic acid of the invention, is operably linked to a promoter and is inserted in an expression vector. In certain aspects the invention provides a composition comprising the expression vector.
In certain aspects the invention provides a composition comprising at least one of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention. In certain aspects the invention provides a composition comprising any one of the nucleic acid sequences of invention. In certain aspects the invention provides a composition comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding any one of the polypeptides of the invention.
In one embodiment, the nucleic acid is an RNA molecule. In one embodiment, the RNA molecule is transcribed from a DNA sequence described herein. In some embodiments, the RNA molecule is encoded by one of the inventive sequences. In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprises an RNA sequence transcribed by a DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide sequence of the sequences in in the instant application, or a variant thereof or a fragment thereof. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides an RNA molecule encoding one or more of inventive antibodies. The RNA may be plus-stranded. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the RNA molecule can be translated by cells without needing any intervening replication steps such as reverse transcription.
In some embodiments, a RNA molecule of the invention may have a 5′ cap (e.g. but not limited to a 7-methylguanosine, 7mG(5′)ppp(5′)NlmpNp). This cap can enhance in vivo translation of the RNA. The 5′ nucleotide of an RNA molecule useful with the invention may have a 5′ triphosphate group. In a capped RNA this may be linked to a 7-methylguanosine via a 5′-to-5′ bridge. A RNA molecule may have a 3′ poly-A tail. It may also include a poly-A polymerase recognition sequence (e.g. AAUAAA) near its 3′ end. In some embodiments, a RNA molecule useful with the invention may be single-stranded. In some embodiments, a RNA molecule useful with the invention may comprise synthetic RNA.
The recombinant nucleic acid sequence can be an optimized nucleic acid sequence. Such optimization can increase or alter the immunogenicity of the antibody. Optimization can also improve transcription and/or translation. Optimization can include one or more of the following: low GC content leader sequence to increase transcription; mRNA stability and codon optimization; addition of a kozak sequence (e.g., GCC ACC) for increased translation; addition of an immunoglobulin (Ig) leader sequence encoding a signal peptide; and eliminating to the extent possible cis-acting sequence motifs (i.e., internal TATA boxes).
In certain aspects, the invention provides prophylactic methods comprising administering the antibodies of the invention. In certain embodiments, the methods lead to protection or treatment of infection or disease by blocking or otherwise inhibiting the intercellular signaling mediated by the engagement of an HLA-E-VL9 complex (or an HLA-E-peptide of interest complex such as a tumor or viral peptide) on an infected or diseased cell and the NKG2A receptor expressed on sub-populations of NK cells and CD8+ T-cells. Tumor cells and virally-infected cells have been known to co-opt this intercellular signaling pathway in order to inhibit the activation and concomitant killing by the NKG2A+ NK cell and NKG2A+CD8+ T-cell sub-populations. As used herein, activated NKG2A+ NK cell and NKG2A+ T-cells include such cells that downregulate and reduce or eliminate cell-surface expression of NKG2A+.
In one embodiment, the therapeutic method is for protection against cytomegalovirus HCMV, as an HLA-E-HCMV peptide complex has a peptide with an exact match to one of the VL9 peptide sequences VMAPRTLIL that is expressed and binds to HLA-E. In another embodiment, the therapeutic method comprises administration of an antibody having the binding specificity of the 3H4 antibody, is a chimeric version of 3H4, or is a humanized version of 3H4.
Thus, in certain embodiments, the therapeutic compositions and methods not only involve blocking the inhibitory HLA-E-VL9-NKG2A pathway in said NK cells and CD8+ T-cells, but also: (1) blocking other inhibitory receptors on these NK cells and CD8+ T-cells, and/or (2) promoting the activation of stimulatory receptors on these NK cells and CD8+ T-cells. The multiple targeting of receptors on NKG2A+ NK cell and NKG2A+CD8+ T-cell sub-populations can be accomplished, for example, by the use of combination of different antibodies or agents each targeting a different receptor, or by recombinant multi-specific antibodies.
In certain aspects, the invention provides methods of treatment comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Generally, the methods are applicable to diseases or conditions that would benefit from an increase in the number of stimulated effector immune cells such as NK cells, CD8+ T-cells, and γδ T-cells (which can also mediate cytotoxic responses against tumors). Exemplary diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, cancer and viral infection.
Such methods of treatment can relate to methods of immunostimulation comprising the steps of: administering to a subject in need of enhanced immune cytotoxic effector function a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody of the invention, which antibody specifically binds to at least an HLA-E-VL9 peptide complex (or other HLA-E-peptide of interest complexes) and increases the number of activated NK cells or activated CD8+ cells. An increase in the number of activated NK cells or activated CD8+ cells can be determined by testing for the ability of the antibody to increase the proportion of activated cells in a sample, such as a peripheral blood sample. It is known in the art that flow-cytometry methods can be used to detect and count the number activated NK cells or activated CD8+ cells. Cell-surface marker profiles that define NK cell CD8+ T cell, γδ T-cell, and other populations are known in the art. Generally, activated NK cells can be identified by a decrease in CD16 surface level and an increase in CD107a. (See, e.g., Veluchamy et al., Scientific Reports. 2017, 7:43873.) Generally, activated effector T-cells can be identified by a loss of L-selectin, a gain of VLA-4, higher levels of LFA-1 and CD2, and expression of CD45RO instead of CD45RA. Furthermore, as described, the 51Cr release assay provides an in vitro means to determine whether an antibody of the invention can cause an increase in NK cell activation.
In certain embodiments, the methods comprise administering additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, including but not limited to additional antibodies that block inhibitory receptors on NK or T-cells, antibodies that work as agonists for stimulatory receptors on NK or T cells, small molecule therapeutics, or any other suitable agent. In some respects, the additional agent is an antibody that specifically binds to the NKG2A/CD94 complex on NK cells or CD8+ T-cells. In some respects, the additional agent is an antibody that specifically binds the CTLA-4 receptor on NK cells or CD8+ T-cells. In some respects, the additional agent is an antibody that specifically binds PD-1 on NK cells or CD8+ T-cells.
In certain embodiments the methods comprise administering one or more antibodies or antigen fragments thereof, including without limitation multimeric antibodies, of the invention in a combination treatment. In certain embodiments, the these are selected such that each antibody or antigen fragments thereof has at least one differential function compared to other antibody or antibodies in the combination. In a non-limiting embodiment, antibodies or antigen binding fragments in a combination treatment have non-overlapping epitopes. In non-limiting embodiments, antibodies or antigen fragments thereof in a combination treatment provide different effect on cellular pathways.
In some embodiments, a combination treatment comprising inventive antibodies could further comprise additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
The non-classical class Ib molecule human leukocyte antigen E(HLA-E) has limited polymorphism and can bind HLA class Ia leader peptides (VL9). HLA-E-VL9 complexes interact with the natural killer (NK) cell receptors NKG2A-C/CD94 and regulate NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Here we report the isolation of 3H4, a murine HLA-E-VL9-specific IgM antibody that enhanced killing of HLA-E-VL9-expressing cells by an NKG2A+ NK cell line. Structural analysis revealed that 3H4 acts by preventing CD94/NKG2A docking on HLA-E-VL9. Upon in vitro maturation, an affinity-optimized IgG form of 3H4 showed enhanced NK killing of HLA-E-VL9-expressing cells. HLA-E-VL9-specific IgM antibodies similar in function to 3H4 were also isolated from naïve B cells of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-negative, healthy humans. Thus, a subset of natural antibodies that recognize VL9-bound HLA-E exist as part of the naïve Ig repertoire with the capacity to regulate NK cell function.
Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in immune surveillance by discriminating normal from altered cells, and function as effector cells by killing non-self malignant or pathogen-infected cells and by producing inflammatory cytokines (Chiossone et al., 2018; Raulet, 2006; Yokoyama and Kim, 2006). Specific recognition of abnormal cells by NK cells relies on a series of activating and inhibitory receptors, including the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family and NKG2/CD94 heterodimeric receptors (Andre et al., 2018; Chiossone et al., 2018). NK cell inhibitory receptors ligate human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules expressed on healthy cells as self. Conversely, cells lacking MHC class I are recognized by NK cells as “missing-self” and are sensitive to NK cell-mediated killing (Ljunggren and Karre, 1985, 1990). In humans. KIRs recognize classical human HLA class Ia molecules (Colonna and Samaridis, 1995; Karlhofer et al., 1992; Pende et al., 2019), whereas the inhibitory NKG2A/CD94 heterodimeric receptor interacts with the non-classical HLA class Ib molecule HLA-E and is balanced by an activating receptor NKG2C/CD94 (Braud et al., 1997; Braud et al., 1998; Brooks et al., 1997). While KIR expression is heterogencous. NKG2A/CD94 is expressed on ˜40% of human NK cells (Andre et al., 1999; Mahapatra et al., 2017; Pende et al., 2019). Unlike classical HLA class I molecules, HLA-E has limited polymorphism with only two expressed variants, HLA-E*01:01 and HLA-E*01:03, that differ only in residue 107, which is outside the peptide-binding groove (Kraemer et al., 2014). The NKG2A/CD94/HLA-E pathway is considered as an important immune checkpoint target and has recently become a focus for NK cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies (Andre et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2019; Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes et al., 2019; van Hall et al., 2019). A subset of CD8+ T cells also express NKG2A/CD94, and inhibition of NKG2A/CD94-HLA-E interaction similarly has application in CD8+ T cell-based immunotherapy (Andre et al., 2018; van Montfoort et al., 2018).
HLA-E engages with NKG2A/CD94 via a restricted subset of peptides VMAPRT(L/V)(V/L/I/F)L (designated VL9) that derive from the leader sequence of HLA-A, -C, -G and a third of HLA-B molecules (Braud et al., 1997. Braud et al., 1998; Lee et al., 1998a; Lee et al., 1998b). HLA-E binds VL9 peptides, which stabilize HLA-E surface expression (Braud et al., 1997; Braud et al., 1998) on healthy host cells in which HLA-Ia expression is not perturbed and initiate recognition by NKG2A/CD94 or NKG2C/CD94 on NK cells. The binding affinity of HLA-E-VL9 peptide complexes for NKG2A/CD94 is greater than that for NKG2C/CD94, such that the inhibitory signal dominates to suppress aberrant NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production (Aldrich et al., 1994; Braud et al., 1998; Kaiser et al., 2008; Llano et al., 1998; Rolle et al., 2018). In addition. HLA-E and its murine or rhesus macaque homologs are capable of binding to a range of other host peptides and pathogen-derived peptides, including heat-shock protein 60 (Hsp60)-derived peptides (Michaelsson et al., 2002), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) peptides (Joosten et al., 2010; van Meijgaarden et al., 2015), and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag peptides (Hansen et al., 2016; Walters et al., 2018). However, only VL9 peptide-loaded HLA-E can engage CD94/NKG2A and protect cells from NK cell cytotoxicity (Kraemer et al., 2015; Michaelsson et al. 2002; Sensi et al., 2009). Hence, leader sequence VL9 peptides are essential not only for stabilizing HLA-E surface expression but also for mediating the role of HLA-E/NKG2A/CD94 in regulating NK cell self-recognition. However, it remains unclear if interruption of this pathway by specifically targeting HLA-E-peptide complexes on target cells can enhance NK cell activity.
Natural antibodies are immunoglobulins that are present prior to simulation by cognate antigen, and provide the first line of defense against bacterial, fungal and viral infections (Holodick et al., 2017). They also suppress autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic responses, protect from atherosclerotic vascular injury, and mediate apoptotic cell clearance (New et al., 2016). Natural antibodies are generally near germline in sequence, have repertoire skewing of variable heavy chain (VH) and variable light chain (VL) genes, and respond to antigens with T cell independence (Holodick et al., 2017). However, specific roles of natural antibodies in regulation of natural killer (NK) cell function are unknown.
Here, we define a mechanism of natural antibody modulation of NK cell killing whereby a murine IgM monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3H4 bound to HLA-E-VL9 on target cells and enhanced NK cytotoxicity mediated by an NKG2A+ NK cell line. X-ray crystallographic analysis of an HLA-E-VL9/3H4 antigen-binding fragment (Fab) co-complex indicated that due to steric clashes, 3H4 and CD94/NKG2A cannot simultaneously bind to what are essentially overlapping recognition surfaces on HLA-E-VL9, Ig V(D)J residues at the 3H4-HLA-E-VL9 binding interface were germline-encoded. While 3H4 mAb enhanced NK cytotoxicity as an IgM, the IgG form of the antibody showed no such functionality. To address this, we developed 3H4 IgG variants with enhanced HLA-E-VL9 binding by highthroughput screening of antibody libraries. These optimized 3H4 IgG Abs contain mutations in their CDR-H3 loops, bind HLA-E/VL-9 ˜220 times tighter than the WT mAb and showed robust enhancement of NK cytotoxicity. Finally, human HLA-E-VL9-reactive, near-germline IgMs were isolated from the human naïve B cell repertoire that also enhanced NK cell killing as IgG. Thus, a subset of natural IgM HLA-E-VL9 antibodies exist in vivo that have the potential to regulate NK cell cytotoxicity.
With the original intention of raising monoclonal antibodies to the HIV-I Gag peptide RMYSPTSIL (RL9HIV) (the HIV counterpart of RL9SIV, one of the MHC-E binding SIV Gag epitope peptides identified by Hansen et al., 2016), we immunized human HLA-B27/82-microglobulin (β2M) transgenic mice (Taurog et al., 1990) (
Sequence analysis of 3H4 mAb revealed 1.04% heavy chain variable region (VH) and 2.51% light chain viable region (VL) mutations (Table 5). We isolated 3 additional HLA-E-VL9 mouse mAbs from another two immunization studies (see Methods), and all four antibodies were minimally mutated IgMs (mean VH and VL mutations, 1.21% and 2.87%, respectively (Table 5). Negative stain electron microscopy showed that 3H4 was predominantly pentameric with a small proportion of hexamers (
To map the epitope on the HLA-E-VL9 complex recognized by 3H4, we tested 3H4 binding to VL9 peptide presented by HLA-E, the rhesus ortholog Mamu-E, as well as two HLA-E/Mamu-E hybrids—one with HLA-E α1/Mamu-E α2 (Hα1/Mα2), the other with Mamu-E α1/HLA-E α2 (Mα1/Hα2), 3H4 did not bind to Mamu-E/VL9 or Hα1/Mα2-VL9, and its staining of cells expressing Mα1/Hα2-VL9 was weak (
We obtained a co-complex crystal structure of the 3H4 Fab bound to VL9 peptide-loaded HLA-E, which packed in the C2 space group and diffracted to 1.8 Å (
3H4 docked onto the N-terminal region of the HLA-E-peptide-binding groove making contacts with both a-helices of the HLA-E heavy chain in addition to residues 1-4 of the VL9 peptide (
Remarkably, all four of the 3H4-derived residues that interfaced with the VL9 peptide (Y97, S100, S100A and Y100B, Kabat numbering) resided within the VH CDR3 D-junction and were germline-encoded. This 3H4-VL9 interface was characterized by weak Van der Waals and hydrophobic contacts, such as those mediated between Y100B (3H4) and V1 or P4 (VL9) (
The germline-encoded VH CDR3 D-junction residues that formed the 3H4-VL9 interface (Y97, S100. S100A and Y100B), also mediated key contacts with the HLA-E heavy chain. The surface loop (residues A93-V102) containing these germline-encoded residues swept across the HLA-E-peptide-binding groove forming H-bonds with both the α1 and α2 helices; T163 of the HLA-E α2 helix formed an H-bond with S100 (3H4), and R62 of the HLA-E α1-helix formed two H-bonds with the Y100B (3H4) mainchain and an additional H-bond with the main chain of S100A (3H4) (
