Patent Application
20170249408
The present invention relates to antiperspirant and deodorant compositions comprising malodor reduction compositions and methods of making and using such antiperspirant and deodorant compositions.
Unscented or scented products are desired by consumers as they may be considered more natural and discreet than scented products. Manufacturers of unscented or scented products for controlling malodors rely on malodor reduction ingredients or other technologies (e.g. filters) to reduce malodors. However, effectively controlling malodors, for example, amine-based malodors (e.g. fish and urine), thiol and sulfide-based malodors (e.g. garlic and onion), C2-C12 carboxylic acid based malodors (e.g. body and pet odor), indole based malodors (e.g. fecal and bad breath), short chain fatty aldehyde based malodors (e.g. grease) and geosmin based malodors (e.g. mold/mildew) may be difficult, and the time required for a product to noticeably reduce malodors may create consumer doubt as to the product's efficacy on malodors. Often times, manufacturers incorporate scented perfumes to help mask these difficult malodors.
Unfortunately, malodor control technologies typically cover up the malodor with a stronger scent and thus interfere with the scent of the perfumed or unperfumed situs that is treated with the malodor control technology. Thus, limited nature of the current malodor control technologies is extremely constraining. Thus what is needed is a broader palette of malodor control technologies so the perfume community can deliver the desired level of character in a greater number of situations/applications. Surprisingly, Applicants recognized that in addition to blocking a malodor's access to a sensory cell, in order to achieve the desired goal, a malodor control technology must leave such sensor cell open to other molecules, for example scent molecules. Thus, antiperspirant and deodorant compositions comprising the malodor control technologies disclosed herein provide malodor control without leaving an undesirable scent and when perfume is used to scent such compositions, such scent is not unduely altered by the malodor control technology.
The present invention relates to antiperspirant and deodorant compositions comprising malodor reduction compositions and methods of making and using such antiperspirant and deodorant compositions. Such antiperspirant and deodorant compositions comprising the malodor control technologies disclosed herein provide malodor control without leaving an undesirable scent and when perfume is used to scent such compositions, such scent is not unduely altered by the malodor control technology.
“Ambient” refers to surrounding conditions at about one atmosphere of pressure, 50% relative humidity and about 25° C.
“Anhydrous” refers to compositions and/or components which are substantially free of added or free water.
“Antiperspirant composition” refers to antiperspirant compositions, deodorant compositions, and the like. For example, antiperspirant creams, gels, soft solid sticks, body sprays, and aerosols.
“Soft solid” refers to a composition with a static yield stress of about 200 Pa to about 1,300 Pa. The term “solid” includes granular, powder, bar and tablet product forms.
The term “fluid” includes liquid, gel, paste and gas product forms.
The term “situs” includes paper products, fabrics, garments, hard surfaces, hair and skin.
The term “substantially free of” refers to about 2% or less, about 1% or less, or about 0.1% or less of a stated ingredient. “Free of” refers to no detectable amount of the stated ingredient or thing.
As used herein “MORV” is the calculated malodor reduction value for a subject material. A material's MORV indicates such material's ability to decrease or even eliminate the perception of one or more malodors. For purposes of the present application, a material's MORV is calculated in accordance with method found in the test methods section of the present application.
As used herein, “malodor” refers to compounds generally offensive or unpleasant to most people, such as the complex odors associated with bowel movements.
As used herein, “neutralize” or “neutralization” refers to the ability of a compound or product to reduce or eliminate malodorous compounds. Odor neutralization may be partial, affecting only some of the malodorous compounds in a given context, or affecting only part of a malodorous compound. A malodorous compound may be neutralized by chemical reaction resulting in a new chemical entity, by sequestration, by chelation, by association, or by any other interaction rendering the malodorous compound less malodorous or non-malodorous. Neutralization is distinguishable from odor masking or odor blocking by a change in the malodorous compound, as opposed to a change in the ability to perceive the malodor without any corresponding change in the condition of the malodorous compound. Malodor neutralization provides a sensory and analytically measurable (e.g. gas chromatograph) malodor reduction. Thus, if a malodor reduction composition delivers genuine malodor neutralization, the composition will reduce malodors in the vapor and/or liquid phase.
As used herein, “odor blocking” refers to the ability of a compound to dull the human sense of smell.
As used herein, “odor masking” refers to the ability of a compound with a non-offensive or pleasant smell that is dosed such that it limits the ability to sense a malodorous compound. Odor-masking may involve the selection of compounds which coordinate with an anticipated malodor to change the perception of the overall scent provided by the combination of odorous compounds.
As used herein, the term “perfume” does not include malodor reduction materials. Thus, the perfume portion of a composition does not include, when determining the perfume's composition, any malodor reduction materials found in the composition as such malodor reduction materials are described herein. In short, if a material has a malodor reduction value “MORV” that is within the range of the MORV recited in the subject claim, such material is a malodor reduction material for purposes of such claim.
As used herein, the terms “a” and “an” mean “at least one”.
As used herein, the terms “include”, “includes” and “including” are meant to be non-limiting.
Unless otherwise noted, all component or composition levels are in reference to the active portion of that component or composition, and are exclusive of impurities, for example, residual solvents or by-products, which may be present in commercially available sources of such components or compositions.
All percentages and ratios are calculated by weight unless otherwise indicated. All percentages and ratios are calculated based on the total composition unless otherwise indicated.
It should be understood that every maximum numerical limitation given throughout this specification includes every lower numerical limitation, as if such lower numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every minimum numerical limitation given throughout this specification will include every higher numerical limitation, as if such higher numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every numerical range given throughout this specification will include every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written herein.
A non-limiting set of suitable malodor reduction materials are provided in the tables below. For ease of use, each material in Tables 1-3 is assigned a numerical indentifier which is found in the column for each table that is designated Number. Table 4 is a subset of Table 1, Table 5 is a subset of Table 2 and Table 6 is a subset of Table 3 and there for Tables 4, 5 and 6 each use the same numerical identifier as found, respectively, in Tables 1-3.
The materials in Tables 1-6 can be supplied by one or more of the following:
Firmenich Inc. of Plainsboro N.J. USA; International Flavor and Fragrance Inc. New York, N.Y. USA; Takasago Corp. Teterboro, N.J. USA; Symrise Inc. Teterboro, N.J. USA; Sigma-Aldrich/SAFC Inc. Carlsbad, Calif. USA; and Bedoukian Research Inc. Danbury, Conn. USA.
Actual MORV values for each material listed in Tables 1-6 above are as follows:
Antiperspirant and/or Deodorant Compositions and Methods of Use
An antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition comprising, based on total composition weight,
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said sum total of malodor reduction materials has a Blocker Index of less than 3, more preferable less than about 2.5 even more preferably less than about 2 and still more preferably less than about 1 and most preferably 0 and/or a Blocker Index average of 3 to about 0.001.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, each of said malodor reduction materials has a MORV of at least 0.5, preferably from 0.5 to 10, more preferably from 1 to 10, most preferably from 1 to 5, and preferably each of said malodor reduction materials has a Universal MORV.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said sum total of malodor reduction materials has a Fragrance Fidelity Index average of 3 to about 0.001 Fragrance Fidelity Index, preferably each malodor reduction material in said sum total of malodor reduction materials has a Fragrance Fidelity Index of less than 3, preferably less than 2, more preferably less than 1 and most preferably each malodor reduction material in said sum total of malodor reduction materials has a Fragrance Fidelity Index of 0.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said sum total of malodor reduction materials has an average boiling point, based on the weight percent of each malodor reduction material in said sum total of malodor reduction materials, of from about 160° C. to about 400° C., preferably from about 180° C. to about 400° C.; preferably 25%, more preferably 50%, more preferably 75%, most preferably each of said malodor reduction materials in said sum total of malodor reduction materials has a of from about 160° C. to about 400° C., preferably from about 180° C. to about 400° C.
