Patent Application
20220096425
This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2020-0126496 filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Sep. 29, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to an antiviral composition and a screening method thereof for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that occurred in Wuhan, China in 2019, and an extract from leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L. or its fraction; and the cannabinoids (CBDs) molecules isolated therefrom have high binding strength and stability to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, thereby inhibiting its action as the main protease, to provide a useful lead molecule that can be used alone or in combination with other drugs to treat SARS-CoV-2.
Corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease that first occurred in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has spread worldwide. Its pathogen was identified on Jan. 9, 2020, when the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that the cause of the pneumonia was a new type of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, named by the International Classification of Viruses on February 11).
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shares 79% genetic similarity with SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and interestingly, the known coronavirus sequence shares more than 98% similarity to bat coronavirus RaTG13. Alpha (a), beta (P), gamma (γ), and delta (6) are used to denote subcategories of the coronavirus family.
SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV infect only the lower respiratory tract to cause pneumonia, whereas human coronaviruses 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1 are usually related to mild symptoms associated with infection of the upper respiratory tract.
The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes about 25 proteins required for viruses to infect and replicate in humans, one of which, the spike (S) protein, recognizes and binds to Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to start virus infection. Two proteases cleave viral and human proteins, and RNA polymerase synthesizes viral RNA and viral RNA-cleaving endoribonuclease. In particular, ‘SARS-CoV-2 Mpro’ or ‘Mpro’, called the viral Main Protease, is considered the best molecular target to block the replication of the coronavirus. It is an enzyme which properly cuts produced proteins to causes the SARS-CoV-2 virus to multiply in cells.
More specifically, the SARS-CoV-2 main protease MPro (also called 3CLPro) is known to play a major role in the viral life cycle. SARS-CoV-2 MPro protease and papain-like protease processes translate viral RNA polyprotein, and SARS-CoV-2 MPro recognizes and acts on less than 11 cleavage sites of Leu-Gln↓ (Ser, Ala, Gly) of the polyprotein replicase lab.
Accordingly, there is a need to discover a group of drug candidates which can effectively bind to the SARS-CoV-2 MPro protease and interfere with its action. In addition, inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 MPro protease is unlikely to be toxic to humans as similar cleavage specificities have not been reported for human proteases.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is known to be transmitted when droplets (saliva) of an infected person penetrate the respiratory tract or the mucous membrane of the eyes, nose, or mouth. After the incubation period of about 2 to 14 days (estimation) after infection, fever (37.5° C.), respiratory symptoms such as cough or difficulty breathing, and pneumonia appear as the main symptoms, but rare cases of asymptomatic infection also have been reported.
More specifically, recently, it has been reported that inflammatory molecules (e.g., C reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, fibroblast growth factor, IFN, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 α, tumor necrosis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor) are elevated in lung cells of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. In this study, the presence of these proinflammatory cytokines in the lung has been reported to be associated with acute respiratory distress, serious injury, and death.
Viral replication is associated with inflammation and immune activation of the host, and it has been demonstrated that cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB-2) is expressed at high levels in immune cells (e.g., B cells, natural killer cells, CD8 lymphocytes, monocytes, CD4 lymphocytes and neutrophils) in the lungs, liver, nasal epithelium, spleen, thymus, kidney, and brain.
Cannabinoid's receptor-2 (CB-2) is best known for its immunosuppressive and apoptotic effects, increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and induction of regulatory T cell expression. In addition, CB-2 provides a therapeutic target to inhibit inflammatory processes and macrophage migration and to reduce immune-related pathological processes in viral-associated infections. CB-2 affects immune regulation progression, and pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, it has been reported that CB-2 and SARS-CoV-2 MPro can be considered as therapeutic targets.
SARS-CoV-2 MPro is known to play an important role in viral replication of SARS-CoV-2, but an effective target drug or vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been developed. There is an urgent need for treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2.
On the other hand, cannabinoids (CBDs) bind to the cannabinoid's receptor-2 (CB-2) and act as an agonist to inhibit inflammatory cytokines present at high levels in the patients.
Under this background, the present inventors evaluated binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 MPro using AUTODOCK and VINA for compounds or molecules belonging to cannabinoids (CBDs), which are known to reduce inflammation by binding to the cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB-2), and evaluated their conformational stability, and ligand reactivity and stability to SARS-CoV-2 MPro to select a lead compound or molecule having excellent binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 MPro. By determining its antiviral effect, the present inventors attempted to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Based on the pivotal role in drug targeting of SARS-CoV-2 MPro, the main protease involved in SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication and transcription, the present inventors performed virtual screening on interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 MPro enzyme and 32 cannabinoids (CBDs) extracted from leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L. using a density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamic simulation. The present inventors have determined that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (IC50=10.25 μM) and cannabidiol (IC50=7.91 μM) isolated from the leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L. of the 32 cannabinoid (CBDs) molecules have stronger antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 than the reference drugs lopinavir, chloroquine, and remdesivir (IC50 range of 8.16-13.15 μM). In addition, there were Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, Cannabinol, and Cannabidiolic acid. The present inventors also identified an antiviral effect of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol or Cannabidiol through an in vitro experiment, and have determined that they may be potential drug candidates for treatment of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an antiviral composition for SARS-CoV-2 comprising an extract of leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L. or its fraction.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an antiviral composition for SARS-CoV-2 containing cannabinoids as an active ingredient.
In addition, another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating SARS-CoV-2 infection containing cannabinoids as an active ingredient.
