Patent Grant
9207367
The invention relates to a lens element for incorporation into an optical imaging system and specifically to an apparatus and method comprising a deformable lens element.
Variable lenses, e.g., multiple focus lenses and zoom lenses have traditionally employed one or more non-deformable (i.e., rigid such as glass or polycarbonate) lens elements which are moved along an imaging axis by forces often supplied by a motor.
In recent years, motorless electro-responsive lens elements have attracted increased attention of researchers and designers of optical systems. One type of motorless electro-responsive lens element is the “fluid lens” lens element which generally includes a rigid or elastomeric membrane filled with one or more fluids having indices of refraction greater than 1. Fluid lens element technology has attracted the attention of many designers of optical systems who generally see traditional solid lens elements and motor equipped systems as bulky and energy hungry. With the proposals for fluid lens elements there have been proposed various methods for varying an optical property of a fluid lens element for integration into an optical system. Where fluid lens elements have been proposed, the proposed alternatives for varying optical properties of such lens elements can be categorized into two broad categories: electro wetting and fluid injection.
According to a process of electro wetting, a fluid lens element is provided having at least two immiscible fluids and a voltage is applied to the fluid lens element. A surface tension of the fluid lens element changes as a result of the voltage being applied, bringing about a change in the curvature of an interface between the at least two fluids.
According to a process of fluid injection, a pump is provided adjacent a fluid lens element which pumps in and draws out fluid from the lens element. As fluid is pumped in and drawn out of the lens element, optical properties of the lens element change.
Problems have been noted with both the electro wetting and fluid injection methods for varying an optical property of a fluid lens element. Regarding electro wetting, one problem that has been noted is that the electrical current repeatedly flowing through the lens element tends to alter the characteristics of the lens element over time, rendering any system in which the lens element is employed unreliable and unpredictable. Another problem noted with proposals involving electro wetting is that electro wetting normally involves providing two types of fluids. As the reference index difference between the fluids is small, the power of the lens element is reduced.
Regarding the fluid injection methods, the pumps for providing such fluid injection are necessarily complex and intricate making a reasonably costly system and acceptable miniaturization difficult to achieve.
Because of the problems noted with both the electro wetting and fluid injection methods for varying an optical property of a deformable lens element, designers of commercially deployed optical systems continue to rely almost exclusively on traditional motor-actuated rigid lens elements in the design of optical systems. Yet, the miniaturization and energy conservation achievable with motor-actuated rigid element equipped optical systems continues to be limited.
An apparatus comprising a deformable lens element can be provided wherein a deformable lens element can be deformed to change an optical property thereof by the impartation of a force to the deformable lens element.
The features described herein can be better understood with reference to the drawings described below. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like parts throughout the various views.
There is described herein in one embodiment a deformable lens element for incorporation into an optical imaging system, wherein a force can be imparted to a surface of the deformable lens element for varying of an optical property of the lens element. There is accordingly, also described herein a method for varying an optical property of an optical imaging system including the steps of incorporating a deformable lens element into an optical imaging system; and imparting a force to a surface of the lens element for varying an optical property of the lens element. With the described apparatus and method, infinitesimal changes in a deformable lens element's shape can result in large variation of a deformable lens element's optical properties.
The described deformable lens element apparatus and method provide a number of advantages. For example, relative to presently available optical systems incorporating exclusively non-deformable (rigid) lens elements, the presently described apparatus and method provides significant changes in optical properties while significantly reducing the amount of movement of a lens element required to produce the desired change in optical property (e.g., focal length). By significantly reducing the amount of movement of a lens element for producing a desired change in optical property, the described apparatus and method facilitate increased miniaturization of an imaging system, and decreased energy consumption of a designed optical system. The above advantages are provided in a highly reliable, easily manufactured optical system that does not exhibit the reliability and manufacturing complexity disadvantages associated with previously proposed electro wetting and fluid injection fluid lens based optical systems.
Various apparatuses are described herein having a deformable lens element that can be deformed by application of a force to an external surface thereof. An illustrative embodiment of a described apparatus and method is shown in
For varying the optical characteristics of deformable lens element 10, voltage can be applied to the electrical contacts of first conductor element 6a and second conductor element 6b to cause bending of tab-like elements 5a. As indicated by the assembled form side views of
In the embodiment of
Further regarding the embodiment of
In
Referring now to the exploded assembly view of
Referring to actuator 20 in the embodiment of
Referring to further aspects of the focus apparatus of
Now referring to the embodiment of
Operation of actuator 20 in the hollow stepper motor embodiment of
Regarding outer barrel 37, outer barrel 37 can comprise a set of coils 32 corresponding to inner barrel 35. A set of coils 32 includes first coil 31 and second coil 33.
Further, outer barrel 37 includes teeth 41 for engaging teeth 43 of inner barrel 35. The combination of teeth 41 and teeth 43 provide movement of inner barrel 35 along axis 15 when inner barrel 35 is caused to rotate.
Operation of an exemplary hollow stepper motor is further described with reference to
For rotating inner barrel 35, current can be applied in forward and backward direction in first and second coil 31, 33 in a timed sequence coordinated manner to urge inner barrel 35 in a desired direction until a desired position of barrel 35 is achieved. When teeth of coil 31 or coil 33 have a certain polarity, it is seen that inner barrel 35 will have a certain position relative to outer barrel 37 such that permanent magnets thereof are aligned with teeth of coil 31 or coil 33. Thus, using the actuator 20 of
With the end of inner barrel 35 being generally ring-shaped in the manner of pressure element 4, actuator 20, as shown in the embodiment of
Specific examples of various constructions of deformable lens element 10 which can be interchanged into any one of the embodiments of focus apparatus 100 described are described herein in connection with
In the embodiment of
For assembly of the deformable lens element of
In another aspect, clamping element 63 can have a transparent wall 67 allowing light to pass therethrough and can have a sufficient thickness to define a cavity 8 for receiving focus fluid or another deformable substance. After clamping element 63 and clamping element 65 are ultrasonically welded, focus fluid having an index of refraction greater than 1 (where the lens element incorporates a focus fluid) can be input into cavity 8 through hole 75. After the cavity is filled, the hole 75 can be sealed. Regarding clamping element 63 and clamping element 65 each of clamping element 63 and clamping element 65 can be formed of solid non-deformable material. Further, clamping element 65 can define an aperture 77 to allow a force supplying element (e.g., pressure element 4 or actuator 20 if pressure element 4 is deleted) to contact membrane 3.
