Patent Application
20160068416
The invention relates to an antiscalant composition and its use according to the preambles of the enclosed independent claims.
Scaling of undesired, sparingly-soluble inorganic salts onto process surfaces is a major problem in several industries, including paper industry. Scaling occurs when a solution contains more dissolved solute than it is possible for saturated solution and salt precipitates spontaneously, generally onto various surfaces in the process. Scales may be treated with scale inhibitors that prevent/retard scale formation or dissolve the scale formed. The inhibition performance of polymeric antiscalants is based on attractive forces between cations in the salt and the functional groups of scale inhibitor.
Calcium oxalate is among the most challenging scales in pulp and paper mills, and it has become one of the major precipitates in bleaching operations due to enhanced oxidative decomposition of lignin and xylan in elemental chlorine free, ECF, and total chlorine free, TCF, bleaching plants. Highly oxidative conditions and abrupt pH changes in ECF and TCF processes increase oxalate scale formation. Oxalate scale formation may occur also in mechanical pulping and in oxide bleaching. Scale formation causes significant losses in the production efficiency of the mills due to accumulation of scale onto device surfaces, or even blockages in pipelines and pumps. Calcium oxalate typically forms hard precipitates onto equipment surfaces, particularly onto heat transfer equipment. Scales may be removed by cleaning, but it causes major production losses due to regular maintenance shutdowns. Furthermore, calcium oxalate can also precipitate onto pulp fibers resulting in deterioration of paper quality. An effective antiscalant against calcium oxalate scaling is therefore needed.
Calcium oxalate can crystallize as three different hydrates, namely as monohydrate, tetragonal dihydrate and triclinic trihydrate, and additionally calcium oxalate monohydrate has three different polymorphs, two of which are monoclinic and one orthorombic. Calcium oxalate monohydrate does not exist generally as separate crystals, but rather as twins or twin intergrowths. All three calcium oxalate hydrates have importance in scaling processes in pulp and paper mills. The most common precipitate in the paper industry is thermodynamic calcium oxalate monohydrate phase, but also calcium oxalate dihydrate has been reported to precipitate in acidic pH range of 2.5-4, and calcium oxalate trihydrate is known to have significant impact on calcium oxalate scaling as primary precipitant, particularly in dynamic systems.
Since all three hydrates of calcium oxalate are crystallized in different crystal systems, it is a challenging precipitate to treat. Several phases of calcium oxalate complicate usage of scale inhibitors as a scale treatment method, since inhibitors interact generally with active sites of a crystal surface, which may vary significantly for different phases. Inhibitors should fit onto the crystal growth units and have a certain affinity towards them. Furthermore, the large crystal volume of the most common precipitate calcium oxalate monohydrate and its existence as twins and twin intergrowths may complicate scale inhibition process further. Therefore, tailoring of effective antiscalants is more difficult for a scaling system containing different phases.
An object of this invention is to minimise or even totally eliminate the disadvantages existing in the prior art.
An object is also to provide an effective and safe antiscalant against calcium oxalate scaling in pulp and papermaking processes.
These objects are attained with the invention having the characteristics presented below in the characterising parts of the independent claims.
Typical liquid antiscalant composition according to the present invention for reducing calcium oxalate scale formation comprising a polyanionic antiscalant agent having a plurality of anionic groups, which antiscalant agent is selected from the group consisting of polyphosphates, polymers comprising at least one carboxylic group and any of their mixtures, wherein the antiscalant composition further comprises magnesium ions.
Typically the antiscalant composition according to the present invention is used for inhibiting and/or reducing formation of calcium oxalate scale in pulp and paper industry.
Typical method according to the present invention for reducing and/or inhibiting formation of calcium oxalate scale in pulp and paper industry comprises adding an antiscalant composition according to the invention to an aqueous flow in a paper making or pulp making process.
Now it has been surprisingly found out that the efficiency against calcium oxalate scale of a polyanionic antiscalant agent having a plurality of anionic groups, such as polyepoxysuccinic acid, polyphosphates, or polycarboxylates, may be significantly enhanced by mixing it with magnesium ions. The required minimum scale inhibitor concentration may be reduced even by 70% when the said polyanionic antiscalant is combined with magnesium ions, and the resulting composition may be used as antiscalant agent in pulp and paper industry. The antiscaling composition provides unexpected synergetic effects in reducing and/or inhibiting calcium oxalate scale, the synergetic effects clearly exceeding the expected aggregated effect of the individual parts forming the composition. The reason for the effect is not yet fully understood. As described above, the formation of calcium oxalate scale is a common problem in pulp and paper industry. Reduction of calcium oxalate scale formation provides considerable savings both in chemical costs and cleaning time needed. The pulp and paper process may become more effective, as the downtime associated with oxalate scale removal is reduced. It may also be possible to observe improvements in produced paper quality when the calcium oxalate is not precipitated on the fibres.
