Patent Grant
11446881
The present application is a U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2019/082846, filed on Nov. 28, 2019, designating the United States and claiming the priority of European Patent Application No. 18213037.7 filed with the European Patent Office on Dec. 17, 2018. All of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein in their respective entireties by this reference.
The invention relates to a device for applying cover sheets to ends of tubular sections preformed into cross-bottoms according to the preamble of claim 1 and a method for applying cover sheets to ends of tubular sections preformed into cross-bottoms according to the preamble of claim 7.
Various types of bags are used for packaging goods, especially bulk goods. Bags are generally produced from tubular sections of paper or plastic material by folding ends of the tubular sections to form bottoms. Depending on the further intended use, either both ends of a tubular section are folded to form bottoms, or only one end is folded into a bottom. To prevent the bottoms from unfolding, they are either adhesively bonded or welded together after folding. A particularly widely used bottom shape is, for example, the cross-bottom.
In case of cross-bottoms, when one end of the tubular sections is folded, a first inner triangular area, a first outer triangular area, a second inner triangular area, a second outer triangular area and a central area are formed. In the longitudinal direction of the bottom, the first inner triangular area is arranged between the first outer triangular area and the central area, and the second inner triangular area is arranged between the second outer triangular area and the central area. If both ends of a tubular section are folded into cross-bottoms, at least one cross-bottom is usually provided with a valve patch in order to facilitate the subsequent filling of the finished bag.
So that the cross-bottoms can withstand higher loads, they are additionally provided with cover sheets, with the cover sheets extending over the inner triangular areas and the central area. In case of tubular sections made of a plastic material, the cover sheets are usually welded to the cross-bottoms, since welding has turned out to be a very cost-efficient and durable connection. A hot gas means is predominantly used for welding the cover sheets together at the cross-bottoms, with the cross-bottoms being moved past said means at a constant distance. A heated gas stream generated by the hot gas means heats the respective cross-bottom just being moved past the hot gas means until its surface melts. At the same time, a cover sheet is pressed onto the cross-bottom and is thus firmly welded to the cross-bottom.
A method for welding a cover sheet onto a cross-bottom using a hot gas means is known, for example, from WO 9530598 A1.
Because of the folding, the cross-bottoms have a smaller number of fabric layers in the triangular areas than in the central area, as a result of which the central area is raised in relation to the triangular areas. This results in the disadvantage that the gas stream heats the surface of the cross-bottoms to different extents while the cross-bottoms are moved past the hot gas means, since the individual areas of the cross-bottoms exhibit different distances from the gas nozzle and the gas stream thus reaches the surface sections of the cross-bottoms in a thermally varying way. In particular, the triangular areas are heated less strongly because the distance from the surface of the cross-bottom to the gas nozzle is greatest there, resulting in poor adhesion of the cover sheet in those areas. Increasing the temperature of the gas stream is not a viable alternative, since an increased temperature of the gas stream may cause the material in the central area of the cross-bottoms to be overheated. As a result, not only would the finished bags have an unsightly appearance, but the strength of the bottom and the adhesion of the cover sheet in this area would also be reduced.
The document DE 10 2014 214593 A1 shows a device for hot air sealing of a packaging material. The device comprises two air heaters guided one behind the other. For controlling the hot gas, a valve is provided between the air heaters, by means of which hot gas that is not required can be passed once more through the air heater arranged upstream.
The document EP 0 953 429 A2 discloses a method for controlling the temperature during the hot air bonding of plastic films, wherein the temperature of the hot air is determined after the workpiece has been bonded and the temperature of the air blown in is controlled as a function of the measured temperature.
The document WO 2018/073224 A1 shows a device for sealing a cover sheet onto a tubular section. For this purpose, a hot air stream is blown in between the above-mentioned elements. For quickly controlling the temperature of the hot air stream, a cold air stream can be blown in additionally.
In document WO 2008/090056 A1, a method for the production of plastic bags is disclosed. In this case, two surfaces are heated using a heating means and then pressed. Moreover, the device used for this purpose may comprise a preheating means, in which at least one component of the bags can be preheated by means of a hot air stream.