Another embodiment of deformable lens element 10 is shown and described in
Regarding
Further regarding the focus apparatus 100, it is seen that the first and second actuators 20 have apertures 16 disposed about, and in one embodiment, substantially centered on axis 15 of deformable lens element 10 in such manner that a first of the actuators imparts a force in a direction generally coextensive with the axis 15 on a light entry deformable lens surface of the lens element while a second of the actuators 20 imparts a force in a general direction of axis 15 on a light exit surface of the deformable lens element 10.
It is seen that the deformable lens element 10 of
Regarding deformable membrane 3 and membrane 3′ in the various embodiments of deformable lens element 10, the deformable membranes can comprise nonporous optically clear elastomer material. A suitable material for use as membrane 3, 3′ is SYLGARD 184 Silicon elastomer, of the type available from DOW CORNING.
Regarding cavities 8 described in the various embodiments, cavities 8 can be filled with optically clear focus fluid. Selecting a focus fluid with a relatively high index of refraction will reduce the amount of deformation needed to obtain a given change in focal distance. In one example, a suitable index of refraction would be in the range of from about 1.3 to about 1.7. Selecting a focus fluid with a smaller index of refraction is advantageous where it is desired to increase the amount of deformation needed to obtain a given change in focal distance. For example, in some embodiments where a selected actuator 20 generates relatively coarse movements, a focus fluid having a lower index of refraction might be selected. One example of a suitable focus fluid (optical fluid) is SL-5267 OPTICAL FLUID, available from SANTOLIGHT, refractive index=1.67.
Further regarding cavities 8 of the various embodiments, the cavities can be filled with an alternative deformable optically clear substance having an index of refraction greater than 1 that does not, in the manner of a fluid, assume the shape of its respective cavity 8 when of greater volume than the substance. For example, a deformable shape retaining material which can substantially retain its unstressed shape throughout its lifetime can be disposed in cavity 8 in each of the various embodiments of deformable lens element 10.
In one example, a silicon gel can be provided as a resiliently deformable shape retaining material that substantially retains its unstressed shape over the course of its lifetime. A resiliently deformable silicon gel can be disposed in cavity 8 of any of the described embodiments. For manufacture of a suitable silicon gel for use with a deformable lens element 10 described herein, liquid silicon can be filled into a container of the desired shape of completed gel member and then cured. In one example, the liquid silicon can be filled into a mold in the shape of cavity 8 into which the silicon gel member will be disposed, and then cured until in silicon gel form.
Further, with reference to manufacture of a resiliently deformable member, a mold core can be prepared with aluminum by single point diamond turning and nickel plating. The cavities can have the negative shape of the resiliently deformable lens element to be made. Next, a silicon gel mixture can be prepared such as DOW CORNING JCR6115 two part silicon Heat Cure gel. The two parts, JCR6115 CLEAR A and JCR6115 CLEAR B are mixed to form a mixture. The mixture can be vacuumed to release bubbles formed therein. With the liquid silicon gel prepared, the liquid silicon gel can be injection molded into the mold core. The liquid silicon gel can then be cured under an elevated temperature. Where JCR6115 liquid silicon available from DOW CORNING is used, the liquid gel can be cured by heating for 5 minutes at 175 degrees. The completed silicon gel lens can then be inspected to determine whether it is free of defects and extra material can be removed around the gate area. Optionally, the finished resiliently deformable member can be spin coated with a thin membrane material e.g., SYLGARD 184 from DOW CORNING to improve durability. Several materials that can be utilized in the form of a resiliently deformable member for as in a deformable lens element or component thereof are summarized in Table A below. In each of the exemplary embodiments, the material constituting a major body of a deformable lens element (including some instances the entire resiliently deformable lens element) has a hardness measurement of less than Shore A 60.
In each of the exemplary embodiments, the material forming a resiliently deformable member is provided by an optically clear silicon gel elastomer having an index of refraction greater than 1. However, it will be understood that any optically clear resiliently deformable material having an index of refraction greater than 1 can be utilized in the manufacture of a deformable lens element.
When in a silicon gel form the formed silicon gel member can be disposed in cavity 8. It will be seen that whereas filling focus fluid and sealing can normally be last steps in a lens element manufacturing method where a lens element incorporates a fluid, disposing a gel member in a cavity can normally be an intermediate step in the manufacture of a gel based deformable lens element.
Referring to
Where a deformable lens element incorporates a deformable shape retaining material such as can be provided by silicon gel, features of deformable lens element 10 for sealing of cavity 8 can be optionally deleted. In the embodiment of
Where deformable lens element 10 incorporates a shape retaining resiliently deformable member such as a deformable member comprising silicon gel as described herein, deformable membrane 3 can be optionally deleted. Nevertheless, with membrane 3, resiliently deformable member 80 may be advantageously protected and the incidence of scratches on the surface of resiliently deformable member 80 can be reduced. Additionally or alternatively for protecting resiliently deformable member 80, member 80 may be subject to a coating processing wherein optically clear protective coating 84, such as may comprise SYLGARD 184 from DOW CORNING can be applied to gel member 80 as has been described herein. An example of a deformable lens element 10 comprising a resiliently deformable member 80 and a surface protective coating 84 is shown in
It has been mentioned that a process for manufacture of a shape retaining resiliently deformable optically clear member can include filling a container of a desired shape of the finished member and then curing. In one embodiment, a shape retaining resiliently deformable member, as described herein can be formed to have an initial optical power. In one embodiment, a shape retaining resiliently deformable member can be formed so that in an unstressed state the deformable member has at least one convex lens surface.
