Patent Application
20180177184
The present invention relates to the field of antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal compounds, and more specifically to antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal systems for the administration of said compounds.
Plant metabolites such as the active compounds of essential oils and the organic acids of plant extracts exhibit proven acaricidal, antimicrobial and insecticidal activity against different pests (“Antimicrobial gallic acid from Caesalpinia mimosoides Lamk.” Food Chemistry, 100(3), 1044-1048, 2007; “Biological effects of essential oils—a review.” Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2), 446-475, 2008; “Essential oils in food preservation: mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components.” Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, 2012). The use of these extracts and the active compounds thereof as phytosanitary agents in crop farming, post-harvest treatments and in the food industry as antimicrobial agents in foods, coatings and containers has been widely studied in recent years (“Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review.” International journal of food microbiology, 94(3), 223-253, 2004; “Commercial opportunities for pesticides based on plant essential oils in agriculture, industry and consumer products.” Phytochemistry Reviews, 10(2), 197-204, 2011).
The main limitations of the use of compounds of this type are their solubility and volatility, as well as the modification of the organoleptic characteristics of foods after their incorporation, mainly the strong smell which prevents their use at effective concentrations for food preservation.
Encapsulation of compounds of this type in mesoporous silicon oxide particles as an alternative dosage form has recently started to be the object of study.
In the literature, mesoporous silicon oxide particles, or MSPs, are considered biocompatible materials, as inferred, for example, from the study conducted by Wehling et al. (“A critical study: Assessment of the effect of silica particles from 15 to 500 nm on bacterial viability.” Environmental Pollution, 176, 292-299, 2013), which investigated the effect of silicon oxide particles with a size comprised between 15 and 500 nm on bacterial viability. The results established that the particles did not exhibit inhibitory properties regardless of their particle size. Other research which has established the antibacterial effect of loaded particles also showed that the unloaded supports did not have any inhibitory activity on the studied microorganisms.
Loading antimicrobial compounds into the pores of mesoporous silicon oxide particles has been widely studied. For example, in the article by Izquierdo-Barba et al. (“Incorporation of antimicrobial compounds in mesoporous silica film monolith.” Biomaterials, 30(29), 5729-5736, 2009), the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, as well as chlorhexidine, were encapsulated in mesoporous silicon oxide and the controlled release thereof was obtained by means of anchoring —SH groups on the surface of silicon oxide. Both loaded particles showed bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with the chlorhexidine-loaded particles being more toxic according to the hemolysis, lactate dehydrogenase release and cell viability tests.
Additionally, nitroimidazole PA-824, which has a high antituberculous activity, was encapsulated in mesoporous silicon oxide particles, improving its solubility and therefore its bioavailability. However, the antibacterial activity of this encapsulated compound was not greater than the effect produced by the free compound. The absence of improvement in the activity may have been due to difficulties during PA-824 release from the mesoporous particles as a result of molecules which may interfere with the cellular environment (“Encapsulation of anti-tuberculosis drugs within mesoporous silica and intracellular antibacterial activities.” Nanomaterials, 4, 813-826, 2014).
An example of the encapsulation of natural antimicrobial compounds from plant extracts is allyl isothiocyanate. This natural antibacterial compound could be used in food, but presents problems relating to its volatility, spicy flavor and low water solubility. The encapsulation of this compound in mesoporous silicon oxide particles was proposed and controlled release of allyl isothiocyanate, which was modulated according to pore size distribution, was obtained. The antibacterial properties of said compound were maintained following the adsorption and desorption processes (“Controlled release of allyl isothiocyanate for bacteria growth management.” Food Control, 23(2), 478-484, 2012).