In one aspect of antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said composition comprises a malodor reduction material is selected from the group consisting of Table 1 materials and mixtures thereof; preferably said material is selected from the group consisting of Table 1 materials 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 91, 92, 93, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 126, 128, 130, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 167, 168, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 199, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 218, 221, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 238, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 252, 253, 254, 256, 259, 260, 261, 263, 267, 269, 271, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 300, 301, 303, 307, 316, 317, 318, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 347, 349, 350, 352, 353, 356, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378, 381, 385, 386, 388, 390, 391, 394, 397, 398, 407, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 421, 424, 425, 426, 428, 429, 432, 436, 441, 444, 445, 449, 450, 453, 457, 459, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 470, 471, 473, 474, 475, 478, 479, 480, 482, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 491, 493, 497, 498, 501, 502, 503, 505, 519, 520, 521, 524, 527, 529, 530, 531, 532, 534, 537, 541, 544, 546, 548, 550, 551, 552, 553, 555, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 577, 578, 580, 581, 582, 584, 586, 587, 589, 591, 592, 594, 595, 599, 600, 601, 603, 604, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 618, 620, 621, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 631, 632, 633, 635, 636, 638, 639, 644, 649, 650, 653, 655, 658, 659, 660, 661, 663, 668, 671, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 686, 691, 692, 693, 694, 696, 697, 698, 700, 702, 704, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 730, 731, 733, 735, 736, 738, 741, 742, 746, 748, 750, 752, 754, 757, 758, 763, 764, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 774, 775, 776, 778, 781, 782, 786, 788, 791, 792, 800, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 814, 821, 824, 826, 827, 828, 829, 831, 833, 834, 837, 839, 840, 849, 850, 852, 856, 864, 865, 866, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 876, 877, 878, 879, 881, 884, 885, 886, 890, 892, 893, 894, 897, 905, 908, 912, 913, 914, 916, 919, 920, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 933, 937, 939, 941, 942, 943, 945, 946, 947, 948, 950, 951, 953, 954, 955, 959, 962, 965, 967, 969, 973, 974, 976, 978, 980, 982, 985, 988, 993, 998, 1000, 1003, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1012, 1016, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1043, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1053, 1057, 1059, 1060, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1070, 1072, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1078, 1082, 1083, 1085, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1102, 1104, 1105, 1107, 1111, 1113, 1116, 1117, 1120, 1121, 1125, 1126, 1129, 1131, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, Table 2 materials 2, 23, 141, 185, 227, 230, 246, 248, 343, 359, 565, 631, 659, 674, 678, 679, 715, 758, 1028, 1097, Table 3 materials 12, 19, 20, 24, 26, 27, 53, 54, 55, 59, 72, 73, 81, 84, 96, 97, 107, 111, 115, 116, 125, 133, 147, 150, 151, 154, 157, 163, 166, 169, 181, 191, 194, 198, 201, 204, 205, 213, 214, 232, 237, 239, 255, 258, 264, 270, 273, 275, 282, 283, 284, 287, 302, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314, 319, 346, 354, 355, 365, 366, 376, 379, 387, 400, 412, 419, 420, 437, 438, 439, 440, 442, 443, 447, 448, 454, 455, 469, 472, 477, 481, 492, 495, 496, 504, 509, 510, 512, 515, 517, 518, 522, 525, 526, 528, 535, 536, 538, 540, 542, 547, 549, 554, 556, 557, 575, 576, 579, 583, 585, 588, 602, 605, 617, 619, 640, 641, 645, 647, 651, 652, 662, 664, 665, 667, 672, 687, 699, 701, 703, 740, 743, 744, 745, 755, 760, 761, 777, 779, 784, 789, 796, 797, 799, 808, 810, 811, 812, 817, 819, 820, 832, 835, 836, 838, 845, 846, 847, 848, 851, 858, 875, 880, 882, 883, 888, 889, 891, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 909, 918, 921, 931, 940, 956, 958, 960, 971, 977, 981, 983, 986, 987, 994, 995, 1001, 1002, 1004, 1005, 1011, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1030, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1051, 1052, 1054, 1055, 1058, 1061, 1069, 1071, 1074, 1076, 1079, 1081, 1084, 1088, 1098, 1110, 1112, 1115, 1118, 1119, 1122, 1127, 1128, 1133, 1134, 1141 and mixtures thereof, more preferably said material is selected from the group consisting of Table 1 materials 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 91, 92, 93, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 126, 128, 130, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 167, 168, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 199, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 218, 221, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 238, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 252, 253, 254, 256, 259, 260, 261, 263, 267, 269, 271, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 300, 301, 303, 307, 316, 317, 318, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 347, 349, 350, 352, 353, 356, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378, 381, 385, 386, 388, 390, 391, 394, 397, 398, 407, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 421, 424, 425, 426, 428, 429, 432, 436, 441, 444, 445, 449, 450, 453, 457, 459, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 470, 471, 473, 474, 475, 478, 479, 480, 482, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 491, 493, 497, 498, 501, 502, 503, 505, 519, 520, 521, 524, 527, 529, 530, 531, 532, 534, 537, 541, 544, 546, 548, 550, 551, 552, 553, 555, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 577, 578, 580, 581, 582, 584, 586, 587, 589, 591, 592, 594, 595, 599, 600, 601, 603, 604, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 618, 620, 621, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 631, 632, 633, 635, 636, 638, 639, 644, 649, 650, 653, 655, 658, 659, 660, 661, 663, 668, 671, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 686, 691, 692, 693, 694, 696, 697, 698, 700, 702, 704, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 730, 731, 733, 735, 736, 738, 741, 742, 746, 748, 750, 752, 754, 757, 758, 763, 764, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 774, 775, 776, 778, 781, 782, 786, 788, 791, 792, 800, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 814, 821, 824, 826, 827, 828, 829, 831, 833, 834, 837, 839, 840, 849, 850, 852, 856, 864, 865, 866, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 876, 877, 878, 879, 881, 884, 885, 886, 890, 892, 893, 894, 897, 905, 908, 912, 913, 914, 916, 919, 920, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 933, 937, 939, 941, 942, 943, 945, 946, 947, 948, 950, 951, 953, 954, 955, 959, 962, 965, 967, 969, 973, 974, 976, 978, 980, 982, 985, 988, 993, 998, 1000, 1003, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1012, 1016, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1043, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1053, 1057, 1059, 1060, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1070, 1072, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1078, 1082, 1083, 1085, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1097, 1099, 1102, 1104, 1105, 1107, 1111, 1113, 1116, 1117, 1120, 1121, 1125, 1126, 1129, 1131, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, Table 2 materials 2, 23, 141, 185, 227, 230, 246, 248, 343, 359, 565, 631, 659, 674, 678, 679, 715, 758, 1028, 1097 and mixtures thereof, more preferably said material is selected from the group consisting of Table 4 materials 7, 14, 39, 48, 183, 199, 206, 212, 215, 229, 260, 261, 281, 329, 335, 353, 360, 441, 484, 487, 488, 501, 566, 567, 569, 570, 573, 574, 603, 616, 621, 624, 627, 632, 663, 680, 684, 694, 696, 708, 712, 714, 726, 750, 764, 775, 776, 788, 804, 872, 919, 927, 933, 978, 1007, 1022, 1024, 1027, 1029, 1035, 1038, 1060, 1089, 1107, 1129, 1131, 1136, 1137, 1140, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1148, 1149, Table 5 materials 248, more preferably said material is selected from the group consisting of Table 4 and 5 materials 261, 680, 788, 1129, 1148, 1149 and mixtures thereof.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said sum total of malodor reduction materials has an average boiling point, based on the weight percent of each malodor reduction material in said sum total of malodor reduction materials, of from about 160° C. to about 400° C., preferably from about 180° C. to about 400° C.; preferably 25%, more preferably 50%, more preferably 75%, most preferably each of said malodor reduction materials in said sum total of malodor reduction materials has a of from about 160° C. to about 400° C., preferably from about 180° C. to about 400° C.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said composition comprises one or more perfume raw materials.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said combination of said sum total of malodor reduction materials and said one or more perfume raw materials combined has an average boiling point, based on the weight percent of each malodor reduction material in said sum total of malodor reduction materials, of from about 160° C. to about 400° C., preferably from about 180° C. to about 400° C.; preferably 25%, more preferably 50%, more preferably 75%, most preferably each of said malodor reduction materials in said sum total of malodor reduction materials and each of said one or more perfume raw materials has a boiling point of from about 160° C. to about 400° C., preferably from about 180° C. to about 400° C.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, the ratio of said one or more perfume raw materials to said sum total of malodor reduction material is from about 500:1 to about 1:1, preferably from about 50:1 to about 1:1, more preferably from about 20:1 to about 1:1, most preferably from about 2:1 to about 1:1.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 1% of said malodor reduction materials and said one or more perfume raw materials, based on total combined weight of malodor reduction materials and said one or more perfume raw materials comprise an ionone moiety.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said malodor reduction materials are not selected from the group consisting of Table 1-3 materials 302; 288; 50; 157; 1017; 888; 64; 1054; 832; 375; 390; 745; 504; 505; 140; 1012; 498; 362; 103; 356; 1074; 908; 1127; 475; 918; 687; 611; 317; 9; 141; 550; 602; 913; 1005; 521; 10; 215; 370; 335; 378; 1121; 360; 565; 1136; 1129; 655; 369; 1065; 914; 757; 601; 478; 889; 891; 358; 973; 162; 554; 522; 312; 125; 26; 418; 92; 586; 1026; 218; 31; 828; 871; 829; 1066; 287; 269; 769; 701; 1118; 70; 946; 142; 109; 108 or mixtures thereof.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition is a antiperspirant composition that comprises a total of, based on total antiperspirant composition weight, from about 0.1% to about 7% of one or more of said malodor reduction materials and, optionally, from about 1% to about 25% of an aluminum salt antiperspirant active.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said composition is an anhydrous antiperspirant composition, said anhydrous antiperspirant composition comprising a total of, based on total anhydrous antiperspirant composition weight, from about 0.1% to about 7% of one or more of said malodor reduction materials and from about 1% to about 25% of an antiperspirant actives selected from the group consisting of astringent metallic salts, preferably inorganic and organic salts of aluminum, zirconium and zinc, as well as mixtures thereof, more preferably aluminum halides, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum hydroxyhalides, zirconyl oxyhalides, zirconyl hydroxyhalides, and mixtures thereof.