In the embodiment of a focus apparatus 100 as shown in
In the exemplary embodiment of
Uncoated areas 116 in the embodiment of
Further regarding focus apparatus 100 as described in
The components of the embodiment of
In another embodiment, the dielectric electro-active polymer actuator as shown in
Where the actuator 20 as shown in
In the embodiments having an electro-active polymer actuator 20 with an uncoated area region 116 (e.g., either of the dielectric type or an ion conductive type), the uncoated area 116 can be replaced with an aperture 16 so that the actuator 20 operates in the manner of a force imparting structural element having an aperture 16 as described herein.
Also embodiments herein having force imparting elements including an aperture, the aperture 16 can be filled with an optically clear material member so that the force imparting structural element operates in the manner of the actuator of
While the embodiments of
In any of the described embodiments wherein a force generated by actuator 20 is transferred to deformable lens element 10 by pressure element 4, it is understood that pressure element 4 can be deleted and that a force generated by actuator 20 can be imparted on deformable lens element 10 directly by actuator 20. For imparting a force on deformable lens element 10, it has been described that a structural element; namely pressure element 4 or actuator 20 (if the focus apparatus is devoid of pressure element 4), can “contact” a deformable lens element at a plurality of contact positions, or otherwise impart a force to a deformable lens element at a plurality of force impartation points.
In one embodiment of a “contacting” relationship between a structural element and deformable lens element as described herein, the force-applying structural element can be in separable contact with the deformable lens element, meaning that the force supplying the structural element can be freely separated from the deformable lens element. In another embodiment of a “contacting” relationship described herein, the force-applying structural element can be in secure contact with the deformable lens element, meaning that it is adhered to, welded to, biased toward, or otherwise connected to the deformable lens element.
In another embodiment, the force-applying structural element, (e.g., the actuator or pressure element) is integrally formed with the deformable lens element, meaning that the force applying structural element is part of a one piece member, a part of which forms the force applying structural element, and a part of which forms at least a part of deformable lens element 10.
Where the force applying structural element is in secure contacting relationship with a deformable surface of the deformable lens element or is integrally formed with the deformable surface, a pulling force generated by actuator 20 (i.e., in the direction of axis 15 but away from deformable lens element 10) can operate to deform the deformable lens element. A pulling force imparted on a surface of a deformable lens element imparted at a plurality of points peripherally disposed about and spaced apart from axis 15 can be expected to decrease a convexity or increase a concavity of the deformable surface where the force applying structural element is ring shaped. Where a force applying structural element (member) is ring shaped as described herein, the force applying structural element can impart a force to a deformable lens element at a plurality of points spaced apart from and peripherally disposed about axis 15 of lens element 10. The force applying structural element can impart a force at a plurality of points spaced apart from and peripherally disposed about axis 15 whether the force applying element is in separable contacting, secure contacting, or whether the force applying structural elements is integrally formed with the deformable lens element. Force can be imparted to a deformable surface of a deformable lens element at a plurality of force impartation points having characteristics that vary depending on the shape of the force imparting structural element. Where the force imparting element is ring shaped, a plurality of force impartation points can be formed in a ring pattern about axis 15. Ring shaped force imparting elements as described herein have been shown as being circular; however, ring shaped force applying elements can also be oval, asymmetrically arcuate, or polygonal. Where a force imparting element is ring shaped, force imparting points of a deformable surface, at least a part of which transmits image forming light rays, do not include points within a two dimensional area about axis 15 delimited by the plurality of force imparting points in a ring pattern peripherally disposed about axis 15.
In the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
It will be seen from the embodiments of
A focus apparatus for use in focusing having a structure substantially according to that shown in
It was observed that large variations in the best focus distance could be realized with infinitesimal movement of an actuator applying a force to a deformable lens element.
Various arrangements of the described deformable lens element in various imaging systems are now described.
Apparatus 100 comprising deformable lens element 10 moveable by way of force applied to an external surface thereof can be incorporated in an optical imaging system (which may alternatively be termed a lens assembly) comprising apparatus 100 and one or more additional lens elements arranged in a series with the apparatus. The one or more additional lens elements can comprise deformable or non-deformable lens elements. When apparatus 100 is arranged in series with a far focused imaging lens assembly (not shown) focused at infinity, the state (lens without curvature or planar) depicted e.g., in
In the embodiment of
Turning now to
An electrical component circuit diagram supporting operations of imaging terminal 1000 is shown in
In one embodiment, imaging terminal 1000 can have software and hardware enabling terminal 1000 to operate as a mobile telephone. For example, the terminal 1000 can include a microphone 1077 and speaker 1078 in communication with processor 1060 over system bus 1098. Terminal 1000 can also have connected to system bus 1098 long range radio transceiver interface 1093 enabling transmittal and receipt of voice packets over a cellular data communication network.
DSP 1079 can encode an analog audio signal received from microphone 1077 to a digital audio signal to be transmitted to processor 1060. DSP 1079 can also decode an analog audio signal to be transmitted to speaker 1078 from a digital audio signal received from processor 1060. In one embodiment, all the essential functions of the audio signal encoding and decoding can be carried on by DSP 1079. In another embodiment, at least some of the audio encoding/decoding functions can be performed by a software program running on processor 1060.
Imaging terminal 1000 can also be adapted to operate as a video camera. For operation as a video camera, DSP 1070 can be adapted to convert the sequence of video frames captured by the image sensor 1032, into a video stream of a standard or proprietary video stream format (e.g., MJPEG, MPEG-4, or RealVideo™) before transmitting it to volatile memory 1080 or storage memory 1084. The recorded video files can be played back via the display 1097 or transmitted to an external computer.