However, although the encapsulation of active compounds inside mesoporous particles provides advantages in terms of controlled and sustained release of the compound, for example, these techniques are not completely satisfactory. For example, one drawback of a technique of this type is that once the active compounds are released from the mesoporous particles, they are free in the environment and therefore have the same drawbacks as said compounds administered individually (for example, in terms of solubility, volatility with reduced efficacy against pests due to the low persistence, unpleasant flavor, etc.). Additionally, as the released compounds are dispersed in the environment, a substantial concentration of said compounds in a specific region of interest is not obtained. Additionally, it is not always possible to introduce the mentioned compounds into the pores due to polarity ratios and pore size-to-compound size ratio. On the other hand, the use of porous substances with pores having a large diameter complicates the closing thereof and therefore the effective encapsulation of the added compound.
When administered to a patient (which can be a human being or another animal species) for the treatment of a disease, for example, the active compounds can be absorbed in the body of the patient once they have been released. This prevents or reduces the action of those compounds in subsequent regions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as in the large intestine or the cecum, for example.
Therefore, there is still a need in the art for an alternative antimicrobial system which allows obtaining a substantial concentration of an active compound in a region of interest.
Furthermore, it would be desirable for the antimicrobial system to allow masking and reducing, at least partially, certain undesired properties of antimicrobial compounds (for example, unpleasant flavor and smell, etc.) in the case of food applications, for example.
To solve the problems of the prior art and to assure the maintenance of the antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal properties, the present invention proposes anchoring the antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal compounds (indicated hereinafter as active compounds) on the surface of support particles.
In principle, said anchoring or functionalization can greatly reduce the antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal activity of the active compounds since the most reactive functional groups, which are those through which the active compounds are usually anchored to the solid, are groups which confer the antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal character to said compounds. However, the inventors have now surprisingly discovered that in certain specific groups of active compounds of natural origin, such a decrease in activity does not occur when they are anchored on a solid support, rather said activity has been observed to remain the same or to increase. Even in the case of the same antimicrobial, insecticidal or acaricidal activity being maintained, the anchoring of the compounds on a solid support will provide additional advantages, such as the masking of unpleasant smells and flavors, for example.
The present invention therefore discloses an antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal system comprising support particles associated with at least one antimicrobial, insecticidal or acaricidal compound of natural origin. According to the present invention, the active compounds are not loaded into the pores of the support particles like in the case of the prior art, rather they are functionalized on the surface of said particles (support surface). The compounds therefore remain anchored to the support particles and are not released into the medium, which provides a series of advantages with respect to the antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal systems of the prior art.
Therefore, given that the active compounds are not released into the environment, undesirable properties of the compounds, such as the unpleasant smell and flavor, are masked, their volatility is reduced, etc. Furthermore, given that these compounds are not dispersed in the medium to which they are supplied, their concentration increases at the site of administration of the particles, and therefore the amount of said compounds that must be provided to obtain a given effect is reduced.
On the other hand, as the compounds are permanently fixed to the mesoporous particles (supports as described in the present invention), their absorption in the intestinal tract when administered to a patient is prevented. This favors the action of the active compounds in subsequent regions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the large intestine or the cecum.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the support particles used in the antimicrobial system are selected from the group consisting of silica-based inorganic materials, preferably mesoporous silicon oxide particles with a particle size comprised between 0.01 and 7 μm and a pore size comprised between 1 and 20 nm.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the support particles are amorphous silicon oxide particles with a particle size comprised between 0.01 and 30 μm.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the support particles are cellulose particles, preferably microcrystalline cellulose particles with a particle size comprised between 1 and 10 μm. The present invention also discloses the use of cellulose-rich supports, such as wood, cotton or paper, for example.
Additionally, according to the present invention, the active compound used in the antimicrobial, insecticidal or acaricidal system is selected from the group consisting of active compounds present in plant essential oils (for example, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, perillaldehyde, eugenol, thymol and vanillin) and organic acids present in the aqueous phase of plant extracts (for example, gallic acid and ferulic acid).
The present invention also discloses that at least one active compound of natural origin can be applied to the support by means of spraying.
The present invention also discloses the use of the system according to the present invention as antimicrobial filters and antimicrobial fabrics.
The present invention will be better understood in reference to the following drawings.