In addition, another object of the present invention is to provide a method for promoting SARS-CoV-2 killing, comprising a step of treating cells with an antiviral composition containing cannabinoids as an active ingredient.
In addition, another object of the present invention is to provide a method for screening an antiviral drug for SARS-CoV-2.
In addition, another object of the present invention is to provide a method for promoting SARS-CoV-2 killing by co-administration of the antiviral composition with one or more drugs selected from the group consisting of Iopinavir, chloroquine, and remdesivir.
In addition, another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating SARS-CoV-2 infection, comprising the antiviral composition and one or more drugs selected from the group consisting of Iopinavir, chloroquine, and remdesivir.
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides an antiviral composition for SARS-CoV-2 comprising an extract of leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L. or its fraction.
Further, the present invention provides an antiviral composition for SARS-CoV-2 containing cannabinoids as an active ingredient.
Further, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating SARS-CoV-2 infection containing cannabinoids as an active ingredient.
Further, the present invention provides a method for promoting SARS-CoV-2 killing, comprising a step of treating cells with an antiviral composition containing cannabinoids as an active ingredient.
Further, the present invention provides a method for screening an antiviral drug against SARS-CoV-2.
Further, the present invention provides a method for promoting SARS-CoV-2 killing by co-administration of the antiviral composition with at least one drug selected from the group consisting of lopinavir, chloroquine, and remdesivir.
Furthermore, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating SARS-CoV-2 infection, comprising the antiviral composition and one or more drugs selected from the group consisting of lopinavir, chloroquine, and remdesivir.
The antiviral composition according to the present invention is effective as a therapeutic agent because it has a pronounced proliferation inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 and can alleviate inflammation and fibrosis by attaching to CB-2.
In addition, by using the antiviral composition according to the present invention, it is possible to prevent secondary infection through early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, accelerate the patients' return to society, and minimize economic and industrial losses by preventing damages such as quarantine measures for two weeks of contacts by identifying the movement route of confirmed infectious disease patients and temporary closure of restaurants, business offices, and companies.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
The present inventors evaluated binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 MPro using AUTODOCK and VINA for compounds or molecules belonging to cannabinoids (CBDs), which are known to reduce inflammation by binding to the cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB-2), and evaluated their conformational stability, and ligand reactivity and stability to SARS-CoV-2 MPro to select a lead compound or molecule having excellent binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 MPro. Then, the present invention was completed by confirming the potential as a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor by confirming an in vitro antiviral effect of the selected compound or molecule. As a result of the in vitro antiviral test, among 5 molecules belonging to cannabinoids isolated from extracts of leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (T4) (IC50=10.25 μM) and cannabidiol (T22) (IC50=7.91 μM) molecules have more excellent binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 (protease MPro) compared to lopinavir, chloroquine, and remdesivir (IC50 range 8.16). Thus, they can act as a SARS-CoV-2 MPro inhibitor (blocking viral replication). Further, they bind to the cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB-2) that regulates inflammation to reduce pulmonary inflammatory damage. Accordingly, the present inventors confirmed their potential as a therapeutic agent for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, there were Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, Cannabinol, and Cannabidiolic acid molecules.
Therefore, the cannabinoids selected according to the present invention are expected to play a leading role in treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, either alone or in combination with other drugs.
The present invention provides an antiviral composition for SARS-CoV-2 comprising an extract of leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L. or its fraction.
As the leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L., those transferred from cannabis growers according to the official procedures after obtaining permission for academic researchers from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and Seoul Regional Food and Drug Administration in accordance with the Narcotics Control Act were used.
As used herein, the term “extract” includes any extract of Cannabis sativa L. and products of all formulations that can be formed using the extract such as an extract obtained by extracting the leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L., a diluted or concentrated liquid of the extract, a dried product obtained by drying the extract, a roughly purified or purified product of the extract, or a mixture thereof.
A method of extracting the leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L. is not particularly limited, and any method commonly used in the art may be used. Non-limiting examples of the extraction method include a hot water extraction method, an ultrasonic extraction method, a filtration method, a reflux extraction method, a supercritical extraction method, and a microwave extraction method, and each of them may be performed alone or two or more methods may be performed together.
According to the present invention, the type of extraction solvent used for extracting the leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L. is not particularly limited, and any solvent known in the art may be used. Non-limiting examples of the extraction solvent include water, C1 to C4 alcohols, and mixed solvents thereof, and each of them may be used alone or two or more may be used in combination.
As used herein, the term “fraction” refers to a product obtained by performing fractionation in order to separate a specific component or a specific group of components from a mixture including various components.
The fractionation method for obtaining the fraction in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any method commonly used in the art may be used. Non-limiting examples of the fractionation method include a solvent fractionation method performed by treatment with various solvents, an ultrafiltration fractionation method performed by using an ultrafiltration membrane having a constant molecular weight cut-off value, a chromatographic fractionation method performing various types of chromatography (designed for separation based on size, charge, hydrophobicity, or affinity), and any combinations thereof. For example, a fraction may be obtained from the extract obtained by extracting Cannabis sativa L. according to the present invention by treating the extract with a predetermined solvent.
The extract or fraction may be prepared and used in the form of a dry powder after extraction, but is not limited thereto.