In one aspect of said antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition, said composition comprises an adjunct ingredient selected from the group consisting of clay mineral powders, pearl pigments, organic powders, emulsifiers, distributing agents, pharmaceutical active, topical active, preservatives, surfactants and mixtures thereof.
A method of controlling malodors comprising: contacting a situs comprising a malodor and/or a situs that may become malodorous with an antiperspirant or deodorant composition selected from the group consisting of the antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition disclosed herein, is disclosed.
In one aspect of said method, said situs is an underarm and said contacting step comprises contacting said underarm with a sufficient amount of Applicants' antiperspirant and/or deodorant composition containing said sum of malodor reduction materials to provide said underarm with a level of malodor reduction materials of at least 0.0001 mg of malodor reduction material per underarm, preferably from about 0.0001 mg of malodor reduction material per underarm to about 10 mg of malodor reduction material per underarm, more preferably from about 0.001 mg of malodor reduction material per underarm about 5 mg of malodor reduction material per underarm, most preferably from about 0.01 of malodor reduction material per underarm to about 0.2 mg of malodor reduction material per underarm.
Antiperspirant compositions can be formulated in many forms. For example an antiperspirant composition can be, without limitation, a roll on product, a body spray, a stick including soft solid sticks and invisible solids, or an aerosol. Each of the antiperspirant compositions described below can include perfume materials as described herein.
A. Roll-On and Clear Gel
A roll-on antiperspirant composition can comprise, for example, water, emollient, solubilizer, deodorant actives, antioxidants, preservatives, or combinations thereof. A clear gel antiperspirant composition can comprise, for example, water, emollient, solubilizer, deodorant actives, antioxidants, preservatives, ethanol, or combinations thereof.
Water
The roll-on composition can include water. Water can be present in an amount of about 1% to about 99.5%, about 25% to about 99.5%, about 50% to about 99.5%, about 75% to about 99.5% about 80% to about 99.5%, from about 15% to about 45%, or any combination of the end points and points encompassed within the ranges, by weight of the deodorant composition.
Roll-on compositions can comprise an emollient system including at least one emollient, but it could also be a combination of emollients. Suitable emollients are often liquid under ambient conditions. Depending on the type of product form desired, concentrations of the emollient(s) in the deodorant compositions can range from about 1% to about 95%, from about 5% to about 95%, from about 15% to about 75%, from about 1% to about 10%, from about 15% to about 45%, or from about 1% to about 30%, by weight of the deodorant composition.
Emollients suitable for use in the roll-on compositions include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol (like dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, etc.), diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, PEG-4, PEG-8, 1,2 pentanediol, 1,2 hexanediol, hexylene glycol, glycerin, C2 to C20 monohydric alcohols, C2 to C40 dihydric or polyhydric alcohols, alkyl ethers of polyhydric and monohydric alcohols, volatile silicone emollients such as cyclopentasiloxane, nonvolatile silicone emollients such as dimethicone, mineral oils, polydecenes, petrolatum, and combinations thereof. One example of a suitable emollient comprises PPG-15 stearyl ether. Other examples of suitable emollients include dipropylene glycol and propylene glycol.
Deodorant Actives
Suitable deodorant actives can include any topical material that is known or otherwise effective in preventing or eliminating malodor associated with perspiration. Suitable deodorant actives may be selected from the group consisting of antimicrobial agents (e.g., bacteriocides, fungicides), malodor-absorbing material, and combinations thereof. For example, antimicrobial agents may comprise cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide, cetyl pyridinium chloride, benzethonium chloride, diisobutyl phenoxy ethoxy ethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, sodium N-lauryl sarcosine, sodium N-palmethyl sarcosine, lauroyl sarcosine, N-myristoyl glycine, potassium N-lauryl sarcosine, trimethyl ammonium chloride, sodium aluminum chlorohydroxy lactate, triethyl citrate, tricetylmethyl ammonium chloride, 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxy diphenyl ether (triclosan), 3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanilide (triclocarban), diaminoalkyl amides such as L-lysine hexadecyl amide, heavy metal salts of citrate, salicylate, and piroctose, especially zinc salts, and acids thereof, heavy metal salts of pyrithione, especially zinc pyrithione, zinc phenolsulfate, famesol, and combinations thereof. The concentration of the optional deodorant active may range from about 0.001%, from about 0.01%, of from about 0.1%, by weight of the composition to about 20%, to about 10%, to about 5%, or to about 1%, by weight of the composition.
Odor Entrappers
The composition can include an odor entrapper. Suitable odor entrappers for use herein include, for example, solubilized, water-soluble, uncomplexed cyclodextrin. As used herein, the term “cyclodextrin” includes any of the known cyclodextrins such as unsubstituted cyclodextrins containing from six to twelve glucose units, especially, alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, gamma-cyclodextrin and/or their derivatives and/or mixtures thereof. The alpha-cyclodextrin consists of six glucose units, the beta-cyclodextrin consists of seven glucose units, and the gamma-cyclodextrin consists of eight glucose units arranged in a donut-shaped ring. The specific coupling and conformation of the glucose units give the cyclodextrins a rigid, conical molecular structure with a hollow interior of a specific volume. The “lining” of the internal cavity is formed by hydrogen atoms and glycosidic bridging oxygen atoms, therefore this surface is fairly hydrophobic. The unique shape and physical-chemical property of the cavity enable the cyclodextrin molecules to absorb (form inclusion complexes with) organic molecules or parts of organic molecules which can fit into the cavity. Many perfume molecules can fit into the cavity.
Cyclodextrin molecules are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,137, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,217. Suitable levels of cyclodextrin are from about 0.1% to about 5%, alternatively from about 0.2% to about 4%, alternatively from about 0.3% to about 3%, alternatively from about 0.4% to about 2%, by weight of the composition.
Buffering Agent
The composition can include a buffering agent which may be alkaline, acidic or neutral. The buffer can be used in the composition for maintaining the desired pH. The composition may have a pH from about 3 to about 10, from about 4 to about 9, from about 5 to about 8, from about 6 to about 7, or it may have a pH of about 6.5. One unique feature of the polyvinyl amine malodor control polymers is its ability to maintain active nitrogen sites at high pH levels which can help enhance the antibacterial effect which comes, at least in part, from the nitrogen sites.
Suitable buffering agents include, for example, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
The compositions can contain at least about 0%, alternatively at least about 0.001%, alternatively at least about 0.01%, by weight of the composition, of a buffering agent. The composition may also contain no more than about 1%, alternatively no more than about 0.75%, alternatively no more than about 0.5%, by weight of the composition, of a buffering agent.
