Patent Application
20220280636
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are double-stranded linear DNA viruses in the Herpesviridae family. Two members of the herpes simplex virus family infect humans, known as HSV-1 and HSV-2. Symptoms of HSV infection include the formation of blisters in the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth, lips, and/or genitals. HSV is a neuroinvasive virus that can cause sporadic recurring episodes of viral reactivation in infected individuals. HSV is transmitted by contact with an infected area of the skin during a period of viral activation. Despite a primed immune system, reactivation of the virus is frequent, often leading to lesions at the original site of infection.
The World Health Organization estimated that in 2012, 417 million people worldwide were infected with HSV-2, and 3.7 billion people under the age of 50 worldwide were infected with HSV-1. However, no HSV vaccine currently exists. Accordingly, there is a need for a vaccine that can reduce the prevalence of HSV infection.
The present invention directed to immunogenic polypeptides of use for a vaccine against Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). The polypeptides are glycoprotein E peptides that are mutated to reduce their binding to antibody Fc domain.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated polypeptide comprising a mature amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 12-27, or a variant thereof; the mature sequence being the sequence without the signal peptide sequence. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 13 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 14 does not vary any of positions 337-339, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 15 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 16 does not vary any of positions 337-339, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 17 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 18 does not vary any of positions 337-338, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 19 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 21 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 22 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 23 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 25 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 27 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises a mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 15, 17, 20-24, and 26, or a variant thereof; the mature sequence being the sequence without the signal peptide sequence. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 15 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 17 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 21 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 22 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 23 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises a mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, 20, 24, or 26, or a variant thereof; the mature sequence being the sequence without the signal peptide sequence. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In one embodiment, the isolated polypeptide consists of a mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, 20, 24, or 26, or a variant thereof. In such embodiments, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of positions 21-421 of SEQ ID NO: 12, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the isolated polypeptide comprises the entire amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of positions 21-417 of SEQ ID NO: 20, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the isolated polypeptide comprises the entire amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340.
In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of positions 21-417 of SEQ ID NO: 24, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the isolated polypeptide comprises the entire amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In still another aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of positions 21-417 of SEQ ID NO: 26, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the isolated polypeptide comprises the entire amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides an isolated polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, 20, 24, or 26, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In one embodiment, the isolated polypeptide consists of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, 20, 24, or 26, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In an embodiment of any one of the foregoing aspects, the variant amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide has 95-99% homology to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27.
In another aspect, the disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29-44, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 29 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1032 that encode amino acids at positions 337-344 of SEQ ID NO: 12, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 30 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode amino acids at positions 337-340 of SEQ ID NO: 13, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 31 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1017 that encode amino acids at positions 337-339 of SEQ ID NO: 14, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 32 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode amino acids at positions 337-340 of SEQ ID NO: 15, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 33 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1017 that encode amino acids at positions 337-339 of SEQ ID NO: 16, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 34 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode amino acids at positions 337-340 of SEQ ID NO: 17, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 35 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1014 that encode amino acids at positions 337-338 of SEQ ID NO: 18, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 36 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode amino acids at positions 337-340 of SEQ ID NO: 19, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 37 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode amino acids at positions 337-340 of SEQ ID NO: 20, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 38 comprises nucleotides at positions 733-735 that encode residue 245 of SEQ ID NO: 21, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 39 comprises nucleotides at positions 949-951 that encode residue 317 of SEQ ID NO: 22, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 40 comprises nucleotides at positions 955-957 that encode residue 319 of SEQ ID NO: 23 the variant of SEQ ID NO: 41 comprises nucleotides at positions 733-735 and 949-951 that encode amino acids at positions 245 and 317, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 24, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 42 comprises nucleotides at positions 733-735 and 955-957 that encode amino acids at positions 245 and 319, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 25, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 43 comprises nucleotides at positions 949-951 and 955-957 that encode amino acids at positions 317 and 319, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 26, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 44 comprises nucleotides at positions 733-735, 949-951, and 955-957 that encode amino acids at positions 245, 317, and 319, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 27.
In another aspect, the disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, 32, 34, 37-41 or 43, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 29 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1032 that encode amino acids at positions 337-344 of SEQ ID NO: 12, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 32 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode amino acids at positions 337-340 of SEQ ID NO: 15, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 34 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode amino acids at positions 337-340 of SEQ ID NO: 17, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 37 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode amino acids at positions 337-340 of SEQ ID NO: 20, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 38 comprises nucleotides at positions 733-735 that encode residue 245 of SEQ ID NO: 21, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 39 comprises nucleotides at positions 949-951 that encode residue 317 of SEQ ID NO: 22, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 40 comprises nucleotides at positions 955-957 that encode residue 319 of SEQ ID NO: 23, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 41 comprises nucleotides at positions 733-735 and 949-951 that encode amino acids at positions 245 and 317, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 24, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 43 comprises nucleotides at positions 949-951 and 955-957 that encode amino acids at positions 317 and 319, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 26.
In another aspect, the disclosure provides an comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, 37, 41, or 43, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 29 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1032 that encode amino acids at positions 337-344 of SEQ ID NO: 12, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 37 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode amino acids at positions 337-340 of SEQ ID NO: 20, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 41 comprises nucleotides at positions 733-735 and 949-951 that encode amino acids at positions 245 and 317, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 24, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 43 comprises nucleotides at positions 949-951 and 955-957 that encode amino acids at positions 317 and 319, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 26
In another aspect, the disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid including a nucleotide sequence of positions 61-1263 of SEQ ID NO: 29, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid comprises the entire nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 29 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1032 that encode the amino acid sequence AARAASTV (SEQ ID NO: 45).
In another aspect, the disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of positions 61-1251 of SEQ ID NO: 37, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid comprises the entire nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 37 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode the amino acid sequence AGGG.
In another aspect, the disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of positions 61-1251 of SEQ ID NO: 41, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid comprises the entire nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 41 comprises nucleotides at positions 949-957 that encode the amino acid sequence GGP.
In another aspect, the disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of positions 61-1251 of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid comprises the entire nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 43 comprises nucleotides at positions 949-957 that encode the amino acid sequence HGG.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, 37, 41, or 43, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 29 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1032 that encode the amino acid sequence AARAASTV (SEQ ID NO: 45), the variant of SEQ ID NO: 37 comprises nucleotides at positions 1009-1020 that encode the amino acid sequence AGGG, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 41 comprises nucleotides at positions 949-957 that encode the amino acid sequence GGP, and the variant of SEQ ID NO: 43 comprises nucleotides at positions 949-957 that encode the amino acid sequence HGG.