Operational characteristics of an exemplary imaging terminal and its processing of image signals are now further described. In response to control signals received from processor 1060, timing and control circuit 1038 can send image sensor array timing signals to array 1033 such as reset, exposure control, and readout timing signals. After an exposure period, a frame of image data can be read out. Analog image signals that are read out of array 1033 can be amplified by gain block 1036 converted into digital form by analog-to-digital converter 1037 and sent to a digital signal processor (DSP) which can convert the image into an uncompressed RGB image format or a standard or proprietary image format (e.g., JPEG), before sending it to volatile memory 1080. In another embodiment, the raw image can be sent to the memory 1080 by ADC 1037, and the converting of the image into a standard or proprietary image format can be performed by processor 1060. Processor 1060 can address frames of image data retained in RAM 1080 for decoding of decodable indicia represented therein.
A timing diagram further illustrating operation of terminal 1000, in one embodiment, is shown in
With further reference to the timing diagram of
Terminal 1000 can be adapted so that after pixels of image sensor array 1033 are exposed during an exposure period, a readout control pulse is applied to array 1033 to read out analog voltages from image sensor 1032 representative of light incident on each pixel of a set of pixels of array 1033 during the preceding exposure period. Timeline 1206 illustrates a timing of readout control pulses applied to image sensor array 1033. A readout control pulse can be applied to image sensor array 1033 after each exposure period EXP1, EXP2, EXP3, EXPN-1, EXPN. Readout control pulse 1232 can be applied for reading out a frame of image data exposed during first exposure period EXP1. Readout control pulse 1234 can be applied for reading out a frame of image data exposed during second exposure period EXP2, and readout pulse 1236 can be applied for reading out a frame of image data exposed during third exposure period, EXP3. A readout control pulse 1238 can be applied for reading out a frame of image data exposed during exposure period EXPN-1 and readout control pulse 1240 can be applied for reading out a frame of image data exposed during exposure period EXPN.
After analog voltages corresponding to pixels of image sensor array 1033 are read out and digitized by analog-to-digital converter 1037, digitized pixel values corresponding to the voltages can be received by DSP 1070 and converted into a standard or proprietary image format (e.g., JPEG). In another embodiment, digitized pixel values captured by image sensor array 1033 can be received into system volatile memory 1080. Terminal 1000 can be adapted so that terminal 1000 can formatize frames of image data. For example, terminal 1000 can be adapted so that processor 1060 formats a selected frame of image data in a compressed image file format, e.g., JPEG. In another embodiment, terminal 1000 can also be adapted so that terminal 1000 formats frames of image data into a video stream format (e.g., MJPEG, MPEG-4, or RealVideo™) for transmitting to an external computer or for recording of digital movies.
Terminal 1000 can also be adapted so that processor 1060 can subject to a decode attempt a frame of image data retained in memory 1080. For example, in attempting to decode a 1D bar code symbol represented in a frame of image data, processor 1060 can execute the following processes. First, processor 1060 can launch a scan line in a frame of image data, e.g., at a center of a frame, or a coordinate location determined to include a decodable indicia representation. Next, processor 1060 can perform a second derivative edge detection to detect edges. After completing edge detection, processor 1060 can determine data indicating widths between edges. Processor 1060 can then search for start/stop character element sequences, and if found, derive element sequence characters character by character by comparing with a character set table. For certain symbologies, processor 1060 can also perform a checksum computation. If processor 1060 successfully determines all characters between a start/stop character sequence and successfully calculates a checksum (if applicable), processor 1060 can output a decoded message. When outputting a decoded message, processor 1060 can one or more of (a) initiate transfer of the decoded message to an external device, (b) initiate display of a decoded message on a display 1097 of terminal 1000, (c) attach a flag to a buffered decoded message determined by processor 1060, and (d) write the decoded message to an address on long term memory, e.g., 1082 and/or 1084. At the time of outputting a decoded message, processor 1060 can send a signal to an acoustic output device 1078 of terminal 1000 to emit a beep.
Times at which terminal 1000, in one embodiment, attempts to decode a decodable indicia represented in a frame of image data are illustrated by periods 1332, 1334, 1336, 1338, and 1340 of timeline 1208 as shown in the timing diagram of
Terminal 1000 can be adapted so that lens assembly 500 has a plurality of lens settings. It has been described that the various lens settings of lens assembly 500 can be realized by applying a force to one or more deformable lens elements. In one particular example, terminal 1000 can have 7 lens settings. At each lens setting, lens assembly 500 and therefore terminal 1000 can have a different plane of optical focus (best focus distance) and a different field of view, typically expressed by the parameter “half FOV” angle. The terminal best focus distances at each of the seven lens settings in one particular example can be given as follows: L1=2″, L2=5″, L3=9″, L4=14″, L5=20″, L6=27″, L7=35″, where “L1-L7” are lens settings “1” through “7.” Each different lens setting can have a different associated focal length half FOV angle, and plane of nominal focus. In one aspect, terminal 1000 can be adapted to “cycle” between various lens settings according to a predetermined pattern, while a trigger signal remains active. In another aspect, terminal 1000 can be adapted while a trigger signal remains active, to change settings between various lens settings that are determined according to an adaptive pattern. For example, terminal 1000 can, while trigger signal remains active, change a lens setting of assembly 500 according to a pattern which will enable terminal 1000 to establish an in-focus lens setting without simply testing the degree of focus of each of a succession of lens settings.
