Patent Application
20230035389
The present invention relates to a composition with antiviral properties, useful for the treatment of lesions produced by herpes virus of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, which is obtained from extracts of algae Durvillaea antarctica.
Preferably, the composition of the invention is useful for the production of pharmaceutical compositions or drugs of topical application intended for the treatment or prevention of infections caused by Alphaherpesvirinae virus.
Herpesviruses or viruses of the family Herpesviridae are prevalent in the human population, infect the host for life and can recur over time. This family of viruses is divided into three subfamilies. The subfamily Alfaherpesvirinae contains human herpes viruses 1, 2 and 3, which correspond to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1 or HHV-1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2 or HHV-2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV or HHV-3). The subfamily Betaherpesvirinae contains human herpes viruses 5, 6 and 7, which correspond to cytomegalovirus (CMV, HHV-5), sudden rash virus (HHV-6) and HHV-7. The subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae contains human herpes viruses 4 and 8, which correspond to Epstein-Barr viruses (EBV, HHV-4) and Kaposi's sarcoma virus (KSV, HHV-8), respectively.
Viruses of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae share important similarities, such as large double-stranded DNA genomes, homologous genes, the presence of an integument in the virion, replication processes, the ability to produce persistent infection and establish latency in the host. Some of these viruses are herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) which affect the general population with high prevalence.
Herpes simplex viruses of types 1 and 2 produce a wide spectrum of diseases that can be of a serious nature, such as encephalitis, compromising the life of the individual, or of a non-dangerous nature, but of high morbidity. Frequent manifestations of infections by HSV-1 virus, HSV-2 are the development of skin lesions evident on the skin and sometimes painful, both in the oro-facial area (herpes labialis, usually HSV-1), the genital area (herpes genitalis, usually HSV-2), torso (eczema herpeticum, herpes gladiatorium by HSV-1, HSV-2 or VZV) or fingers (herpetic panadizo, usually HSV-1) that, although they do not endanger the life of the individual, they do generate symptoms that are annoying (unsightly and sometimes painful) and that can affect the quality of life of people and the work performance of individuals. These lesions can last up to 3 and 6 weeks in the context of primary infections for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively and up to 7-10 days in the case of subsequent recurrences, which occur throughout the life of the individual because they are persistent viruses that establish latent infection for life in people. Herpes simplex viruses can also cause herpetic gingivostomatitis, which consists of infection and inflammation of the gums, and is usually caused by HSV-1 infection in young children. Since this herpetic manifestation occurs frequently in children under 12 years of age, it cannot be treated with the most common antivirals currently commercially available for these viruses, as these are indicated for individuals over 12 years of age. In addition, herpes simplex viruses can cause eye complications, mainly HSV-1, such as conjunctivitis and epithelial or stromal herpetic keratitis, which can lead to permanent blindness. On the other hand, VVZ also frequently produces skin manifestations producing during the primary infection a rash similar to blisters on the skin throughout the body that gives itching and then in recurrent infections herpes zoster that mainly affects the torso and face producing extensive and painful lesions on the skin.
An important aspect of herpes simplex and varicella zoster viruses, like other herpes viruses, is their ability to infect people for life, being able to establish persistent infection in the nerve tissues of the individual. From these sites, these viruses can be reactivated as a result of various stimuli, such as UV radiation, hyperthermia and hypothermia, among others, in addition to unknown causes to produce recurrent pathology throughout the life of the individual. Currently, it is estimated that between 10-25% and 0.4% of individuals infected with herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, respectively manifest symptoms of the disease, particularly skin lesions or mucous membranes in various forms (herpes labialis, herpes genitalis, eczema herpeticum, herpes gladiatorium, shingles, herpetic panadizo, herpetic keratitis and herpetic gingivostomatitis). With this, up to 16% of the world's human population will manifest herpetic lesions product of these viruses of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. This high percentage of the population affected by the symptoms of these viruses raises a significant number of individuals who can potentially make use of new effective solutions to address the health problems produced by these pathogens.