In one embodiment of any one of the foregoing aspects, the variant nucleic acid sequence of the isolated nucleic acid has 95-99% homology to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, or 44.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides a Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) vaccine comprising an isolated antigenic polypeptide, the isolated antigenic polypeptide comprising a mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, 20, 24, or 26, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) vaccine comprising an isolated antigenic polypeptide, the isolated antigenic polypeptide consisting of a mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, 20, 24, or 26, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides a Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) vaccine comprising an isolated antigenic polypeptide, the isolated antigenic polypeptide comprising a mature amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 12-27, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 13 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 14 does not vary any of positions 337-339, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 15 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 16 does not vary any of positions 337-339, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 17 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 18 does not vary any of positions 337-338, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 19 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 21 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, n the variant of SEQ ID NO: 22 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 23 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 25 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 27 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides a Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) vaccine comprising an isolated antigenic polypeptide, the isolated antigenic polypeptide comprising a mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 15, 17, 20-24, or 26, or a variant thereof. The variant of SEQ ID NO: 12 does not vary any of positions 337-344, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 15 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 17 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 20 does not vary any of positions 337-340, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 21 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 22 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 23 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, the variant of SEQ ID NO: 24 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319, or the variant of SEQ ID NO: 26 does not vary any of positions 245, 317, or 319.
In an embodiment of any one of the foregoing aspects, the variant isolated antigenic polypeptide of the HSV vaccine has 95-99% homology to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27.
In one embodiment of the foregoing aspects, the HSV vaccine comprises a second isolated antigenic polypeptide, the second isolated antigenic polypeptide comprising the mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the HSV vaccine comprises a second isolated antigenic polypeptide, the second isolated antigenic polypeptide consisting of the mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the variant isolated antigenic polypeptide of the HSV vaccine has 95-99% homology to the mature amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
In one embodiment, the HSV vaccine is multivalent. In one embodiment, the HSV vaccine is formulated in an effective amount to produce an antigen-specific immune response. In one embodiment, the HSV vaccine is a therapeutically effective vaccine.
In one embodiment, the HSV vaccine comprises an adjuvant. In another embodiment, the HSV vaccine does not comprise an adjuvant.
In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of inducing an immune response in a subject. The method comprises a step of administering to the subject an HSV vaccine of any one of the foregoing aspects and embodiments in an amount effective to produce an antigen-specific immune response in the subject.
In one embodiment of the foregoing method, the antigen specific immune response comprises a T cell response or a B cell response. In one embodiment, the subject is administered a single dose of the HSV vaccine. In one embodiment, the subject is administered a booster dose of the HSV vaccine. In one embodiment, the HSV vaccine is administered to the subject by intradermal injection or intramuscular injection.
In one embodiment of the foregoing method and embodiments, the subject has been exposed to HSV, the subject is infected with HSV, or the subject is at risk of infection by HSV.
Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide an HSV vaccine of any of the foregoing aspects and embodiments for use in a method of inducing an antigen-specific immune response in a subject. The method comprises administering to the subject the HSV vaccine in an amount effective to produce an antigen-specific immune response in the subject.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides use of an isolated polypeptide of any one of the foregoing aspects or the isolated nucleic acid of any one of the foregoing aspects in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of inducing an antigen-specific immune response in a subject. The method comprises a step of administering to the subject a HSV vaccine in an amount effective to produce an antigen-specific immune response in the subject.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides an HSV vaccine of any one of the foregoing aspects and embodiments for use in inducing an antigen-specific immune response in a subject.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides an HSV vaccine of any one of the foregoing aspects and embodiments for use in preventing or treating Herpes Simplex Virus infection in a subject.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides an isolated polypeptide of any one of the foregoing aspects and embodiments for use in inducing an antigen-specific immune response in a subject.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides an isolated polypeptide of any one of the foregoing aspects and embodiments for use in preventing or treating Herpes Simplex Virus infection in a subject.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides use of an isolated polypeptide or an isolated nucleic acid of any one of the foregoing aspects and embodiments in the manufacture of a medicament for inducing an antigen-specific immune response in a subject.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides use of an isolated polypeptide or an isolated nucleic acid of any one of the foregoing aspects and embodiments in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating Herpes Simplex Virus infection in a subject.
The details of various embodiments of the disclosure are set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the description and from the claims.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages will be apparent from the following description of particular embodiments of the technology, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of various embodiments of the technology.
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
The HSV genome encodes multiple glycoproteins which are expressed on the virus surface. Glycoprotein E (gE) and glycoprotein I (gI) are expressed as a heterodimer on the virion's surface and infected cells. This heterodimer is responsible for cell-to-cell spread of the virus. In epithelial cells, the heterodimer glycoprotein E (gE)/glycoprotein I (gI) is required for the cell-to-cell spread of the virus, by sorting nascent virions to cell junctions. An example of an HSV glycoprotein E is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. An example of an HSV glycoprotein I is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10.
It has also been shown that gE binds to the Fc domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and inhibits activities mediated by the IgG Fc domain through a process described as antibody bipolar bridging (Frank and Friedman, J Virol. 1989 November; 63(11):4479-88; Johnson and Feenstra, J Virol. 1987 July; 61(7):2208-16). Evidence has shown that HSV-1 gE is capable of binding IgG Fc both alone and when complexed with HSV-1 gI, with the heterodimer having a 100-fold greater affinity for IgG Fc than gE alone (Sprague et al., J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr. 2; 279(14):14184-93).
As used throughout the specification and appended claims, the following abbreviations apply:
BSA bovine serum albumin
DAD diode array detector
HSV Herpes Simplex Virus
RU resonance units
PD post dose
PFU plaque forming units
PS-20 polysorbate-20
PS-80 polysorbate-80
SP signal peptide
SPR surface plasmon resonance
TM transmembrane
UV ultraviolet light
WT wild type
v/v volume/volume
So that the invention may be more readily understood, certain technical and scientific terms are specifically defined below. Unless specifically defined elsewhere in this document, all other technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
As used throughout the specification and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Reference to “or” indicates either or both possibilities unless the context clearly dictates one of the indicated possibilities. In some cases, “and/or” was employed to highlight either or both possibilities.
As used herein, the phrase “therapeutically-effective” in reference to a dose or amount of a composition refers to a dose required to elicit antibodies that significantly reduce the likelihood or severity of infectivity of an infectious agent, e.g., Herpes Simplex Virus, during a subsequent challenge.
As used herein, the term “multivalent” used in the context of a composition herein (e.g. “multivalent vaccine”) refers to a pharmaceutical preparation comprising more than one active agent that provides active immunity to a disease or pathological condition caused by more than one strain of pathogen. For example, a multivalent vaccine against HSV-2 may protect against more than one strain of HSV-2.
An “adjuvant,” as used herein, is a substance that serves to enhance the immunogenicity of a composition of the disclosure. An adjuvant may enhance an immune response to an antigen that is weakly immunogenic when administered alone, e.g., inducing no or weak antibody titers or cell-mediated immune response, increase antibody titers to the antigen, and/or lower the dose of the antigen effective to achieve an immune response in the individual. Thus, adjuvants are often given to boost the immune response and are well known to the skilled artisan.