In addition, the present invention provides a method for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) comprising, a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an antiviral composition for SARS-CoV-2, including one or more cannabinoids (CBDs) selected from the group consisting of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA) represented by the following Formula 1, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) represented by the following Formula 2, Cannabinol (CBN) represented by the following Formula 3, Cannabidiol (CBD) represented by the following Formula 4, and Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) represented by the following Formula 5.
The cannabinoids (CBDs) may be derived from the extract of leaves or unfertilized female flowers of Cannabis sativa L. or its fraction.
The cannabinoids (CBDs) bind to GLN189, MET165, and GLU166 residues in SARS-CoV-2 MPro protease to inhibit protease action.
Further, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating SARS-CoV-2 infection including the antiviral composition as an active ingredient. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA), Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Cannabinol (CBN), Cannabidiol (CBD), and Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) belonging to Cannabinoids (CBDs) bind to the cannabinoid's receptor-2 (CB-2) and act as an agonist, thereby inhibiting inflammatory cytokines by attaching to the CB-2 receptor to alleviate inflammation and fibrosis.
In addition, the present invention provides a method for preventing or treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection comprising, a step of administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition for prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection including the antiviral composition; and one or more drugs selected from the group consisting of Iopinavir, chloroquine, and remdesivir.
The lopinavir is an existing HIV treatment agent, chloroquine is an antimalarial agent, and remdesivir is a drug known as an antiviral agent developed as a treatment for Ebola.
The pharmaceutical composition may further include one or more additives selected from the group consisting of carriers, excipients, disintegrants, sweeteners, coating agents, blowing agents, lubricants, glidant agents, flavoring agents, antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostatic agents, diluents, dispersants, surfactants, binders, and lubricants commonly used in preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.
More specifically, the carrier, the excipient, and the diluent may include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, erythritol, maltitol, starch, gum acacia, alginate, gelatin, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, cellulose, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline Cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, water, methylhydroxybenzoate, propylhydroxybenzoate, talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil. Examples of solid preparations for oral administration include tablets, pills, powders, granules, and capsules, and these solid preparations may be prepared by mixing at least one excipient such as starch, calcium carbonate, sucrose or lactose, and gelatin, in the composition. In addition to the excipients, lubricants such as magnesium stearate and talc can also be used. Examples of liquid preparations for oral use include suspensions, solutions, emulsions, and syrups, and the liquid preparations may contain various excipients such as wetting agents, sweeteners, fragrances, and preservatives, in addition to water and liquid paraffin, which are commonly used simple diluents. Examples of preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions, freeze-dried preparations, and suppositories. The non-aqueous solvents and suspensions may include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable esters such as ethyl oleate. As a base material for the suppositories, witepsol, macrogol, tween 61, cacao butter, laurin, glycerogelatin, and the like can be used.
In addition, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated and used as granules, powders, coated tablets, tablets, pills, capsules, suppositories, gels, syrups, juices, suspensions, emulsions, drops, or liquids according to conventional methods. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered to a subject in a conventional manner via intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, transdermal, intranasal, inhalation, topical, rectal, oral, intraocular, or intradermal routes.
Preferred dosage of the cannabinoids (CBDs) may vary depending on the condition and weight of the subject, the type and extent of the disease, the drug form, and the route and duration of administration, and may be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the daily dose may be 0.01 to 75 mg, more specifically, 10 to 75 mg, but is not limited thereto. CBDs may be administered once a day or in several divided doses, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
In addition, the present invention provides a method for promoting SARS-CoV-2 killing, comprising a step of treating cells with a solution containing the antiviral composition as an active ingredient.
In addition, the present invention provides a method for promoting SARS-CoV-2 killing including administering the antiviral composition in combination with one or more drugs selected from the group consisting of Iopinavir, chloroquine, and remdesivir.
In addition, the present invention provides a method for screening an antiviral drug for SARS-CoV-2, including (a) selecting drug candidates which binds to GLN189, MET165, and GLU166 residues in SARS-CoV-2 MPro protease, and (b) comparing the drug candidates of the step (a) and control material to select again a drug candidate with superior molecular binding affinity (kcal/mol).
The control material may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Iopinavir, chloroquine, and remdesivir, but is not necessarily limited thereto.
In addition, the present invention provides a method of preventing or treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection comprising, a step of administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antiviral composition and one or more drugs selected from the group consisting of Iopinavir, chloroquine, and remdesivir.
Therefore, the antiviral composition according to the present invention has a pronounced proliferation inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 and is attached to cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB-2) to relieve inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, the antiviral composition can be used widely as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 because it is effective in both suppressing virus proliferation and treating inflammation such as cytokine storms.
Hereinafter, in order to help understanding of the present invention, exemplary embodiments will be described in detail. However, the following embodiments are merely illustrative of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments. The embodiments of the present invention are provided to more completely explain the present invention to those skilled in the art.
The following experimental examples are intended to provide experimental examples commonly applied to each embodiment according to the present invention.
<Materials and Methods>
1. Collection of SARS-CoV-2 MPro Protein and Ligand
Active sites were predicted using the CASTp server (http://sts.bioe.uic.edu/) for virtual screening. Target proteins were prepared and purified using Protein preparation wizards from Schrodinger's suite.
Excess co-crystallizing water molecules were removed and an appropriate number of hydrogen atoms were added. 2D structures of 32 cannabinoids (CBDs) were downloaded from PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) in simulation description format (SDF).