In this application the term “polyanionic antiscalant agent” is understood to refer to an antiscalant molecule, antiscalant polymer or other antiscalant agent having a negative charge at more than one site of its structure. Thus a polyanionic antiscalant agent has at least two, preferably a plurality of, anionic groups in its structure or attached to its structure. The anionic groups may be all similar or they may be different from each other. For example, the antiscalant agent may be a polycarboxylate, i.e. salt of polycarboxylic acid. Antiscalant agent may be organic or inorganic.
The antiscalant composition according to the present invention is an aqueous liquid composition. This means that the antiscalant composition is free of visible particles and other solid matter. According to one embodiment of the invention the mass ratio of magnesium ions to polyanionic antiscalant agent is 0.1-10, preferably 0.15-4, more preferably 0.2-2.5, even more preferably 0.2-1, sometimes 0.25-0.5. In this application the magnesium amount is given as pure magnesium, without the counter ion, if nor stated otherwise, and the amount of polyanionic antiscalant agent is given as weight of dry active agent. Typically the amount of magnesium ions is higher than the number of anionic sites in the polyanionic antiscalant agent, i.e. the composition comprises an excess of magnesium ions compared to number of anionic sites in the polyanionic antiscalant agent.
According to one embodiment the antiscalant composition comprises at most 70 weight-% magnesium, preferably at most 50 weight-% magnesium, more preferably at most 35 weight-% magnesium, calculated from the total weight of the active constituents, i.e. magnesium and polyanionic antiscalant agent, in the composition. According to another embodiment the antiscalant composition comprises at least 10 weight-%, preferably at least 20 weight-%, more preferably at least 50 weight-%, sometimes even at least 65 weight-%, of active polyanionic antiscalant.
The antiscalant agent may be prepared simply by mixing of a solution of polyanionic antiscalant agent and a solution of magnesium ions in a desired ratio. Preferably the antiscalant agent and the magnesium ions are allowed to interact with each other before use of the antiscalant composition. The reaction time after the mixing of the antiscalant agent and magnesium ions depends on the process and may vary from minutes to hours.
The magnesium compound, which is used for making of the antiscalant composition, may be any water-soluble magnesium salt, such as magnesium carbonate, magnesium chloride or magnesium sulphate, preferably magnesium sulphate.
The antiscalant composition may further comprise also other constituents in addition to the polyanionic antiscalant and magnesium ions. The composition may further comprise at least one additive, which is selected from a group comprising corrosion inhibitors, biocides, surfactants, sequestrants and other different antiscaling agents. Additives may be added for improving the storage stability of the composition or its performance in different applications.
According to another embodiment of the invention the polyanionic antiscalant agent is a polyphosphate. Polyphosphates are salts or esters of polymeric oxyanions, phosphates, which are tetrahedral anions containing phosphorous attached to four oxygen ions. Polyphosphates sequester scale forming free calcium ions so that a precipitate is not formed. According to one embodiment of the invention the polyanionic antiscalant agent is a polyphosphate, preferably sodium hexametaphosphate, which is a cyclic polyphosphate.
According to one embodiment of the invention the polyanionic antiscalant agent is a polymer comprising at least one carboxylic group, preferably several carboxylic groups, in its polymeric structure. The polymer may also comprise other anionic groups, for example sulphonate or phosphonate groups. According to one embodiment the antiscalant agent may be a copolymer, which comprises both carboxylate and sulphonate groups.