A “patient” (alternatively referred to herein as a “subject”) refers to a mammal capable of being infected with HSV. In preferred embodiments, the patient is a human. A patient can be treated prophylactically or therapeutically. Prophylactic treatment provides sufficient protective immunity to reduce the likelihood or severity of an HSV infection or the effects thereof. Therapeutic treatment can be performed to reduce the severity or prevent recurrence of an HSV infection or the clinical effects thereof. Prophylactic treatment can be performed using a composition of the invention, as described herein. The composition of the invention can be administered to the general population or to those persons at an increased risk of HSV infection.
As used herein, the term “treat” or “treating” means to administer a therapeutic agent, such as a composition containing any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention, to a subject or patient having one or more disease symptoms, or being suspected of having a disease, for which the agent has therapeutic activity. Typically, the agent is administered in an amount effective to alleviate one or more disease symptoms in the treated subject or population, whether by inducing the regression of or inhibiting the progression of such symptom(s) by any clinically measurable degree. The amount of a therapeutic agent that is effective to alleviate any particular disease symptom may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, and weight of the patient, and the ability of the drug to elicit a desired response in the subject. Whether a disease symptom has been alleviated can be assessed by any clinical measurement typically used by physicians or other skilled healthcare providers to assess the severity or progression status of that symptom. Treatment with the vaccines or polypeptides described herein could also combined with other interventions (antibodies, nucleic acids, vaccines and small molecule compounds) to treat other respiratory pathogens.
As used herein, the term “prevent” or “preventing” means to administer a prophylactic agent, such as a composition containing any of the vaccines or polypeptides of the present invention, to a subject or patient at risk of becoming infected by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), for which the agent has prophylactic activity. Preventing includes reducing the likelihood or severity of a subsequent HSV infection, ameliorating symptoms associated with HSV infection, and inducing immunity to protect against HSV infection. Typically, the agent is administered in an amount effective to neutralize HSV in the body in order block infection. The amount of a prophylactic agent that is effective to ameliorate any particular disease symptom may vary according to factors such as the age, and weight of the patient, and the ability of the agent to elicit a desired response in the subject. Whether a disease symptom has been ameliorated can be assessed by any clinical measurement typically used by physicians or other skilled healthcare providers to assess the severity or progression status of that symptom or in certain instances will ameliorate the need for hospitalization.
As used herein, the term “isolated” used in the context of polypeptides or polynucleotides refers to polypeptides or polynucleotides that are at least partially free of other biological molecules from the cells or cell cultures in which they are produced. Such biological molecules include other nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, or other material such as cellular debris and growth medium. It may further be at least partially free of expression system components such as biological molecules from a host cell or of the growth medium thereof. Generally, the term “isolated” is not intended to refer to a complete absence of such biological molecules or to an absence of water, buffers, or salts or to components of a pharmaceutical formulation that includes the polypeptides or polynucleotides.
As used herein, the term “variant” is a molecule that differs in its amino acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence relative to a native sequence or a reference sequence. Sequence variants may possess substitutions, deletions, insertions, or a combination of any two or three of the foregoing, at certain positions within the sequence, as compared to a native sequence or a reference sequence. Ordinarily, variants possess at least 50% identity to a native sequence or a reference sequence. In some embodiments, variants share at least 80% identity or at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 05%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity with a native sequence or a reference sequence.
As used herein, the term “analog” is meant to include polypeptide variants that differ by one or more amino acid alterations, for example, substitutions, additions or deletions of amino acid residues that still maintain one or more of the properties of the parent or starting polypeptide.
The present disclosure provides several types of compositions that are polynucleotide or polypeptide based, including variants and derivatives. These include, for example, substitutional, insertional, deletion and covalent variants and derivatives. The term “derivative” is synonymous with the term “variant” and generally refers to a molecule that has been modified and/or changed in any way relative to a reference molecule or a starting molecule.
As such, polynucleotides encoding peptides or polypeptides containing substitutions, insertions and/or additions, deletions and covalent modifications with respect to reference sequences; in particular, the polypeptide sequences disclosed herein are included within the scope of this disclosure. For example, sequence tags or amino acids, such as one or more lysines, can be added to peptide sequences (e.g., at the N-terminal or C-terminal ends). Sequence tags can be used for peptide detection, purification or localization. Lysines can be used to increase peptide solubility or to allow for biotinylation. Alternatively, amino acid residues located at the carboxy and amino terminal regions of the amino acid sequence of a peptide or protein may optionally be deleted providing for truncated sequences. Certain amino acids (e.g., C-terminal residues or N-terminal residues) alternatively may be deleted depending on the use of the sequence, as for example, expression of the sequence as part of a larger sequence that is soluble or linked to a solid support.
“Substitutional variants” when referring to polypeptides, are those that have at least one amino acid residue in a native or starting sequence removed and a different amino acid inserted in its place at the same position. Substitutions may be single, where only one amino acid in the molecule has been substituted, or they may be multiple, where two or more (e.g., 3, 4 or 5) amino acids have been substituted in the same molecule.
As used herein the term “conservative amino acid substitution” refers to the substitution of an amino acid that is normally present in the sequence with a different amino acid of similar size, charge, or polarity. Examples of conservative substitutions include the substitution of a non-polar (hydrophobic) residue such as isoleucine, valine and leucine for another non-polar residue. Likewise, examples of conservative substitutions include the substitution of one polar (hydrophilic) residue for another such as between arginine and lysine, between glutamine and asparagine, and between glycine and serine. Additionally, the substitution of a basic residue such as lysine, arginine or histidine for another, or the substitution of one acidic residue such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid for another acidic residue are additional examples of conservative substitutions. Examples of non-conservative substitutions include the substitution of a non-polar (hydrophobic) amino acid residue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine, alanine, methionine for a polar (hydrophilic) residue such as cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid or lysine and/or a polar residue for a non-polar residue.
As used herein when referring to polypeptides the term “domain” refers to a motif of a polypeptide having one or more identifiable structural or functional characteristics or properties (e.g., binding capacity, serving as a site for protein-protein interactions).
As used herein when referring to polypeptides the terms “site” as it pertains to amino acid-based embodiments is used synonymously with “amino acid residue” and “amino acid side chain.” As used herein when referring to polynucleotides the terms “site” as it pertains to nucleotide-based embodiments is used synonymously with “nucleotide.” A site represents a position within a peptide or polypeptide or polynucleotide that may be modified, manipulated, altered, derivatized, or varied within the polypeptide-based or polynucleotide-based molecules.
As used herein the terms “termini” or “terminus,” when referring to polypeptides or polynucleotides, refer to an extremity of a polypeptide or polynucleotide respectively. Such extremity is not limited only to the first or final site of the polypeptide or polynucleotide but may include additional amino acids or nucleotides in the terminal regions. Polypeptide-based molecules may be characterized as having both an N-terminus (terminated by an amino acid with a free amino group (NH2)) and a C-terminus (terminated by an amino acid with a free carboxyl group (COOH)). Proteins are in some cases made up of multiple polypeptide chains brought together by disulfide bonds or by non-covalent forces (multimers, oligomers). These proteins have multiple N- and C-termini. Alternatively, the termini of the polypeptides may be modified such that they begin or end with a non-polypeptide-based moiety such as an organic conjugate.
