Antipsoriatic agents

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to compounds of the formula ##STR7## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl;
A is ##STR8## or A is ##STR9## wherein R.sub.2 is lower alkyl; R.sub.3 is phenyl, or phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, and lower alkoxy; and R.sub.4 is hydrogen or methyl;
or the corresponding hydroxy acid of formula ##STR10## wherein A is ##STR11## or A is ##STR12## R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said acid, a C.sub.1-4 alkyl ester of said acid, an acetylamino-substituted-C.sub.1-4 alkyl ester of said acid, a phenyl-dimethylamino ester of said acid or a .alpha.-monoglyceride of said acid.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Compounds known as mevinolin and mevinolin derivatives are known to inhibit the biosynthesis of cholesterol and thus are useful for their antihypercholesterolemic activity. (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,784 issued to Hoffman et al on Apr. 24, 1984 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,171 issued to Hoffman et al on May 22, 1984). The mevinolin-like compounds may be isolated from the microfungus of the genus Aspergillus as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,938 issued to Monaghan et al on Nov. 4, 1980 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,294,926 issued to Monaghan et al on Oct. 13, 1981.
The most active member of this group of natural compounds in inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis has a mevinolin structure. (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,171, col. 1., lines 43-51; also see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,784; 4,293,496; 4,450,171; 4,582,915; 4,231,938; 4,294,926; and 4,668,699 hereby incorporated by reference.)
As antihypercholesterolemic agents, these known compounds may be administered orally or parenterally, although the oral route is generally desirable. Moreover, the known compounds have been found to be useful as anti-fungal agents which may be sprayed or dusted on plants to be protected. (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,171, col. 12, lines 45-66).
It has been unexpectedly found that the novel compounds of the formulas I and II are useful as agents for the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases. It has also been found that the compounds I and II are useful for lowering cholesterol.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to compounds of the formula ##STR13## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl;
A is ##STR14## or A is ##STR15## wherein R.sub.2 is lower alkyl; R.sub.3 is phenyl, or phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, and lower alkoxy; and R.sub.4 is hydrogen or methyl;
or the corresponding hydroxy acid of formula II ##STR16## wherein A is ##STR17## or A is ##STR18## R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said acid, an alkyl ester of said acid, an acetylamino-substituted alkyl ester of said acid, a phenyl-dimethylamino ester of said acid or a .alpha.-monoglyceride of said acid.
The compounds of formulas I and II are useful in the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases, such as psoriasis, basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, keratosis, and disorders of keratinization. These compounds may be administered either orally or topically to psoriatic skin.
Compounds of formula I are converted to compounds of formula II in a manner analogous to that discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,784, as specifically described infra.
The compounds of formulas I and II are active as skin hyperproliferation antagonists, that is, as agents which inhibit the hyperproliferation of human keratinocytes. The compounds further antagonize alterations in the differentiation of keratinocytes. Accordingly, the compounds are useful as agents for the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases such as psoriasis, basal cell carcinomas, disorders of keratinization and keratosis.
"Normal skin" undergoes a sequence of changes resulting from changes in the proliferative basal cells to the formation of terminally differentiated corneocytes. As the epidermis differentiates in the skin, keratinocytes undergo a destructive process of terminal differentiation to produce a cellular protective layer of the stratum corneum. The process begins with the basal layer of cells proliferating and entering into the spinous layer of the skin. Within the spinous layer there is increased metabolic activity with a concomitant increase in the precursor protein for the cornified envelope and changes in the keratin expression. As the cells pass higher up the skin into the stratum corneum, enzymes responsible for crosslinking envelope proteins are active, profilaggrin processing is initiated, and higher molecular weight keratins appear. As the cell passes into the stratum corneum it is converted into a keratin filled, cornified envelope without nucleus or other organelles.