In another aspect, the timing of the movement of deformable lens element 10 can be coordinated with exposure periods EXP1, EXP2 . . . EXPN, so that the lens element 10 is not moved except for times intermediate of the exposure periods. Referring to timeline 1210, terminal 1000 can be adapted so that electrical signals are applied to actuator 20 to cause movement of actuator 20 and deformable lens element 10 in such manner deformable lens element 10 is in a moving state only during periods 1432, 1434, 1436, 14381440, which are periods intermediate of the exposure periods EXP1, EXP2 . . . EXPN. When deformable lens element 10 is controlled according to the timing diagram of
An exemplary auto-focusing algorithm is described with reference to the flow diagram of
If the frame examined at block 1502 is not in-focus, terminal 1000 at block 1506 can examine a frame having a different focus setting than the frame of image data examined at block 1502. By a frame having a “certain lens setting” it is meant that the focus setting of lens assembly 500 was set to the certain setting during the exposure period associated to the frame. If terminal 1000 at block 1504 determines that the frame examined at block 1504 is in-focus, terminal 1000 can proceed to block 1512 to maintain the lens assembly 500 at the current setting (the setting yielding to the frame determined to be in-focus) and process a frame or frames exposed with the lens assembly 500 at the determined in-focus setting.
Further referring to the timing diagram of
Turing now to the view of
As indicated by the displayed menu of display 1097 as shown in
Various operator selectable configurations are summarized in Table D below. In configuration 1, terminal 1000 cycles between various lens settings according to a predetermined pattern. Specifically in configuration 1, terminal 1000 changes a lens setting to a next lens setting after each exposure period, and then decrements the lens setting by 1 after a frame has been captured using the maximum far focus setting (L7). In configuration 2, terminal 1000 responsively to a trigger signal 1202 being made active changes lens settings of terminal 1000 according to an adaptive pattern. In Table D, the row entries of configuration 2 illustrate a lens setting change pattern that might be exhibited by terminal 1000 when executing an auto-focus algorithm. For frame 1 and frame 2 (having associated exposure periods 1 and 2), the lens setting is advanced. However, after frames 1 and 2 are processed a subsequent frame e.g., frame 4 corresponding to EXP4 might have a lens setting of L2 if the processing of frames 1 and 2 indicates that setting L2 is an in-focus setting. In configuration 3, terminal 1000 does not change the lens setting but rather maintains the lens setting of terminal 1000 at a fixed short focus position. Configuration 3 might be selected e.g., where it is known that terminal 1000 will be used for fixed position close view indicia decoding. In configuration 4, terminal 1000 does not change the lens setting responsively to a trigger signal being maintained in an active state; but rather maintains the lens setting at far focus position. Configuration 4 might be useful e.g., where terminal 1000 will be used to capture frames for image data corresponding to far field objects. In configuration 5, terminal 1000 changes a lens setting adaptively until an in-focus lens setting is determined and then captures a predetermined number of frames using the in-focus setting. Configuration 5 might be useful e.g., where terminal 1000 is used to capture still image frames of image data. From the row data corresponding to configuration 5 in Table D it is seen that terminal 1000 might process frames 1 and 2 to determine an in-focus setting, move the lens setting to the determined in focus setting, capture a plurality of frames at the in-focus setting, process the frames, and then deactivate the trigger signal. The plurality of frames captured at the determined in-focus setting might be averaged or otherwise processed for noise reduction. Regarding configuration 6, configuration 6 is similar to configuration 1, except that terminal 1000 when operating according to configuration 6 skips lens assembly settings and maintains the lens setting at each successive setting for a plurality of frames before advancing to a next setting. Regarding configuration 7, configuration 7 illustrates operation of terminal 1000 when executing a simplified auto-focus algorithm in which terminal 1000 simply sequentially advances the lens setting for each new frame, tests the degree of focus of each incoming frame, and maintains the frame at the first frame determined to be in-focus. Note with respect to the exposure period EXP4, terminal 1000 might advance the lens setting to an un-focused setting while it processes the frame having the exposure period EXP3.
A small sample of systems methods and apparatus that are described herein is as follows:
a deformable lens element having an axis and a deformable surface, at least part of which transmits image forming light rays; and
a force imparting structural member disposed to impart a force to said deformable surface;
wherein said apparatus is adapted so that said force imparting structural member is capable of imparting at least one of a pushing force or a pulling force to said deformable surface.
a deformable lens element having an axis and a deformable surface, at least part of which transmits image forming light rays; and
a force imparting structural member disposed to impart a force to said deformable surface;
wherein said apparatus is adapted so that said force imparting structural member is capable of imparting a pushing force to said deformable surface resulting in a thickness of said deformable lens member along a plurality of imaginary lines running in parallel with said imaging axis decreasing.
a deformable lens element having an axis and a deformable surface, at least part of which transmits image forming light rays; and
a force imparting structural member disposed to impart a force to said deformable surface;
wherein said apparatus is adapted so that said force imparting structural member is capable of imparting one or more of the following to said deformable surface:
a deformable lens member having an axis and a deformable surface, at least part of which transmits image forming light rays; and
a force imparting structural member disposed to impart a force to said deformable surface;
wherein said apparatus is adapted so that said force imparting structural member is capable of imparting a pushing force to said deformable surface resulting in a thickness of said deformable lens member along said axis decreasing.
incorporating a deformable lens element into an optical system, said deformable lens element having a deformable surface, at least part of which transmits image forming light rays; and
imparting a force to said deformable surface of said deformable lens element at a plurality of force impartation points of said surface to vary an optical characteristic of said optical system, wherein said imparting step includes the step of utilizing a force imparting structural member for imparting said force.
incorporating a deformable lens element having an axis into an optical system, said deformable lens element having a deformable lens surface at least a part of which transmits image forming light rays; and
imparting a pulling force to said deformable surface of said deformable lens element to vary an optical characteristic of said optical system, wherein said imparting step includes the step of imparting said pulling force generally in a direction of said axis.
a deformable lens element having a deformable surface at least part of which transmits image forming light rays;
a force imparting structural member opposing said surface; and
wherein said imaging system is adapted so that a force can be imparted by said force imparting structural member at a plurality of force impartation points of said deformable surface of said deformable lens element for varying an optical characteristic of said imaging system.