DNA of the present disclosure, in some embodiments, are codon optimized. Codon optimization methods are known in the art and may be used as provided herein. Codon optimization, in some embodiments, may be used to match codon frequencies in target and host organisms to ensure proper folding; bias GC content to increase mRNA stability or reduce secondary structures; minimize tandem repeat codons or base runs that may impair gene construction or expression; customize transcriptional and translational control regions; insert or remove protein trafficking sequences; remove/add post translation modification sites in encoded protein (e.g. glycosylation sites); add, remove or shuffle protein domains; insert or delete restriction sites; modify ribosome binding sites and mRNA degradation sites; adjust translational rates to allow the various domains of the protein to fold properly; or to reduce or eliminate problem secondary structures within the polynucleotide. Codon optimization tools, algorithms and services are known in the art—non-limiting examples include services from GeneArt (Life Technologies), DNA2.0 (Menlo Park Calif.) and/or proprietary methods. In some embodiments, the open reading frame (ORF) sequence is optimized using optimization algorithms.
In some embodiments, a codon optimized sequence shares less than 95% sequence identity, less than 90% sequence identity, less than 85% sequence identity, less than 80% sequence identity, or less than 75% sequence identity to a naturally-occurring or wild type sequence.
In some embodiments, a codon-optimized sequence shares between 65% and 85% (e.g., between about 67% and about 85%, or between about 67% and about 80%) sequence identity to a naturally-occurring sequence or a wild type sequence. In some embodiments, a codon-optimized sequence shares between 65% and 75%, or about 80% sequence identity to a naturally-occurring sequence or wild type sequence.
In some embodiments, an antigenic polypeptide includes gene products, naturally occurring polypeptides, synthetic polypeptides, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, fragments and other equivalents, variants, and analogs of the foregoing. A polypeptide may be a single molecule or may be a multi-molecular complex such as a dimer, trimer or tetramer. Polypeptides may also comprise single chain polypeptides or multichain polypeptides, such as antibodies or insulin, and may be associated or linked to each other. Most commonly, disulfide linkages are found in multichain polypeptides. The term “polypeptide” may also apply to amino acid polymers in which at least one amino acid residue is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally-occurring amino acid.
As recognized by those skilled in the art, protein fragments, functional protein domains, and homologous proteins are also considered to be within the scope of polypeptides of interest. For example, provided herein is any protein fragment (meaning a polypeptide sequence at least one amino acid residue shorter than a reference polypeptide sequence but otherwise identical) of a reference protein having a length of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or longer than 100 amino acids. In another example, any protein that comprises a stretch of 20, 30, 40, 50, or 100 (contiguous) amino acids that are 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to any of the sequences described herein can be utilized in accordance with the disclosure. In some embodiments, a polypeptide comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more mutations as shown in any of the sequences provided herein or referenced herein. In another example, any protein that comprises a stretch of 20, 30, 40, 50, or 100 amino acids that are greater than 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% identical to any of the sequences described herein, wherein the protein has a stretch of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 amino acids that are less than 80%, 75%, 70%, 65% to 60% identical to any of the sequences described herein can be utilized in accordance with the disclosure.
Polypeptide or polynucleotide molecules of the present disclosure may share a certain degree of sequence similarity or identity with the reference molecules (e.g., reference polypeptides or reference polynucleotides), for example, with art-described molecules (e.g., engineered or designed molecules or wild type molecules). The term “identity,” as known in the art, refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more polypeptides or polynucleotides, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, identity also means the degree of sequence relatedness between two sequences as determined by the number of matches between strings of two or more amino acid residues or nucleic acid residues. Identity measures the percent of identical matches between the smaller of two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any) addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (e.g., “algorithms”). Identity of related peptides can be readily calculated by known methods. The term “% identity” as it applies to polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences is defined as the percentage of residues (amino acid residues or nucleic acid residues) in the candidate amino acid or nucleic acid sequence that are identical with the residues in the amino acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence of a second sequence after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent identity. Methods and computer programs for the alignment are well known in the art. Identity depends on a calculation of percent identity but may differ in value due to gaps and penalties introduced in the calculation. Generally, variants of a particular polynucleotide or polypeptide have at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% but less than 100% sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art. Such tools for alignment include those of the BLAST suite (Stephen F. Altschul, et al. (1997). “Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs,” Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402). Another popular local alignment technique is based on the Smith-Waterman algorithm (Smith, T. F. & Waterman, M. S. (1981) “Identification of common molecular subsequences.” J. Mol. Biol. 147:195-197). A general global alignment technique based on dynamic programming is the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman, S. B. & Wunsch, C. D. (1970) “A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequences of two proteins.” J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453). More recently, a Fast Optimal Global Sequence Alignment Algorithm (FOGSAA) was developed that purportedly produces global alignment of nucleotide and protein sequences faster than other optimal global alignment methods, including the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm. Other tools are described herein, specifically in the definition of “identity” below.
As used herein, the term “homology” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between nucleic acid molecules (e.g. DNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. Polymeric molecules (e.g. nucleic acid molecules (e.g. DNA molecules) and/or polypeptide molecules) that share a threshold level of similarity or identity determined by alignment of matching residues are termed homologous. Homology is a qualitative term that describes a relationship between molecules and can be based upon the quantitative similarity or identity. Similarity or identity is a quantitative term that defines the degree of sequence match between two compared sequences. In some embodiments, polymeric molecules are “homologous” to one another if their sequences are at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical or similar. The term “homologous” necessarily refers to a comparison between at least two sequences (polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences). Two polynucleotide sequences are considered homologous if the polypeptides they encode are at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or even 99% for at least one stretch of at least 20 amino acids. In some embodiments, homologous polynucleotide sequences are characterized by the ability to encode a stretch of at least 4-5 uniquely specified amino acids. For polynucleotide sequences less than 60 nucleotides in length, homology is determined by the ability to encode a stretch of at least 4-5 uniquely specified amino acids. Two protein sequences are considered homologous if the proteins are at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% identical for at least one stretch of at least 20 amino acids.
Homology implies that the compared sequences diverged in evolution from a common origin. The term “homolog” refers to a first amino acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence (e.g., gene (DNA or RNA) or protein sequence) that is related to a second amino acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence by descent from a common ancestral sequence. The term “homolog” may apply to the relationship between genes and/or proteins separated by the event of speciation or to the relationship between genes and/or proteins separated by the event of genetic duplication. “Orthologs” are genes (or proteins) in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene (or protein) by speciation. Typically, orthologs retain the same function during evolution. “Paralogs” are genes (or proteins) related by duplication within a genome. Orthologs retain the same function during evolution, whereas paralogs evolve new functions, even if the new functions are related to the original function.