2. Preparation of Ligands and Structure-Based Virtual Screening
Cannabinoids (CBDs) were prepared using the LigPrep tool from Schrodinger's suite and optimized to minimum energy using a density functional approach. An OPLS 2005 force field was used to improve and minimize the bond sequence and conformation. This prepared ligand library was received through structure-based virtual screening, and the active site of SARS-CoV-2 MPro was predicted using the CASTp server.
The active pocket of SARS-CoV-2 MPro was found by executing VINA 25 times together with SARS-CoV-2 MPro (
Molecular conformational stability at the predicted active site could be confirmed through the site predicted by the CASTp server. The ligand was treated as a rigid entity, while the receptor was treated as a flexible entity.
The docking study used two docking programs to ensure reliability, validity, and reproducibility of the results. More specifically, using the docking program AUTODOCK (Journal of computer-aided molecular design 24, 417-422) and VINA (Journal of computational chemistry 31, 455-461), the binding energy and interactions between cannabinoids (CBDs) and SARS-CoV-2 MPro were analyzed using a computational approach (Journal of computer-aided molecular design 24, 417-422). In addition, BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer was used to visualize the interactions of cannabinoids (CBDs) with proteins.
3. Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation and Energy Calculation
For Δ9-THCA, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBD, and CBDA of the five molecules belonging to cannabinoids (CBDs) isolated from the leaves of Cannabis sativa L., stability of the docking conformation for SARS-CoV-2 MPro was examined. More specifically, as a molecular dynamics simulation, YASARA dynamic software using SAMSUNG Intel® Core™ i5-CPU, 4 GB RAM system, Windows 7 enterprise version (64) was used.
At this time, the best docking binding conformation of the cannabinoid complex was evaluated through binding stability to SARS-CoV-2 MPro.
A simulated cell of the cannabinoid complex was defined using periodic cell boundaries and filled with water solvent at a density of 0.997 g/L. The cell boundary size of the periodic simulation for the whole system was set to X=61.30 A°, Y=82.84 A°, and Z=52.14 A°. Sodium and chloride ions were randomly placed to neutralize the charge. Pka values were predicted only for the side chains of Asp, Glu, His, and Lys residues.
An AMBER14 molecular dynamic force field was selected through MD simulation under physiological conditions of 298K, pH 7.4, and 0.9% NaCl. The system energy initially minimized the steep descent followed by the procedures as described above.
The MD simulation over 20 ns was performed at constant temperature and pressure, and molecular docking (MD) trajectories were stored for 250 ps for further analysis. The molecular docking (MD) trajectories were analyzed using the YASARA template file (“md_analysis.mcr”). In addition, the binding energy conformation of the complex was analyzed using another YASARA template file (“md_analyzebindenergy.mcr”).
The average conformational stability of the model was estimated through simulation and root mean square deviation (RMSD). According to the YASARA manual, the free binding energy is calculated without entropy intervention as follows. Since YASARA provides positive binding energy, more positive energy indicates favorable binding to the receptor in the selected force field, whereas negative binding energy indicates weak binding.
Orbital analysis data obtained by the molecular docking (MD) simulation was acquired using SigmaPlot 10.0 (SigmaPlot, 2006). The CBD/SARS-CoV-2 MPro binding conformation was visualized using Discovery Studio visualization software.
4. Structural Stability of Cannabinoids (CBDs) Determined by Density Functional Theory (DFT)
Frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), i.e. HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbitals) and LUMO (least unoccupied molecular orbitals), were evaluated using the density functional theory (DFT).
HOMO and LUMO of Δ9-THCA, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBD, and CBDA were determined, and a HOMO-LUMO energy gap was calculated using the following Equation 1.
Chemical potentials (μ) and chemical hardnesses (η) were calculated using energies associated with HOMO and LUMO.
Electronegativity (χ) and electrophilicity (ω) were calculated using ionization potentials (I) generally defined as negative EHOMO values. In addition, electron affinities (A) were defined to be equal to negative ELUMO values.
5. Experimental Procedure for Extraction of Cannabinoids (CBDs)
Preparative HPLC was performed on an LC-Forte/R (YMC, USA) equipped with an ultraviolet detector (220 nm) using a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (250×21.2 mm, 10 μm), and semi-preparative LC (Gilson, USA) was performed using a refractive index (RI) detector and a Phenomenex Luna C18(2) column (250×10 mm, 5 μm).
NMR spectra were recorded in chloroform-d using a Varian Superconducting FT-NMR System (operated at 500 and 125 MHz for 1H and 13C, respectively). Chemical shifts of protons and carbon spectra were observed in chloroform-d, and residual solvent peaks appeared at 7.26 ppm and 77.0 ppm, respectively.
Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ESI mass spectrometry was performed using a Shimadzu LCMS-2020 system. Chongsam (Korean hemp, Cannabis sativa L.) was obtained from the Association (Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea) according to the transfer approval procedure (approval number 1564) prescribed by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and the Seoul Regional Food and Drug Administration. Chongsam leaves were harvested in July 2019, dried naturally, chopped, extracted twice with ethanol (200 ml) at room temperature, and filtered. The ethanol extract thus obtained (1.64 g) was suspended in water and then successively fractionated with hexane to obtain 720 mg of a residue.