Key contacts outside the germline-encoded CDR3 D-junction region were also formed at the 3H4 VH-HLA-E or 3H4 VL-HLA-E interfaces. For 3H4 HC, the VH CDR2 region (residues 151-T57) was positioned above the HLA-E α1-helix where a string of inter-molecular H-bonds were formed involving G56 and N54 of the VH CDR2 in addition to D50, Q61 and K64 of the framework VH chain region (
Given the suppressive role of the HLA-E-VL9/NKG2A/CD94 pathway in NK cell function, we tested whether the binding of mAb 3H4 to HLA-E-VL9 could enhance NK cell killing of target cells (
The majority of multimeric IgM is restricted to serum and lymph and does not penetrate well into tissues (Sathe and Cusick, 2021). Thus, we constructed a recombinant 3H4 IgG in a human IgG1 backbone and tested it for ability to enhance NK92 cell killing of HLA-E-VL9 target cells. In contrast to 3H4 IgM, 3H4 IgG could not mediate enhancement of NK cell killing (
To distinguish between the need for higher affinity versus multimerization of the IgM antibody for enhanced NK killing activity, we aimed to obtain a 3H4 IgG with tighter binding and enhanced biological function. Therefore, we developed and analyzed 3H4 antibody libraries using high-throughput screening on the surface of yeast (
We next expressed all eleven 3H4 Gv antibodies recombinantly as human IgGs and confirmed that they had higher binding than wild-type 3H4 IgG on cell surface expressed HLA-E-VL9 (
That HLA-E-VL9-specific antibodies were isolated from mice immunized with an unrelated peptide antigen (RL9HIV) implied that antibody 3H4 might be derived from the natural B cell pool rather than induced by immunization. Therefore, we assessed binding of HLA-E-VL9 fluorescent tetramers to B220+CD19+ B cells from naïve HLA-B27/β2M TG mice and B6 mice and found that HLA-E-VL9-tetramer-binding B cells existed in unimmunized mice (
We next asked if similar HLA-E-VL9 antibodies were present in the natural B cell pool in humans. Using HLA-E-VL9 tetramers as probes, we identified B cells expressing HLA-E-VL9-specific B cell receptors (BCRs) in four male, cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative human donors (
In the four humans, the percentages of HLA-E-VL9-specific B cells in pan-B cells (CD3-CD235-CD14-CD16-CD19+) were 0.0009%-0.0023% (mean of 0.0014%) (
VH/VL Gene Usage of HLA-E-VL9-Specific Antibodies
Natural antibodies demonstrate Ig repertoire skewing (Holodick et al., 2017; New et al., 2016). To characterize the human antibody gene usage of HLA-E-VL9 antibodies, we analyzed the paired heavy chain and light chain gene sequences of 56 human HLA-E-VL9 antibodies and found 1 multiple-member clone containing 6 antibodies in donor LP021 (Kepler et al., 2014) (
HLA-E-VL9-Specific mAbs Recognize Microbiome-Derived VL9-Like Peptides Presented by HLA-E
We identified microbiome-derived VL9-like peptides from the NCBI microbiome database predicted by NetMHC to have HLA-E binding capacity (Andreatta and Nielsen, 2016; Nielsen et al., 2003) (
In this study, we have isolated and characterized antibodies reactive with HLA-E-VL9 peptide complexes, and found these antibodies were derived from the naïve IgM B cell BCR repertoire in mice as well as in non-immunized. HCMV seronegative male humans. Somatic mutations of these antibodies were minimal, and the affinities of these antibodies for HLA-E-VL9 were low. The lack of class-switching in HLA-E-VL9-specific antibodies may reflect self-tolerance of CD4 T cells and a lack of T cell help for affinity maturation of these antibodies. While the mouse antibodies were selected in the setting of HLA-E-unrelated peptide immunizations, they were minimally mutated IgM antibodies, as were the antibodies isolated from human CMV-negative, healthy males. Structural analysis of the HLA-E-VL9-3H4 Fab co-complex revealed that the 3H4 heavy chain made key contacts with HLA-E and the VL9 peptide using germline-encoded residues in the CDR-H3 (D) region. However, 3H4 is a mouse antibody that reacted with human HLA-E-VL9. The HLA-E equivalent in C57BL/6×SJL mice is Qa1b which presents a similar class Ia signal peptide AMAPRTLLL and 3H4 did not bind to this HLA-E-peptide complex. However, HLA-E-VL9-specific antibodies were identified in the naïve B cell pool of healthy humans and, like the mouse 3H4, the human CA147 HLA-E-VL9 antibody enhanced NK cytotoxicity of NKG2A+ NK cells. Therefore, this type of natural antibody-producing B cell could play immunoregulatory roles in humans to enhance NK killing of pathogen infected cells in the early stages of a viral infection. If so, this might provide the selective force to maintain these enriched V genes in the germline.
Autoantibodies to HLA-Ia (Alberu et al., 2007; Morales-Buenrostro et al., 2008) and HLA-E heavy chains (Ravindranath et al., 2010a; Ravindranath et al., 2010b) have been detected in non-alloimmunized males, and contribute to allograft damage (Hickey et al., 2016; Mckenna et al., 2000). It has been suggested that the HLA-E antibodies in non-alloimmunized humans could be elicited by autoantigens derived from viral, bacterial, or environmental agents cross-reactive with HLAs, or soluble HLA-E heavy chains that become immunogenic without the β2M subunit (Alberu et al., 2007; Hickey et al., 2016; Ravindranath et al., 2010a; Ravindranath et al., 2010b).
A recent study found that mouse gut microbial antigens shaped the BCR repertoire by contributing to BCR selection and affinity maturation (Chen et al., 2020). Therefore, we tested several potential HLA-E binding peptides with sequence similarities to VL9, derived from the human microbiome. Three of our HLA-E-VL9 antibodies recognized a subset of these HLA-E-presented microbiome-derived VL9-like peptides. These data imply that human microbial peptides presented by HLA-E, could potentially interact with HLA-E-VL9-bound naïve BCRs, and trigger expansion of B cells that express HLA-E-VL9-specific BCRs. Viruses, bacteria and other microbes stimulate such innate-adaptive immune interactions. The best known example is human cytomegalovirus (CMV), which encodes the VL9 sequence VMAPRTLIL in the leader sequence of its UL40 gene. This peptide is processed in a TAP independent manner and presented bound to HLA-E at the cell surface to inhibit NK cell killing and evade innate immune responses (Tomasec et al., 2000). This has not been reported to elicit antibody responses, but HLA-E-UL40 peptide-specific T cells have been described when the limited polymorphism in the HLA A. B and C sequences mismatches that of the virally-encoded VL9 peptide sufficiently to overcome self-tolerance (Sullivan et al., 2015). However, the subjects in our study were all HCMV seronegative, ruling out the possibility that these antibodies were HCMV-induced. Similarly, that they were male excluded pregnancy-induced priming.
Finally, harnessing NK cells to attack tumor cells has emerged as an attractive strategy for cancer immunotherapies (Guillerey et al., 2016; Lowry and Zehring, 2017). A promising target for therapeutic immune-modulation of NK cell functions is the NKG2A/CD94-HLA-E-VL9 interaction. Monalizumab, the first-in-class monoclonal antibody checkpoint inhibitor targeting NKG2A, enhances anti-tumor immunity by activating cytotoxic activities of effector CD8+ T cells and NK cells (Andre et al., 2018; Creelan and Antonia, 2019; van Hall et al., 2019). In our study, co-complex structural analysis revealed steric clashes between the 3H4 Fab and the NK inhibitory receptor NKG2A/CD94 when docked onto HLA-E-VL9, which explained the mechanism of 3H4 IgM enhancing NKG2A+ NK cell killing. Notably, mouse 3H4 IgM, the affinity-optimized 3H4 IgG, and the recombinant IgG1 form of human CA147 both enhanced the cytotoxicity of an NKG2A+ human NK cell line NK92, which is a safe and established cell line for adoptive immunotherapy in phase I clinical trials (Klingemann et al., 2016). Thus, HLA-E-VL9-targeting antibodies 3H4 and CA147 could have therapeutic potential as NK checkpoint inhibitors.
In summary, our study has demonstrated a novel specificity of IgM natural antibodies, that of recognition of HLA-E-VL9 peptide complexes, which suggests an NK cell immunoregulatory role by a subset of natural antibodies.
Methods are provided below.
Alberu, J., Morales-Buenrostro, L. E., de Leo, C., Vargas-Rojas, M. I., Marino-Vazquez, L. A., and Crispin, J. C. (2007). A non-allogeneic stimulus triggers the production of de novo HLA antibodies in healthy adults. Transpl Immunol 18, 166-171.