As mentioned above, the present invention relates to an antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal system made up of support particles surface-functionalized with at least one antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal compound of natural origin.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal system comprises support particles functionalized with an antimicrobial, insecticidal or acaricidal compound of natural origin anchored on the surface thereof.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal system comprises support particles functionalized with two or more different antimicrobial compounds of natural origin anchored on the surface thereof, such that the system facilitates the simultaneous action of both compounds.
According to a preferred embodiment, the support particles are selected from the group consisting of silica-based inorganic materials, preferably mesoporous silicon oxide particles with a particle size comprised between 0.01 and 7 μm, preferably between 0.1 and 1.5 μm; and a pore size comprised between 1 and 20 nm, preferably between 2 and 8 nm. More preferably, the mesoporous silicon oxide particles are preferably selected from MCM-41, SBA-15 and UVM-7.
According to another preferred embodiment, the support particles are amorphous silicon oxide particles with a particle size comprised between 0.01 and 30 μm, preferably between 3 and 4 μm.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the support particles are cellulose particles, preferably microcrystalline cellulose particles with a particle size comprised between 1 and 10 μm. Said particles have been used up until now in the pharmaceutical and food industry as an excipient and additive (E-460) with a stabilizing and thickening function, but their use as support particles is unknown.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the functionalized support is selected from the group of cellulose-rich supports, such as wood, cotton and paper, for example.
In turn, the antimicrobial, insecticidal and acaricidal compound of natural origin functionalized on the support particles is preferably selected from compounds obtained from extracts of plant essential oils (for example, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, perillaldehyde, eugenol, thymol and vanillin) and from organic acids obtained in the aqueous phase of plant extracts (for example, gallic acid, caprylic acid and ferulic acid). More preferably, the antimicrobial compound functionalized on the support particles is selected from the group consisting of carvacrol, eugenol, thymol and vanillin.
The present invention also relates to the use of the system according to the present invention as antimicrobial filters and antimicrobial fabrics. At least one active compound of natural origin can also be applied to the desired support by means of spraying.
The immobilization of natural bioactive compounds must be suitably studied and performed, since there is a relationship between the reactivity of the functional groups of the bioactive molecules and their biological activity potential. For that reason, not only is it necessary to anchor the mentioned molecules, but sometimes approaches which allow keeping the active group of the bioactive compound free must be employed.
The inorganic supports object of this patent have a large specific surface area with reactive groups on the surface thereof which allows the efficient covalent anchoring of organic molecules.
The chemical anchoring of various plant extract components on inorganic supports will allow maintaining the biological activity of the compounds by minimizing the adverse effects that may result from applying free compounds. Potential advantages include greater persistence since volatility of the bioactive compounds is reduced after covalent anchoring; reduction in the minimum concentration required for the bioactive compound to produce an inhibitory effect since anchoring the molecules on a surface causes the activity to increase due to a local concentration effect; as well as an increase in the chemical and thermal stability of the bioactive compounds.
The simplest way to anchor these compounds on inorganic supports consists of derivatizing them with trialkoxysilane groups using the main functional groups. Secondly, the derivatized compounds will be anchored on the inorganic surface of the support by means of the formation of covalent bonds.
In the case of anchoring aromatic compounds, formylation (Vilsmeier and Reimer-Tiemann) reactions will be used and the introduced aldehyde group will serve as an anchoring point of the compound with propylamines for the formation of alkoxysilane derivatives that bind to the support material. The aromatic compounds can also be directly anchored to the support material after reaction with iodopropyl groups by means of Friedel-Crafts reactions.
For organic acids having a carboxylic acid as the main functional group, said carboxylic acid will be immobilized on a material prefunctionalized with propylamines by means of an amidation reaction using DCC or EDC as coupling agents.
Illustrative but non-limiting examples are provided below to help understand the present invention.
First the functionalization of vanillin on MCM-41 mesoporous microparticles, as well as the antimicrobial activity thereof, were studied.
To that end, in vitro assays were carried out to determine the bacterial viability of Listeria innocua compared to mesoporous particles functionalized with vanillin as well as free vanillin. The survival of the microorganism in the absence of particles or active compound (positive control) was established as 100% of the population to calculate survival in the treated samples.