While there are commercially available antivirals to treat skin lesions by viruses of the subfamily Alphahehrpesvirinae, the most commonly used being the nucleosides Acyclovir and Valacyclovir, these are generally ineffective. In the case of herpes simplex virus these antivirals usually only reduce by approximately 1-2 days, from a total of 7-10 days, the recovery time of the lesions and in some cases their effects are imperceptible to some individuals. In the case of shingles produced for VVZ, this same type of drugs reduce by less than 50% the residual pain after 6 months of the viral clinical manifestation.
On the other hand, approximately 3.5-10% of immunosuppressed individuals (those with transplants, treated for autoimmune diseases or HIV+) develop infections with HSV variants that are resistant to the most commonly used “first-line” antivirals (e.g. Acyclovir and derived molecules). Unfortunately, the most commonly available pharmaceutical alternatives today for these cases frequently produce numerous adverse effects on the patient that may require supervision and medical attention. Although, in the case of immunocompetent individuals, these resistant HSV variants occur only in approximately 1% of cases, given the high prevalence of these viruses in the population, the number of individuals affected with this type of drug-resistant virus is significant.
On the other hand, there are second-generation drugs used to treat herpes simplex virus infections that are resistant to Acyclovir. These drugs are mainly: Cidofovir and Foscarnet, drugs that inhibit viral DNA polymerase dependent DNA and do not require viral proteins (i.e. viral TK) for activation in the cell. Although these drugs are effective against HSV variants resistant to Acyclovir, the adverse side effects they produce are numerous and occur in a large percentage of individuals. Some of these side effects can be nephrotoxicity, neutropenia, myelosuppression, confusion, altered mental state, hallucinations, nightmares, anxiety, ataxia, tremors, seizures, fever, abnormal levels of liver enzymes in serum, diarrhea and nausea, among others.
Another alternative available to treat herpes simplex virus is a combination of Acyclovir and topical hydrocortisone. This combination reduces the duration of herpetic lesions by 1.6 days (compared to 1.0 days for Acyclovir applied topically alone) and reduces the size of the lesion area by 50%. Although this strategy constitutes a statistically significant improvement for the treatment of herpetic lesions, it still evidences the need to identify drugs or combinations of drugs that have better effectiveness.
In the state of the art prior to this invention there are some publications that are close to the invention, which are briefly summarized below.
In the publication by Souza Barros, Caroline, et al. “Therapeutic efficacy in BALB/C mice of extract from marine algae Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Phaeophyceae) against herpes simplex virus type 1” Journal of Applied Phycology 29.2 (2017): 769-773, an extract with antiviral properties is obtained from a brown algae, such as Canistrocarpus cervicornis, and the extract obtained is used for the treatment of HSV-1 skin lesions. The invention differs from this document, in that the algae is distinct and uses a protein fraction, while in the publication it is indicated that the action is given by diterpenes, which may present toxicity, and the document only suggests that it has a low toxicity because no changes in body weight, or in liver or kidney function are observed in the 16 days of the study. It is also said that results are observed on day 10, with 3 daily applications of the extract.
It is thus evident that the current state of the art for the treatment or prevention of skin infections caused by viruses of the subfamily Alphahehrpesvirinae (for example HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV) requires the development of new antiviral formulations that give better results of resolution time and pain reduction than current alternatives and that at the same time have low side effects.
The invention solves this need by contributing to the state of the art, a new composition obtained from water-soluble extracts of Durvillaea antarctica algae with antiviral properties in its protein fraction, especially useful for the treatment and prevention of lesions caused by viruses of the subfamily Alphahehrpesvirinae.
Where Durvillaea antarctica is an edible algae, so its use is safe, and therefore the extracts of the invention have the additional advantage of being of natural origin, from a renewable source such as algae, where its production does not require chemical synthesis processes, so they do not have the danger of dragging potentially toxic reaction by-products for the human or animal body.
The present invention provides a composition comprising an extract prepared from Durvillaea antarctica, where the extract corresponds to the water-soluble fraction and is substantially free of the gelling agent alginates. This composition has antiviral properties, and is especially useful for the treatment and prevention of lesions caused by viruses of the subfamily Alphahehrpesvirinae (e.g. HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV), both sensitive and resistant to Acyclovir.