K562-E cells (K562 cells stably expressing HLA-E) and K562-E/UL49.5 cells (with a TAP-inhibitor UL49.5) are kindly provided by Dr. Thorbald van Hall from Leiden University (Lampen et al., 2013). All the other cells used in this study are from ATCC. 293T cells (ATCC CRL-3216) were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM; Gibco, Catalog #10564) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Catalog #10099141) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Catalog #10378016). K562 cells (ATCC CCL-243), K562-E cells and K562-E/UL49.5 cells were cultured in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM: Hyclone, Catalog #SH30228.01) supplemented with 10% FBS. Jurkat, DU-4475 and U-937 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, Catalog #72400) supplemented with 10% FBS. SiHa cells were cultured in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM; Gibco, Catalog #11095080) supplemented with 10% FBS. The NK-92 human cell line (ATCC CRL-2407) was cultured in Alpha Minimum Essential medium (a-MEM; Gibco, Catalog #12561072) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 0.2 mM inositol, 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.02 mM folic acid, 100 U/ml recombinant IL-2 (Biolegend. Catalog #589108), 12.5% horse serum (Gibco, Catalog #16050122) and 12.5% FBS. All the cells were maintained at 37° C., 5% CO2 in humidified incubators.
Transgenic mice carrying human β2-microglobulin (β2m) and HLA-B*27:05 genes were obtained from Jackson lab (B6.Cg-Tg (β2M,HLA-B*27:05) 56-3Trg/DerJ; stock #003428). Hemizygous mice were used in this experiment, as this strain is homozygous lethal. For hemizygous mice genotyping, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were isolated and stained using mouse CD45 antibody (Biolegend, Catalog #103122), buman HLA class I antibody (Biolegend, Catalog #311406) and human β2m antibody (Biolegend, Catalog #316312). All animal experiments were conducted with approved protocols from the Duke University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Human leukapheresis frozen vials were collected by the External Quality Assurance Program Oversight Laboratory (EQAPOL) (Sanchez et al., 2014a; Sanchez et al., 2014b). Samples from four male donors were used in this study. Table 6 shows the clinical characteristics of the individuals studied. All experiments that related to human subjects was carried out with the informed consent of trial participants and in compliance with Institutional Review Board protocols approved by Duke University Medical Center.
The VL9 peptide (VMAPRTVLL) was synthesized to >85% purity via Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl) chemistry by Genscript USA and reconstituted to 200 mM in DMSO.
β2-microglobulin, previously purified from inclusion bodies in a Urea-MES buffer, was added to a refolding buffer to achieve a final concentration of 2 μM. The refold buffer comprised 100 mM Tris pH8.0, 400 mM L-arginine monohydrochloride, 2 mM EDTA, 5 mM reduced glutathione and 0.5 mM oxidized Glutathione and was prepared in MiliQ water. A 20 μM concentration of VL9 peptide (VMAPRTVLL), previously reconstituted to 200 mM in DMSO, was added to the refolding buffer followed by HLA-E*0103 heavy chain, which was pulsed into the refold to a final concentration of 1 μM. Once the refold had incubated for 72 hours at 4° C. it was filtered through a 1.0 μm cellular nitrate membrane and concentrated in the VivaFlow 50R and VivaSpin Turbo Ultrafiltration centrifugal systems with 10 kDa molecular weight cut-offs. The concentrated samples were injected onto a Superdex S75 16/60 column and refolded protein eluted according to size into phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Eluted protein complexes were validated by non-reducing SDS-PAGE electrophoresis on NuPAGE 12% Bis-Tris protein gels and further concentrated via VivaSpin Turbo Ultrafiltration centrifugal device to 1.1 mg/mL.
HLA-E-peptide samples requiring biotinylation were subsequently buffered exchanged on Sephadex G-25 PD10 columns (GE Healthcare, UK) into 10 mM Tris buffer using commercially available BirA enzyme (Avidity, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Following overnight biotinylation, protein samples were subsequently purified into 20 mM Tris pH8, 100 mM NaCl buffer or PBS on a HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 75 pg column using an AKTA size exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) system. Correctly folded β2m-HLA-E*01:03-peptide complexes were subsequently concentrated to 2 mg/mL and snap frozen.
HLA-E*01:03 tetramers were generated via conjugation to various fluorescent labels including Extravidin-PE (Sigma), Streptavidin-bound APC (Biolegend, San Diego) or BV421 (Biolegend, San Diego) at a Molar ratio of 4:1 as previously described (Braud et al., 1998).
HLA-B27/β2m transgenic mice (n=23) were intramuscularly (i.m.) immunized with pooled HLA-E-RL9HIV complex (12.5 μg/animal) and HLA-E-RL9SIV complex (12.5 μg/animal) adjuvanted with STR8S-C(Moody et al., 2014) at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 16. MAb 3H4 was isolated from this study. In another experiment, HLA-B27/β2m transgenic mice (n=10) were i.p. immunized with either HLA-E-RL9HIV single chain trimer (SCT) transfected 293T cells (2×106 cells/animal) or HLA-E-RL9SIV SCT transfected 293T cells (2×106 cells/animal) at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 17 and 19. MAb 13F11 was isolated from this study. In the third experiment, HLA-B27/B2m transgenic mice (n=10) were i.m. immunized with HLA-E-VL9 complex (25 μg/animal) adjuvanted with STR8S-C at Week 0, 2 and 4, following by intraperitoneally (i.p) immunization with HLA-E-VL9 SCT transfected 293T cells (2×106 cells/animal) at Week 14, 16 and 18. MAb 10C10 and 2D6 were isolated from this study. Serum titers were monitored by ELISA Mice with high binding antibody titers were selected for the subsequent spleen cell fusion and B cell sorting experiments.
Mice were boosted with the indicated priming antigen 3 days prior to fusion. Spleen cells were harvested and fused with NS0 murine myeloma cells using PEG1500 to generate hybridomas. After 2 weeks, supernatant of hybridoma clones were collected and screened by flow cytometry-based high throughput screening (HTS). Specifically, we tested for antibodies differentially binding 293T cells transiently transfected with plasmid DNA expressing single chain peptide-HLA-E-B2m trimers so that they expressed HLA-E-RL9HIV, HLA-E-RL9SIV or HLA-E-VL9 at the cell surface. Hybridomas cells that secreted HLA-E-VL9 antibodies were cloned by limiting dilution for at least 5 rounds until the phenotypes of all limiting dilution wells are identical, IgG mAbs were purified by protein G affinity chromatography, while IgM mAbs were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and by Superose 6 column size-exclusion chromatography in AKTA Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) system. The VH and VL sequences of mAbs were amplified from hybridoma cell RNA using primers reported previously (Tian et al., 2016: von Bochmer et al., 2016).
HLA-E SCT constructs encoding HLA-E-VL9, HLA-E-RL9HIV, or HLA-E-RL9SIV were transfected into 293T cells using GeneJuice transfection reagent (Novagen. Catalog #70967). For epitope mapping experiment, a panel of HLA-E-VL9 SCT constructs with single amino acid mutations were transfected into 293T cells using the same method. Cells were dissociated with 0.1% EDTA at 48 hours post-transfection and stained with a Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell Stain Kit (Thermo Fisher. Catalog #L34976). After washing, primary antibodies (supernatant from hybridoma cells, supernatant from transfected cells, or purified antibodies) were added and incubated with cells for 1 hour at 4° C., following by staining with 1:1000 diluted secondary antibodies for 30 mins at 4° C. For mouse primary antibodies, we used Alexa Fluor 555 (AF555) conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (Thermo Fisher, Catalog #A32727) or Alexa Fluor 647 (AF647) conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (Thermo Fisher, Catalog #A32728) as secondary antibodies; for human primary antibodies, we used AF555 conjugated goat anti-human IgG (H+L) (Thermo Fisher, Catalog #A-21433) or AF647 conjugated goat anti-human IgG (H+L) (Thermo Fisher, Catalog #A-21445) as secondary antibodies. Cells were then washed 3 times and resuspended in fixation buffer (1% formaldehyde in PBS, pH7.4). Data were acquired on a BD LSR II flow cytometer and analyzed using FlowJo version 10.
A humanized version of the 3H4 antibody (3H4-hulgG1) was digested to produce Fab fragments using the Pierce Fab Preparation kit (ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC). 3H4 Fab-retrieved sample was further purified by size exclusion on a Superdex S75 16/60 column and eluted into PBS buffer. Following concentration to 1.1 mg/mL and SDS-PAGE gel-based validation, 3H4 Fab purified material was incubated for 1 hours on ice with freshly purified HLA-E-VL9. The combined 3H4:Fab-HLA-E-VL9 sample was concentrated to 7.5 mg/mL prior to crystallographic set-up.