As used herein, the term "psoriasis" refers to a hyperproliferative skin disease which alters the skin's regulatory mechanisms. In particular, lesions are formed which involve primary and secondary alterations in epidermal proliferation, inflammatory responses of the skin, and an expression of regulatory molecules such as lymphokines and inflammatory factors. Psoriatic skin is morphologically characterized by an increased turnover of epidermal cells, thickened epidermis, abnormal keratinization, inflammatory cell infiltrates into the dermis layer and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration into the epidermis layer causing an increase in the basal cell cycle. Additionally, hyperkeratotic and parakeratotic cells are present.
The terms "keratosis", "basal cell carcinomas", "squamous cell carcinomas" and "disorders of keratinization" refers to hyperproliferative skin diseases in which the regulatory mechanisms for the proliferation and differentiation of skin cells are disrupted.
The term "phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents" means a phenyl having one or more hydrogens replaced by a substituent.
The term "C.sub.1-4 alkyl ester of said acid" refers to an alkyl having from 1-4 carbon atoms.
In the formulas presented herein, the various substituents are illustrated as joined to the nucleus by one of the following notations: a wedged solid line ( ) indicates a substituent which is above the plane of the molecule (.beta.-orientation) and a dashed line ( ) or (- - -) indicates a substituent which is below the plane of the molecule (.alpha.-orientation).
As used herein the term "lower alkyl" alone or in combination denotes a straight or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon preferably containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl pently and hexyl. The term "lower alkoxy" denotes an alkoxy containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and the like. The term "halo" denotes bromo, iodo, chloro or fluoro.
The term "corresponding hydroxy acid of formula I denotes a compound of the formula ##STR19## wherein A and R.sub.1 are as described above.
The invention relates to compounds of formula ##STR20## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl;
A is ##STR21## or A is ##STR22## wherein R.sub.2 is lower alkyl; R.sub.3 is phenyl, or phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, and lower alkoxy; and R.sub.4 is hydrogen or methyl;
or the corresponding hydroxy acid of formula ##STR23## wherein A is ##STR24## or A is ##STR25## R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said acid, an alkyl ester of said acid, an acetylamino-substituted alkyl ester of said acid, a phenyl-dimethylamino ester of said acid or a .alpha.-monoglyceride of said acid.
The invention also relates to processes for making the compounds of formulas I and II and to a method for treating hyperproliferative skin diseases such as psoriasis which comprises the oral and/or topical administration of effective amounts of the compounds of formulas I or II.
The compounds of formula I and the corresponding hydroxy acids II thereof are also useful as agents for lowering cholesterol.
In accordance with the invention, compounds of formula I wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl; and A is ##STR26## wherein R.sub.2 is lower alkyl; R.sub.3 is phenyl, or phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, and lower alkoxy; and R.sub.4 is hydrogen or methyl may be prepared as hereinafter described in Reaction Scheme I. ##STR27## wherein A is ##STR28## or A is ##STR29## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl; R.sub.2 is lower alkyl; R.sub.3 is phenyl or phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, and lower alkoxy; X is chloro or bromo; R.sub.4 is hydrogen or methyl; and R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are independently lower alkyl, or phenyl provided that no more than two of R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are phenyl.
In Reaction Scheme I, a compound of the formula ##STR30## wherein R.sub.5, R.sub.6, and R.sub.7 are independently lower alkyl or phenyl provided that no more than two of R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are phenyl, is known or can be prepared in accordance with known methods such as those set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,784.
A compound of formula ##STR31## wherein A is ##STR32## X is chloro or bromo; and R.sub.2 is lower alkyl is new and is prepared as described below. Compound IV is reacted with a compound of formula III in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, CH.sub.3 CN, or more preferably pyridine, in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, imidazole, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, or more preferably 4-pyrrolidinopyridine, at about room temperature to about reflux temperature of the solvent, or preferably at about 50.degree. C.
After conventional work-up a compound of formula ##STR33## wherein A, R.sub.5 R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are as described above is obtained.
The compound of formula I is reacted with a silyl ether cleaving reagent such as dilute aqueous hydrofluoric acid; or more preferably, aqueous tetrabutylammonium fluoride buffered with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, or a mineral acid like hydrochloric acid, in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol or dioxane, or more preferably tetrahydrofuran. Upon conventional work-up there is obtained a compound of formula ##STR34## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl; A is ##STR35## and R.sub.2 is lower alkyl.