Solubilizer
The composition can contain a solubilizer. A suitable solubilizer can be, for example, a surfactant, such as a no-foaming or low-foaming surfactant. Suitable surfactants are nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable solubilizers include, for example, hydrogenated castor oil, polyoxyethylene 2 stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene 20 stearyl ether, and combinations thereof. One suitable hydrogenated castor oil that may be used in the present composition is polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil.
When the solubilizing agent is present, it is typically present at a level of from about 0.01% to about 5%, alternatively from about 0.01% to about 3%, alternatively from about 0.05% to about 1%, alternatively from about 0.01% to about 0.05%, by weight of the composition.
Preservatives
The composition can include a preservative. The preservative is included in an amount sufficient to prevent spoilage or prevent growth of inadvertently added microorganisms for a specific period of time, but not sufficient enough to contribute to the odor neutralizing performance of the composition. In other words, the preservative is not being used as the antimicrobial compound to kill microorganisms on the surface onto which the composition is deposited in order to eliminate odors produced by microorganisms. Instead, it is being used to prevent spoilage of the composition in order to increase shelf-life.
The preservative can be any organic preservative material which will not cause damage to fabric appearance, e.g., discoloration, coloration, bleaching. Suitable water-soluble preservatives include organic sulfur compounds, halogenated compounds, cyclic organic nitrogen compounds, low molecular weight aldehydes, parabens, propane diol materials, isothiazolinones, quaternary compounds, benzoates, low molecular weight alcohols, dehydroacetic acid, phenyl and phenoxy compounds, or mixtures thereof.
Non-limiting examples of commercially available water-soluble preservatives include a mixture of about 77% 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and about 23% 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, a broad spectrum preservative available as a 1.5% aqueous solution under the trade name Kathon® CG by Rohm and Haas Co.; 5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane, available under the tradename Bronidox L® from Henkel; 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, available under the trade name Bronopol® from Inolex; 1,1′-hexamethylene bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide), commonly known as chlorhexidine, and its salts, e.g., with acetic and digluconic acids; a 95:5 mixture of 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione and 3-butyl-2-iodopropynyl carbamate, available under the trade name Glydant Plus® from Lonza; N-[1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl]-N,N′-bis(hydroxy-methyl) urea, commonly known as diazolidinyl urea, available under the trade name Germall® II from Sutton Laboratories, Inc.; N,N″-methylenebis{N′-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl]urea}, commonly known as imidazolidinyl urea, available, e.g., under the trade name Abiol® from 3V-Sigma, Unicide U-13® from Induchem, Germall 115® from Sutton Laboratories, Inc.; polymethoxy bicyclic oxazolidine, available under the trade name Nuosept® C from Hills America; formaldehyde; glutaraldehyde; polyaminopropyl biguanide, available under the trade name Cosmocil CQ® from ICI Americas, Inc., or under the trade name Mikrokill® from Brooks, Inc; dehydroacetic acid; and benzsiothiazolinone available under the trade name Koralone™ B-119 from Rohm and Hass Corporation.
Suitable levels of preservative can range from about 0.0001% to about 0.5%, alternatively from about 0.0002% to about 0.2%, alternatively from about 0.0003% to about 0.1%, by weight of the composition.
B. Body Spray
A body spray can contain, for example, a carrier, perfume, a deodorant active, odor entrappers, propellant, or combinations thereof. The body spray compositions can be applied as a liquid.
Carrier
A carrier suitable for use in a body spray can include, water, alcohol, or combinations thereof. The carrier may be present in an amount of about 1% to about 99.5%, about 25% to about 99.5%, about 50% to about 99.5%, about 75% to about 99.5% about 80% to about 99.5%, from about 15% to about 45%, or any combination of the end points and points encompassed within the ranges, by weight of the composition. A suitable example of an alcohol can include ethanol.
Propellant
The compositions described herein can include a propellant. Some examples of propellants include compressed air, nitrogen, inert gases, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof. Propellants may also include gaseous hydrocarbons like propane, n-butane, isobutene, cyclopropane, and mixtures thereof. Halogenated hydrocarbons like 1,1-difluoroethane may also be used as propellants. Some non-limiting examples of propellants include 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene, dimethyl ether, dichlorodifluoromethane (propellant 12), 1,1-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (propellant 114), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoro-2,2-trifluoroethane (propellant 115), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene (propellant 142B), 1,1-difluoroethane (propellant 152A), monochlorodifluoromethane, and mixtures thereof. Some other propellants suitable for use include, but are not limited to, A-46 (a mixture of isobutane, butane and propane), A-31 (isobutane), A-17 (n-butane), A-108 (propane), AP70 (a mixture of propane, isobutane and n-butane), AP40 (a mixture of propane, isobutene and n-butane), AP30 (a mixture of propane, isobutane and n-butane), and 152A (1,1 diflouroethane). The propellant may have a concentration from about 15%, 25%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 38%, 40%, or 42% to about 70%, 65%, 60%, 54%, 52%, 50%, 48%, 46%, 44%, or 42%, or any combination thereof, by weight of the total fill of materials stored within the container.
C. Invisible Solid
Invisible solid antiperspirant compositions as described herein can contain a primary structurant, an antiperspirant active, a perfume, and additional chassis ingredient(s). The antiperspirant composition can further comprise other optional ingredient(s). The compositions can be in the form of a solid stick. The compositions can have a product hardness of about 600 gram force or more. The compositions may be free of dipropylene glycol, added water, castor wax, or any combination thereof. The antiperspirant composition may be anhydrous. The antiperspirant composition may be free of added water.
Hardness
The invisible solid can have a product hardness of least about 600 gram-force, more specifically from about 600 gram-force to about 5,000 gram-force, still more specifically from about 750 gram-force to about 2,000 gram-force, and yet more specifically from about 800 gram force to about 1,400 gram force.
The term “product hardness” or “hardness” as used herein is a reflection of how much force is required to move a penetration cone a specified distance and at a controlled rate into an antiperspirant composition under the test conditions described herein below. Higher values represent harder product, and lower values represent softer product. These values are measured at 27° C., 15% relative humidity, using a TA-XT2 Texture Analyzer, available from Texture Technology Corp., Scarsdale, N.Y., U.S.A. The product hardness value as used herein represents the peak force required to move a standard 45-degree angle penetration cone through the composition for a distance of 10 mm at a speed of 2 mm/second. The standard cone is available from Texture Technology Corp., as part number TA-15, and has a total cone length of about 24.7 mm, angled cone length of about 18.3 mm, and a maximum diameter of the angled surface of the cone of about 15.5 mm. The cone is a smooth, stainless steel construction and weighs about 17.8 grams.
Primary Structurants
The invisible solid can comprise a suitable concentration of a primary structurant to help provide the antiperspirant with the desired viscosity, rheology, texture and/or product hardness, or to otherwise help suspend any dispersed solids or liquids within the composition.
The term “solid structurant” as used herein means any material known or otherwise effective in providing suspending, gelling, viscosifying, solidifying, and/or thickening properties to the composition or which otherwise provide structure to the final product form. These solid structurants include gelling agents, and polymeric or non-polymeric or inorganic thickening or viscosifying agents. Such materials will typically be solids under ambient conditions and include organic solids, crystalline or other gellants, inorganic particulates such as clays or silicas, or combinations thereof.
The concentration and type of solid structurant selected for use in the antiperspirant compositions will vary depending upon the desired product hardness, rheology, and/or other related product characteristics. For most structurants suitable for use herein, the total structurant concentration ranges from about 5% to about 35%, more typically from about 10% to about 30%, or from about 7% to about 20%, by weight of the composition.
Non-limiting examples of suitable primary structurants include stearyl alcohol and other fatty alcohols; hydrogenated castor wax (e.g., Castorwax MP80, Castor Wax, etc.); hydrocarbon waxes include paraffin wax, beeswax, carnauba, candelilla, spermaceti wax, ozokerite, ceresin, baysberry, synthetic waxes such as Fischer-Tropsch waxes, and microcrystalline wax; polyethylenes with molecular weight of 200 to 1000 daltons; solid triglycerides; behenyl alcohol, or combinations thereof.
Other non-limiting examples of primary structurants suitable for use herein are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,514 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,424, the descriptions of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Antiperspirant Active
The antiperspirant stick compositions can comprise a particulate antiperspirant active suitable for application to human skin. The concentration of antiperspirant active in the composition should be sufficient to provide the desired perspiration wetness and odor control from the antiperspirant stick formulation selected.