Crystals were grown via sitting drop vapour-diffusion at 20° C. in a 200 nL drop with a 1:1 protein to reservoir ratio (Walter et al., 2005). The 3H4 Fab-HLA-E (VL9) co-complex crystallized in 20% PEG 8000, 0.1 M Na HEPES at pH 7, in the ProPlex sparse matrix screen. Crystals were cryo-preserved in 25% glycerol and diffraction data were collected at the 103 beamline of Diamond Light Source.
Diffraction data were merged and indexed in xia2 dials (Winter et al., 2018). Outer shell reflections were excluded from further analysis to ensure the CC1/2 value exceeded the minimum threshold (>0.5) in each shell (Karplus and Diederichs, 2012). Sequential molecular replacement was carried out in MolRep of the CCP4i suite using molecule one of the previously published Mtb44-bound HLA-E structure with the peptide coordinates deleted (PDB ID: 6GH4) and one molecule of the previously published anti-APP-tag Fab structure (PDB ID: 6HGU) as phasing models (Vagin and Teplyakov, 2010; Winn et al., 2011). Rigid body and retrained refinement were subsequently carried out by Phenix.refine (Afonine et al., 2012) in between manual model building in Coot (Emsley et al., 2010). Model geometry was validated by MolProbity (Chen et al., 2010) and structural interpretation was conducted using the PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, version 2.0 (Schrödinger, LLC) in addition to the PDBePISA (Krissinel and Henrick, 2007) and PDBeFOLD (Krissinel and Henrick, 2004) servers.
HLA-E-VL9-specific human B cells were sorted in flow cytometry using a three-color sorting technique. Briefly, the stabilized HLA-E-β2M-peptide complexes were made as tetramers and conjugated with different fluorophores. Human pan-B cells, including naïve and memory B cells, were isolated from PBMCs of healthy donors using human pan-B cell enrichment kit (STEMCELL, Catalog #19554). The isolated pan-B cells were then stained with IgM PerCp-Cy5.5 (Clone #G20-127, BD Biosciences, Catalog #561285), IgD FITC (Clone #IA6-2, BD Biosciences, Catalog #555778), CD3 PE-Cy5 (Clone #HIT3a, BD Biosciences, Catalog #555341), CD235a PE-Cy5 (Clone #GA-R2, BD Biosciences, Catalog #559944), CD10 PE-CF594 (Clone #HI10A. BD Biosciences, Catalog #562396), CD27 PE-Cy7 (Clone #0323, eBioscience, Catalog #25-0279), CD16 BV570 (Clone #3G8, Biolegend, Catalog #302035), CD14 BV605 (Clone #M5E2, Biolegend, Catalog #301834), CD38 APC-AF700 (Clone #LS198-4-2, Beckman Coulter, Catalog #B23489), CD19 APC-Cy7 (Clone #LJ25C1, BD Biosciences, Catalog #561743) and tetramers at 2 μg/million cells (including BV421-conjugated HLA-E-VL9 tetramer. PE-conjugated HLA-E-VL9 tetramer. APC-conjugated HLA-E-RL9SIV tetramer and APC-conjugated HLA-E-RL9HIV tetramer). The cells were then stained with a Fixable Aqua Dead Cell Stain Kit (Invitrogen. Catalog #L34957). HLA-E-VL9-specific B cells were sorted in BD FACSAria II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) for viable CD3neg/CD14neg/CD16neg/CD235aneg/CD19pos/HLA-E-VL9double-pos/HLA-E-RL9HIVneg/HLA-E-RL9SIVneg subset as single cells in 96-well plates.
The VHDHJH and VLJL genes were amplified by RT-PCR from the flow cytometry-sorted single B cells using the methods as described previously (Liao et al., 2009; Wrammert et al., 2008) with modification. The PCR-amplified genes were then purified and sequenced with 10 μM forward and reverse primers. Sequences were analyzed by using the human library in Clonalyst for the VDJ arrangements of the immunoglobulin IGHV, IGKV, and IGLV sequences and mutation frequencies (Kepler et al., 2014). Clonal relatedness of VHDHJH and VLJL sequences was determined as previously described (Liao et al., 2013).
Expression of VHDHJH and VLJL as Full-Length IgG Recombinant mAbs
Transient transfection of recombinant mAbs was performed as previously described (Liao et al., 2009). Briefly, purified PCR products were used for overlapping PCR to generate linear human antibody expression cassettes. The expression cassettes were transfected into 293i cells using ExpiFectamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog #A14525). The supernatant samples containing recombinant antibodies were used for cell surface staining and HTS assay to measure the binding reactivities.
The selected human antibody genes were then synthesized and cloned (GenScript) in a human IgG1 backbone with 4A mutations (Saunders, 2019). Recombinant IgG mAbs were then produced in HEK293i suspension cells by transfection with ExpiFectamine and purified using Protein A resin. The purified mAbs were run in SDS-PAGE for Coomassie blue staining and western blot. Antibodies with aggregation were further purified in AKTA FPLC system using a Superdex 200 size-exclusion column.
Surface plasmon resonance assays were performed on a BIAcore 3000 instrument, and data analysis was performed with BIAevaluation 3.0 software as previously described (Liao et al., 2006). Purified mAbs flowed over CM5 sensor chips at concentrations of 100 μg/ml, and antibody binding was monitored in real-time at 25° C. with a continuous flow of PBS at 30 μl/min. For SPR affinity measurements, antibody binding to HLA-E-VL9 complex protein was performed using a BIAcore S200 instrument (Cytiva, formerly GE Healthcare, DHVI BIA Core Facility. Durham, NC) in HBS-EP+ 1× running buffer. The antibodies were first captured onto CMS sensor chip to a level of ˜9000 RU. The HLA-E-VL9 soluble proteins were injected over the captured antibodies at a flow rate of 30 μL/min. After dissociation, the antibodies were regenerated using a 30 second pulse of Glycine pH2.0. Results were analyzed using the Biacore S200 Evaluation software (Cytiva). Subsequent curve fitting analyses were performed using a 1:1 Langmuir model with a local Rmax. The reported binding curves are representative of two data sets.
Direct binding ELISAs were conducted in 384-well ELISA plates coated with 2 ng/ml of C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-VL9, C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-RL9HIV or C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-RL9SIV in 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate overnight at 4° C. Plates were washed with PBS+0.05% Tween 20 and blocked with 3% BSA in PBS at room temperature for 1 h. MAb samples were incubated for 1 h in 3-fold serial dilutions starting at 100 μg/ml, followed by washing with PBS-0.05% Tween 20. HRP-conjugated goat anti-human IgG secondary Ab (SouthemBiotech, catalog #2040-05) was diluted to 1:10,000 in 1% BSA in PBS-0.05% Tween 20 and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. For sandwich ELISA, 384-well ELISA plates were coated with HLA-E-VL9 antibodies in a 3-fold dilution starting from 100 μg/mL in 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate overnight at 4° C. Plates were washed with PBS+0.05% Tween 20 and blocked with 3% BSA in PBS at room temperature for 1 h. C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-VL9, C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-RL9HIV, C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-RL9SIV, or diluent control were then added at 2 μg/mL and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. After washing. HRP-conjugated anti-human β2M antibody (Biolegend, catalog #280303) were added at 0.2 g/mL and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. These plates were washed for 4 times and developed with tetramethylbenzidine substrate (SureBlue Reserve). The reaction was stopped with 1 M HCl, and optical density at 450 nm (OD450) was determined.
All mAbs isolated from mice and human were tested for ELISA binding to nine autoantigens—Sjogren's syndrome antigen A (SSA), Sjogren's syndrome antigen (SSB). Smith antigen (Sm), ribonucleoprotein (RNP), scleroderma 70 (Scl-70). Jo-1 antigen, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), centromere B (Cent B), and histone as previously described (Han et al., 2017; Liao et al., 2011). Indirect immunofluorescence assay of mAbs binding to HEp-2 cells (Inverness Medical Professional Diagnostics, Princeton, NJ) was performed as previously described (Haynes et al., 2005; Liao et al., 2011). MAbs 2F5 (Yang et al., 2013) and 17B (Moore and Sodroski, 1996) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. All antibodies were screened in two independent experiments.
FPLC purified IgM antibodies were diluted to 0.08 mg/ml in HEPES-buffered saline (pH 7.4)+5% glycerol and stained with 2% uranyl formate. Images were obtained with a Philips EM420 electron microscope at 82,000 magnification and processed in Relion 3.0.