Silica open column chromatography (Merck, 230-400 mesh, 2.0×10.0 cm ID) was performed using a hexane:ethyl acetate step gradient (F1-10:0, F2-25:1, F3-10:1 and F4-0; each 200 ml). The F2 (187 mg) fraction was purified by preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Luna C18 column; 250×21.2 mm, 10 μm) using a gradient system of water (A) and MeCN (B) (70-85% MeCN over 60 min). At this time, four sub-fractions (a-d) were obtained at a flow rate of 10 ml/min using a 220 nm UV detector. Further purification for each subfraction was performed on semi-preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Luna C18 (2); 250×10 mm, 5 μm) using 70-85% MeCN eluent at a flow rate of 4 ml/min. Pure compounds Δ9-THCA (17.0 mg), Δ9-THC (48 mg), CBN (1.1 mg), and CBD (1.9 mg) were obtained (
To obtain another cannabinoid, CBDA, the fraction F3 (35 mg) was gradient eluted over 60 min with water (A) and 65-80% MeCN (B) at a rate of 10 ml/min using the 220 nm UV detector and extracted by preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Luna C18 column; 250×21.2 mm, 10 μm). Next, pure CBDA (7.9 mg) was obtained by purification using semi-preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Luna C18 (2); 250×10 mm, 5 μm) using a 65-80% MeCN gradient at a flow rate of 4 ml/min. Five isolated compounds were identified by comparing the NMR spectral results with previously reported literature (The Journal of Organic Chemistry 57, 3627-3631; An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques 15, 345-354).
6. Cannabinoids (CBDs) Analysis
For qualitative and/or quantitative analysis, a reversed-phase anaysis Shimadzu Nexera X2 UHPLC system (SPD-M20A) including a solvent degasser (DGU-20A), a binary pump (LC-30AD), an autosampler (SIL-30AC), a system controller device (CBM-20A), and a photodiode array detector, and a column oven (CTO-20AC) were used. For qualitative analysis, ESI-MS (Electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS)) was performed using a Shimadzu LCMS-2020 system. A Phenomenex Luna Omega polar C18 column (150×2.1 mm, 1.6 μm) was used. The mobile phase was tested with a binary gradient of solvent A (water) and solvent B (acetonitrile) as follows (initial: 70% B, 10.0 min: 85% B, 11.0 min: 95% B, and 15.0 min: 70% B). At this time, the flow rate was set to 0.3 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 220 nm.
7. Confirmation of In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Cannabinoids (CBDs) on SARS-CoV-2
The antiviral activity of cannabinoids (CBDs) was determined by a conventionally known method (Jeon, S., Ko, M., Lee, J., Choi, I., Byun, S Y, Park, S., Shum, D., and Kim, S. (2020). Identification of antiviral drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-approved drugs. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.).
More specifically, images of viral N protein and cell nuclei were analyzed using a confocal microscope using Mining (IM) software. A dose-response curve (DRC) was generated for each compound, and Vero cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC CCL-81) for in vitro drug screening assays. The cells were placed in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM; Welgene) containing 1× Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution (Gibco) and heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37° C. and 5% CO2 atmosphere. SARS-CoV-2 (βCoV/KOR/KCDC03/2020) was provided by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), and SARS-CoV-2 virus was propagated in the Vero cells. In addition, virus titers were measured by performing Vero cells plaque assays. Institut Pasteur Korea supported this study based on Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) control procedures in laboratories approved for use by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) in accordance with the rules issued by the National Institute of Health (KNIH).
8. Drugs and Reagents
Cannabinoids (CBDs) obtained through the extraction and purification as described above were used. Remdesivir (HY-104077), lopinavir (LPV; S1380), and chloroquine were purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, N.J.), SelleckChem (Houston, Tex.), and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.), respectively. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 N protein antibody was purchased from Sino Biological Inc. (Beijing, China), and Hoechst 33342 and Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) secondary antibody were purchased from Molecular Probes. In addition, normal goat serum and paraformaldehyde (PFA) (32% aqueous solution) were purchased from Vector Laboratories, Inc. (Burlingame, Calif.) and Electron Microscopy Sciences (Hatfield, Pa.), respectively.
9. Dose-Response Curve (DRC) Analysis Determined by Immunofluorescence
Dose-response curve (DRC) analysis was performed according to a conventionally known method (Jeon, S., Ko, M., Lee, J., Choi, I., Byun, S Y, Park, S., Shum, D., and Kim, S. (2020). Identification of antiviral drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-approved drugs. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy). Briefly, the Vero cells were seeded at 1.2×104 cells per well in DMEM containing 1× Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution (Gibco) and 2% FBS in a 384-well, μClear plate (Greiner Bio-One) and maintained for 24 h. After that, the cells were treated twice with compounds in the concentration range of 0.05-100 μM. A 9-point dose-response curve (DRC) was generated. For viral infection, the plate was transferred to a BSL-3 isolation facility and SARS-CoV-2 was added to an MOI value of 0.0125. Next, the cells were fixed at 24 hpi with 4% PFA and measured using the immunofluorescence method Operetta (Perkin Elmer).
Images acquired using software within the Pasteur Institute in Korea were used to estimate the infection rate and cell number, and antiviral activity was normalized to negative (0.5% DMSO) and positive controls (mock). The dose-response curve (DRC) was measured using the sigmoidal dose-response model Y=Bottom+(Top−Bottom)/(1+(IC50/X)Hillslope) using Prism or 7XLfit 4 software. Finally, IC50 values were measured for curves fitted to the normalized activity data set. The IC50 and CC50 values were measured in duplicate, and the quality of each analysis was verified using the coefficient of variation (% CV) and Z′-factors.