To that end, different suspensions of particles or free vanillin in culture broth (tryptone soy broth) were prepared, and the microbial inoculum was added thereto to obtain an initial population of about 106 CFU/ml. Said suspensions were incubated under orbital stirring (150 rpm) at 37° C. for 2 h. After said period, the serial dilutions were seeded in selective medium and incubated for 48 h, with subsequent counting of the colony forming units (CFUs) and calculation of the percentage of inhibition.
The attached
In fact, the concentration of vanillin in a small space as a result of the functionalization on MCM-41 particles greatly increases the antimicrobial capacity of the systems in the presence of free vanillin.
Therefore, the functionalization of vanillin on MCM-41 particles reduces the active compound concentration required for achieving 100% inhibition of an L. innocua culture to almost half. Furthermore, said functionalized support particles can be readily suspended in aqueous media, thereby improving vanillin solubility, and hardly have the characteristic smell of the active compound.
A test to determine microorganism inhibition by non-functionalized particles was carried out in the experiments, and no inhibitory effect whatsoever was observed.
A study similar to that described in Example 1 was performed to determine the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol functionalized on MCM-41 microparticles compared to free carvacrol.
The attached
As seen in
Results similar to those described above in Examples 1 and 2 have also been obtained using support particles of different sizes (data not shown).
A study was performed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on the possible mechanism of action of the antimicrobial compounds functionalized on support particles.
It can be observed that the treated cells exhibit serious morphological damage with a ruptured membrane and cell wall, as well as a loss of intracellular components. These results confirm that, like their free form, the main target of the active compounds functionalized on support particles is the outer cell envelope.
The anchoring of caprylic acid on mesoporous MCM-41 particles was studied. Caprylic acid is a medium-chain fatty acid with proven antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, but its use is limited by the strong rancid smell. The anchoring of caprylic acid on MCM-41 microparticles was therefore considered as an alternative for the purpose of maintaining the antimicrobial activity of the fatty acid, preventing the sensory-wise rejection associated with the administration of caprylic acid in free form. The anchoring of the fatty acid was carried out by means of the reaction between the terminal carboxylic group thereof and the amino group previously immobilized on the MCM-41 support, obtaining a support with hydrocarbon chains with the terminal methyl group. However, this anchoring mechanism greatly reduced the antimicrobial properties thereof, where large amounts of functionalized support are required to partially inhibit a bacterial culture (results not shown).
It is therefore demonstrated that not all antimicrobial compounds of natural origin exhibit an enhanced antimicrobial activity by means of functionalization on mesoporous particles disclosed in the present invention, and that the functionalization method used for the anchoring thereof is a decisive factor for the maintenance of their antimicrobial activity.
In fact, it is known that the antimicrobial activity of said compounds is due to certain functional groups in their molecular structure, and therefore the modification of said structure may modify the antimicrobial properties thereof. Particularly, the antimicrobial activity of the active compounds of essential oils is due to the presence of free hydroxyl groups and the blocking of these functional groups causes the loss of the inhibitory effect (“Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol related to its chemical structure.” Letters in Applied Microbiology, 43(2), 149-154, 2006).
Nevertheless, the anchoring of caprylic acid on mesoporous MCM-41 particles according to the present invention through a functional group other than the one used in Comparative Example 4 will indeed provide an increase in, or at least the maintenance of, the activity of this antimicrobial compound.
The functionalization route used for preparing this material consisted of a first step in which the inorganic support was functionalized with amino groups. In a second step, the amino groups were reacted with succinic anhydride, producing materials with a high density of carboxylic acids on the outer surface thereof, and 8-hydroxycaprylic acid was finally anchored by means of an esterification reaction.
The material obtained by means of this method had hydrocarbon chains with the terminal carboxylic group on the surface thereof. The tests performed showed that said support maintained the antimicrobial activity of caprylic acid in the same range as the free compound.
First the functionalization of eugenol on support particles of mesoporous silicon oxide and amorphous silicon oxide and the antimicrobial activity thereof were studied.