VL9 peptide sequence was first searched by similarity in NCBI microbial protein BLAST. The BLAST results were then analyzed for HLA-E binding epitope prediction using HLA class I peptide binding algorithms NetMHC 4.0 (Andreatta and Nielsen, 2016; Nielsen et al., 2003). Epitopes that have HLA-E binding prediction scores >0.1, length=9 aa, and are relative to human microbiome were synthesized for validation experiments.
K562-E cells and K562-E/UL49.5 cells were resuspended with fresh IMDM media with 10% FBS at 2×106 cells/ml. Peptides were added into cell suspension at a final concentration of 100 μM. The cell/peptide mixtures were incubated at 26° C. with 5% CO2 for 20-22 hours and were transferred to 37° C. for 2 hours with 5% CO2 before use. In the following mAb staining experiment, medium with 100 μM peptides was used to maintain peptide concentration.
NK Cell Cytotoxicity was measured by 51Cr release assay. A NKG2A-positive, CD16/CD32/CD64-negative NK-92 cells were used as effector cells in our study. Transfected or untransfected 293T cells were used as target cells. Target cells were counted, washed, resuspended in R10 at 1×107 cell/ml, and labeled with Na251Cr04 at 250 μCi/ml for 2 hours at 37° C. After washing three times using R10, cells were mixed with the testing antibody and effector cells in a final effector to target (E:T) ratio of 20:1 and 6:1 in triplicate wells in a flexible 96 well round bottom plates (PerkinElmer, Catalog #1450-401). The plates were inserted in flexible 96-well plate cassettes (PerkinElmer, Catalog #1450-101), sealed and incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours. After the incubation, cells were pelleted by centrifugation, and from the top of the well, add 25 ul of supernatant to a rigid 96 well isoplates (PerkinElmer. Catalog #1450-514) containing 150 ul of Ultima Gold LSC Cocktail (Sigma, Catalog #L8286). The plates were inserted in rigid 96-well plate cassettes (PerkinElmer, Catalog #1450-105), sealed and counted on Perkin Elmer Microbeta Triux 1450 counter. 51Cr labeled target cells without effector cells were set as a spontaneous release control, and 51Cr labeled target cells mixed with detergent (2% Triton X-100) were used as a maximum release control. The percentages of specific lysis were calculated with the formulation: The Percentages of Specific Lysis (51Cr Release %)=[(Experimental Release-Spontaneous Release)/(Maximum Release-Spontaneous Release)]×100.
Development and Screening of scFv Libraries on the Surface of Yeast
A library was built that contained ˜1.1 million 3H4 scFv variants with amino acid diversity at sites that were determined by structural analysis to interact with HLA-E-VL9. Seventeen residues (
Data were plotted using Prism GraphPad 8.0 or visualized using the ComplexHeatmap R package. SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used to perform the statistical analysis with a p-value <0.05 considered significant. For 51Cr release assays, mixed effects models were used to make comparisons of antibody to control using a random intercept for the triplicates run within each experiment and fixed effects of E:T ratio, type (antibody or control), and the interaction of E:T ratio by type. For human antibody gene usage analysis, chi-square test of independence was used to compare differences between groups.
All non-patent references cited herein are hereby incorporated-by-reference for their background teachings per context of citation.
HLA-E-VL9-specific antibodies isolated from human are also described in
In order to optimize HLA-E-VL9 binding antibodies, e.g. without limitation for clinical use, the following antibody properties could be targeted for improvement: 1) Binding affinity for the HLA-E/VL9 peptide with an improved dissociation constant, e.g. in the 10-100 nM range; 2) Specificity for the VL9 peptide; at least 10 times more specific for the HLA-E/VL9 complex compared to other naturally occurring HLA-E-peptide complexes; 3) reduced off target binding/polyspecificity, for example below clinically accepted levels; 4) stability and solubility suitable for pharmaceutical grade antibody production.
In some embodiments, the invention contemplates computational optimization methods which could include without limitation the following: Identify mutations to increase binding affinity, alter CDR loop length/sequence for increased affinity and/or target specificity.
Antibody libraries could include without limitation single site libraries, CDR loops libraries, saturation libraries, directed libraries, structurally informed and/or computationally informed optimization libraries.
Any suitable library screening platform could be used. Platforms include without limitation yeast display which allows for screening of scFv, but has limited ability to select for stability/solubility. Platforms include without limitation mammalian display which allows for screening of IgG, assessing expression levels which could correlate with stability and solubility.
In non-limiting embodiments, screening for optimized antibodies include strategies to efficiently select for improved affinity, specificity, reduced polyreactivity, and improved stability.
The HLA-E-VL9 binding antibodies will be subjected to multiple rounds of optimization using high throughput screening. In some embodiments, libraries of antibody variants, constructed as scFVs and displayed on the surface of veast will be screened and sorted by FACS in succession as described in
Different type of libraries containing antibody variants will be designed, constructed and screened. In one embodiment, the library is a single site CDR loop saturation library. e.g. designed to contain all the twenty amino acids variants at each position in the CDR loops, mutated one at a time. In another embodiment, the libraries are site directed libraries that explores all possible amino acid variants only at the antibody sites involved in binding interactions with HLA-E/VL9, for example as informed from the crystal structure of the complex.
The yeast display platform is well suited to analyze 107 antibody variants at a time; therefore all the possible amino acids combinations will be simultaneously tested at groups of four antibody residues to ensure that the number of resulting antibody variants to be screened experimentally is below 107.
The 3H4 antibody has four key contacts with the HLA-E/VL9 peptide complex. See
Additional antibody residues/sites were chosen for modification and antibody optimization. Residues that are chosen to be randomized as part of directed libraries are shown in the structure to contact HLA-E. Based on the analysis of the structure we chose to randomize 7 groups of 4 residues. The groups of four residues are picked such they are close in space and contact the same site of the HLA-E/VL9 complex. The four residues are selected such that they interact with the same region(s) of the epitope and thus may have combined binding effects (
In some embodiments, not all the amino acids in a group will need to be changed during the optimization. In some embodiments any one residue from a group of residues or a combination thereof could be changed in an optimized variant. In some embodiments the combination is a combination of residues within a group. In some embodiments the combination is a combination of residues from different groups.
Based on structural analysis, seven scFv different directed libraries that sample all the amino acid variants at four residues are generated. These libraries aim to test all the 20 amino acid combinations at the four residues shown in bold and red in the sequence in
The linker between the VH and VL sequence could be any suitable linker of varying length and/or sequence.
In non-limiting embodiments, the optimized antibody sequences will be tested for their binding. Binding affinity will be determined. Binding assays include without limitation cell surface staining. SPR and ELISA.
Cell Surface Staining and High-Throughput Screening (HTS). HLA-E SCT constructs encoding HLA-E-VL9, HLA-E-RL9HIV, or HLA-E-RL9SIV are transfected into 293T cells using GeneJuice transfection reagent (Novagen. Catalog #70967). For epitope mapping experiment, a panel of HLA-E-VL9 SCT constructs with single amino acid mutations are transfected into 293T cells using the same method. Cells are dissociated with 0.1% EDTA at 48 hours post-transfection and stained with a Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell Stain Kit (Thermo Fisher, Catalog #L34976). After washing, primary antibodies (supernatant from hybridoma cells, supernatant from transfected cells, or purified antibodies) are added and incubated with cells for 1 hour at 4° C., following by staining with 1:1000 diluted secondary antibodies for 30 mins at 4° C. For mouse primary antibodies, Alexa Fluor 555 (AF555) conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (Thermo Fisher, Catalog #A32727) is used or Alexa Fluor 647 (AF647) conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (Thermo Fisher, Catalog #A32728) as secondary antibodies; for human primary antibodies, AF555 conjugated goat anti-human IgG (H+L) (Thermo Fisher. Catalog #A-21433) is used or AF647 conjugated goat anti-human IgG (H+L) (Thermo Fisher, Catalog #A-21445) as secondary antibodies. Cells were then washed 3 times and resuspended in fixation buffer (1% formaldehyde in PBS, pH7.4). Data are acquired on a BD LSR II flow cytometer and analyzed using FlowJo version 10.