Compounds of formula I can be hydrolyzed with bases such as NaOH to yield the corresponding salts such as sodium salts. Careful acidification of the salts yields the corresponding hydroxy acid form of formula II. Compounds of formula II can conversely be converted to compounds of formula I at acidic pH.
Furthermore, compounds of formula I may be treated under acidic or basic catalysis with methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol or with phenyl-, dimethylamino-, or acetylaminoalkanols to yield the corresponding esters of the hydroxy acid compounds of formula II.
Analogously, as shown in Reaction Scheme I, compounds of formula I ##STR36## wherein A is ##STR37## and R.sub.3 is phenyl or phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl and lower alkoxy, and R.sub.4 is hydrogen or methyl, may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula III with a compound of formula ##STR38## wherein A is ##STR39## and R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and X are as described above. Compound III is preferably reacted with the acid chloride of Compound IV, 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl chloride, in the presence of an organic base, preferably pyridine or 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, and extracted with an organic solvent such as a dry ether solvent, such as dialkyl ether or preferably diethyl ether to obtain the compound of the formula ##STR40## which may be isolated by conventional means.
The compound of formula I' is reacted with acetic acid and tetrabutylammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran to obtain a mixture which is taken up in an organic solvent such as a dry ether solvent, like dipropyl ether or more preferably diethyl ether to obtain the compound of formula ##STR41## which may be isolated by conventional means.
Preferred compounds of formula I are:
2-(4-chlorophenoxy-2-methylpropionic acid [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta.(2R*,4R*),8a.beta.]]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-[tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl ester.
3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta.(2R*,4R*)8a.beta.]]-8-[2[tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1,2,3,7,8,8a -hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester.
The compounds of formula IV wherein A is ##STR42## are known or can be prepared in accordance with known methods, such as reacting the corresponding carboxylic acid with an acid halide forming reagent such as thionyl chloride, thionyl bromide or oxalyl chloride, in a conventional solvent for such reactions, like dichloromethane.
Exemplary of compounds of formula IV are:
2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl chloride,
2-(3-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl chloride,
2-(2-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl chloride,
2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl bromide,
2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl chloride,
2-(4-ethoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl chloride,
2-(3-methoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl bromide,
2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl bromide; and
2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl chloride.
Compounds of formula ##STR43## wherein A is ##STR44## are novel and are an aspect of this invention as are the corresponding carboxylic acids of formula ##STR45## which are also an aspect of this invention. ##STR46## wherein R.sub.2 is lower alkyl.
As shown in Reaction Scheme II compounds of formula IV are prepared as follows. Compounds of formula ##STR47## wherein R.sub.2 is lower alkyl are known or can be prepared in accordance with known methods.
A compound of formula V is reacted with a selective fluorinating agent such as sulfur tetrafluoride or diethylamino sulfur trifluoride to obtain a compound of formula ##STR48##
A compound of formula VI is treated with an ester cleaving reagent such as an aqueous mineral acid like hydrochloric acid, or sulfuric acid, or an aqueous base such as lithium, potassium hydroxide, or, more preferably aqueous sodium hydroxide, an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, or more preferably without an organic solvent to obtain upon conventional work-up a compound of formula ##STR49##
A compound of formula IV' is converted to a compound of formula IV" with acid halide forming reagents as described above. ##STR50##
Exemplary of compounds of formula IV wherein A is ##STR51## are
3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethyl butanoic acid;
3,3-difluoro,-2,2-dimethyl pentanoic acid; and
3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethyl hexanoic acid.
EFFECT OF COMPOUNDS OF FORMULAS I AND II ON THE PROLIFERATION OF CULTURED HUMAN KERATINOCYTES
The compounds of formulas I and II as described above can be administered orally, for the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases such as psoriasis, basal cell carcinomas, disorders of keratinization and keratosis to warm-blooded animals which need such treatment. More specifically, the compounds of formula I as described above can be administered orally to the adult human in dosages that are in the range of about 10 to about 80 mg per day for the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases such as psoriasis, basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas disorders of keratinization and keratosis.