The inventors have developed a composition based on water-soluble extracts of Durvillaea antarctica, where the extract obtained is substantially free of alginates, a compound with gelling properties. This extract can be used completely, or only its protein fraction, since this fraction maintains the highest activity. The proteins with antiviral activity have not yet been fully identified by the inventors.
It is important to note that the invention mainly targets the water-soluble or protein fraction, which differs from organic fractions, where high concentrations of organic polymers such as alginates, fucoidans and phenolic compounds, among others, are obtained.
Thus the invention points to a composition with antiviral activity comprising water-soluble extracts of Durvillaea antarctica substantially free of alginates and optionally a carrier or vehicle. Where the carrier or vehicle may simply be water, buffer, saline, ethanolic solution, or excipients for formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable hydrogels, creams or ointments, such as carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, glycerol, propylene glycol or others available in the technique, optionally together with preservatives or stabilizers.
Where the water-soluble extract of Durvillaea antarctica substantially free of alginates or their protein fraction is present in a concentration between 0.05 to 50 mg/mL. Especially between 0.1 to 25 mg/mL, and more especially preferred between 1 and 10 mg/mL.
In a second aspect, the invention refers to the process of the composition preparation, which comprises the following steps:
Where in step (b) the biomass is separated by centrifugation or filtration, or any other available technique. And in step (c) the alginates are removed for example by precipitation with absolute ethanol in a ratio of 1:1 ethanol to extract, and then centrifuged or filtered to separate the precipitated alginates, or by any other technique available for this purpose.
In one embodiment the added ethanol can be removed by evaporation, especially by evaporation at reduced pressure, for example, at 175 mBar. Once the ethanol is removed, the extract of the invention is available and which can be used directly, or optionally can be frozen and freeze-dried, to then be resuspended in water or pH 7 buffer.
Optionally, a precipitation of the proteins in the extract is carried out, to obtain the protein fraction, for example, by precipitation with ammonium sulfate in a ratio of 1:1 ammonium sulfate to extract. Where this protein fraction maintains the greatest effectiveness of the extract of the invention. In this way the extract of the invention can be used in different degrees of purification or fractionation, maintaining its activity, where all these variants are part of the present invention.
Finally, the invention points to the use of the composition containing water-soluble extracts of Durvillaea antarctica substantially free of alginates or their protein fraction, to prepare an antiviral drug. Where in a preferred embodiment the drug is for topical application for skin and mucous membranes. This medicine helps prevent or treat skin lesions caused by viruses of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae (e.g. HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV), sensitive or resistant to Acyclovir.
The composition of the invention can also be used as an additive with antiviral properties to prevent the transmission of viruses of the subfamily Alphahehrpesvirinae in compositions that are in contact with the skin or mucous membranes, such as lipsticks, cosmetics in general, toothpastes, mouthwashes, chewing gum or oral health candies (such as propolis candies). As well as in other hygiene and body care products such as soap, talcs, anti-wrinkle creams, moisturizers, bronzers, shampoo, conditioner, both for human and animal care. Or in any other article or composition that may come into contact with a body region infected with virus of the subfamily Alphahehrpesvirinae.
The antiviral composition of the invention can be used to relieve the symptoms of herpes virus infection and/or to improve the aesthetics of skin or oral lesions produced by herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus.
Surprisingly, the inventors have found that the extracts of Durvillaea antarctica, as described in this invention, decrease by approximately 96% and 94% the infection of HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses, respectively on human cells (HeLa cells at 2.5 mg/ml) in in vitro experiments.
The inventors have performed tests to determine the selectivity index (SI) of the composition of the invention in vitro, based on tests of reduction in the number of plate-forming units (PFU) after viral infection and treatment. This index corresponds to the value obtained from the CC50/EC50 ratio. The higher the value of the CC50/EC50 ratio (>1), the greater the therapeutic potential of antiviral compounds, since it means that they have high antiviral activity, over adverse effects on the viability of host cells (substrate cells).