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). Surface plasmon resonance assays are performed on a BIAcore 3000 instrument, and data analysis was performed with BIAevaluation 3.0 software as previously described (Liao et al., 2006). Briefly, streptavidin is directly immobilized to CM5 sensor chips, then biotinylated HLA-E-peptide complexes (HLA-E-VL9, HLA-E-RL9SIV, HLA-E-RL9HIV and mock control) were bound to the immobilized streptavidin. Purified mAbs flowed over CM5 sensor chips at concentrations of 100 μg/ml, and antibody binding was monitored in real-time at 25° C. with a continuous flow of PBS at 30 μl/min.
ELISA. Direct binding ELISAs were conducted in 384-well ELISA plates coated with 2 μg/ml of C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-VL9, C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-RL9HIV or C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-RL9SIV in 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate overnight at 4° C. Plates were washed with PBS+0.05% Tween 20 and blocked with 3% BSA in PBS at room temperature for 1 h. MAb samples were incubated for 1 h in 3-fold serial dilutions starting at 100 g/ml, followed by washing with PBS-0.05% Tween 20. HRP-conjugated goat anti-human IgG secondary Ab (SouthemBiotech, catalog #2040-05) was diluted to 1:10,000 in 1% BSA in PBS-0.05% Tween 20 and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. For sandwich ELISA, 384-well ELISA plates were coated with HLA-E-VL9 antibodies in a 3-fold dilution starting from 100 g/mL in 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate overnight at 4° C. Plates were washed with PBS+0.05% Tween 20 and blocked with 3% BSA in PBS at room temperature for 1 h. C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-VL9. C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-RL9HIV, C-trap-stabilized HLA-E-RL9SIV, or diluent control were then added at 2 μg/mL and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. After washing. HRP-conjugated anti-human β2M antibody (Biolegend, catalog #280303) were added at 0.2 μg/mL and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. These plates were washed for 4 times and developed with tetramethylbenzidine substrate (SureBlue Reserve). The reaction was stopped with 1 M HCl, and optical density at 450 nm (OD450) was determined.
To test if an optimized antibody has higher killing function, we will perform NK Cell Cytotoxicity Assay by 51Cr release assay. Human NK-92 cells are used as effector cells in our study. Transfected 293T cells are used as target cells. Target cells are counted, washed, resuspended in R10 at 1×107 cell/ml, and labeled with Na251CrO4 at 250 μCi/ml for 2 hours at 37° C. After washing three times using R10, cells are mixed with effector cells in a final effector to target (E:T) ratio of 60:1 and 6:1 in triplicate wells in a flexible 96 well round bottom plates (PerkinElmer, Catalog #1450-401). The plates are inserted in flexible 96-well plate cassettes (PerkinElmer, Catalog #1450-101), sealed and incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours. After the incubation, cells are pelleted by centrifugation, and from the top of the well, add 25 μl of supernatant to a rigid 96 well isoplates (PerkinElmer, Catalog #1450-514) containing 150 ul of Ultima Gold LSC Cocktail (Sigma, Catalog #L8286). The plates are inserted in rigid 96-well plate cassettes (PerkinElmer, Catalog #1450-105), sealed and counted on Perkin Elmer Microbeta Triux 1450 counter. 51Cr labeled target cells without effector cells are set as a spontaneous release control, and 51Cr labeled target cells mixed with detergent (2% Triton X-100) were used as a maximum release control. The percentages of specific lysis were calculated with the formulation: The Percentages of Specific Lysis (51Cr Release %)=[(Experimental Release−Spontaneous Release)/(Maximum Release−Spontaneous Release)]×100.
To test off target binding, including autoreactivity, of an optimized antibody, we will screen the antibodies in AtheNA assay, Hep-2 cell staining, and any other suitable assay.
AtheNA assay. All mAbs isolated from mice and human are tested for ELISA binding to nine autoantigens-Sjogren's syndrome antigen A (SSA). Sjogren's syndrome antigen (SSB), Smith antigen (Sm), ribonucleoprotein (RNP), scleroderma 70 (Sel-70), Jo-1 antigen, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), centromere B (Cent B), and histone as previously described (Han et al., 2017; Liao et al., 2011).
Indirect immunofluorescence assay of mAbs binding to HEp-2 cells (Inverness Medical Professional Diagnostics. Princeton, NJ) is performed as previously described (Haynes et al., 2005; Liao et al., 2011). MAbs 2F5 (Yang et al., 2013) and 17B (Moore and Sodroski, 1996) are used as positive and negative controls, respectively. All antibodies were screened in two independent experiments.
Membrane Proteome Array is an array of membrane proteins detecting off target binding.
Stability Assay. Melting temperature using Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (Tm with DSF) Assay: This assay tests the thermal stability of the antibody. The higher the thermal stability, the less likely the protein will spontaneously unfold and become immunogenic. The antibody will be mixed with a dye that fluoresces when in contact with hydrophobic regions, such as SPYRO orange. The mixture will then be taken through a range of temperatures (e.g. 40° C.->95° C. at a rate of 0.5° C./2 min). As the protein begins to unfold, buried hydrophobic residues will become exposed and the level of fluorescence will suddenly increase. The value of T when the increase in fluorescence intensity is greatest gives us a Tm value.
Solubility/Aggregation propensity:
See e.g. Jain et al.|PNAS|Jan. 31, 2017|vol. 114|no. 5 p. 944-949, and summarized here:
In non-limiting embodiments, optimized sequences based on mouse VH and VL chains will be humanized.
See Examples 1 and 4, and Table 1, for non-limiting embodiments of affinity matured antibodies based on 3H4 antibody sequence.
Additional antibody residues/sites are chosen for modification and antibody optimization. Residues that are chosen to be randomized as part of directed libraries are residue that contact HLA-E/VL9 complex, and/or residues which are in proximity to contact site residues. Such contact and proximal residues could be organized in groups of 4 residues. The groups of four residues are picked such they are close in space and contact the same site of the HLA-E/VL9 complex. The four residues are selected such that they interact with the same region(s) of the epitope and thus may have combined binding effects). Four residues are randomized at a time because this is the number of variants that can be tested by yeast display. Some of the residues in the libraries are part of the CDR H3, but other residues beyond the CDR H3 will also be tested.
In some embodiments, not all the amino acids in a group will need to be changed during the optimization. In some embodiments any one residue from a group of residues or a combination thereof could be changed in an optimized variant. In some embodiments the combination is a combination of residues within a group. In some embodiments the combination is a combination of residues from different groups.
Based on structural analysis, scFv different directed libraries that sample all the amino acid variants at four residues are generated. These libraries aim to test all the 20 amino acid combinations at the four residues shown in
Sequence changes identified from these libraries that improve the properties of an antibody will be further combined in additional libraries that will be screened as in
The linker between the VH and VL sequence could be any suitable linker of varying length and/or sequence.
scFv Libraries Currently being Built and/or Screened in Yeast:
In certain embodiments antibodies can have low affinity for their cognate antigen (Neuberger et al. 2008. Immunol Cell Biol Volume86, Issue 2 Feb. 2008. Pages 124-132). In nature, the binding strength between antibodies and their cognate antigen is increased by providing avidity to the interaction with either by the presence of multiple B cell receptor on the surface of B cells or through the formation of dimers pentamers, and hexamers of secreted immunoglobulin (Czajkowsky et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009; Kumar et al. Science. 2020). Similar principles can be applied to antibody biologics. Through avidity, we sought to increase the binding strength of these antibodies thereby enhancing their ability to mediate killing of infected cells. In one non-limiting approach, we generated hexamers of IgG by introducing mutations E345R, E430G, S440Y in the Fc region of human gamma immunoglobulin (Glm3 allotype) (FIG. 25A, Diebolder, C A et al Science 343:1260-63 2014). These mutations could be introduced in any other suitable human gamma immunoglobulin gene. Any other mutations could be introduced in the Fc portion of the IgG molecule. Non-limiting embodiments heaxamer designs are shown in
Each engineered antibody was expressed by transient transfection of Expi293F cells and purified by anti-kappa or anti-lambda constant region affinity resin. SDS-PAGE analysis showed the presence of heavy and light chains. To assess the presence of hexamer formation, we performed negative stain electron microscopy on each protein preparation. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of some monomeric IgG, but also hexameric IgG (
Another non-limiting approach to form multimeric antibody, is to generate IgG antibodies or fragments thereof arrayed in multiple copies on the surface of nanoparticles, including without limitation protein nanoparticles. In a non-limiting embodiment, the nanoparticle is a ferritin nanoparticle. These specific ferritin nanoparticles would have the potential to array up to 24 copies of the antibody of interest. Antibody nanoparticles have been explored using single gene constructs (Rujas et al. Nat Commun. 2021; Divine et al. Science. 2021).