For example, according to an embodiment of the present invention the polyanionic antiscalant agent comprising carboxylic groups is a natural polymer or its derivative, such as carboxymethyl inulin. Carboxymethyl inulin is non-toxic, biodegradable and free of phosphorus. It may be produced by carboxymethylation of inulin that may be extracted from different natural sources, such as from chicory roots, dahlias or Jerusalem artichoke. Inulin is a linear polydisperse polysaccharide comprising mainly β(2→1) fructose units with a glucose unit at the reducing end. The fructose molecules are present in pyranose form. Chain length of inulin is typically 2-60 fructose units. Inulin has an average degree of polymerisation, which may vary from 5 to 30, preferably from 10 to 30. Carboxylate groups may be introduced into the inulin for example by carboxymethylation with sodium monochloro acetate as reagent in alkaline medium. Carboxymethyl inulin may have a degree of substitution (DS) in the ranging of 0.15-2.5, preferably 0.5-1.5.
According to another embodiment of the invention the polyanionic antiscalant may be a copolymer, which comprises at least one polymerised monomer, which is selected from a group consisting of acrylic acid; methacrylic acid; and unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acids, such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, aconitic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid, crotonic acid, isocrotonic acid, angelic acid and tiglic acid. Preferably the copolymer is obtained by polymerising acrylic acid with other suitable monomers. Any polymerisation method may be used to prepare the copolymers, free-radical polymerisation methods being preferred.
According to one embodiment of the invention the polyanionic antiscalant agent may be polyaspartic acid, copolymer of polyaspartic acid or salt thereof. Polyaspartic acid is water-soluble polyaminoacid.
According to one embodiment of the invention the polyanionic antiscalant agent may be a water-soluble copolymer of allyl sulphonate and maleic anhydride. The copolymer is formed from a first monomer, which is an ethylenically unsaturated dibasic carboxylic acid or anhydride, preferably maleic acid, itaconic acid or anhydride thereof, and a second monomer, which is allyl sulphonic acid or a salt thereof, preferably sodium allyl sulphonate. The mole ratio of the first monomer to the second monomer may be from 1:3 to 3:1, preferably from 1:2 to 2:1, more preferably from 1:1.5 to 1.5:1. Any ethylenically unsaturated dibasic carboxylic acid or anhydride can be used as the first monomer. Water soluble salts of such copolymers may also be used. The average molecular weight of the copolymer is in the range of 500-50000 g/mol, preferably 500-10000 g/mol.
According to one embodiment of the invention the polyanionic antiscalant agent is polyepoxy succinic acid (CAS 51274-37-4) or its salt having formula (I).
where
M is hydrogen, sodium, magnesium, potassium or ammonium; R is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl; and n is 2-10.
In case M is magnesium in formula (I), magnesium ions are added to the composition so that an excess of magnesium ions to the anionic sites is achieved. Typically the average molecular weight of the polyepoxysuccinic acid is 400-1500 g/mol.
According to one embodiment of the invention the polyanionic antiscalant is a synthetic or natural polymer and has an average molecular weight of 1000-20 000 g/mol, preferably 1500-8000 g/mol, more preferably 2000-7000 g/mol. In some embodiments the weight average molecular weight is from 4000 to 10 000 g/mol, in some other embodiments the weight average molecular weight is from 1500 to 3000 g/mol.
According to one embodiment of the invention the antiscalant composition is environmentally benign and biodegradable.
The antiscalant composition may be used in desired dose, depending on the nature of the calcium oxalate scale and/or other conditions in the aqueous environment where it is used. For example, according to one embodiment of the invention the antiscalant composition may be used in amount of <1000 ppm, preferably <500 ppm, more preferably <100 ppm. In some embodiments the antiscalant composition may be used in amount of 1-1000 ppm, preferably 5-500 ppm, more preferably 5-100 ppm, still more preferably 7.5-80 ppm.
The antiscalant composition according to the present invention may be used at any process stage of pulp and paper production, where there is a risk for calcium oxalate scale formation. According to one embodiment of the invention the antiscalant composition according to the present invention may be used for reducing or eliminating the formation of calcium oxalate scale in pulp bleaching plants, i.e. at bleaching stage of pulping, especially in ECF and TCF bleaching processes. Process waters of pulp bleaching plants comprise large amounts of calcium and oxalate ions which contribute to formation of hard precipitates onto equipment surfaces, particularly onto heat transfer equipment. Furthermore, calcium oxalate may also precipitate onto pulp fibers thus resulting in deterioration of paper quality. The antiscalant composition is may be added to at least one process water flow of a bleaching plant, and/or to a water flow circulated in the bleaching process. The antiscalant composition is typically added directly into the process water flow.
According to one embodiment of the invention the antiscalant composition according to the present invention may be used for reducing or eliminating the formation of calcium oxalate scale also in mechanical pulping or in oxide bleaching of pulp.