The antiperspirant stick compositions can comprise an antiperspirant active at concentrations of from about 0.5% to about 60%, and more specifically from about 5% to about 35%, by weight of the composition. These weight percentages are calculated on an anhydrous metal salt basis exclusive of water and any complexing agents such as, for example, glycine, and glycine salts. The antiperspirant active as formulated in the composition can be in the form of dispersed particulate solids having an average particle size or equivalent diameter of less than about 100 microns, more specifically less than about 20 microns, and even more specifically less than about 10 microns.
The antiperspirant active for use in the anhydrous antiperspirant compositions of the present invention can include any compound, composition or other material having antiperspirant activity. More specifically, the antiperspirant actives may include astringent metallic salts, especially inorganic and organic salts of aluminum, zirconium and zinc, as well as mixtures thereof. Even more specifically, the antiperspirant actives may include aluminum-containing and/or zirconium-containing salts or materials, such as, for example, aluminum halides, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum hydroxyhalides, zirconyl oxyhalides, zirconyl hydroxyhalides, and mixtures thereof.
Aluminum salts for use in the anhydrous antiperspirant stick compositions include those that conform to the formula:
Al2(OH)aClb.xH2O,
wherein a is from about 2 to about 5;
the sum of a and b is about 6;
x is from about 1 to about 6; and
a, b, and x may have non-integer values.
More specifically, aluminum chlorohydroxides referred to as “5/6 basic chlorohydroxide” can be used, wherein a=5, and “2/3 basic chlorohydroxide”, wherein a=4. Processes for preparing aluminum salts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,692; U.S. Pat. No. 3,904,741; U.S. Pat. No. 4,359,456; and British Patent Specification 2,048,229, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing processes for preparing aluminum salts.
Mixtures of aluminum salts are described in British Patent Specification 1,347,950, which description is also incorporated herein by reference.
Zirconium salts for use in the anhydrous antiperspirant stick compositions include those which conform to the formula:
ZrO(OH)2-aCla.xH2O,
wherein a is from about 1.5 to about 1.87;
x is from about 1 to about 7; and
a and x may both have non-integer values.
These zirconium salts are described in Belgian Patent 825,146, Schmitz, issued Aug. 4, 1975, which description is incorporated herein by reference. Zirconium salts that additionally contain aluminum and glycine, commonly known as “ZAG complexes,” are believed to be especially beneficial. These ZAG complexes contain aluminum chlorohydroxide and zirconyl hydroxy chloride conforming to the above-described formulas. Such ZAG complexes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,068; Great Britain Patent Application 2,144,992; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,948, disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for the limited purpose of describing ZAG complexes.
Also suitable for use herein are enhanced efficacy aluminum-zirconium chlorohydrex-amino acid which typically has the empirical formula AlnZr(OH)[3n+4−m(n+1)](Cl)[m(n+1)]-AAq where n is 2.0 to 10.0, preferably 3.0 to 8.0; m is about 0.48 to about 1.11 (which corresponds to M:Cl approximately equal to 2.1-0.9), preferably about 0.56 to about 0.83 (which corresponds to M:Cl approximately equal to 1.8-1.2); q is about 0.8 to about 4.0, preferably about 1.0 to 2.0; and AA is an amino acid such as glycine, alanine, valine, serine, leucine, isoleucine, 0-alanine, cysteine, O-amino-n-butyric acid, or γ-amino-n-butyric acid, preferably glycine. These salts also generally have some water of hydration associated with them, typically on the order of 1 to 5 moles per mole of salt (typically, about 1% to about 16%, more typically about 4% to about 13% by weight). These salts are generally referred to as aluminum-zirconium trichlorohydrex or tetrachlorohydrex when the Al:Zr ratio is between 2 and 6 and as aluminum-zirconium pentachlorohydrex or octachlorohydrex when the Al:Zr ratio is between 6 and 10. The term “aluminum-zirconium chlorohydrex” is intended to embrace all of these forms. The preferred aluminum-zirconium salt is aluminum-zirconium chlorohydrex-glycine. Additional examples of suitable high efficacy antiperspirant actives can include Aluminum Zirconium Pentachlorohydrex Glycine, Aluminum Zirconium Octachlorohydrex Glycine, or a combination thereof. These high efficacy actives are more fully described in U.S. App. Pub. No. 2007/0003499 by Shen et al. filed Jun. 30, 2005.
The antiperspirant composition can further comprise an additional structurant. The additional structurant may be present in an amount from 1% to about 10%, by weight of the composition. The additional structurant(s) will likely be present at an amount less than the primary structurant.
Non-limiting examples of suitable additional structurants include stearyl alcohol and other fatty alcohols; hydrogenated castor wax (e.g., Castorwax MP80, Castor Wax, etc.); hydrocarbon waxes include paraffin wax, beeswax, carnauba, candelilla, spermaceti wax, ozokerite, ceresin, baysberry, synthetic waxes such as Fisher-Tropsch waxes, and microcrystalline wax; polyethylenes with molecular weight of 200 to 1000 daltons; and solid triglycerides; behenyl alcohol, or combinations thereof.
Other non-limiting examples of additional structurants suitable for use herein are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,514 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,424.
Solvent
The antiperspirant composition can comprise a solvent at concentrations ranging from about 20% to about 80%, and more specifically from about 30% to about 70%, by weight of the composition. The solvent can be a volatile silicone which may be cyclic or linear.
“Volatile silicone” as used herein refers to those silicone materials that have measurable vapor pressure under ambient conditions. Non-limiting examples of suitable volatile silicones are described in Todd et al., “Volatile Silicone Fluids for Cosmetics”, Cosmetics and Toiletries, 91:27-32 (1976), which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference.
The volatile silicone can be a cyclic silicone having from 3 to 7, and more specifically from 5 to 6, silicon atoms, and still more specifically 5, like cyclopentasiloxane. These cyclic silicone materials will generally have viscosities of less than about 10 centistokes at 25° C. Linear volatile silicone materials suitable for use in the antiperspirant compositions include those represented by the formula:
wherein n is from 1 to 7, and more specifically from 2 to 3. These linear silicone materials will generally have viscosities of less than about 5 centistokes at 25° C.
Specific examples of volatile silicone solvents suitable for use in the antiperspirant compositions include, but are not limited to, Cyclomethicone D-5; GE 7207 and GE 7158 (commercially available from General Electric Co.); Dow Corning 344; Dow Corning 345; Dow Corning 200; and DC1184 (commercially available from Dow Corning Corp.); and SWS-03314 (commercially available from SWS Silicones).
Non-Volatile Organic Fluids
Non-volatile organic fluids may be present, for example, in an amount of about 15% or less, by weight of the composition.
Non-limiting examples of nonvolatile organic fluids include mineral oil, PPG-14 butyl ether, isopropyl myristate, petrolatum, butyl stearate, cetyl octanoate, butyl myristate, myristyl myristate, C12-15 alkylbenzoate (e.g., Finsolv™), octyldodecanol, isostearyl isostearate, octododecyl benzoate, isostearyl lactate, isostearyl palmitate, and isobutyl stearate.
The anhydrous antiperspirant compositions can further comprise any optional material that is known for use in antiperspirant and deodorant compositions or other personal care products, or which is otherwise suitable for topical application to human skin.
One example of optional materials are clay mineral powders such as talc, mica, sericite, silica, magnesium silicate, synthetic fluorphlogopite, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, bentonite and montomorillonite; pearl pigments such as alumina, barium sulfate, calcium secondary phosphate, calcium carbonate, titanium oxide, finely divided titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, hydroxy apatite, iron oxide, iron titrate, ultramarine blue, Prussian blue, chromium oxide, chromium hydroxide, cobalt oxide, cobalt titanate, titanium oxide coated mica; organic powders such as polyester, polyethylene, polystyrene, methyl methacrylate resin, cellulose, 12-nylon, 6-nylon, styrene-acrylic acid copolymers, poly propylene, vinyl chloride polymer, tetrafluoroethylene polymer, boron nitride, fish scale guanine, laked tar color dyes, laked natural color dyes; and combinations thereof.