The compounds of formulas I and II can be administered topically, for treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases, such as psoriasis, basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, disorders of keratinization and keratosis to warm-blooded animals which need such treatment. More specifically, the compounds of formula I as described above can be administered topically in dosages that are in about 1 to about 200 micrograms per gram of topical formulation per day for the treatment of such diseases, preferably about 1 to about 50 micrograms per gram of topical formulation per day are administered to a patient.
The useful activity of compounds of formula I as agents for the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases are demonstrated by the following test procedures.
MATERIALS & METHODS
1. Culture Conditions
Human neonatal foreskins were collected by circumcision and placed into tubes containing DMEM media. Upon arrival at the laboratory the foreskins were mechanically trimmed of excess dermis and treated with a solution of trypsin/EDTA (0.05%/0.02%) at 4.degree. C. overnight. The epidermis was stripped from the dermis, agitated in buffered saline to remove basal keratinocytes and to separate the stratum corneum which was subsequently removed. The separated cells were centrifuged, resuspended in media, counted and the keratinocytes were plated onto a plain plastic culture dish.
The keratinocytes were plated at a density of about 10.sup.5 cells/cm.sup.2 in 35 cm.sup.2 dishes. The cells were grown in keratinocyte growth media (KGM.RTM.-modified MCDB 153 containing antibiotics by Clonetics of Boulder, Colo.) according to protocols originally developed by Boyce, S. T. and Ham, R. G., J. of Tissue Culture Meth. 9:83-93 (1985). The cells were grown for 5-10 days and changed every 2-3 days with keratinocyte growth media containing 1.5 mM CaCl.sub.2 (hereinafter KGM.RTM./1.5 mM CaCl.sub.2) until cells reached a 75% confluency by visual observation. All the cultures were incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO.sub.2 at 37.degree. C.
To establish keratinocyte cell cultures as antiproliferative assays, cells prepared as described in the foregoing were washed with PBS and removed from the culture surface with a solution of trypsin/EDTA (0.25%/0.3%). The removed cells were then centrifuged, resuspended in the KGM.RTM./1.5 mM CaCl.sub.2 and counted. The cells were then distributed to 6 well plates at 100,000 cells per well as described in the foregoing. Each well had an area of 9.5 cm.sup.2. After 24-48 hours KGM.RTM./1.5 mM CaCl.sub.2 which contained test compounds was added to the cells. The cultures maintained for seven days. The media was changed every 2-3 days.
2. Test Solutions
Solutions of the test compounds were prepared as follows: 1 milligram quantities were received in amber glass vials, and stored at -20.degree. C. Sufficient 100% ethanol was added directly to vials to obtain a millimolar solution that was subsequently aliquoted into small amber vials, overlayed with argon gas and stored at -20.degree. C. Each stock solution was thawed once, used and discarded. Aliquots from the stock solutions were diluted directly into medium and then serially diluted from micromolar to 10.sup.-12 M concentrations. Dilutions from 10.sup.-7 M to 10.sup.-12 M had ethanol added for a final concentration of 0.1%. Stock solutions were used within one month. Control cultures were treated with 0.1% ethanol.
3. Cell Proliferation
For each experiment every culture well received the same number of cells from the same culture source. At the termination of the experiment the number of cells per was determined by the following procedure. Wells were washed twice with PBS and then incubated for approximately 10-20 minutes at 37.degree. C. with a trypsin/EDTA solution (0.25%/0.03%). PBS plus 0.1% soybean trypsin inhibitor was added and the cells were suspended. An aliquot of the cells was placed into isotonic buffered saline and counted on an electronic particle counter (e.g. Coulter Counter.RTM. device by Coulter Electronics of Hialeah, Fla.).