The antiscalant composition may be added to an aqueous flow having pH>2, preferably >3. The aqueous flow, to which the antiscalant composition is added, may have pH in the range of 3-8, more preferably 4-7.5, even more preferably 4.5-7.5.
a shows inhibition performance of PESA without magnesium,
b shows the effect of magnesium on inhibition performance of PESA,
a shows inhibition performance of SHMP without magnesium,
a shows effect of magnesium on inhibition performance of SHMP,
a shows inhibition performance of CMI without magnesium,
b shows effect of magnesium on inhibition performance of CMI,
Dynamic tube blocking procedure is used to evaluate the efficiency of antiscalant compositions to inhibit and remove mineral deposit formation. Dynamic tube blocking tests are based on measurement of differential pressure, which increases with scale formation. Differential pressure of the system increases when scale is deposited onto metallic surface of a narrow capillary. Dynamic tube blocking system allows alteration of various parameters; temperature, pressure, flow rate and water chemistry. Dynamic tube blocking procedure is used to determinate Minimum Inhibitor Concentration, MIC, i.e. the antiscalant dosage which prevents further fouling of capillary tube.
The test method used in this application is described below.
In this application, a commercial dynamic tube blocking apparatus, Process Measurement and Control System dynamic scale loop “PMAC” (PMAC Systems Ltd., Aberdeen, UK) is used for scaling measurements.
Dynamic tube blocking method is based on measurement of differential pressure that is commensurate to the amount of scale deposited onto the surface of a capillary tube. Solutions with precipitating cationic and anionic species are brought to the system separately and they are preheated or cooled in a water bath to a desired temperature in pre-heat coils. The streams are mixed together right before the scaling coil in which precipitation occurs onto the surface of a thin metal pipe and the differential pressure across the scaling coil is measured. Inner diameter of the scaling coil is 0.8 mm and the length of the coil is 1 m. Material of the scaling coil is stainless steel.
The antiscalant composition to be tested is brought to the system with the anionic solution in order to avoid interactions between antiscalant composition and cations before precipitation. The ratio between the first anionic solution and the second anionic solution including antiscalant composition is varied so that antiscalant composition dosage can be altered. Generally the antiscalant composition dosage is decreased stepwise and the Minimum Inhibitor Concentration, MIC, is determined from a sudden increase in differential pressure. Thus MIC is the smallest antiscalant composition dosage that prevents further fouling of the scaling coil.
Additionally, the system includes two washing solutions, which typically are (i) a dilute acid or a chelating agent and (ii) deionized water. Variable parameters in dynamic tube blocking tests are temperature, pressure, flow rate and duration of one scale step, i.e. time with constant inhibitor dosage. Furthermore, water chemistry of cationic and anionic solutions can be altered.
Measurement may be started with a prescale stage, in which cationic and anionic solutions are mixed without the scale inhibitor in order to obtain a thin layer of scale onto the capillary metal surface. The initial scale layer is deposited onto the coil surface in primary nucleation manner, i.e. nucleation in the absence of formed crystals, whereas secondary nucleation occurs when crystals of material being crystallized are present. Primary nucleation is affected most by the supersaturation of the system, whereas secondary nucleation is affected most by crystalline size. In practical applications scale inhibitors are injected into a system in which precipitate is already present. Therefore the scale inhibition in practical applications corresponds to inhibition of secondary nucleation and/or crystal growth; hence scale inhibition with some precipitate already present simulates better inhibition cases in practical applications. Furthermore, prescale stage enhances the repeatability of the measurements.
Duration of the prescale step can be varied. In the measurement presented in
After the optional prescale step, injection of the antiscalant composition is started into the system. Antiscalant composition dosage is thereafter decreased step wise and Minimum Inhibitor Concentration, MIC, can be determined from the sudden increase in differential pressure. In the measurement of
The washing program starts when the differential pressure exceeds a specified value, for instance 10 psi, or when scale steps are completed. Washing program includes initial acid or chelating agent wash that dissolves formed scale from the capillary. After dissolution, scaling coil is flushed with deionized water.