10. Identification of Isolated Cannabinoids (CBDs) Through Analytical Techniques
1) Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (Δ9-THCA)
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, CHCl3=7.26): δ12.20 (1H, brs), 6.39 (1H, s), 6.26 (1H, s), 3.23 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 2.98-2.93 (1H, m), 2.81-2.76 (1H, m), 2.18-2.17 (2H, m), 1.94-1.91 (1H, m), 1.71-1.68 (1H, m), 1.68 (3H, s), 1.56-1.58 (2H, m), 1.47-1.41 (1H, m), 1.44 (3H, s), 1.38-1.34 (4H, m), 1.11 (3H, s), 0.90 (3H, t, J=5.2 Hz). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, CDCl3=77.00): δ 176.2, 164.7, 159.7, 147.0, 133.9, 123.5, 112.6, 109.8, 102.3, 78.8, 45.6, 36.5, 33.4, 32.0, 31.3, 31.2, 27.4, 25.0, 23.3, 22.5, 19.5, 14.1. LRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C22H29O4 357.21 (M-H)−, found 357.20.
2) Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, CHCl3=7.26): δ6.30 (1H, s), 6.27 (1H, s), 6.14 (1H, s), 4.78 (1H, s), 3.20 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 2.43 (2H, td, J=6.4 and 2.0 Hz), 2.17-2.15 (2H, m), 1.94-1.88 (1H, m), 1.71-1.67 (1H, m), 1.68 (3H, s), 1.55 (2H, q, J=6.0 Hz), 1.44-1.37 (1H, m), 1.41 (3H, s), 1.32-1.24 (4H, m), 1.09 (3H, s), 0.87 (3H, t, J=5.6 Hz). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, CDCl3=77.00): δ 154.7, 154.1, 142.8, 134.4, 123.7, 123.6, 110.1, 109.0, 107.5, 45.8, 35.5, 33.5, 31.5, 31.1, 30.7, 27.5, 25.0, 23.4, 22.5, 19.3, 14.0. LRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C21H29O2 313.22 (M-H)−, found 313.20.
3) Cannabinol (CBN)
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, CHCl3=7.26): δ8.17 (1H, s), 7.16 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 7.08 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 6.45 (1H, s), 6.30 (1H, s), 5.18 (1H, brs), 2.51 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 2.40 (3H, s), 1.64-1.57 (2H, m), 1.61 (6H, s)), 1.36-1.26 (4H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J=6.0 Hz). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, CDCl3=77.00): δ 154.6, 153.0, 144.5, 136.9, 136.8, 127.6, 127.5, 126.3, 122.6, 110.8, 109.8, 108.6, 77.3, 35.6, 31.4, 30.5, 27.1, 27.1, 22.5, 21.5, 14.0. LRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C21H25O2 309.19 (M-H)−, found 309.20.
4) Cannabidiol (CBD)
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, CHCl3=7.26): δ6.28 (1H, brs), 6.16 (1H, brs), 5.99 (1H, brs), 5.57 (1H, s), 4.66 (2H, s), 4.55 (1H, s), 3.86-3.83 (1H, m), 2.43 (2H, t, J=6.0 Hz), 2.39 (1H, td, J=8.8 and 2.0 Hz), 2.27-2.20 (1H, m), 2.12-2.07 (1H, m), 1.86-1.73 (2H, m), 1.79 (3H, s), 1.65 (3H, s), 1.55 (2H, q, J=6.0 Hz), 1.35-1.23 (4H, m), 0.87 (3H, t, J=6.0 Hz). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, CDCl3=77.00): δ 149.4, 149.4, 143.0, 140.1, 124.1, 113.7, 110.8, 110.8, 109.8, 107.9, 46.1, 37.2, 35.5, 31.5, 30.6, 30.4, 28.4, 23.7, 22.5, 20.5, 14.0. LRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C21H29O2 313.22 (M-H)−, found 313.20.
5) Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA)
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, CHCl3=7.26): 611.85 (1H, s), 6.68 (1H, s), 6.28 (1H, s), 5.58 (1H, s), 4.56 (1H, s), 4.40 (1H, s), 4.12-4.10 (1H, m), 3.10-2.90 (1H, m), 2.86-2.82 (1H, m), 2.41-2.38 (1H, m), 2.26-2.22 (1H, m), 2.12 (1H, d, J=14.0 Hz), 1.87-1.76 (2H, m), 1.81 (3H, s), 1.73 (3H, s), 1.60-1.58 (2H, m), 1.36-1.34 (4H, m), 0.91 (3H, t, J=6.0 Hz). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3, CDCl3=77.00): δ 176.5, 164.2, 161.0, 147.7, 147.1, 140.5, 123.8, 114.4, 112.0, 111.3, 102.5, 46.6, 36.6, 35.3, 31.9, 31.2, 30.1, 27.7, 23.7, 22.5, 18.8, 14.1. LRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C22H29O4 357.21 (M-H)−, found 357.20.