Talc, if used at higher levels can produce a significant amount of white residue which has been found to be a consumer negative for product acceptance. Therefore it is best to limit the composition to less than 10%, less than about 8%, less than about 6%, or less than about 3%, by weight of the composition.
Nonlimiting examples of other optional materials include emulsifiers, distributing agents, antimicrobials, pharmaceutical or other topical active, preservatives, surfactants, and so forth. Examples of such optional materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,792; U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,375; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,816; which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference.
D. Soft Solid
Soft solid composition can comprise volatile silicone, antiperspirant active, gellant, residue masking material, or combinations thereof. In addition, soft solids generally have a hardness value after dispensing of about 500 gram force or less.
Volatile Silicone Solvent
The soft solid can comprises a volatile silicone solvent at concentrations ranging from about 20% to about 80%, preferably from about 30% to about 70%, more preferably from about 45% to about 70%, by weight of the composition. The volatile silicone of the solvent may be cyclic or linear.
“Volatile silicone” as used herein refers to those silicone materials which have measurable vapor pressure under ambient conditions. Nonlimiting examples of suitable volatile silicones are described in Todd et al., “Volatile Silicone Fluids for Cosmetics”, Cosmetics and Toiletries, 91:27-32 (1976), which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference. Preferred volatile silicone materials are those having from about 3 to about 7, preferably from about 4 to about 5, silicon atoms.
Cyclic volatile silicones are preferred for use in the antiperspirant compositions herein, and include those represented by the formula:
wherein n is from about 3 to about 7, preferably from about 4 to about 5, most preferably 5. These cyclic silicone materials will generally have viscosities of less than about 10 centistokes at 25° C.
Linear volatile silicone materials suitable for use in the antiperspirant compositions include those represented by the formula:
wherein n is from about 1 to about 7, preferably from about 2 to about 3. These linear silicone materials will generally have viscosities of less than about 5 centistokes at 25° C.
Specific examples of volatile silicone solvents suitable for use in the antiperspirant compositions include, but are not limited to, Cyclomethicone D-5 (commercially available from G. E. Silicones), Dow Corning 344, Dow Corning 345 and Dow Corning 200 (commercially available from Dow Corning Corp.), GE 7207 and 7158 (commercially available from General Electric Co.) and SWS-03314 (commercially available from SWS Silicones Corp.).
Gellant Material
The soft solid can include a gellant material comprising fatty alcohols having from about 20 to about 60 carbon atoms, or combinations thereof, at concentrations ranging from about 0.1% to about 8% by weight of the composition. The gellant material, when combined with the volatile silicone solvent described hereinbefore, provides the composition with a physically stable structure within which the particulate antiperspirant materials are dispersed, and maintained as such over an extended period of time.
Specifically, the gellant material can comprise saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, fatty alcohols or mixtures of fatty alcohols having from about 20 to about 60 carbons atoms, preferably from about 20 to about 40 carbon atoms. Preferred are combinations of the fatty alcohols. The fatty alcohol gellants are preferably saturated, unsubstituted monohydric alcohols or combinations thereof, which have a melting point of at less than about 110° C., more preferably from about 60° to about 110° C., even more preferably between about 100° C. and 110° C.
It has been found that this fatty alcohol-based gellant material, when combined with volatile silicone solvents provides a stable structure for maintaining a dispersion of particulate antiperspirant material in a topical formulation without the necessity of using conventional particulate thickening agents. This gellant material is especially useful in maintaining the physical stability of particulate dispersions containing higher concentrations of volatile silicone solvents.
It was also found that penetration force values for the antiperspirant compositions can be controlled by adjusting total fatty alcohol concentrations. In controlling penetration force values in this manner, there is no longer a need to use organic solvents or thickening agents to control penetration force values, which solvents or thickening agents often add cost to the formulation, introduce additional compatibility issues, and often contribute undesirable cosmetics such as prolonged stickiness, difficulty in ease of spreading, increased dry-down times and reduced dry feel after application.
Specific concentrations of the gellant materials can be selected according to the desired penetration force value. For roll-on formulations having a penetration force value of from about 20 gram-force to about 100 gram-force, gellant material concentrations preferably range from about 0.1% to about 3%, preferably from about 1.5% to about 3%, by weight of the antiperspirant composition. For other cream formulations, including those formulations suitable for use in cream applicator devices, which have a penetration force value of from about 100 gram force to about 500 gram-force, gellant material concentrations preferably range from about 3% to about 8%, preferably from about 3% to about 6%, by weight of the antiperspirant composition.
Specific examples of fatty alcohol gellants for use in the antiperspirant compositions that are commercially available include, but are not limited to, Unilin® 425, Unilin® 350, Unilin® 550 and Unilin® 700 (supplied by Petrolite)
Residue Masking Material
The soft solid compositions can further comprise a nonvolatile emollient as a residue masking material Such materials and their use in antiperspirant products are well known in the antiperspirant art, and any such material may be incorporated into the composition of the present invention, provided that such optional material is compatible with the essential elements of the composition, or does not unduly impair product performance or cosmetics.
Concentrations of the optional residue masking material can range from about 0.1% to about 40%, preferably from about 1% to about 10%, by weight of the antiperspirant composition. These optional materials can be liquid at ambient temperatures, and can be nonvolatile. The term “nonvolatile” as used in this context refers to materials which have a boiling point under atmospheric pressure of at least about 200° C. Nonlimiting examples of suitable residue masking materials for use in the antiperspirant products include butyl stearate, diisopropyl adipate, petrolatum, nonvolatile silicones, octyldodecanol, phenyl trimethicone, isopropyl myristate, C12-15 ethanol benzoates and PPG-14 Butyl Ether. Residue masking materials are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,985,238, which description is incorporated herein by reference.
Other Materials
The soft solid compositions can further comprise one, or more, other materials which modify the physical characteristics of the compositions or serve as additional “active” components when deposited on the skin. Many such materials are known in the antiperspirant art and can be used in the antiperspirant compositions herein, provided that such optional materials are compatible with the essential materials described herein, or do not otherwise unduly impair product performance.
Non limiting examples of materials can include active components such as bacteriostats and fungiostats, and “non-active” components such as colorants, perfumes, cosmetic powders, emulsifiers, chelants, distributing agents, preservatives, and wash-off aids. Examples of such optional materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,792; Canadian Patent 1,164,347; U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,375; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,816; which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference.
E. Aerosol
An aerosol composition can comprise a concentrate, a propellant, or a combination thereof. Alcohol is a predominant component of the concentrates provided herein. Useful alcohols include C1-C3 alcohols, with the preferred alcohol being ethanol. In certain examples, the alcohol is employed at a concentration level of from at least about 40%, 50% or 55% to about 80%, by weight of the concentrate.
An antiperspirant active is dissolved in the alcohol, at a level of from about 1% to about 15%, by weight of the concentrate. Various antiperspirant actives can be employed, including, for example, aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum chlorohydrex, aluminum chlorohydrex PG, aluminum chlorohydrex PEG, aluminum dichlorohydrate, aluminum dichlorohydrex PG, aluminum dichlorohydrex PEG, aluminum sesquichlorohydrate, aluminum sesquichlorohydrex PG, aluminum sesquichlorohydrex PEG, aluminum sulfate, aluminum zirconium octachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium octachlorohydrex GLY, aluminum zirconium pentachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium pentachlorohydrex GLY, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium trichlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrate GLY, and aluminum zirconium trichlorohydrate GLY. In one example, aluminum chlorohydrex PG is the chosen antiperspirant active.