Antibody nanoparticles were generated as conjugate nanoparticles by adding a sortase A donor peptide (also referred to a sortase tag or linker) to the C-terminus of the heavy chain constant region and by adding a sortase acceptor sequence to the N-terminus of each ferritin nanoparticle subunit. In another embodiments, a sortase acceptor is added to the N-terminus of the heavy or light chain constant region and a sortase donor peptide sequence to the C-terminus of each ferritin nanoparticle subunit. Any suitable heavy chain constant region can be used. The donor peptide can vary at the third position, but A. E, and S tend to be the most common amino acids used. The acceptor sequence can be 5 or more glycines.
In one embodiment, the multimer antibody was designed as a full-length IgG. In another embodiment the multimer was designed as an antigen binding fragments (Fabs). In the Fab design, in one embodiment, the sortase tag is added to the C-terminus end of the Fab heavy chain sequence (
The Fabs of each antibody expressed well in Expi293 cells. The sortase A-tagged Fab molecule was conjugated to ferritin nanoparticles overnight at room temperature in the presence of 100 μM recombinant sortase A. Size exclusion chromatography was used to separate Fab-nanoparticle conjugates. SDS-PAGE analysis of Fab conjugate nanoparticles confirmed the Fab molecule was conjugated to ferritin subunits. Furthermore, negative stain electron microscopy of the purified Fab conjugate nanoparticles showed Fab molecules were conjugated to the surface of the nanoparticle (
The CA147 human antibody heavy chain gene was synthesized and cloned (GenScript) in a human IgG1 backbone with the E345R/E430G/S440Y mutations (termed Glm3). Recombinant IgG mAbs were then produced in HEK293i suspension cells by transfection the heavy chain CA147_VH_Glm3 gene and the light chain CA147_VK gene with ExpiFectamine and purified using Protein L resin. The purified mAbs were further purified in AKTA FPLC system using a Superose 6 size-exclusion column.
HLA-E single-chain trimer (SCT) constructs encoding HLA-E-VL9 or HLA-E-Mtb44 were transiently transfected into 293T cells using GeneJuice transfection reagent (EMD Millipore. Catalog #70967). Two days post transfection, cells were diassociated with 1 mM EDTA and were washed and resuspended in 1×PBS pH 74. Next, primary antibodies (supernatant from hybridoma cells or purified antibodies) were added and incubated with cells for 30 minutes at 4° C., followed by staining with secondary antibody Goat anti-human IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor Plus 647 (Thermo Fisher, Catalog #A-21445). Cells were then stained with LIVE/DEAD Fixable Aqua Dead Cell Stain Kit (Invitrogen, Catalog #L34957). Then, cells were washed and resuspended in fixation buffer (1% paraformaldehyde in PBS. pH 7.4). Data were acquired on a BD LSR II flow cytometer with HTS and analyzed using FlowJo version 10.
The multimeric antibodies or fragments thereof will be tested in any suitable assay to characterize their properties, including without limitation any of the assays described herein.
See Table 1, for non-limiting embodiments of further affinity matured antibodies based on 3H4 antibody sequence as described in Example 2. Specifically, a library was built that contained ˜1.1 million 3H4 scFv variants with amino acid diversity at sites that were determined by structural analysis to interact with HLA-E-VL9. Seventeen total residues located in the CDR loops of 3H4 were randomized in groups of four based on their proximity, and all possible combinations of amino acids were sampled at these sites. The resulting 3H4 scFv library was transformed into yeast and screened for three rounds by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for binding to fluorescently labeled HLA-E-VL9 tetramer. Twelve 3H4 variants (v1-v12) were selected for experimental characterization as recombinant human IgGs from the highly represented clones remaining in the library upon the final selection round. These novel Abs (3H4G_v1 to 3H4G_v12) were mutated at positions 97-100 of the CDR H3 loop. Compared to the original 3H4 mAb, the optimized antibodies predominantly contained small amino acids at positions 97 and 98, a polar amino acid at position 99, and a large aromatic at position 100 that is closest to the HLA-E-VL9. To further optimize the 3H4 mAbs isolated from these libraries, additional libraries were generated by sampling all the possible combinations of amino acids at positions 101, 102 and 103 in the CDR H3 loops of the mAbs that had the highest affinities for HLA-E-VL-9 (3H4G_v3, 3H4G_v5 and 3H4G_v6). These libraries were screened on the surface of yeast by FACS as above for binding to HLA-E-VL9. Second generation antibodies were isolated that originated from each of 3H4G_v3, 3H4G_v5 and 3H4G_v6 and that contained additional mutations at positions 101-103 in the CDR H3 loop. These second-generation antibodies, 3H4G_v31, 3H4G_v51, 3H4G_v61 and 3H4G_v62 had 2-4 times higher affinity for HLA-E-VLp compared to the first generation optimized mAbs.
A mouse tumor study was performed to test if anti-HLA-E-VL9 antibodies, in the presence of NKG2A+ NK cells, can slow HLA-E/VL9+ tumor growth in vivo (
Retarded HLA-E/VL-9+ tumor growth was seen in the presence of affinity-matured 3H4 antibody and NKG2A+ NK cells (
A repeat study of HLA-E/VL-9+ tumor growth in the presence of affinity-matured 3H4 antibody and NKG2A+ NK cells was performed and also showed retarded HLA-E/VL-9+ tumor growth was seen in the presence of affinity-matured 3H4 antibody and NKG2A+ NK cells (
HLA-E-VL9 binding kinetics to either original/isolated 3H4 IgM (
Next, the HLA-E-VL9 binding ability to immobilized 1st generation optimized 3H4 IgG mAbs was tested (
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assay screening was performed. For manual screening of HLA-E-VL9 proteins, a Q-injection of 90 μl of HLA-Ebt-VL9 MNQ protein at concentration of 50 μg/mL was performed over the immobilized antibodies at a flow rate of 30 μl/min in HBS-EP+1× running buffer. After dissociating, the antibodies were regenerated using 10 μl of Glycine pH2.0 at a flow rate of 50 μL/min. Cat_Ab82_AAA surface was used for reference subtraction.
SPR assay kinetics were measured. For injection of HLA-E-VL9 proteins, a K-injection of 90 μl of HLA-E-VL9 MNQ protein at concentration of 0.5 μg/ml-50 μg/ml was performed over the immobilized antibodies at a flow rate of 30 μl/min in HBS-EP+1× running buffer. No regeneration was necessary. Cat_Ab82_AAA surface was used for reference subtraction. HLA-E-VL9 kinetics on 3H4 IgG variants are shown in
The HLA-E-VL9 binding ability to immobilized 2nd generation optimized 3H4 IgG mAbs was tested (
SPR assay kinetics were measured. For kinetics screening of HLA-E-VL9 proteins, a high performance injection of 90 μl of HLA-Ebt-VL9 MNQ protein at concentration of 0.625 μg/ml-40 μg/ml was performed over the captured antibodies at a flow rate of 30 μL/min in HBS-EP+1× running buffer. After dissociating, the antibodies were regenerated using 10 μl of Glycine pH1.5 at a flow rate of 50 μL/min. Cat_Ab82 AAA surface was used for reference subtraction. HLA-E-VL9 kinetics on immobilized 3H4 IgG variants are shown in
Affinity matured 3H4 mAbs were highly specific for HLA-E/VL9 (
This International Patent application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Application No. 63/235,535, filed Aug. 20, 2021, entitled “Antibodies That Target HLA-E-Host Peptide Complexes And Uses Thereof,” and International Patent Application No. PCT/2021/050537, filed Sep. 15, 2021, entitled “Antibodies That Target HLA-E-Host Peptide Complexes And Uses Thereof,” the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
This invention was made with government support under the 5UM1AI126619-05 awarded by NIH, UM1-AI100645 awarded by NIH/NIAID and UM1AI144371 awarded by NIH/NIAID. The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2022/075241 | 8/19/2022 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63235535 | Aug 2021 | US | |
| PCT/US21/50537 | Sep 2021 | US | |
| 63078780 | Sep 2020 | US | |
| 63121036 | Dec 2020 | US | |
| 63235535 | Aug 2021 | US | |
| 63121031 | Dec 2020 | US |