a deformable lens element comprising a deformable membrane, a cavity delimited by said deformable membrane, and fluid disposed in said cavity, said fluid having an index of refraction greater than one, said deformable lens element having an axis; and
a force imparting structural member capable of contact with said deformable lens element at positions defined circumferentially about said axis;
wherein said optical imaging system is configured so that said force imparting structural member can be moved generally in a direction of said axis either toward or away from said deformable lens element so that an optical characteristic of said imaging system varies with movement of said force imparting structural member.
a deformable lens element comprising a deformable membrane, a cavity delimited by said deformable membrane, and fluid disposed in said cavity, said fluid having an index of refraction greater than one, said deformable lens element having an axis, a ring-shaped pressure element in contact with said deformable lens element and arranged circumferentially about said axis; and
an electro-active polymer actuator mechanically coupled to said ring-shaped pressure element, said optical imaging system being configured so that said electro-active polymer actuator moves said ring-shaped pressure element generally in a direction of said axis so that an optical characteristic of said imaging system varies with movement of said ring-shaped pressure element.
a deformable lens element having an axis, wherein a major body of said deformable lens element is provided by a resiliently deformable member having a hardness measurement of less than Shore A 60; and
wherein said imaging system is configured so that a force can be applied to an external surface of said deformable lens for varying an optical characteristic of said imaging system.
a deformable lens element capable of being deformed wherein said deformable lens element has a deformable surface that faces an exterior of said deformable lens element, said deformable lens element having an axis;
wherein said optical system is adapted so that said system can impart a force to said deformable surface generally in a direction of said axis toward said deformable lens element in such manner that an optical property of said deformable lens element is changed by impartation of said force.
a deformable lens element having a deformable lens surface, at least part of which transmits image forming light rays and which faces an exterior of said deformable lens element, said deformable lens surface being one of normally convex or capable of exhibiting a convex curvature, said deformable lens element having an axis; and
an actuator for imparting a force to said deformable surface, the actuator having an aperture disposed about said axis, the optical system being adapted so that actuation of said actuator results in a force being imparted to said deformable surface to vary a convexity of said deformable lens element.
a two dimensional image sensor comprising a plurality of pixels formed in a plurality of rows and columns of pixels;
an imaging lens assembly comprising a deformable lens element for focusing an image onto said two dimensional image sensor, said imaging lens being adapted so that said deformable lens element can be deformed with use of a force imparting structural member, said imaging lens assembly being adapted so that force can be applied to an external surface of said deformable lens element to vary an optical property of said deformable lens element, said imaging lens setting having a first lens setting at which said deformable lens element is in a first state and a second lens setting at which said deformable lens element is in a second state; and
a trigger for activating a trigger signal, said data collection terminal being adapted so that said trigger signal can be maintained in an active state by maintaining said trigger in a depressed position;
wherein said data collection terminal is adapted so that responsively to said trigger signal being maintained in said active state, said data collection terminal captures in succession a plurality of frames of image data, each of said plurality of frames of image data representing light incident on said image sensor at an instant in time, wherein said data collection terminal is adapted so that a lens setting of said imaging lens assembly is varied while said trigger signal is maintained in said active state in such manner that said lens assembly is at said first setting for an exposure period corresponding to at least one of said plurality of frames of image data, and said lens assembly is at said second lens setting for an exposure period corresponding to at least one of said plurality of frames of image data.
a deformable lens element having an axis, wherein a major body of said deformable lens element comprises a resiliently deformable member having at least one normally convex lens surface; and
an actuator for deforming said deformable lens element, the actuator having a flexible member adapted to substantially conform to a shape of said convex lens surface and having one of a coated area or an aperture disposed about said axis, the focus apparatus being adapted so that by varying a voltage applied to said flexible member a convexity of said normally convex lens surface changes.
a deformable lens element having an axis, wherein a major body of said deformable lens element comprises a resiliently deformable member having at least one convex lens surface; and
an actuator for imparting a force to said deformable lens element to deform said deformable lens element and to change an optical property of said deformable lens element.
a deformable lens element having a deformable light entry surface and an opposing deformable light exit surface, the deformable lens element having an axis intersecting respective centers of said deformable light entry surface and said opposing deformable light exit surface;
a first actuator for deforming said deformable light entry surface to change an optical property of said deformable lens element; and
a second actuator for deforming said deformable light exit surface to change an optical property of said deformable lens element.
a first clamping element, the first clamping element including a rigid transparent member having an optical surface for allowing light rays to pass there through;
a deformable membrane;
a second clamping member clamping said deformable membrane against said first clamping element so that said deformable membrane opposes said rigid transparent optical surface;
a cavity delimited by said deformable membrane and said first clamping element; and
a deformable substance having an index of refraction greater than one disposed in said cavity.
While the present invention has been described with reference to a number of specific embodiments, it will be understood that the true spirit and scope of the invention should be determined only with respect to claims that can be supported by the present specification. Further, while in numerous cases herein wherein systems and apparatuses and methods are described as having a certain number of elements it will be understood that such systems, apparatuses and methods can be practiced with fewer than the mentioned certain number of elements.