On the one hand, the CC50 value (cytotoxic concentration 50%) in culture is calculated, which corresponds to the concentration of algae extract that causes the death of 50% of host cells in the culture. On the other hand, the EC50 value (effective concentration 50%) is calculated to determine the concentration of extract that inhibits 50% of viral activity. These assays are shown in example 6, included below, and gave for the alginate-free durvillaea antarctica extract of the invention an approximate value of 192 for HSV-1 and 167 for HSV-2 (based on results of viability and effectiveness in HeLa cells). For reference, the selectivity index of Acyclovir, the most commonly used drug to treat herpes virus skin lesions, is 300-340.
The inventors also developed in vivo tests, where the composition of the invention significantly decreased the severity of the injury caused by HSV-1, and decreased the time and severity of infection with respect to the untreated control, which is exposed as the integration of these two parameters (area under the curve, AUC). It is significant to indicate that Acyclovir, although it reduced the injury time was less effective in decreasing its severity compared to the alginate-free Durvillaea antarctica extract of the invention. The AUC of Acyclovir is greater than the AUC of the alginate-free extract of the invention
For the expert in the technique it will be evident that the antiviral properties of the composition of the invention, although they have been demonstrated in the examples for the HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses, are extrapolable to other viruses of the subfamily Alphahehrpesvirinae, for example, VZV and herpes viruses that affect the skin or mucous membranes of the human or animal body.
As demonstrated in the examples included below, the invention shows an equivalent effectiveness in vitro in inhibiting the production of infectious plaques of herpes simplex virus, sensitive or resistant to Acyclovir, making it especially useful for the control of the latter viruses.
Examples are described below to better understand the scope of the protected invention.
Specimens of the macroalgae Durvillaea antarctica collected in Caleta Chome (Biobío Region, Chile) were washed with drinking water for the elimination of mineral salts, sand and epiphytic organisms. Subsequently, the macroalgae were freeze-dried for 5 days at a temperature of −70° C.±1° C., ground and sieved in a 0.5 mm sieve. The sieved dry biomass powder was stored in vacuum-sealed plastic bags.
Subsequently, 3.00 g of freeze-dried biomass was measured and taken to an Erlenmeyer flask. 120 mL of deionized water was added and kept in agitation, in an orbital agitator, at 200 RPM at a temperature of 30° C. for 4 h.
It was then centrifuged at 4,000 RPM for 10 min and the decanted residual biomass was removed. Obtaining the water-soluble extract of the algae, which must be subjected to additional purifications to eliminate alginates and wall polysaccharides from the algae, which may be present.
Alginate precipitation was performed by adding absolute ethanol to the crude water-soluble extract of Durvillaea antarctica in a 1:1 ratio. Due to the change in polarity of the solution of extracts, alginates precipitated.
Subsequently, to achieve a good separation of the alginates, the dissolution of algal extracts with ethanol was centrifuged at 4,000 RPM for 10 min obtaining the water-soluble extract substantially free of alginates.
Finally, ethanol was removed from the water-soluble phase of the extract by evaporation of ethanol at reduced pressure (175 mBar).
To assess whether Durvillaea antarctica extract has toxic effects on human cells, a cell viability assessment was performed after being incubated in the presence of different concentrations of the alginate-free extract of Durvillaea antarctica obtained in Example 1.
Continuous treatments were performed on HeLa cells with the alginate-free Durvillaea antarctica extract at concentrations of 0.1-125 mg/mL for 24 hours. Subsequently, the cells were incubated for one hour at 37° C. with AlamarBlue® (reagent based on resazurin), and then evaluated by a colorimetric quantification assay the percentage of viable cells for each condition compared to the control without treating with the extract. The results are shown in
To evaluate the antiviral activity of the alginate-free water-soluble extracts of the invention, obtained in example 1, HeLa cells (ATCC® CCL-2™, human cervix epithelial cells) were used as target cells to analyze HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection. These cells have the advantage of being human and therefore it is expected that the results obtained in this model resemble what would happen in a physiological context of natural infection.