The term “identity” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, for example, between polynucleotide molecules (e.g. DNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. Calculation of the percent identity of two polynucleic acid sequences, for example, can be performed by aligning the two sequences for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second nucleic acid sequences for optimal alignment and non-identical sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In certain embodiments, the length of a sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% of the length of the reference sequence. The nucleotides at corresponding nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, accounting for the number of gaps and the length of each gap, which needs to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. For example, the percent identity between two nucleic acid sequences can be determined using methods such as those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, the percent identity between two nucleic acid sequences can be determined using the algorithm of Meyers and Miller (CABIOS, 1989, 4:11-17), which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. The percent identity between two nucleic acid sequences can, alternatively, be determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package using an NWSgapdna.CMP matrix. Methods commonly employed to determine percent identity between sequences include, but are not limited to those disclosed in Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J Applied Math., 48:1073 (1988); incorporated herein by reference. Techniques for determining identity are codified in publicly available computer programs. Exemplary computer software to determine homology between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCG program package, Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 12, 387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA Altschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol., 215, 403 (1990)).
In some embodiments, antigenic polypeptides comprise a signal peptide (“SP”). Signal peptides, comprising the N-terminal 15-60 amino acids of proteins, are typically needed for the translocation across the membrane on the secretory pathway and, thus, universally control the entry of most proteins both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes to the secretory pathway. ER processing produces mature proteins, wherein the signal peptide is cleaved from precursor proteins, typically by an ER-resident signal peptidase of the host cell, or they remain uncleaved and function as a membrane anchor. As used herein, the phrase “mature amino acid sequence” refers to an amino acid sequence that does not contain a signal peptide sequence.
Provided herein are peptide compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) and methods for prevention and/or treatment of HSV in humans and other mammals. HSV vaccines can be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. They may be used in medicine to prevent and/or treat infectious disease. In exemplary aspects, the HSV vaccines of the present disclosure are used to provide prophylactic protection from HSV. Prophylactic protection from HSV can be achieved following administration of an HSV vaccine of the present disclosure. Vaccines can be administered once, twice, three times, four times or more. It is possible, although less desirable, to administer the vaccine to an infected individual to achieve a therapeutic response. Dosing may need to be adjusted accordingly.
In some embodiments, the HSV vaccines of the present disclosure can be used as a method of preventing an HSV infection in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject at least one HSV vaccine as provided herein. In some embodiments, the HSV vaccines of the present disclosure can be used as a method of treating an HSV infection in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject at least one HSV vaccine as provided herein. In some embodiments, the HSV vaccines of the present disclosure can be used as a method of reducing an incidence of HSV infection in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject at least one HSV vaccine as provided herein. In some embodiments, the HSV vaccines of the present disclosure can be used as a method of inhibiting spread of HSV from a first subject infected with HSV to a second subject not infected with HSV, the method comprising administering to at least one of the first subject and the second subject at least one HSV vaccine as provided herein.
A method of eliciting an immune response in a subject against HSV is provided in aspects of this disclosure. The method involves administering to the subject an HSV vaccine described herein, thereby inducing in the subject an immune response specific to HSV antigenic polypeptide.
A prophylactically-effective dose is a therapeutically-effective dose that prevents infection with the virus at a clinically acceptable level. In some embodiments the therapeutically-effective dose is a dose listed in a package insert for the vaccine.
Provided herein are compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) and methods for prevention, treatment or diagnosis of HSV in humans and other mammals, for example. HSV vaccines can be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. They may be used in medicine to prevent and/or treat infectious disease. In some embodiments, the vaccines of the present disclosure are used for the priming of immune effector cells, for example, to activate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ex vivo, which are then infused (re-infused) into a subject. In some embodiments, vaccines in accordance with the present disclosure may be used for treatment of HSV.
HSV vaccines may be administered prophylactically or therapeutically as part of an active immunization scheme to healthy individuals or early in infection during the incubation phase or during active infection after onset of symptoms. In some embodiments, the amount of vaccine of the present disclosure provided to a cell, a tissue or a subject may be an amount effective for immune prophylaxis.
HSV vaccines may be administrated with other prophylactic or therapeutic compounds. As a non-limiting example, a prophylactic or therapeutic compound may be an adjuvant or a booster. As used herein, when referring to a prophylactic composition, such as a vaccine, the term “booster” refers to an extra administration of the prophylactic (vaccine) composition. A booster (or booster vaccine) may be given after an earlier administration of the prophylactic composition. The time of administration between the initial administration of the prophylactic composition and the booster may be, but is not limited to, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes 35 minutes, 40 minutes, 45 minutes, 50 minutes, 55 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, 18 hours, 19 hours, 20 hours, 21 hours, 22 hours, 23 hours, 1 day, 36 hours, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 10 days, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year, 18 months, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8 years, 9 years, 10 years, 11 years, 12 years, 13 years, 14 years, 15 years, 16 years, 17 years, 18 years, 19 years, 20 years, 25 years, 30 years, 35 years, 40 years, 45 years, 50 years, 55 years, 60 years, 65 years, 70 years, 75 years, 80 years, 85 years, 90 years, 95 years or more than 99 years. In some embodiments, the time of administration between the initial administration of the prophylactic composition and the booster may be, but is not limited to, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months or 1 year.
In some embodiments, HSV vaccines may be administered intramuscularly or intradermally. In some embodiments, HSV vaccines are administered intramuscularly.
Vaccines may be utilized in various settings depending on the prevalence of the infection or the degree or level of unmet medical need. Vaccines have superior properties in that they produce much larger antibody titers and produce responses early than commercially available anti-viral agents/compositions.
HSV vaccines may be formulated or administered alone or in conjunction with one or more other components. For instance, HSV vaccines (vaccine compositions) may comprise other components including, but not limited to, adjuvants.
In some embodiments, vaccines of the instant disclosure do not include an adjuvant (they are adjuvant-free).
Suitable adjuvants to enhance effectiveness of the compositions disclosed herein include, but are not limited to:
(1) aluminum salts (alum), such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate, etc.;
(2) oil-in-water emulsion formulations (with or without other specific immunostimulating agents such as muramyl peptides (defined below) or bacterial cell wall components), such as, for example, (a) MF59 (International Patent Application Publication No. WO 90/14837), containing 5% Squalene, 0.5% Tween 80, and 0.5% Span 85 (optionally containing various amounts of MTP-PE) formulated into submicron particles using a microfluidizer such as Model 110Y microfluidizer (Microfluidics, Newton, Mass.), (b) SAF, containing 10% Squalene, 0.4% Tween 80, 5% pluronic-blocked polymer L121, and thr-MDP either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexed to generate a larger particle size emulsion, (c) RIM adjuvant system (RAS), (Corixa, Hamilton, Mont.) containing 2% Squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components from the group consisting of 3-O-deacylated monophosphorylipid A (MPL) described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,094, trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (DETOX); and (d) a Montanide ISA;
(3) saponin adjuvants, such as Quil A or STIMULON QS-21 (Antigenics, Framingham, Mass.) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,540) may be used or particles generated therefrom such as ISCOM (immunostimulating complexes formed by the combination of cholesterol, saponin, phospholipid, and amphipathic proteins) and ISCOMATRIX (having essentially the same structure as an ISCOM but without the protein);
(4) bacterial lipopolysaccharides, synthetic lipid A analogs such as aminoalkyl glucosamine phosphate compounds (AGP), or derivatives or analogs thereof, which are available from Corixa, and which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,113,918; one such AGP is 2-[(R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl amino]ethyl 2-Deoxy-4-O-phosphono-3-O—[(R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-2-[(R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoylamino]-b-D-glucopyranoside, which is also known as 529 (formerly known as RC529), which is formulated as an aqueous form or as a stable emulsion
(5) synthetic polynucleotides such as oligonucleotides containing CpG motif(s) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,646); and
(6) cytokines, such as interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, etc.), interferons (e.g., gamma interferon), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2, etc.; and
(7) complement, such as a trimer of complement component C3d.