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/901,242 filed Oct. 8, 2010, entitled “Apparatus and Method Comprising Deformable Lens Element”, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/897,924 filed Aug. 31, 2007, entitled “Apparatus And Method Comprising Deformable Lens Element,” which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/961,036 entitled “Variable Lens Elements And Modules,” filed Jul. 18, 2007 (now expired) and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/875,245, entitled “Focus Module and Components With Actuator Polymer Control,” filed Dec. 15, 2006 (now expired). Each of the above applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1269422 | Gordon | Jun 1918 | A |
| 2062468 | Matz | Dec 1936 | A |
| 2300251 | Flint | Oct 1942 | A |
| 3161718 | DeLuca | Dec 1964 | A |
| 3305291 | Alvarez | Feb 1967 | A |
| 3583790 | Baker | Jun 1971 | A |
| 3761157 | Humphrey | Sep 1973 | A |
| 3778170 | Howell et al. | Dec 1973 | A |
| 4134393 | Stark et al. | Jan 1979 | A |
| 4191594 | Stark et al. | Mar 1980 | A |
| 4210121 | Stark | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4249516 | Stark | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4261655 | Honigsbaum | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4289379 | Michelet | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4312709 | Stark et al. | Jan 1982 | A |
| 4407567 | Michelet et al. | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4487659 | Stark | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4514048 | Rogers | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4783153 | Kushibiki et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4783155 | Imataki et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4784479 | Ikemori | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4802746 | Baba et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4818847 | Hara et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 5091801 | Ebstein | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5113445 | Wang | May 1992 | A |
| 5150234 | Takahashi et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5199084 | Kishi et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5243655 | Wang | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5278399 | Sano | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5291243 | Heckman et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5305356 | Brooks et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5307423 | Gupta et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5317388 | Surka et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5331176 | Sant'Anselmo et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5337361 | Wang et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5389222 | Shahinpoor | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5393965 | Bravman et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5396144 | Gupta et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5401944 | Bravman et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5428212 | Tani et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5471533 | Wang et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5489158 | Wang et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5513264 | Wang et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5579487 | Meyerson et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5646389 | Bravman et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5659167 | Wang et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5684637 | Floyd | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5710419 | Wang et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5734153 | Swartz et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5742263 | Wang et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5793033 | Feng et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5818023 | Meyerson et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5834754 | Feng et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5841121 | Koenck | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5866888 | Bravman et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5877487 | Tani et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5880453 | Wang et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5892625 | Heimer | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5917171 | Sasai | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5917657 | Kaneko et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5917913 | Wang | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5973852 | Task | Oct 1999 | A |
| 6081388 | Widl | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6109852 | Shahinpoor et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6123261 | Roustaei | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6123263 | Feng | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6175922 | Wang | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6188526 | Sasaya et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6212015 | Heimer | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6282656 | Wang | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6368954 | Lopatin et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6369954 | Berge et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6376971 | Pelrine et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6399954 | Seto et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6437925 | Nishioka | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6449081 | Onuki et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6475639 | Shahinpoor et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6512218 | Canini et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6529620 | Thompson | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6538823 | Kroupenkine et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6542309 | Guy | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6545815 | Kroupenkine et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6545816 | Kroupenkine et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6586859 | Kornbluh et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6594759 | Wang | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6628040 | Pelrine et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6669093 | Meyerson et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6702483 | Tsuboi et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6715876 | Floyd | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6723929 | Kent | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6743903 | Gordon et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6747806 | Gelbart | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6762210 | Oguro et al. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6806621 | Heim et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6806988 | Onuki et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6808114 | Palestini et al. | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6809462 | Pelrine et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6812624 | Pei et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6832725 | Gardiner et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6850916 | Wang | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6882086 | Kornbluh et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6889904 | Bianculli et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6891317 | Pei et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6934090 | Nagaoka et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6936809 | Viinikanoja | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 7018862 | Yao et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7027683 | O'Connor et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7043153 | Takeyama et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7064472 | Pelrine et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7065344 | O'Hagan et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7089214 | Wang | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7107246 | Wang | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7169822 | Oguro et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7193794 | Beck et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7224106 | Pei et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7270274 | Hennick et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| RE39874 | Berge et al. | Oct 2007 | E |