HeLa cells were treated with water-soluble extract of alginate-free Durvillaea antarctica obtained in example 1, prior to infection with varying extract concentrations (mg/ml) and inoculated with known amounts of plaque-forming units (PFUs) of HSV-1 K26GFP or HSV-2 ZAG(333), viral strains that contain in their genome the gene that codes for green fluorescent protein (GFP).
After 24 hours post-infection, the number of green fluorescence-positive cells derived from GFP expression (HSV-1) or the green fluorescence intensity derived from GFP expression (HSV-2) were quantified by flow cytometry or in a multimode plate reader, respectively.
HeLa cells were treated with different concentrations (mg/mL) of water-soluble extract of alginate-free Durvillaea antarctica, obtained in example 1, continuously with respect to the challenge with HSV with a known amount of HSV-1 K26GFP or HSV-2 ZAG(333). Within 24 hours of infection, the number of plaque forming units (PFUs) present in each well was determined. The results are shown in
A trial similar to the previous one was performed, but on another cell type, healthy human oral gingival fibroblasts, to evaluate the response in the oral cavity, where herpes virus infections frequently occur. The results are shown in
On the other hand, a test was carried out in a similar way to what has already been described, on HeLa cells, which were incubated with different concentrations (mg/ml) of water-soluble extract of alginate-free Durvillaea antarctica obtained in example 1, continuously with respect to viral inoculation, with a known amount of PFU of HSV-1 or HSV-2 resistant to Acyclovir (ACV®).
The results show that the extract of the invention is able to decrease the production of PFUs in the cultivation, see
Treatments with Acyclovir (50 ug/ml), group without treatment but with infection (TS) and group without treatment without infection (SI) were included as controls in all these experiments.
5.1 Cytotoxic Concentration 50% (CC50)
To determine cell viability after the addition of increasing concentrations of alginate-free algae extracts, the cytotoxic concentration 50% (CC50) of the water-soluble extract of alginate-free Durvillaea antarctica was determined, obtained according to Example 1. The viability of HeLa cells was evaluated 24 hours after being treated with increasing concentrations of the extract of the invention between 0.49 to 31.25 mg/ml, as described in example 2. The results of
5.2 Effective Concentration 50% (EC50)
The effective concentration 50% (EC50) antiviral of the water-soluble extract of alginate-free Durvillaea antarctica of the invention corresponds to the formation of plaque-forming units (PFU) after the continuous addition of the extract with respect to the challenge with HSV and then a known amount of HSV-1 K26GFP or HSV-2 ZAG(333) 24 hours after infection, evaluated in example 4. The results shown in
5.3 Selectivity Index (SI)
Based on the data obtained from CC50 and EC50 in HeLa cells described above for HSV-1 and HSV-2, it is possible to determine approximate selectivity index values (CC50/EC50) of 192 and 167 for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively with the water-soluble extract of Durvillaea antarctica of the invention.
To determine the nature of the antiviral activity in the water-soluble extracts of alginate-free Durvillaea antarctica of the invention a precipitation of proteins was made from the water-soluble, alginate-free Durvillaea antarctica extract obtained in example 1 with ammonium sulfate in a 1:1 weight/volume propotion and then these were resuspended in saline buffer solution (PBS) and their antiviral activity was evaluated.
As shown in
The extract of the invention obtained in example 1 was incorporated at a final concentration of 5 mg/mL, in a pharmaceutical base of hydrogel composed of hydroxymethylcellulose. The resulting formulation can be used directly on a skin lesion to reduce the adverse effects of HSV-1 skin infection.
For the ability of the water-soluble, alginate-free Durvillaea antarctica extract of the invention to inhibit the progression of pathological damage after skin infection by HSV-1, animals (mice) were infected with HSV-1 and followed for 11 days, being treated 2 times a day, 24 h after infection, either with the composition of the invention (formulation for topical application obtained in example 7, or Acyclovir cream 5% for clinical use (commercially available, bioequivalent). In
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CL2019/050159 | 12/27/2019 | WO |