It is the object of the present invention to avoid the disadvantages of the prior art and to provide a device and a method by means of which cover sheets can be applied to ends of tubular sections made of a plastic material, the ends having been preformed into cross-bottoms, while ensuring uniform adhesion of the cover sheets.
According to the invention, the present object is achieved by a device having the features of claim 1 and with a method having the features of claim 7. Preferred embodiments of the invention form the subject matter of the dependent claims and the specification.
The device according to the invention comprises conveying means which are designed for transporting the tubular sections in a conveying direction, the longitudinal bottom direction of the cross-bottoms being located in parallel to the conveying direction of the tubular sections. Furthermore, the conveying means are designed for conveying cover sheets in the conveying direction, depositing them on the ends of the tubular sections preformed into cross-bottoms in a deposit area when one of the cross-bottoms passes the deposit area while the tubular sections are being conveyed.
Furthermore, the device according to the invention comprises a hot gas means. The hot gas means has a gas heater for heating gas and a nozzle connected to the gas heater and oriented toward the deposit area for the cover sheets. The gas heater is connectable to a gas supply, and when gas is supplied to the gas heater, the gas flows along a flow path from the gas supply through the gas heater and the nozzle into the deposit area.
The hot gas means comprises a hot gas reservoir with an internal volume for the temporary storage of hot gas. The hot gas reservoir is either incorporated directly into the gas heater or is arranged between the gas heater and the nozzle. The flow path runs through the hot gas reservoir.
Furthermore, the device according to the invention has a control by means of which a gas mass flow of gas supplied to the gas heater is adjustable.
If gas is fed from the gas supply to the gas heater, it flows first through the gas heater. The gas heater comprises a heating element which supplies a thermal heat flow to the gas conducted through the gas heater. Depending on how high the mass flow of the gas passed through the gas heater is, the gas is heated to different extents as it flows through the gas heater, with the thermal heat flow remaining the same. With a low gas mass flow supplied to the gas heater, the gas flowing through the gas heater is heated more strongly than with a high gas mass flow. The heating element of the gas heater is preferably operated electrically or by means of a fuel gas such as methane, hydrogen, etc.
The gas flows from the gas heater into the hot gas reservoir. The hot gas reservoir constitutes a buffer storage and is charged with/passed through by gas at different temperatures depending on how high the temperature of the inflowing gas is. For example, with a low gas mass flow, the hot gas reservoir is charged with/passed through by a gas at a higher temperature than with a high gas mass flow. The hot gas reservoir is advantageously connected directly to the gas heater in order to avoid heat losses.
The gas flows from the hot gas reservoir via the nozzle into the deposit area. Advantageously, the nozzle also connects directly to the hot gas reservoir in order to avoid heat losses. The mass flow of heated gas that emerges from the nozzle corresponds (while neglecting friction) to the gas mass flow that is fed to the gas heater. If the gas mass flow is now changed abruptly, the gas mass flow emerging from the gas heater has a changed temperature. Due to the mass balance equation, the gas mass flow at the nozzle is immediately equal to the gas mass flow supplied to the gas heater upon switching after the inertia of the gas has been overcome. The gas transported with the gas mass flow displaces the gas still present in the hot gas reservoir before filling it. Thus, the temperature of the gas at the nozzle does not change immediately after the gas mass flow supplied to the gas heater has been changed, but rather the gas still present in the hot gas reservoir must first flow out of the hot gas reservoir. If, for example, the hot gas reservoir was filled with gas at a high temperature with a low gas mass flow and the gas mass flow is now increased, gas is emitted at the nozzle at an increased temperature with an increased gas mass flow, whereby a hot gas jet with a high flow rate is temporarily generated. In this way, a high heat flow is introduced into the deposit area. If the gas mass flow is now reduced again, gas is emitted at the nozzle at a low temperature with a low gas mass flow until the hot gas reservoir is emptied, whereby a gas jet that is less hot is temporarily generated with a lower flow rate. As a result, a low heat flow is introduced into the deposit area.