To investigate a molecular interaction between cannabinoids (CBDs) and SARS-CoV-2 MPro, a virtual screening of 32 known cannabinoids (CBDs) was performed (Table 1). Table 1 shows the molecular binding affinities of CBDs (T1-T32) and positive controls (C1-C5) to SARS-CoV-2 MPro
The active site of SARS-CoV-2 MPro was identified using the CASTp server by randomized 25 runs. As a result, it was determined that domain-I of SARS-CoV-2 MPro was allocated as an active pocket for CBD docking (
All molecules belonging to cannabinoids (CBDs) were shown to bind to SARS-CoV-2 MPro with the binding energies of −5.67 to −7.62 kcal/mol (VINA) (Table 1). Redocking of 32 cannabinoids (CBDs) was performed using AUTODOCK, and all 32 CBDs had the binding energies between −8.40 kcal/mol and −10.89 kcal/mol (Table 1). In addition, based on molecular docking stability and interactions with SARS-CoV-2 MPro residues, it was determined that Δ9-THCA, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBD, and CBDA of the 32 cannabinoids (CBDs) exhibited stable docking and binding to SARS-CoV-2 MPro (
Δ9-THCA, CBN, and CBDA had the binding energies of −10.89, −10.42, and −10.44 kcal/mol by AUTODOCK, respectively. Δ9-THC and CBD had the binding energies of −10.42 and −10.53 kcal/mol, respectively. The positive control, α-ketoamide 13b, had the binding energy of −9.50 kcal/mol.
The interaction between Δ9-THC and SARS-CoV-2 MPro involves one hydrogen bond and ten π-π bond interacting residues (
The CBD-SARS-CoV-2 MPro complex showed two hydrogen bonds and ten π-π interactions with various amino acid residues. Further, Δ9-THCA, CBN, and CBDA showed 2, 1, and 3 hydrogen bonds and 10, 8, and 8 π-π interactions with amino acid residues, respectively.
Importantly, five molecules (Δ9-THCA, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBD, and CBDA) bound to SARS-CoV-2 MPro and the positive control, α-ketoamide 13b interact with GLN189, MET165, and GLU166 residues of SARS-CoV-2 MPro. This suggests that the interactions with these residues are required to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 MPro.
In particular, this means that hydrogen bonding, π-π bonding, and other intramolecular interactions between amino acid residues of SARS-CoV-2 MPro and five selected cannabinoid (CBDs) molecules have better three-dimensional structural stability compared with other cannabinoid (CBDs) molecules.
In addition, binding of the five cannabinoids (CBDs), Δ9-THCA, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBD, and CBDA, using the binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 MPro resulted in higher docking scores than the five reference compounds, favipiravir, bondducellpin D, ribavirin, raltegravir, and α-ketoamide (Table 1 and Table 2).
Table 2 below shows the molecular binding affinities of SARS-CoV-2 MPro and CBD, where bold font indicates common amino acid residues. Δ9-THCA, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBD, and CBDA are cannabinoids (CBDs) compounds tested as described above, and PC stands for a positive control.
For energy-optimized cannabinoid (CBDs) molecular selection, Schrodinger software was used to analyze absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiles. All cannabinoids (CBDs) showed acceptable molecular weight, Lipinski's violation, n-OHNH donors, n-OH acceptors, and n-ROTB according to Lipinski's rule (Table 3), and it was determined that these cannabinoids (CBDs) had the potential to exhibit excellent absorption profiles and pharmacological effects. Table 3 below shows the pharmacokinetic parameters indicating excellent oral bioavailability and protein binding parameters of cannabinoids (CBDs).
.30
4 Å radius;
indicates data missing or illegible when filed
The HOMO versus LUMO energy gaps for five cannabinoids (CBDs) molecules were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) and a Gaussian program package. The HOMO orbitals of Δ9-THC and CBD resided on 2,2-dimethylchroman-5-ol and methyl-1′, 2′, 3′, 4′-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2, 6-diolring motifs, respectively (
The energy gap was found to be much higher in Δ9-THC and CBD than in CBDA. However, the LUMO of Δ9-THC and CBD resided on 3-propyl-6a, 7, 8, 10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-1-ol and [(S)-4, 5′-dimethyl-1′, 2′, 3′, 4′-tetrahydro-[1, 1′-biphenyl]-2, 6-diol] motifs, respectively (
The HOMO orbitals of Δ9-THCA, CBN, and CBDA located on chromene with a carboxylic acid group, a cyclic ring fused with chromene with an aliphatic side chain, and a dihydroxyl benzoic acid group, respectively.
It is already well known that a molecule with a small frontier energy orbital gap is highly chemically reactive, highly polar, and has low kinetic stability, and that a high HOMO-LUMO gap between frontier orbitals leads to high stability (Table 4). Table 4 shows density functional theory (DFT) calculations of cannabinoids (CBDs) for quantum chemical parameters.
The compounds Δ9-THC and CBD had higher HOMO-LUMO energy gaps than Δ9-THCA, CBN, and CBDA, indicating that Δ9-THC and CBD were more stable. Chemical hardness (η) is defined as the resistance to distortion of the electron cloud during chemical processes, which indicates the stability of a compound. Interestingly, since the chemical hardness (η) values of Δ9-THC and CBD were higher than those of Δ9-THCA, CBN, and CBDA, Δ9-THC and CBD showed the best stability.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antiviral effect of cannabinoids (CBDs) on SARS-CoV-2. As previously confirmed, five molecules belonging to cannabinoids (CBDs), i.e. Δ9-THCA, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBD, and CBDA, were obtained by successful isolation and purification (Table 2 and
Viral N protein and cell nuclei were observed by confocal microscopy using in-house Image Mining (IM) software, and dose-response curves (DRCs) were derived for the cannabinoid (CBDs) molecules (
Among the cannabinoids (CBDs) molecules, Δ9-THC and CBD showed potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 values of 10.25 and 7.91 μM, respectively, whereas Δ9-THCA, CBN, and CBDA showed moderate antiviral activity with IC50 values of 13.17, 11.07, and 37.61 μM, respectively.