In another embodiment, the adjuvant is a mixture of 2, 3, or more of the above adjuvants, e.g., SBAS2 (an oil-in-water emulsion also containing 3-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A and QS21).
Muramyl peptides include, but are not limited to, N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP), N-acetyl-normuramyl-L-alanine-2-(1′-2′ dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine (MTP-PE), etc.
In certain embodiments, the adjuvant is an aluminum salt. The aluminum salt adjuvant may be an alum-precipitated vaccine or an alum-adsorbed vaccine. Aluminum-salt adjuvants are well known in the art and are described, for example, in Harlow, E. and D. Lane (1988; Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) and Nicklas, W. (1992; Aluminum salts. Research in Immunology 143:489-493). The aluminum salt includes, but is not limited to, hydrated alumina, alumina hydrate, alumina trihydrate (ATH), aluminum hydrate, aluminum trihydrate, alhydrogel, Superfos, Amphogel, aluminum (III) hydroxide, aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate, Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvant (APA), amorphous alumina, trihydrated alumina, or trihydroxyaluminum.
APA is an aqueous suspension of aluminum hydroxyphosphate. APA is manufactured by blending aluminum chloride and sodium phosphate in a 1:1 volumetric ratio to precipitate aluminum hydroxyphosphate. After the blending process, the material is size-reduced with a high-shear mixer to achieve a monodisperse particle size distribution. The product is then diafiltered against physiological saline and steam sterilized.
In certain embodiments, a commercially available Al(OH)3 (e.g. Alhydrogel or Superfos of Denmark/Accurate Chemical and Scientific Co., Westbury, N.Y.) is used to adsorb proteins in a ratio of 50-200 μg protein/mg aluminum hydroxide. Adsorption of protein is dependent, in another embodiment, on the pI (Isoelectric pH) of the protein and the pH of the medium. A protein with a lower pI adsorbs to the positively charged aluminum ion more strongly than a protein with a higher pI. Aluminum salts may establish a depot of antigen that is released slowly over a period of 2-3 weeks, be involved in nonspecific activation of macrophages and complement activation, and/or stimulate innate immune mechanism (possibly through stimulation of uric acid). See, e.g., Lambrecht et al., 2009, Curr Opin Immunol 21:23.
In certain embodiments, the adjuvant is a CpG-containing nucleotide sequence, for example, a CpG-containing oligonucleotide, in particular, a CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN). In another embodiment, the adjuvant is ODN 1826, which may be acquired from Coley Pharmaceutical Group.
Methods for use of CpG oligonucleotides are well known in the art and are described, for example, in Sur et al., 1999, J Immunol. 162:6284-93; Verthelyi, 2006, Methods Mol Med. 127:139-58; and Yasuda et al., 2006, Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 23:89-110.
HSV vaccines may be formulated or administered in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, vaccine compositions comprise at least one additional active substance, such as, for example, a therapeutically-active substance, a prophylactically-active substance, or a combination of both. Vaccine compositions may be sterile, pyrogen-free or both sterile and pyrogen-free. General considerations in the formulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical agents, such as vaccine compositions, may be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In some embodiments, HSV vaccines are administered to humans, human patients or subjects.
Formulations of the HSV vaccine compositions described herein may be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient (e.g., polypeptide or polynucleotide) into association with an excipient and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, dividing, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the disclosure will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. By way of example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100%, e.g., between 0.5 and 50%, between 1-30%, between 5-80%, at least 80% (w/w) active ingredient.
Compositions of this disclosure can be formulated as single dose vials, multi-dose vials or as pre-filled glass or plastic syringes.
In another embodiment, compositions of the present disclosure are administered orally, and are thus formulated in a form suitable for oral administration, i.e., as a solid or a liquid preparation. Solid oral formulations include tablets, capsules, pills, granules, pellets and the like. Liquid oral formulations include solutions, suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, oils and the like.
Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for liquid formulations are aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions or oils. Examples of nonaqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Examples of oils are those of animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, fish-liver oil, another marine oil, or a lipid from milk or eggs.
The pharmaceutical composition may be isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic. However, it is often preferred that a pharmaceutical composition for infusion or injection is essentially isotonic, when it is administered. Hence, for storage the pharmaceutical composition may preferably be isotonic or hypertonic. If the pharmaceutical composition is hypertonic for storage, it may be diluted to become an isotonic solution prior to administration.
The isotonic agent may be an ionic isotonic agent such as a salt or a non-ionic isotonic agent such as a carbohydrate. Examples of ionic isotonic agents include but are not limited to NaCl, CaCl2, KCl and MgCl2. Examples of non-ionic isotonic agents include but are not limited to mannitol, sorbitol and glycerol.
It is also preferred that at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable additive is a buffer. For some purposes, for example, when the pharmaceutical composition is meant for infusion or injection, it is often desirable that the composition comprises a buffer, which is capable of buffering a solution to a pH in the range of 4 to 10, such as 5 to 9, for example 6 to 8.
The buffer may, for example, be selected from the group consisting of TRIS, acetate, glutamate, lactate, maleate, tartrate, phosphate, citrate, carbonate, glycinate, histidine, glycine, succinate and triethanolamine buffer.
The buffer may be selected from USP compatible buffers for parenteral use, in particular, when the pharmaceutical formulation is for parenteral use. For example, the buffer may be selected from the group consisting of monobasic acids such as acetic, benzoic, gluconic, glyceric and lactic; dibasic acids such as aconitic, adipic, ascorbic, carbonic, glutamic, malic, succinic and tartaric, polybasic acids such as citric and phosphoric; and bases such as ammonia, diethanolamine, glycine, triethanolamine, and TRIS.
Parenteral vehicles (for subcutaneous, intravenous, intraarterial, or intramuscular injection) include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's and fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Examples are sterile liquids such as water and oils, with or without the addition of a surfactant and other pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants. In general, water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, glycols such as propylene glycols or polyethylene glycol, Polysorbate 80 (PS-80), Polysorbate 20 (PS-20), and Poloxamer 188 (P188) are preferred liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Examples of oils are those of animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, fish-liver oil, another marine oil, or a lipid from milk or eggs.