Thus, with an appropriate control of the gas mass flow and appropriate dimensioning of the internal volume of the hot gas reservoir, temporarily a high mass flow of heated gas with a high temperature and temporarily a low mass flow of heated gas with a low temperature can be emitted at the nozzle, although the exact same amount of heat output is always supplied to the gas mass flow in the gas heater. As a result, the device according to the invention operates in a very energy-efficient, environmentally friendly and cost-saving manner.
In order to evenly heat a cross-bottom in the inner triangular areas and the central area, according to the invention, less heat output is emitted from the nozzle than in the inner triangular areas of the cross-bottom for heating the central area to the melting temperature, since the central area of each cross-bottom is raised in relation to the inner triangular areas and the nozzle is thus closer. For this purpose, in the method according to the invention, while utilizing the hot gas reservoir:
Due to its more even heating, the cross-bottom is evenly melted, whereby a cover sheet pressed onto the cross-bottom exhibits the same adhesion everywhere.
So that it is ensured that a high heat flow is introduced by the gas essentially in the entire first inner triangular area and/or essentially in the entire second inner triangular area and/or that a lower heat flow is introduced by the gas essentially in the entire central area, advantageously:
The inertia of the system is compensated for in this way. It is thus prevented that insufficient heat or too much heat is supplied to parts of the surface of the cross-bottom and that those parts are insufficiently melted or overheated. Thus, uniform adhesion of the cover sheet is ensured across the entire surface of the cross-bottom.
Advantageously, the hot gas reservoir has a tubular design so that the gas can flow through it without any friction and flow losses, if possible. The tubular hot gas reservoir advantageously has essentially the same diameter as a connecting tube by means of which gas is supplied from the gas supply to the gas heater. The hot gas reservoir is advantageously sheathed with an insulating layer in order to prevent heat losses in the hot gas reservoir as far as possible.
Furthermore, a wall of the hot gas reservoir is advantageously designed in such a way that it can store heat. If the hot gas reservoir is charged, for example, with gas at a high temperature, heat is extracted from the gas and stored in the wall. If the hot gas reservoir is now charged with gas at a lower temperature, a heat transfer from the walls to the gas at a lower temperature takes place, whereby said gas is heated. As a result, a greater amount of heat can be stored in the hot gas reservoir than would result from the heat content of the hot gas stored therein.
Suitably, the gas supply is formed by a compressed air reservoir to which the device is connected. The compressed air reservoir can, for example, be part of a compressed air supply of a factory hall or workshop or may also be formed by one or several high-pressure bottles. In this embodiment, the gas mass flow of gas supplied to the gas heater is advantageously regulated via a valve, which is connected between the gas supply and the gas heater and is adjustable by the control.
The gas supply is preferably a component of the device and thus part of the device. In this embodiment, the gas supply is advantageously formed by a compressor and/or at least one compressed air reservoir. Depending on the design of the gas supply, the gas mass flow of gas supplied to the gas heater can be regulated either by a compressor output of the compressor and/or by a valve configured between the compressor and/or the at least one compressed air reservoir and the gas heater.
Preferably, an internal volume of the hot gas reservoir is selected as a function of the length of the inner triangular areas and the central area as well as the mass flows in such a way that it is ensured that the inner triangular areas are heated only with hot gas with a high mass flow—hereinafter referred to as the total mass flow—and the middle area is heated only with less hot gas with a smaller mass flow—hereinafter referred to as the basic mass flow. The total mass flow is composed of the basic mass flow plus a pulse mass flow. In this context, one volume of the pulse mass flow is advantageously one fifth to one twentieth of the internal volume of the hot gas reservoir.
The gas supply preferably has at least one compressor and/or at least one compressed air reservoir and an injector, with at least one constantly running compressor generating the basic mass flow of gas supplied to the gas heater. The injector generates the pulse mass flow by means of at least one second compressor and/or at least one compressed air reservoir, whereby the total mass flow is formed. Due to this simple design of the gas supply, the supply of gas to the gas heater can be changed very quickly and the gas supply can thus be controlled very precisely.
The conveying means for conveying the tubular sections is advantageously formed by a belt conveyor or a band conveyor, and the conveying means for conveying the cover sheets is advantageously formed by a suction cylinder.