The antiperspirant concentrates can also include an oil or a mixture of two or more oils. Useful oils include, for example, volatile silicone oils and non-volatile organic oils. “Volatile silicone”, as used herein, refers to those silicone materials that have measurable vapor pressure under ambient conditions. Non-limiting examples of suitable volatile silicones are described in Todd et al., “Volatile Silicone Fluids for Cosmetics”, Cosmetics and Toiletries, 91:27-32 (1976). The volatile silicone can be a cyclic silicone having from at least about 3 silicone atoms or from at least about 5 silicone atoms but no more than about 7 silicone atoms or no more than about 6 silicone atoms. For example, volatile silicones can be used which conform to the formula:
wherein n is from about 3 or from about 5 but no more than about 7 or no more than about 6. These volatile cyclic silicones generally have a viscosity of less than about 10 centistokes at 25° C. Suitable volatile silicones for use herein include, but are not limited to, Cyclomethicone D5 (commercially available from G. E. Silicones); Dow Corning 344, and Dow Corning 345 (commercially available from Dow Corning Corp.); and GE 7207, GE 7158 and Silicone Fluids SF-1202 and SF-1173 (available from General Electric Co.). SWS-03314, SWS-03400, F-222, F-223, F-250, F-251 (available from SWS Silicones Corp.); Volatile Silicones 7158, 7207, 7349 (available from Union Carbide); MASIL SF-V (available from Mazer) and combinations thereof. Suitable volatile silicone oils can also include linear silicone oils such as, for example, DC200 (1 cSt), DC200 (0.65 cSt), and DC2-1184, all of which are available from Dow Corning Corp. In certain examples, the volatile silicone oil can have a viscosity of less than 10 centistokes at 25° C.
Non-volatile organic, emollient oils can also be employed. A representative, non-limiting list of emollient oils includes CETIOL CC (dicaprylyl carbonate), CETIOL OE (dicaprylyl ether), CETIOL S (diethylhexylcyclohexane), and CETIOL B (dibutyl adipate), all of which are available from Cognis, and LEXFEEL 7 (neopentyl glycol diheptanoate) from Inolex. In certain examples, the organic emollient oils have a viscosity of less than 50 centistokes at 25° C. The term “organic emollient oil” as used herein means silicon-free emollient oils that are liquid at 25° C., and that are safe and light to skin and can be miscible with volatile silicone oils (as described above) and the antiperspirant active-alcohol solution in the concentration ranges described below.
The oil or mixture of oils is generally included in the concentrate formulas at a level of from about 5% to about 45%, by weight of the concentrate. This viscosity ranges noted above in connection with the different classes of oil can facilitate desired spray rates and patterns, and can help minimize nozzle clogging. To provide desired skin feel, minimal nozzle clogging, and good concentrate stability, the ratio of alcohol to volatile silicone oil is preferably greater than 1.0, 1.35, or 1.5. And in examples having both a volatile silicone oil and an organic emollient oil, the ratio of alcohol to total oil is preferably greater than or equal to about 0.90. The oils in certain examples are miscible with the alcohol and antiperspirant active solution. Although various levels of miscibility are acceptable, the oils are preferably miscible enough with the alcohol and antiperspirant active solution to yield a concentrate having a clear appearance.
The antiperspirant compositions can also include residue-masking agents and propellants as discussed above.
Malodor reduction materials may be separated from mixtures, including but not limited to finished products such as consumer products and identified, by analytical methods that include GC-MS and/or NMR.
The saturation Vapour Pressure (VP) values are computed for each PRM in the perfume mixture being tested. The VP of an individual PRM is calculated using the VP Computational Model, version 14.02 (Linux) available from Advanced Chemistry Development Inc. (ACD/Labs) (Toronto, Canada) to provide the VP value at 25° C. expressed in units of torr. The ACD/Labs' Vapor Pressure model is part of the ACD/Labs model suite.
The value of the log of the Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (log P) is computed for each PRM in the perfume mixture being tested. The log P of an individual PRM is calculated using the Consensus log P Computational Model, version 14.02 (Linux) available from Advanced Chemistry Development Inc. (ACD/Labs) (Toronto, Canada) to provide the unitless log P value. The ACD/Labs' Consensus log P Computational Model is part of the ACD/Labs model suite.
In order to conduct the calculations involved in the computed-value test methods described herein, the starting information required includes the identity, weight percent, and molar percent of each PRM in the perfume being tested, as a proportion of that perfume, wherein all PRMs in the perfume composition are included in the calculations. Additionally for each of those PRMs, the molecular structure, and the values of various computationally-derived molecular descriptors are also required, as determined in accordance with the Test Method for the Generation of Molecular Descriptors described herein.
For each PRM in a perfume mixture or composition, its molecular structure is used to compute various molecular descriptors. The molecular structure is determined by the graphic molecular structure representations provided by the Chemical Abstract Service (“CAS”), a division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. These molecular structures may be obtained from the CAS Chemical Registry System database by looking up the index name or CAS number of each PRM. For PRMs, which at the time of their testing are not yet listed in the CAS Chemical Registry System database, other databases or information sources may be used to determine their structures. For a PRM which has potentially more than one isomer present, the molecular descriptor computations are conducted using the molecular structure of only one of the isomers, which is selected to represent that PRM. The selection of isomer is determined by the relative amount of extension in the molecular structures of the isomers. Of all the isomers of a given PRM, it is the isomer whose molecular structure that is the most prevalent which is the one that is selected to represent that PRM. The structures for other potential isomers of that PRM are excluded from the computations. The molecular structure of the isomer that is the most prevalent is paired with the concentration of that PRM, where the concentration reflects the presence of all the isomers of that PRM that are present.
A molecule editor or molecular sketching software program, such as ChemDraw (CambridgeSoft/PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, Mass., U.S.A.), is used to duplicate the 2-dimensional molecular structure representing each PRM. Molecular structures should be represented as neutral species (quaternary nitrogen atoms are allowed) with no disconnected fragments (e.g., single structures with no counter ions). The winMolconn program described below can convert any deprotonated functional groups to the neutral form by adding the appropriate number of hydrogen atoms and will discard the counter ion.
For each PRM, the molecular sketching software is used to generate a file which describes the molecular structure of the PRM. The file(s) describing the molecular structures of the PRMs is subsequently submitted to the computer software program winMolconn, version 1.0.1.3 (Hall Associates Consulting, Quincy, Mass., U.S.A., www.molconn.com), in order to derive various molecular descriptors for each PRM. As such, it is the winMolconn software program which dictates the structure notations and file formats that are acceptable options. These options include either a MACCS SDF formatted file (i.e., a Structure-Data File); or a Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification (i.e., a SMILES string structure line notation) which is commonly used within a simple text file, often with a “.smi” or “.txt” file name extension. The SDF file represents each molecular structure in the format of a multi-line record, while the syntax for a SMILES structure is a single line of text with no white space. A structure name or identifier can be added to the SMILES string by including it on the same line following the SMILES string and separated by a space, e.g.: C1=CC═CC=C1 benzene.
The winMolconn software program is used to generate numerous molecular descriptors for each PRM, which are then output in a table format. Specific molecular descriptors derived by winMolconn are subsequently used as inputs (i.e., as variable terms in mathematical equations) for a variety of computer model test methods in order to calculate values such as: saturation Vapour Pressure (VP); Boiling Point (BP); logarithm of the Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (log P); Odour Detection Threshold (ODT); Malodour Reduction Value (MORV); and/or Universal Malodour Reduction Value (Universal MORV) for each PRM. The molecular descriptor labels used in the models' test method computations are the same labels reported by the winMolconn program, and their descriptions and definitions can be found listed in the winMolconn documentation. The following is a generic description of how to execute the winMolconn software program and generate the required molecular structure descriptors for each PRM in a composition.
1.) Input Molecular Descriptor values as determined via the method above into the following four equations:
Equation a) relates a material's effectiveness in reducing the malodor trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid (carboxylic acid based malodors)
Equation b) relates a material's effectiveness in reducing the malodor trimethylamine (amine based malodors)
Equation c) relates a material's effectiveness in reducing the malodor 3-mercapto-3-methylhexan-1-ol (thiol based malodors)
Equation d) relates a material's effectiveness in reducing the malodor skatole (indole based malodors)
2.) For purpose of the present application, a material's MORV is the highest MORV value from equations 1.)a) through 1.)d).
3.) If all MORVvalues from equations 1.)a) through 1.)d) above are greater than 0.5, the subject material has a Universal MORV.
Blocker materials suitable for use in consumer products of the present invention are chosen for their ability to decrease malodor, while not interfering with perception of a fragrance. Material selection is done by assigning two indices to a test sample material from two reference scales in order to rank odor strengths. The two reference scales are the Fragrance Fidelity Index (FFI) scale and the Blocker Index (BI) scale. The FFI ranks the ability of the test sample material to impart a perceivable odor which could cause interference when combined with another fragrance and the BI ranks the ability of the test sample material to reduce malodor perception. The two methods for assigning the indices to a test sample on the FFI and the BI reference scales are given below.