The formulations of the disclosure may also contain a surfactant. Preferred surfactants include, but are not limited to: the polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters surfactants (commonly referred to as the Tweens), especially PS-20 and PS-80; copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and/or butylene oxide (BO), sold under the DOWFAX tradename, such as linear EO/PO block copolymers; octoxynols, which can vary in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups, with octoxynol-9 (Triton X-100, or t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol) being of particular interest; (octylphenoxy)polyethoxyethanol (IGEPAL CA-630/NP-40); phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (lecithin); nonylphenol ethoxylates, such as the TERGITOL NP series; polyoxyethylene fatty ethers derived from lauryl, cetyl, stearyl and oleyl alcohols (known as BRIJ surfactants), such as triethyleneglycol monolauryl ether (BRIJ 30); and sorbitan esters (commonly known as the SPANs), such as sorbitan trioleate (SPAN 85) and sorbitan monolaurate.
Mixtures of surfactants can be used, e.g. PS-80/Span 85 mixtures. A combination of a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PS-80) and an octoxynol such as t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-100) is also suitable. Another useful combination comprises laureth 9 plus a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester and/or an octoxynol.
Preferred amounts of surfactants (% by weight) are: polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters (such as PS-80) 0.01 to 1%, in particular about 0.1%; octyl- or nonylphenoxy polyoxyethanols (such as Triton X-100, or other detergents in the Triton series) 0.001 to 0.1%, in particular 0.005 to 0.02%; polyoxyethylene ethers (such as laureth 9) 0.1 to 20%, preferably 0.1 to 10% and in particular 0.1 to 1% or about 0.5%.
HSV vaccines may be administered by any route which results in a therapeutically-effective outcome. These include, but are not limited, to intradermal, intramuscular, intranasal and/or subcutaneous administration. The present disclosure provides methods comprising administering vaccines to a subject in need thereof. The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease, the particular composition, its mode of administration, its mode of activity, and the like. HSV vaccine compositions are typically formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of vaccine compositions may be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically-effective or appropriate imaging dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
In some embodiments, HSV vaccines compositions may be administered at dosage levels sufficient to deliver 0.0001 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, 0.001 mg/kg to 0.05 mg/kg, 0.005 mg/kg to 0.05 mg/kg, 0.001 mg/kg to 0.005 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, or 1 mg/kg to 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, per week, per month, etc. to obtain the desired therapeutic, diagnostic, prophylactic, or imaging effect (see, e.g., the range of unit doses described in International Publication No WO2013/078199, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). The desired dosage may be delivered three times a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, every four weeks, every 2 months, every three months, every 6 months, etc. In some embodiments, the desired dosage may be delivered using multiple administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more administrations). When multiple administrations are employed, split dosing regimens such as those described herein may be used. In exemplary embodiments, HSV vaccines compositions may be administered at dosage levels sufficient to deliver 0.0005 mg/kg to 0.01 mg/kg, e.g., about 0.0005 mg/kg to about 0.0075 mg/kg, e.g., about 0.0005 mg/kg, about 0.001 mg/kg, about 0.002 mg/kg, about 0.003 mg/kg, about 0.004 mg/kg or about 0.005 mg/kg.
In some embodiments, HSV vaccine compositions may be administered once or twice (or more) at dosage levels sufficient to deliver 0.025 mg/kg to 0.250 mg/kg, 0.025 mg/kg to 0.500 mg/kg, 0.025 mg/kg to 0.750 mg/kg, or 0.025 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg.
An HSV vaccine pharmaceutical composition described herein can be formulated into a dosage form described herein, such as an intranasal, intratracheal, or injectable (e.g., intravenous, intraocular, intravitreal, intramuscular, intradermal, intracardiac, intraperitoneal, intranasal and subcutaneous).
Some aspects of the present disclosure provide formulations of the HSV vaccine, wherein the vaccine is formulated in an effective amount to produce an antigen specific immune response in a subject (e.g., production of antibodies specific to an HSV antigenic polypeptide). “An effective amount” is a dose of a vaccine effective to produce an antigen-specific immune response. Also provided herein are methods of inducing an antigen-specific immune response in a subject.
In some embodiments, the antigen-specific immune response is characterized by measuring an anti-HSV antigenic polypeptide antibody titer produced in a subject administered an HSV vaccine as provided herein. An antibody titer is a measurement of a concentration of antibodies within a subject, for example, antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen (e.g., an HSV antigenic polypeptide) or epitope of an antigen. Antibody titer is typically expressed as the inverse of the greatest dilution that provides a positive result. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a common assay for determining antibody titers, for example.
In some embodiments, an antibody titer is used to assess whether a subject has had an infection or to determine whether immunizations are required. In some embodiments, an antibody titer is used to determine the strength of an autoimmune response, to determine whether a booster immunization is needed, to determine whether a previous vaccine was effective, and to identify any recent or prior infections. In accordance with the present disclosure, an antibody titer may be used to determine the strength of an immune response induced in a subject by the HSV vaccine.
This disclosure is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The compositions and methods disclosed herein can have other embodiments and can be practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.
Several soluble gE-2 (from HSV-2) and gE-1 (HSV-1) proteins were constructed by truncation at multiple positions upstream of the transmembrane region of gE, yielding various ectodomain lengths (see Table 1 below for sequences;
Table 1 below lists the amino acid sequences summarized above. The signal sequence is underlined, and the soluble ectodomain sequence in wild type proteins is bolded.
MARGAGLVFFVGVWVVSCLAAAPRTSWKRVTSGED
MARGAGLVFFVGVWVVSCLAAAPRTSWKRVTSGED
MARGAGLVFFVGVWVVSCLAAAPRTSWKRVTSGED
MARGAGLVFFVGVWVVSCLAAAPRTSWKRVTSGED
MARGAGLVFFVGVWVVSCLAAAPRTSWKRVTSGED
MDRGAVVGFLLGVCVVSCLAGTPKTSWRRVSVGED
MGRLTSGVGTAALLVVAVGLRVVCAKYALADPSLK
MPGRSLQGLAILGLWVCATGLVVRGPTVSLVSDSL
MPGRSLQGLAILGLWVCATGLVVRGPTVSLVSDSL
MPCRPLQGLVLVGLWVCATSLVVRGPTVSLVSNSF
SEC MALS Analysis of Soluble HSV-2 gE/gI Heterodimer Complex
Heterodimer complex formation between soluble gE-2t 417 and gI-2t 262 was analyzed using Size Exclusion Chromatography-Multiple Angle Laser Light Scattering (SEC-MALS). Briefly, 200 μg of protein sample was separated on a Superdex 200 10/300 GL column. The elution was monitored by ultraviolet light (“UV”) using an Agilent 1100 diode array “DAD” detector. The refractive index and light scattering were detected using a Dawn II and TRex instrument. Molecular weight calculations were done by ASTRA software V6.1.2.84 using the protein conjugate method. Dn/dc for protein was kept at 0.185 and for carbohydrates at 0.15. A bovine serum albumin “BSA” control experiment was performed before and after the two samples to verify instrument performance. Apparent complex formation was positively verified (data not shown).
Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis of gE-2 Monomer and gE-2/gI-2 Heterodimers Association with IgG
gE monomers and gE/gI heterodimers from HSV-2 and HSV-1 were diluted to 750 μg/ml (except control peptide at 490 μg/ml) and flowed at 30 μl/min over human IgG Fc, and human, rabbit, mouse and guinea pig whole molecule IgG (854, 1348, 1094, 857, and 1143 resonance units (RU) respectively) amine coupled to CM5 chips. The surface was regenerated after each cycle with 0.25 M di-ammonium citrate, pH 5.0. HBS-P buffer (0.01 M HEPES pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.005% v/v Surfactant PS20) and control peptide were each flowed at the start and end of each set of serial flows. In some instances, HBS-P buffer was flowed only at the end of a set of serial flows.
1Whole Molecule
gE-1 associated with IgG Fc in both monomer and gE-1/gI-1 heterodimer form. However, gE-2 shows no association with IgG Fc in monomer form, instead requiring its heterodimer gE-2/gI-2 form for association. gE-2 and gE-2/gI-2 association appears to be stronger (highest RU amplitude) with human and rabbit IgG and less strong (6-fold lower amplitude) with guinea pig IgG. Heterodimer gE-2t 414/gI-2t 262 from strain HG52 showed no association with guinea pig IgG, despite showing association to IgG from human and rabbit. No definitive association by any gE form was observed with mouse IgG.
A panel of HSV-2 gE mutants was designed, targeting two primary regions on gE-2 hypothesized to be at the gE2:Fc binding interface.
Alignment of the ectodomains of gE-1 and gE-2 revealed a 71.7% identity. Based on the gE-1:Fc co-crystal structure by Sprague et al. PLoS Biol. 2006 June; 4(6):e148 (incorporated by reference herein), mutagenesis efforts of gE-2 focused on the surface-exposed loop at A337-V340 due to the analogous gE-1 loop having significant binding interactions with Fc. Table 3 summarizes the nine mutant gE-2 proteins created for amino acids 337-340 of gE-2t 417. SEQ ID NO: 46 (AARAA) is the amino acid sequence for residues 337-341 inserted at wild type position 337 for gE-2t 417 Mutant #1.
A second series of mutations in gE-2 were made at positions H245, P317, and P319 owing to the gE-1 equivalent amino acids' proximities, within 5 Å, of Fc in the co-crystal structure. Table 4 summarizes the amino acid mutations for the seven gE-2t 417 mutant constructs.
Table 5 below provides the full amino acid sequences for the mutant gE sequences listed in Tables 3 and 4 above. Substituted amino acids are underlined and deleted amino acid positions are marked by an underscore.
Table 6 below lists the nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 29-44 encoding the amino acid sequences for SEQ ID NOs: 12-27, respectively. The codons for SEQ ID NOs: 29-44 were optimized for expression in mammalian cells.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis of Mutant Construct gE-2 Monomers and Mutant gE-2/gI-2 Heterodimer to IgG
gE-2/gI-2 wildtype control and mutant gE-2/gI-2 heterodimers were analyzed for binding to human and rabbit IgG using SPR analysis. gE-2/gI-2 wild type control and mutant gE-2/gI-2 heterodimers were diluted to 750 μg/ml (except for control peptide at 490 μg/ml) and flowed at 30 μl/min over human IgG Fc, human, and rabbit whole molecule IgG (854, 1348, and 1094 RU respectively) amine-coupled to CM5 chips. The surface was regenerated after each cycle with 0.25 M di-ammonium citrate, pH 5.0. HBS-P buffer (0.01 M HEPES pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.005% v/v Surfactant PS20) and control peptide were each flowed at the start and end of each set of serial flows.
Table 7 below summarizes the RU of the SPR association phase for mutant ##1-2, 4-6, 8 gE/gI heterodimers and control HSV proteins.
Table 8 below summarizes the RU of the SPR association phase for mutant #9-15 gE/gI heterodimers and control HSV proteins.
Four of the mutants abrogated the ability of the gE-2/gI-2 heterodimer to associate with IgG Fc: mutants #1, #9, #13 and #15 (SEQ ID NOs: 12, 20, 24, and 26). Additionally, five mutants decreased the ability of the gE-2/gI-2 heterodimer to associate with IgG Fc: mutants #4, #6, #10, #11, and #12 (SEQ ID NOs: 15, 17, 21, 22, and 23). Mutant constructs #2, #5, and #8 (SEQ ID NOs: 13, 16, and 19) did not affect heterodimer association with IgG Fc.
The gE-2/gI-2 heterodimers deficient in associating with IgG Fc (mutants #1, #9, #13, and #15) were evaluated in a rabbit immunogenicity study. Groups of 3 to 4 month-old female New Zealand white rabbits (N=4) were immunized with intramuscular injections of 20 μg of protein in the presence of 90 μs aluminum adjuvant (ADDU-PHOS). A control group of ADJU-PHOS alone in 0.5-mL saline was included (Group 6). Animals were immunized at weeks 0, 3, and 8. Immune sera were collected at week 0 (pre-bleed), 5 and 10.
Serum antibody ELISA was conducted to detect the antibody response to the wild type (WT) gE, gI, or gE-2/gI-2 heterodimers in the serum samples. Plates were coated with 0.1 ug of antigen (WT soluble gE-2, WT soluble gI-2, or WT soluble gE-2/gI-2 heterodimer). Serially diluted serum samples were added at 100 μl per well and incubated for 1 hour. Plates were developed colorimetrically using 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate and read for absorbance at 450 nm.
A serum neutralization antibody assay was also conducted to analyze the ability of the antibodies from animals immunized with mutant gE-2/gI-2 heterodimer to reduce HSV plaque forming units (“PFU”) in the presence of complement (see Akhrameyeva et al., J Virol. 2011 May; 85(10):5036-47, and Johnson et al., J Virol. 1988 April; 62(4):1347-54, each of which is incorporated by reference herein). U-2 OS cells were seeded at 5×104 cells per well. Serum samples were diluted 1:10 initially and serially diluted 4-fold, with or without 5% baby rabbit complement. HSV-2 N2 lacZ reporter virus was diluted, with or without 5% baby rabbit complement, to 2.5×104 pfu/ml and an equal volume was added to the serum. The serum/virus mix was overlaid onto cells and incubated 18-24 hours. Cells were lysed, treated with development substrate, and OD562 was read on a VERSAmax microplate reader.
All references, including patent documents, disclosed herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The present application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/876,093 filed Jul. 19, 2019, and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US20/41889 | 7/14/2020 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62876093 | Jul 2019 | US |