The most active compound CBD showed high inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 virus at the concentration of 12.50 μM (99.19%) and the Vero cell viability was 97.46% (
On the other hand, there is a report that administering CBD at 0.3 mg/kg/day is effective for Crohn's disease. In humans, CBD has been tested over a wide dose range from <1 to 50 mg/kg/day (Costiniuk, C T, Saneei, Z., Routy, J.-P., Margolese, S., Mandarino, E., Singer, J., Lebouche, B., Cox, J., Szabo, J., and Brouillette, M.-J. (2019). Oral cannabinoids in people living with HIV on effective antiretroviral therapy: CTN PT028-study protocol for a pilot randomized trial to assess safety, tolerability and effect on immune activation. BMJ open 9.).
In addition, it has been reported that Δ9-THC acts as a partial agonist of CB1R and CBR2 and induces immune and anti-inflammatory effects through CB2R (Pertwee, R. (2008). The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. British journal of pharmacology 153, 199-215).
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Δ9-THC in 1985 for amelioration of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in 2018 for treatment of Dravet syndrome, pediatric epilepsy, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
It has been reported that CBD can control immune activation not only in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but also in Ebola syndrome when orally administered daily at 10-20 mg/kg/day and 1.7-10 mg/kg/day (Konikoff, F. M. (2017). Low-dose cannabidiol is safe but not effective in the treatment for Crohn's disease, a randomized controlled trial. Digestive diseases and sciences 62, 1615-1620.).
In particular, recently, the Therapeutic Goods Administration of the Australian Department of Health has suggested that low-dose CBD can be used for treatment of anxiety and insomnia secondary to post-traumatic stress disorder and administered orally or by inhalation or vaporization at 25-40 mg/day for children 10 years old and 50-75 mg/day for adults. In addition, CBD was administered at 1 mg/kg/day for local and systemic chronic pain management, and CBD has been reported to be safe up to 60 mg per day.
It also has been reported that 100 mg of CBD or a combination of 10.8 mg THC and 10 mg CBD is safe and tolerable in healthy volunteers (Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, W.H.O. (2017). Thirty-ninth Meeting, Geneva.).
Molecular docking (MD) simulations were used to further evaluate movement and conformational stability of the CBD-SARS-CoV-2 MPro complex.
It was possible to identify interactions over time for the complex with the highest binding energy. The resulting trajectories were analyzed to determine ligand binding energies, root mean square deviation (RMSD), and total potential energies during 20 ns MD.
As a result of the analysis, the average binding energies of Δ9-THC and CBD were 164.73 and 93.10 kcal/mol, respectively. These positive binding energies suggest that CBD strongly bound to SARS-CoV-2 MPro during the molecular docking (MD) run. The Δ9-THC-SARS-CoV-2 MPro and CBD-SARS-CoV-2 MPro complexes exhibited orbital equilibrium after 1500 and 500 ps, respectively, and robust stability during the 20 ns molecular docking (MD) run. Interestingly, Δ9-THC and CBD showed no further variation during molecular docking (MD) simulation runs in root mean square deviation (RMSD) from SARS-CoV-2 MPro (
The MD simulation stability profiles of SARS-CoV-2 MPro using Δ9-THCA, CBN, and CBDA complexes are shown in
Structural features of SARS-CoV-2 include spike glycoprotein (S-protein, S), chymotrypsin-like main protease, SARS-CoV-2 MPro, papain-like protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 development (
Consequently, inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 MPro activity blocks viral replication, and importantly, human proteases similar to SARS-CoV-2 MPro have not been reported yet. Therefore, inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 MPro can be considered unlikely to be toxic.
On the other hand, cannabinoids (CBDs) are known to trigger activation of the CB-2 receptors in the lung, induce immunosuppression and apoptosis, increase anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production and induction of regulatory T cells.
According to the results of this study, the molecular docking, DFT, and MD simulations showed that cannabinoids (CBDs) tightly bind with SARS-CoV-2 MPro and form stable complexes. In particular, the in vitro antiviral activity of CBD and Δ9-THC of the cannabinoids (CBDs) molecules indicated that SARS-CoV-2 was inhibited in two ways. They bind to SARS-CoV-2 MPro to inhibit SARS-CoV-2, and bind to cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB-2) and act as an agonist, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung cells (
In this study, the present inventors tried to virtual screen cannabinoids (CBDs) with strong binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 MPro which is essential for SARS-CoV-2 replication because cannabinoids (CBDs) bind to cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB-2) and inhibit the effects of inflammatory cytokines. As a result of calculation using the density functional theory (DFT) for the 32 cannabinoids (CBDs), Δ9-THCA and CBD had higher HOMO-LUMO energy gaps than the other molecules, indicating that these molecules could bind stably with SARS-CoV-2 MPro. Also in the molecular docking (MD) simulations, the Δ9-THC-SARS-CoV-2 MPro and CBD-SARS-CoV-2 MPro complexes showed better conformational stability than the Δ9THCA, CBN and CBDA complexes. In addition, it was confirmed that Δ9-THC and CBD had excellent in vitro antiviral effects, which supports that Δ9-THC and CBD are useful lead molecules that can be used alone or in combination with other drugs to treat SARS-CoV-2. Although this study was conducted in silico and in vitro, it is an excellent invention because CBDs can be actively used as a SARS-CoV-2 treatment by elucidating their role in vivo in the future.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2020-0126496 | Sep 2020 | KR | national |