The first step in the method for assigning an FFI on the FFI reference scale is to create the FFI reference swatches. The swatches for the scale are created by treating clean fabrics swatches with a known amount of a known concentration of an ethyl vanillin solution. Fabric swatches for this test are white knit polycotton (4 inch×4 inch) swatches from EMC ordered as PC 50/50. The supplier is instructed to strip the swatches first, stripping involves washing twice with a fragrance-free detergent and rinsing three times.
Make three solutions of ethyl vanillin using a 50%/50% EtOH/water as the diluent at the following concentrations: 25 ppm, 120 ppm and 1000 ppm. Pipette 13 μL of each of the three solutions into the middle of a clean swatch resulting in about a 1 cm diameter of the solution in the middle of the swatch. This will create a sensory scale of three swatches with three different odor levels based on the concentration of the solution pipetted onto the swatch. After drying for 30 minutes in a vented hood, the swatches are wrapped in aluminum foil to prevent odor contamination to the treated swatch. A clean untreated swatch is also included as the lowest anchor point of reference for odor strength on the FFI scale. The FFI reference scale swatches should be used within 0.5 to 12 hours and discarded after 12 hours. The swatches are used as scale anchor points when graders evaluate a test sample(s) and are assigned a Fragrance Fidelity Index (FFI) as show in Table 7.
At least four perfumers/expert graders are used to rank the ethyl vanillin swatches in the FFI scale. The perfumer/expert grader needs to demonstrate adequate discrimination on the scale. The perfumer/expert panel is asked to rank order swatches according to a scale between 0 and 3. The panel must demonstrate statistical differences between the swatches as seen in Table 7.
The expert graders must demonstrate a full range of 2.5 over the 4 swatches to be acceptably discriminating. Grader 2 in table 1 has a range of only 2 and is eliminated from the panel. The panel of expert graders must also demonstrated the ability to statistically discriminate between swatches in the scale.
The reference swatches represent the 0, 1, 2, and 3 FFIs on the FFI reference scale, Table 9. The expert grader should familiarize them self with the strength of the odor on the FFI reference swatches by sniffing each one starting at 0 (the lowest odor strength) and ending at 3 (the highest odor strength). This should be done prior to evaluating the test sample material treated swatch.
Making Swatches Treated with the Test Material
A clean swatch is treated with 13 μL of a known concentration of a test sample material resulting in an about 1 cm of the solution on the clean swatch. Just like the reference swatches, the test sample material swatch is dried in a vented hood for 30 minutes and then wrapped in aluminum foil to prevent contamination. The test material swatches and the FFI reference swatches should be made within 2 hrs. of each other. The test material swatch must be used within 0.5 to 12 hours and discarded after 12 hours.
At least two perfumers/expert graders are used to assign an FFI grade to a test sample. The perfumer/expert grader smells the test sample swatch by holding that swatch 1 inch from their nose with their nose centered over the area where the test sample was pipetted on to the fabric and then assigns the test sample an FFI grade using the FFI reference scale anchor swatches as references. The test sample swatch is assigned an FFI grade at or between numbers on the FFI scale shown in Table 9. In cases where the test sample material is graded greater than 3, the test material is not a blocker material or the concentration of the material needs to be lowered and reevaluated to determine if a lower level has a malodor blocker functionality.
The first step in the method for assigning a BI to a test sample material on the BI reference scale is to create the BI reference swatches. The swatches for the scale are created by treating clean fabrics swatches with a known amount of a known volume of isovaleric acid solution at a known concentration. Fabric swatches for this test are white knit polycotton (4 inch×4 inch) swatches from EMC ordered as PC 50/50. The supplier is instructed to strip the swatches first, stripping involves washing twice with a fragrance-free detergent and rinsing three times.
Make one solution of 0.08% isovaleric acid using 50%/50% EtOH/water as the diluent. The BI scale contains one clean swatch with no malodor applied. Three other swatches each have a different volume of the 0.08% isovaleric acid applied. Pipette 2 μL of the 0.08% isovaleric acid solution to one clean swatch, 5 μL of the 0.08% isovaleric acid solution to the next swatch and 20 μL of isovaleric acid to the final clean swatch. These solutions are pipetted to the middle of the swatches. This will create a sensory scale of three swatches with three different odor levels based on the volume of the 0.08% isovaleric acid solution pipetted onto the swatch. After drying for 30 minutes in a vented hood, the swatches are wrapped in aluminum foil to prevent odor contamination to the treated swatch. A clean untreated swatch is also included as the lowest anchor point of reference for malodor strength on the BI scale. The BI reference scale swatches should be used within 0.5 to 12 hours and discarded after 12 hours. The swatches are used as scale anchor points when graders evaluate a test sample(s) and are assigned a Blocker Index (BI) as show in Table 12.
At least four perfumers/expert graders are used to rank the isovaleric acid swatches in the BI scale. The perfumer/expert grader needs to demonstrate adequate discrimination on the scale. The perfumer/expert grader is asked to rank order swatches according to a scale between 0 and 3. The panel of graders must demonstrate statistical differences between the swatches as seen in Table 10.
The expert graders must demonstrate a full range of 2.5 over the 4 swatches to be acceptably discriminating. The panel of expert graders must also demonstrated the ability to statistically discriminate between swatches in the scale. Expert grader #2 did not demonstrate the ability to discriminate between the swatches and is eliminated from the panel, see Table 11.
The reference swatches represent the 0, 1, 2, and 3 BIs on the BI reference scale, Table 12. The expert grader should familiarizes him/herself with the strength of the odor on the BI reference swatches by sniffing each one starting at 0 (the lowest odor strength) and ending at 3 (the highest odor strength). This should be done prior to evaluating the swatch treated with the test material.
Making the Malodorous Swatch and Treating it with a Test Material
To evaluate the BI, the test material is applied to a malodorous swatch to determine how well the test material blocks the malodor. The malodorous swatch is made by treating a clean swatch with 20 μL of a 0.08% solution of isovaleric acid. Dry the malodorous swatch treated with isovaleric acid in a vented hood for 30 minutes. After drying the malodorous swatch a known concentration of test material solution, between 1 ppm and 100 ppm is pipetted onto the malodorous swatch. Apply the test material solution right on top of the spot where the isovaleric acid solution was applied making an about 1 cm diameter spot. Just like the BI reference swatches, the isovaleric acid+test material swatch is dried in a vented hood for 30 minutes and then wrapped in aluminum foil to prevent contamination. The isovaleric acid+test material swatches and the BI reference swatches should be made within 2 hrs. of each other. The isovaleric acid+test material swatch must be used between 1-12 hours just like the reference swatches. It is sometimes necessary to evaluate several levels of the test material between about 1 and about 100 ppm to determine the BI.
At least two perfumers/expert graders are used to assign the BI to the test sample. The expert grader smells the isovaleric acid+test material swatch by holding that swatch one inch from their nose with their nose centered over the area where the Test sample was pipetted on to the fabric and then assigns the isovaleric acid+test material swatch a BI based on ranking its odor strength against the odor strength of the swatches in the BI reference scale. The test sample swatch is assigned a BI at or between numbers on the BI in table. In cases where the isovaleric acid+test material swatch odor is greater than 3 on the BI reference scale, this indicates the material is not a blocker or the concentration of the test material needs to be lowered to achieve its blocker functionality.
Malodor Reduction Compounds with FFI and BI Grades Based on the Aforementioned
Malodor Control Compounds with Improved Performance at Lower Levels.
Below are some non-limiting examples of preferred behavior by which the malodor control compound gives improved malodor control at lower concentration. These nonlimiting data provide additional compelling data that malodor is being blocked, not masked.
The example below demonstrates that while a malodor control compound could fail to demonstrate odor blocking (BI>2.5) at a higher concentration it should be retested at a lower concentration to determine if it passes.
In the present invention blends enable more potent malodor reduction because blends are useful at a higher % of the product composition before becoming olfactively noticeable. Below are non-limiting examples of malodor reduction compounds.
An example of Deodorant compositions prepared with malodor reduction composition, according to the compositions shown in Example 1 to 3.
An example of Antiperspirant compositions prepared with malodor reduction composition, according to the compositions shown in Example 1-3.
An example of Antiperspirant compositions prepared with malodor reduction composition, according to the compositions shown in Example 1-3.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests, or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is, therefore, intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14865048 | Sep 2015 | US |
| Child | 15597391 | US |