Quantification of proliferation was done by enumerating the number of keratinocyte cells in each well using the Coulter Counter.RTM.. Results shown in Table 1 below show the percent reduction of keratinocyte cell number calculated for each of 4 concentrations of test compounds tested according to the formula: ##EQU1##
For statistical analysis, the mean was calculated for all wells in each treatment group. Standard error was determined by nonbiased analysis using a value for the number of wells in each group, preferably N=3.
TABLE 1______________________________________INHIBITION OF TEST COMPOUNDS ONKERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION Dosage of Percent Inhibition Compound on Keratinocyte StandardCompound (M) Proliferation Deviation______________________________________1. ETOH Control 0.00 24.48 10.sup.-10 20.92 40.812. A 10.sup.-8 6.28 24.83 10.sup.-7 15.23 27.09 10.sup.-6 49.71 23.693. B 10.sup.-10 17.97 24.57 10.sup.-8 14.61 24.12 10.sup.-7 31.23 23.81 10.sup.-6 95.80 29.03______________________________________
In Table 1, A is 2-(4-chlorophenoxy-2-methylpropionic acid [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta.(2R*,4R*),8a.beta.]]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-[tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl ester.
In Table 1, B is 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.7.beta.(2R*,4R*)8a.beta.]]-8-[2[tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl[ethyl]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester.
Each compound was tested in triplicate. The control (ETOH), as noted above, was 0.1% ethanol.
CONCLUSION
The foregoing results evidence that at a test compound dosage of 10.sup.-6 inhibition of keratinocytes cells is the greatest. Of the experiments conducted for each of the test compounds, it was observed that at a concentration of 10.sup.-6 M, each of the compounds of formula I inhibited about 50% of the proliferation of the keratinocyte cells. Compound B was found to inhibit more of the cells than compound A at a 10.sup.-6 M concentration (i.e. 95.80%).
These data indicate that each of the compounds of formula I tested restrained the proliferation of human keratinocyte cells in vitro, without toxicity to the cells. From these results it can be seen that each of the tested compounds is useful as an agent in the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases such as psoriasis.
As discussed above, mevinolin and mevinolin derivatives as well as the corresponding hydroxy acids of such compounds are known to be useful as cholesterol lowering agents.
In the present invention it has been found that compounds of formula I exhibit cholesterol lowering activity, as well as being useful in the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases.
Oral dosage forms comprising compounds of formulas I or II of the invention may be incorporated in capsules, tablets and the like with pharmaceutically acceptable carrier materials.
The useful activity of compounds of formulas I or II as agents for lowering cholesterol is demonstrated by the following test procedures.
INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS
Materials and Methods
HepG2 cells are maintained in 175 cm.sup.2 T flasks in Darlington Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Darlington Medium consists of 3 parts Minimal Essential Medium, 1 part Waymouth's MAB87/3 medium and 3.times.10.sup.-8 M sodium selenite. This medium is supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 ug/ml streptomycin and 2.5 ug/ml Fungizone. In order to establish optimal conditions for the whole cell cholesterol biosynthesis assay, preliminary experiments were performed. 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 or 1.times.10.sup.6 cells were seeded into 6 well cluster plates in 2 ml of fully supplemented Darlington Medium. The serum supplemented medium was aspirated after 72 hours and replaced with serum free Darlington Medium with antibiotics. After 24, 48 or 72 hours serum free, the cells received either 0.5 or 1 mCi .sup.3 H.sub.2 O/ml medium. This medium was aspirated after 24 hours and the cells were washed twice with phosphate buffered saline. The cells were frozen overnight at -20.degree. C. after which they were harvested from the wells with 1 ml of trypsin-EDTA. Extracted lipids were separated on an HPLC system; cholesterol peaks were collected and counted in a scintillation counter. Results are expressed as the dpm .sup.3 H.sub.2 O incorporated into cholesterol.
In the screening assay the cells received compounds at various concentrations concommitantly with .sup.3 H.sub.2 O. When ethanol was the vehicle, the final ethanol concentration was 0.5%, and control wells with that concentration of ethanol were used in each experiment. Results are expressed as the percent dpm .sup.3 H.sub.2 O incorporated into cholesterol in treated vs control wells. IC.sub.50 values are calculated using a linear regression analysis.