PMAC system can be used at elevated temperatures and pressures as well as at low temperatures, since the scaling loop can be placed either in an oven or in a thermostated water bath. A Memmert heat chamber (Memmert GmbH+Co. KG, Germany) is used in measurements performed at elevated temperatures and a
Julabo F34 water bath (Julabo GmbH, Germany) is used for low temperature measurements. Operating temperature and pressure ranges in PMAC device are ˜4-200° C. and 1-200 bar, respectively. PMAC device contains three 10 ml titanium high pressure liquid chromatography pumps with pressure sensors. Flow rate of the pumps can be adjusted from 0.1 ml/min to 9.9 ml/min.
Temperature, pH, flow rate and supersaturation of the system are optimised in order to obtain reliable test method setup for comparative scale inhibitor tests.
Temperature: an average temperature of ˜25° C. is chosen for scaling measurements.
pH: solutions pH is adjusted to 8.5 by NaOH in order to keep all oxalate as anionic species rather than oxalic acid.
Test solutions: For measurement with 125 ppm calcium and 250 ppm oxalate, deposition occurs after 15 minutes. Since it is beneficial to be able to perform quick screening measurements, solutions with 125 ppm calcium and 250 ppm oxalate are chosen for measurements. Furthermore, these concentrations are in the range of typical concentrations in the bleaching plants. Scaling solutions contain only CaCl2×2H2O and Na2C2O4 in cationic and anionic solutions, respectively. Solutions are prepared by dissolving reagents to ion exchanged water and by filtering them through 0.2 μm Merck Millipore filter paper.
Table 1 presents optimised ionic concentrations of calcium oxalate scaling system.
Washing solutions: Ion exchanged water and ˜5 M HNO3 solutions are used as washing solutions. HNO3 is chosen, since it dissolves CaC2O4, but is not corrosive towards stainless steel coils.
Flow rate: 8 ml/min flow rate is chosen for measurements. Rapid flow rate increases the amount of solutions moving through the capillary and speeds up the kinetics of crystallization.
Duration of scale step: Scale step time has to be longer than 10 minutes in order to ensure performance of scale inhibitors, since scale formation endured approximately 10 minutes with 8 ml/min total flow rate. The scale step time is chosen to be 20 minutes.
Table 2 summarizes the parameters used in the Examples 1 and 2.
Effect of magnesium ions on CaC2O4 scale formation without antiscalant agent or antiscalant composition is tested. Magnesium is added to cationic solution in order to prevent interactions between oxalate ions and cations before scaling coil. Magnesium is added as MgCl2×2H2O.
Effect of magnesium on CaC2O4 scale formation without scale inhibitor is shown in
Effect of stoichiometric chloride amount on CaC2O4 scale formation is tested in order to verify that scale inhibition is due to magnesium ions. Chloride is added as NaCl.
Effect of chloride on CaC2O4 scale formation without scale inhibitor is shown in
Samples with Magnesium and Polyanionic Antiscalant Agents
Effect of magnesium addition with several polyanionic antiscalant agents is tested. Used antiscalant agents are polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA), hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and carboxymethyl inulin (CMI). Antiscalant agent and magnesium are mixed together and allowed to stand overnight before testing. Magnesium: antiscalant agent ratio is 2:1. Magnesium addition was found to be beneficial for efficiency of all antiscalant agents.
a shows inhibition performance of PESA without magnesium and
a shows inhibition performance of SHMP without magnesium and
a shows inhibition performance of CMI without magnesium and
Table 3 shows effect of magnesium on minimum inhibition concentration of polyanionic antiscalant agents.
Example 2 is performed in the same manner and using same test parameters as Example 1. The effect of magnesium addition with polyanionic antiscalant agent, which is a copolymer of allyl sulphonate and maleic anhydride is tested. Antiscalant agent and magnesium are mixed together and allowed to stand overnight before testing. Magnesium:antiscalant agent ratio is 2:1. Magnesium addition was found to be beneficial for the efficiency of the antiscalant agent. Scaling solution contained 125 ppm calcium and 250 ppm oxalate.
Oxalate inhibition effect of different antiscalant compositions is tested. The test procedure is as follows:
1. Antiscalant agent is diluted to 1% concentration, i.e. 10 g/L. pH is adjusted to pH 8 by using NaOH or H2SO4
2. 50 mL oxalate stock solution is added to a glass jar. Oxalate stock solution is prepared by using Na2C2O4, the concentration of oxalate solution being 4 mmol/L, given as oxalate C2O42−.
3. Desired volume of antiscalant agent is added to the glass jar. The constant total volume of antiscalant agent addition is 20 ml. Distilled water is added to obtain the total volume, if necessary. Jar is slightly swivelled to mix the content.