To that end, in vitro assays were carried out to determine the bacterial viability of Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli compared to mesoporous particles functionalized with eugenol as well as free eugenol. The survival of the microorganism in the absence of particles or active compound (positive control) was established as 100% of the population to calculate survival in the treated samples.
To that end, different suspensions of free and anchored compound in culture broth (tryptone soy broth) were prepared, and the microbial inoculum was added thereto to obtain an initial population of about 106 CFU/ml. Said suspensions were incubated under stirring at 37° C. for 24 h. After said period, the serial dilutions were seeded in selective medium and incubated for 24-48 h, with subsequent counting of the colony forming units (CFUs) and calculation of the percentage of inhibition.
The attached
As can be seen in
A study similar to that described in Example 6 was performed to determine the antimicrobial activity of thymol functionalized on MCM-41 microparticles and amorphous silicon oxide particles compared to free thymol.
The attached
As seen in
Similarly, an in vitro study to determine the anti-mold and anti-yeast activity of eugenol anchored on MCM-41 was performed.
As seen in the drawing, the antimicrobial activity of free eugenol and the eugenol anchored on molds is very similar, so eugenol anchored on the solid support does not reduce the fungicidal activity of the active compound.
Likewise, the results of inhibition on yeasts Z. bailii and Z. rouxii (
In addition to antimicrobial activity, a study of the acaricidal activity of immobilized active compounds of essential oils has been performed. To carry out these tests, the movements of mites were recorded by means of capturing images in order to establish the displacements and paths of the individuals, and the viability thereof was determined with this data.
The results show that the acaricidal activity is maintained after anchoring of the active compound of essential oil as seen in
The use of microcrystalline cellulose particles as a solid support has been studied.
The anchoring of the active compounds on cellulose was performed following the same protocol for anchoring on silicon oxide supports, only taking into account the solvent suitable for the suspension of cellulose (dimethylsulfoxide).
The results obtained have shown that immobilization takes place correctly and that the active compounds maintain antimicrobial activity.
As seen in the drawing, microcrystalline cellulose particles functionalized with thymol and vanillin maintain and even improve, like in the case of anchored vanillin, the antimicrobial activity with respect to the free form. Likewise, the inhibitory effect is similar to the inhibitory effect of silicon oxide particles functionalized with these natural compounds. Therefore, microcrystalline cellulose can also be used as a solid support for the immobilization of the active compounds of interest.
Other cellulose-rich supports, such as wood, can also be functionalized in order to confer to them the same properties.
Studies were also performed to develop surfaces with antimicrobial activity after the immobilization of the active compounds. First commercial cellulose paper filters functionalized with thymol were developed. To that end, the paper was impregnated with a solution consisting of the trialkoxysilane derivative and the active compound. After drying the solution on the paper for 2 h, the filters were washed with water and then dried at room temperature.
Once the functionalized filters were obtained, they were used to filter (by gravity) 10 ml of water contaminated with Listeria innocua at an inoculum density of 104 CFU/ml. After that, the microbial load of the filtered samples was determined by means of dilution and plate seeding, obtaining a complete microbial load reduction compared to the control samples (water filtered in non-functionalized paper).
The same principle can be applied for developing cotton filters.
Another type of antimicrobial surface was also developed, these cotton fabrics having antimicrobial activity. The functionalization process is similar to that of the cellulose filters since it consists of impregnation with the activated compounds, washing and drying. The first results of fabrics functionalized with thymol and vanillin showed complete inhibition of Aspergillus niger growth compared to the non-functionalized fabric as seen in
Aerosols for developing antimicrobial particles or surfaces.
Taking into account the foregoing, it is also possible to develop a spray or aerosol to functionalize supports or surfaces in a quick and simple manner. This aerosol can contain the molecules of interest derivatized with trialkoxysilane and dissolved in a suitable solvent according to the support or surface on which it will be applied.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| P 201531075 | Jul 2015 | ES | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/ES2016/070546 | 7/20/2016 | WO | 00 |