TABLE 2______________________________________Summary of IC.sub.50 Data (.mu. molar)Inhibition of Cholesterol Biosynthesis in HepG2 CellsTest mevinolin B A______________________________________I 0.020 -- 0.030II 0.100 -- 0.500III 0.076 -- 0.101IV 0.008 0.005 --______________________________________
As can be seen in above Table 2, the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis of compound A of the invention, as compared to mevinolin, was determined in tests I through III.
The inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis of compound B of the invention, as compared to mevinolin, was determined in test IV.
CONCLUSIONS
Both compounds A and B of the invention show activity as cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors in this test.
Illustrative of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier materials which may be incorporated into capsules, and the like are the following: a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, or gelatin; an excipient such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, algenic acid, and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate, a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose, or saccharin; a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen or cherry. Various other materials may be present as coating or to otherwise modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance, tablets may be coated with shellac, sugar, or both. A syrup or elixir may contain the active compound, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propyl parabens as preservatives, a dye, and a flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor.
Topical dosage forms comprising compounds of formula I of the invention include: ointments and creams encompassing formulations having oleaginous, adsorbable, water-soluble and emulsion-type bases such as petroleum, lanolin, polyethylene glycols and the like.
Lotions are liquid preparations and vary from simple solutions to aqueous or hydroalcoholic preparations containing finely divided substances. Lotions can contain suspending or dispersing agents, for example, cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, and the like; gelatin or gums, which incorporate the active ingredient in a vehicle made up of water, alcohol, glycerin and the like.
Gels are semi-solid preparations made by gelling a solution or suspension of the active ingredient in a carrier vehicle. The vehicles, which can be hydrous or anhydrous, are gelled using a gelling agent, such as carboxy polymethylene, and neutralized to a proper gel consistency with the use of alkalies, such as, sodium hydroxide and amines, such as, polyethylenecocoamine.
As used herein, the term "topical" denotes the use of the active ingredient, incorporated in a suitable pharmaceutical carrier, and applied at the site of inflammation for the exertion of local action. Accordingly, the topical compositions include those pharmaceutical forms in which the compound is applied externally by direct contract with the skin. The topical dosage forms comprise gels, creams, lotions, ointments, powders, aerosols and other conventional forms for applying medications to the skin obtained by admixing the compounds of formula I with known pharmaceutical topical carrier materials. In addition to the application to the skin, the topical compositions of this invention can also be employed in the treatment of inflammations of mucous membranes, where such membranes are accessible to topical application of medication. For example, the topical composition can be applied to the mucous lining of the mouth or lower colon.
The Examples which follow further illustrate the invention. All temperatures are in degrees Celsius unless otherwise stated.

EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta.(2R*,4R*),8a.beta.]]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-[tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl ester
A mixture of [1S-[1.alpha.(4R*,6R*),2.alpha.,6.beta.,8.beta.,8a.alpha.]]-4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy]-6-[2-(1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-8-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl)ethyl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one in an amount of 1.00 g (2.29 mmol), 18.6 ml of dry pyridine, 1.40 g (1.15 mmol) 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine and 5.34 g (22.9 mmol) of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionyl chloride was heated at 50.degree. C. for 63/4hour, then stirred overnight at room temperature. Ice chips were then added, and after 30 min the mixture was poured into ice water and extracted four times with diethylether. The combined ether layers were washed with water, then washed with 0.1M H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and then dried over a conventional drying agent, preferably anhydrous sodium sulfate. The mixture was filtered and volatiles removed under reduced pressure (i.e. below atmospheric pressure, preferably around 30 mm). The residue was dissolved in diethylether, washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The mixture was filtered and volatiles removed under reduced pressure to leave 1.6 of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid-[1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta.(2R*,4R*),8a.beta.]]-8-[2[tetrahydro-4-[ [(1,1-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy]6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester as a brown oil which was used directly without further purification.