4. 50 mL of calcium stock solution is added to the glass jar. Calcium stock solution is prepared by using CaCl2, the concentration of calcium solution being 4 mmol/L, given as calcium Ca2+.
5. Distilled water is added to obtain the total sample volume 200 mL.
6. pH is measured.
7. The glass jar is placed in the water bath, temperature+50° C., for three hours.
8. The glass jar is opened and a sample is taken with a syringe from the clear water phase for filtration.
9. The sample is filtrated through 0.2 μm filter (Whatman).
10. pH of the sample is adjusted to pH 2 with 0.2 M HCl.
11. Oxalate amount in the sample is analysed by using ion chromatography. Equipment is Dionex IC, column Ion Pac AS11 (4×250 ml), precolumn ION PAC AG11 (4×50 ml), eluent KOH, flow rate 1 ml/min.
The amount of oxalate in the liquid sample is proportional to the inhibition activity of the antiscalant composition. If the oxalate ions can be detected from the water phase they have not formed solid complexes with calcium.
In the following experiments the oxalate inhibition value, given in %, is calculated by using the measured oxalate value and theoretical added value, which both values have been corrected mathematically. The measured value is also corrected with a dilution factor. In some instances, the oxalate inhibition value exceeds 100%. This is due to the used analysis method, which introduces a certain inaccuracy to the individual results. However, the obtained results can be compared with each other and they give a clear and accurate view about the trends within the experimental test series.
Inhibition effect for antiscalant composition comprising different amounts of polyepoxysuccinic acid, PESA, and magnesium is tested. Following antiscalant compositions are tested:
The inhibition effect for pure polyepoxysuccinic acid, PESA, alone and for pure magnesium, Mg, alone are tested as reference. The results are shown in Table 4.
From Table 4 it can be seen a dosage of around 200 mg/L of pure PESA (ref.) and above 500 mg/L of pure magnesium (ref.) is required for effectively to keep the oxalate ions in liquid phase. For antiscalant compositions comprising both PESA and magnesium dosage of 50-100 mg/L is enough for effectively to keep the oxalate ions in liquid phase. It can be concluded that the oxalate inhibition effect is clearly improved when antiscalant composition according to the present invention is used.
Furthermore, an experiment is carried out to clarify if it is necessary to first mix the antiscalant agent and magnesium together, before the addition to the test solution, or if the antiscalant agent and magnesium can be added separately. The results are shown in Table 5.
From Table 5 it can be seen that the mixing of the antiscalant agent and magnesium is to be preferred for effectively to keep the oxalate ions in liquid phase.
Inhibition effect for antiscalant composition comprising 90% of a copolymer of allyl sulphonate and maleic anhydride and 10% of magnesium is tested. The inhibition effect for pure copolymer of allyl sulphonate and maleic anhydride is tested as reference. The results are shown in Table 6.
From Table 6 it can be seen the antiscalant composition comprising a copolymer of allyl sulphonate and maleic anhydride as well as magnesium is more effective for keeping the oxalate ions in liquid phase, at least when compared to the same copolymer alone.
Inhibition effect for antiscalant composition comprising 90% of polyaspartic acid, PASP, and 10% of magnesium is tested. The inhibition effect for pure PASP is tested as reference. The results are shown in Table 7.
From Table 7 it can be seen the antiscalant composition comprising polyaspartic acid and magnesium is more effective for keeping the oxalate ions in liquid phase, at least when compared to the same copolymer alone.
Inhibition effect for antiscalant composition comprising 90% of polyepoxysuccinic acid, PESA, and 10% of different cations are tested. Following antiscalant compositions are tested:
90% PESA+10% iron (Fe)
90% PESA+10% aluminium (Al)
90% PESA+10% magnesium (Mg)
The results are shown in Table 6, from which it can be seen the antiscalant composition comprising polyepoxysuccinic acids and magnesium is more effective for keeping the oxalate ions in liquid phase than compositions comprising same amount of polyepoxysuccinic acid and iron or aluminium.
Even if the invention was described with reference to what at present seems to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is appreciated that the invention shall not be limited to the embodiments described above, but the invention is intended to cover also different modifications and equivalent technical solutions within the scope of the enclosed claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20135537 | May 2013 | FI | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FI2014/050380 | 5/20/2014 | WO | 00 |