| 7293712 | Wang | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7296749 | Massieu | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7296751 | Barber et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7364081 | Havens et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7416125 | Wang et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7433586 | Onozawa | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7440193 | Gunasekaran et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7533824 | Hennick et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7568628 | Wang et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7611060 | Wang et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7635084 | Wang et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7671514 | Lee et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7717343 | Havens et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7744646 | Zadno-Azizi et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7813047 | Wang et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7826144 | Mescher | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7878403 | Hennick et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7896249 | Perreault | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7909257 | Wang et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7918398 | Li et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7922088 | Wang | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7946493 | Havens et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 8016189 | Wang et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8027095 | Havens | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8027096 | Feng et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8038066 | Havens et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8083148 | Wang et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8146820 | Wang et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8181338 | Benslimane et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8196842 | Wang | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8225089 | Wang et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8226009 | Havens et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8256678 | Havens et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8261992 | Havens et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8282004 | Wang et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8292183 | Li et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8305691 | Havens et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8333323 | Richardson et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8366002 | Wang et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8505822 | Wang et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8596543 | Havens et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 20020066851 | Hennick et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20050002113 | Berge | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20060076540 | Zama et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20070030573 | Batchko et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070063048 | Havens et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070106377 | Smith et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070156021 | Morse et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20080245872 | Good | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20090072037 | Good et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090086331 | Gunasekaran et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090108072 | Wang | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20100103542 | Yasuda et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20110036908 | Havens et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110163165 | Liu et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110163166 | Wang et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20120248195 | Feng et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 19706274 | Aug 1997 | DE |
| 3644225 | Jul 1998 | DE |
| 102005013889 | Oct 2005 | DE |
| 1674892 | Jun 2006 | EP |
| 2007862981 | Aug 2009 | EP |
| 1327503 | Aug 1973 | GB |
| 60114802 | Jun 1985 | JP |
| 62148903 | Jul 1987 | JP |
| 1140118 | Jun 1989 | JP |
| 02012518 | Jan 1990 | JP |
| 3206420 | Sep 1991 | JP |
| 9230252 | Sep 1997 | JP |
| 2002243918 | Aug 2002 | JP |
| 2005283750 | Oct 2005 | JP |
| 2006058405 | Mar 2006 | JP |
| 2010157222 | Jul 2010 | JP |
| 2010170561 | Aug 2010 | JP |
| 9638744 | Dec 1996 | WO |
| 9918456 | Apr 1999 | WO |
| 9918546 | Apr 1999 | WO |
| 0058763 | Oct 2000 | WO |
| 0122148 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| 03044588 | May 2003 | WO |
| 03069380 | Aug 2003 | WO |
| 03071335 | Aug 2003 | WO |
| 2004027489 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| 2004038480 | May 2004 | WO |
| 2004050334 | Jun 2004 | WO |
| 2004051323 | Jun 2004 | WO |
| 2004072689 | Aug 2004 | WO |
| 2004077126 | Sep 2004 | WO |
| 2004097495 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| 2004099829 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| 2004099830 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| 2004099844 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| 2004099845 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| 2004102250 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| 2004102252 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| 2004102253 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| 2005003842 | Jan 2005 | WO |
| 2005003843 | Jan 2005 | WO |
| 2005006029 | Jan 2005 | WO |
| 2005006312 | Jan 2005 | WO |
| 2005069042 | Jul 2005 | WO |
| 2005069043 | Jul 2005 | WO |
| 2005069044 | Jul 2005 | WO |
| 2005071359 | Aug 2005 | WO |
| 2005073762 | Aug 2005 | WO |
| 2006121659 | Nov 2006 | WO |
| 2008076399 | Jun 2008 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| AMS-1000 Tunable lens unit, Varioptic, France, 1 page (http://www.varioptic.com/en/products.php?cat-PAMS-Sep. 14, 2005). |
| Arora, S. Ghosh, T., and Muth, J. “Dielectric elastomer based prototype fiber actuators,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 136:1, pp. 321-328 (May 2007). |
| Bal, Abdullah et al., Improved fingerprint Identification with supervised filtering enhancement, Applied Optics, Feb. 10, 2005, pp. 647-654, vol. 44, No. 5, Optical Society of America. |
| Berge, B. et al., Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting, The European Physical Journal E, Dec. 1, 1999, pp. 159-163. |
| Chronis N, Liu GL, Jeong K-H, and Lee LP, 2003, “Tunable liquid-filled microlens array integrated with microfluidic network,” Optics Express 11(19)2370-2378. |
| Conductive Elastomer Sheet Stock, Chomerics, 3 pages (www.chomerics.com). |
| Ghosh TK, Kotek R, and Muth J, 2005, “Development of layered functional fiber based micro-tubes,” National Textile Center Annual Report 1-9. |
| ICM105T VGA CMOS image sensor (Data Sheet), IC Media, May 2004, 17 pages. |
| International Search Report for PCT/US2007/025707, dated Aug. 19, 2008, 7 pages. |
| Introducing a CMOS Image Sensor Specifically Designed for Automotive Scene—Understanding Systems, Micron, 2 pages (www.micron.com—Oct. 2, 2004). |
| Invitation to Pay Additional Fees and Communication Relating to the Results of the partial International Search for PCT/US2007/025707, 4 pages, dated Jun. 4, 2008. |
| Kuiper, S. et al., Variable-focus lens for miniature cameras, Applied Physics Letters, Aug. 16, 2004, pp. 1128-1130, vol. 85, No. 7, American Institute of Physics. |
| Levy, Eli et al., Modulation transfer function of a lens measured with a random target method, Applied Optics, Feb. 1, 1999, pp. 679-683, vol. 38, No. 4, Optical Society of America. |
| Liquid Lens Mimics the Human Eye (Press Release), Agency for Science, Techology and Research, 5 pages. |
| Mugele, Frieder et al., Electrowetting: from basics to applications, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, J. Phys. Condens, Matter 17 (2005), pp. R705-R774, JOP Publishing Ltd., UK. |
| Narryanswamy, Ramkumar et al., Extending the imaging volume for biometric iris recognition, Applied Optics, Feb. 10, 2005, pp. 701-712, vol. 44, No. 5, Optical Society of America. |
| WIPO, International Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/US2007/025707, dated Jun. 16, 2009 (1 p). |
| WIPO, Written Opinion of International Searching Authority for PCT/US2007/025707, dated Jun. 16, 2009 (9 pp.). |
| PCT Application No. 2007/800514041 filed Dec. 14, 2007. Title: Apparatus and Method Comprising Deformable Lens Element. |
| PCT Application No. 2009/541411 filed Jun. 15, 2009. Title: Apparatus and Method Comprising Deformable Lens Element. |
| Pelrine R. Kornbluh RD, Pei Q, Stanford S., Oh S, Eckerle, J. Full RJ, Rosenthal MA, and Meijer K, 2002, “Dielectric elastomer artificial muscle actuators: toward biomimetic motion,” Proc. SPIE 4695: 126-137. |
| Philips' Fluid Lenses Bring Things into Focus, Philips' Fluid Lenses: Digital Photography Review, 3 pp (http://www.dpreview.com/news/article—printasp?date=0403&article=04030302philipsfluid . . . —Sep. 14, 2005). |
| Ren H., Fox D., Anderson A., Wu B., and Wu S-T, 2006, “Tunable-focus liquid lens controlled using a servo motor” Optics Express 14(18):8031-8036. |
| Santiago-Alvarado A., Gonzalez-Garcia J, Garcia-Luna J, Fernandez-Moreno A, and Vera-Diaz W, 2006, “Analysis and design of an adaptive lens,” Proceedings of SPIE Optics and Photonics 6288.62880S-1-62880S-8. |
| Smith, Warren J., Modern Optical Engineering the Design of Optical Systems, McGraw-Hill Book Company, pp. 58-59. |
| Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for PCT/US2007/025707, dated Aug. 19, 2008, 10 pp. |
| Examination Phase in Chinese Patent Application No. 201110437420.2, with translation. |
| May 25, 2012, Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC in European Application No. 07862984.3. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140168787 A1 | Jun 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60961036 | Jul 2007 | US | |
| 60875245 | Dec 2006 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12901242 | Oct 2010 | US |
| Child | 13964801 | US | |
| Parent | 11897924 | Aug 2007 | US |
| Child | 12901242 | US |