The crude product obtained above was stirred with 5.6 ml of tetrahydrofuran, 0.291 ml of water, 0.402 ml of acetic acid and 5.22 ml of a 1.0M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran for 23 hours. The mixture was taken up in diethylether washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and volatiles removed under reduced pressure. The residue was filtered through silica gel to give, after evaporation of volatiles under reduced pressure, 0.91 of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta.(2R*, 4R*),8a.beta.]]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-[tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl ester. This compound was chromatographed by conventional means on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (15:85) to give 0.376 g of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta.(2R*,4R*),8a.beta.]]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-[tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]-ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl ester, which on precipitation from hexane/1-chlorobutane gave an amorphous solid with a m.p. of 65.degree. C. [.alpha.].sup.25 =+266.1 (CHCl.sub.3, C, 0.52). Significant nmr data (cDCl.sub.3, 200 mHz) d 7.16 (d, J=9H.sub.z, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=9H.sub.z,2H), 5.98 (d, J=10 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (dd, J=6, 10 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (brs, 2H), 4.55 (m, 1H), 4.36 (nm, 1H), 2.72 (dd, J=5, 18 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (dd, J= 4, 18 Hz, 1H), 1.53 (s,6H), 1.00 (d, J=7H.sub.2, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=7 Hz, 3H). Calc C.sub.29 H.sub.37 ClO.sub.6 : C 67.37, H 7.21, found: C 67.02, H 7.48.
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta.(2R*,4R*)8a.beta.]]-8-[2[tetrahydro-4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl]dimethylsilyl]oxy]-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester
To 1.55 g (9.86 mmol) 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid in 5 ml of dry dichloromethane was added 3.45 ml (39.5 mmol) of oxalyl chloride. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours then solvent and excess reagent removed by distillation followed by addition of carbon tetrachloride and distillation of the solvent. The cooled 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoyl chloride thus formed was dissolved in 8 ml of dry pyridine and added to a mixture of 2.15 g (4.93 mmol) of [1S-[1.alpha.(4R*,6R*),2.alpha., 6.beta.,8.beta.,8a.beta.]]-4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy-[2-(1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-8-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl)ethyl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one, 0.35 g of 4-pyrrolidinopyridine and 10 ml of dry pyridine. The mixture was heated at 50.degree. overnight then cooled and quenched by the addition of ice chips. The mixture was taken up in diethyl ether and washed successively with water, dilute sulfuric acid and saturated sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with hexane/dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (25:25:50) to give 0.314 g of 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta. (2R*,4R*)8a.beta.]]-8-[2[tetrahydro-4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl]dimethylsilyl]oxy]-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester.
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta. (2R*,4R*)8a.beta.]]-8-[2-[tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester
A mixture of 0.46 g (0.81 mmol) of 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta.(2R*,4R*)8a.beta.]]-8-[2[tetrahydro-4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl]dimethylsilyl]oxy]-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester, 2 ml of tetrahydrofuran, 0.463 ml of acetic acid, 0.103 ml of water and 1.85 ml of 1.0M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride was stirred at room temperature for 32 hours. The mixture was taken up in diethyl ether and the ether extract washed successively with water, then brine, then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Chromatography of the residue on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (1:1) gave 0.329 g 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, [1S-[1.alpha.,3.alpha.,7.beta.,8.beta.-(2R*,4R*)8a.beta.]]-8-[2-[tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2 H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester.
The analytical sample was crystallized from chlorobutane. mp 154.degree.-159.degree. C. Calc for C.sub.25 H.sub.36 O.sub.5 F.sub.2 : C 66.06, H 7.98; found: C 65.93, H 8.13, significant nmr data (CDCl.sub.3, 200 mHz) 8 5.98 (d, J=10 Hz,1H) 5.79 (dd, J=6,10 Hz,1H), 5.51 (brs, 1H), 5.38 (nm, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 4.36 (nm, 1H), 1.72 (t, J=20 Hz,3H), 1.05 (d, J=7 Hz,3H), 0.85 (d, J=7 Hz, 3H).
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid
A mixture of 12.25 g (77.5 mmol) 2,2-dimethyl-3-oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester, and 25 g (155.1 mmol) diethylaminosulfurtrifluoride was heated for 55 hour, then cooled. Dichloromethane was added and the mixture was poured onto ice. The dichloromethane layer was washed successively with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The mixture was filtered, then concentrated under reduced pressure to give 24.6 of a mixture which contained 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid ethyl ester. This material was heated to reflux with 304 ml of 1M sodium hydroxide solution for 33/4 hour then cooled.
The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract was washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. This residue was refluxed with 81 ml of 1M sodium hydroxide solution for 33/4 hour, cooled, and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined aqueous layers from the above were acidified to about pH2 with dilute sulfuric acid and extracted with dichloromethane. This extract was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was further purified by bulb to bulb transfer at 35-40 mm Hg with a heating bath at 90.degree.-120.degree. C., to give 6.0 g of solid 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid. The product was further purified by crystallization from dichloromethane/pentane to give 3.0 of 3,3-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, significant nmr data (CDCl.sub.3 200 mHz) 1.73 (t, J=18 Hz, 3H), 1.38 (S, 3H).
EXAMPLE 5
Oral dosage formulation for Compounds of Formula I or the corresponding hydroxy acid of compound II thereof
______________________________________1. Compound of Formula I or II 20 milligrams2. Lactose hydrose 150 milligrams3. Starch 1500 30 milligrams4. Talc 20 milligrams______________________________________
Manufacturing Process
A. Mix 1 with a portion of 2.
B. Add 3 and 4, and mix.
C. Add the remainder of 2, mix thoroughly, and pass through a suitable mill. Capsules are filled with the composition thus prepared.
EXAMPLE 6
Preferred Formulation for Topical Dosage of Compounds of Formula I or II.
______________________________________1. Compound of Formula I or II 10.0 micrograms2. Stearyl alcohol 4.0 g3. Cetyl alcohol 4.0 g4. Mineral oil 3.0 g5. Polysorbate 60 4.5 g6. Sorbitan stearate 4.5 g7. Propylene glycol 10.0 g8. Methyl paraben 0.18 g9. Propyl paraben10. Water q.s. to 100.00 g______________________________________
Manufacturing Process
A. Heat 2 through 6 to 80.degree. C., which melts all ingredients (oil phase).
B. Dissolve 1 in oil phase.
C. Heat 7 and 10 to 90.degree. C. (aqueous phase).
D. Dissolve 8 and 9 in aqueous phase.
E. Add aqueous phase to oil phase, and stir rapidly to form an emulsion.
F. Cool slowly to 50.degree. C. to allow the emulsion to congeal.
G. Continue stirring slowly until the emulsion cools to room temperature.

Number	Name	Date
4231938	Monaghan et al.	Nov 1980
4293496	Willard	Oct 1981
4294926	Monaghan et al.	Oct 1981
4346227	Terahara et al.	Aug 1982
4444784	Hoffman et al.	Apr 1984
4450171	Hoffman et al.	May 1984
4582915	Sleteinger et al.	Apr 1986
4611076	Volante et al.	Sep 1986
4668699	Hoffman et al.	May 1987
4766145	Lee et al.	Aug 1988
4771071	Hoffman et al.	Sep 1988
4795811	Graham et al.	Jan 1989
4847306	Lee et al.	Jul 1989
4876279	Lee et al.	Oct 1989

Number	Date	Country
0245004	Nov 1987	EPX
0349063	Jan 1990	EPX
1224803	Jul 1984	JPX
2073193	Oct 1981	GBX

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Entry
Chemical Abstracts: 102:78643, "Monacolin Derivatives", (1985), Abstract of JP 59-122,483.
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Serizawa et al., J. Antibiot., 36(5), 608 (1983).
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Endo, J. Med. Chem. 28(4), 401 (1985).
Yomoshita et al., J. Antibiot., 38(5), 605 (1985).
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