The hot gas reservoir is suitably designed in such a way that the internal volume of the hot gas reservoir is alterable. In case of a tubular hot gas reservoir, the internal volume can be changed, for example, via sleeves with different wall thicknesses or via a varying number of sleeves. Such sleeves are advantageously formed from a material that conducts heat well, such as aluminium, brass, silver or copper. The internal volume of the hot gas reservoir is preferably selected as a function of, for example, a number of cycles during the application of the cover sheets, a bag format and/or a bag spacing between successive bags.
The gas supplied to the gas heater is advantageously air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a mixture thereof.
Further advantageous embodiments of the device according to the invention and of the method according to the invention for applying cover sheets to ends of tubular sections preformed into cross-bottoms are explained in further detail below with reference to the figures.
In processing step A, the ends 1 of the tubular sections 2 are folded over by 90 degrees.
In processing step B, the tube layers 6 are pulled apart, whereby the ends 1 are opened. By folding down the opened ends 1, tabs 8 are formed.
In processing step C, a valve patch 7 is inserted into at least one opened end 1 that has been pulled apart and is at least partially welded or glued to the opened end 1.
In processing step D, the tabs 8 are folded over, whereby a cross-bottom 3 is formed at one end 1 in each case. As a result of folding, each cross-bottom 3 has a first inner triangular area 12, a first outer triangular area 41, a second inner triangular area 13, a second outer triangular area 42 and a central area 14, wherein, in the longitudinal bottom direction 11, the first inner triangular area 12 is arranged between the first outer triangular area 41 and the central area 14, and the second inner triangular area 13 is arranged between the second outer triangular area 42 and the central area 14. The tubular sections 2 are oriented on the conveyor belt 4 in such a way that the longitudinal bottom direction 11 of the cross-bottoms 3 is in parallel to the conveying direction 5.
In processing step E, a cover sheet 9 is placed with a device 15 according to the invention as per
It should also be pointed out that a cross-bottom 3 may also be formed only at one end 1 of the tubular sections 2, if the bag is to be used as a sachet, for example.
The conveying means for transporting the cover sheets 9 is formed by a conveying device 17. The conveying device 17 comprises a cutting cylinder 18, a transfer cylinder 19, a suction cylinder 20 and a conveying path 21. The cover sheets 9 are cut from an endless band 22 by means of blades 40 arranged on the cutting cylinder 18 and the transfer cylinder 19 and are supplied across the transfer cylinder 19 and the conveying path 21 to the suction cylinder 20. The suction cylinder 20 always places one cover sheet 9 on a cross-bottom 3 in a deposit area 23, while the tubular sections 2 are conveyed in the conveying direction 5 and pass the deposit area 23. The speed of the tubular sections 2 and the cover sheets 9 is identical when they are placed, with both the cover sheets 9 and the tubular sections 2 being transported in the conveying direction 5 when they are placed. The depositing of the cover sheets 9 on the cross-bottoms 3 takes place starting at the first inner triangular area 12 and continues over the middle area 14 and the second inner triangular area 13, whereby a gap is created in the deposit area 23 between the cover sheet 9 and the cross-bottoms 3 as a result of successive depositing.
The device 15 according to the invention also comprises a hot gas means 24. The hot gas means 24 is connected to a gas supply. The gas supply is formed by a compressor in the form of a fan 25, a compressed air distributor 28 and an injector 29. The fan 25 connects to the compressed air distributor 28 via a connecting tube 26. The injector 29 connects directly to the compressed air distributor 28. The compressed air distributor 28 connects to the hot gas means 24. Via a tube 16, the injector 29 is connected to an external compressed air supply, which is not illustrated any further. The fan 25 comprises an intake funnel 27. The fan 25 and the injector 29 can be part of the device 15, or may also be designed separately. There is also the possibility that the gas supply is formed by a compressor, a fan and/or a compressed air reservoir.
The hot gas means 24 comprises a gas heater 30, a hot gas reservoir 31 and a nozzle 32, which is directed into the deposit area 23 for the cover sheets 9. The hot gas reservoir 31 connects directly to the gas heater 30, and the nozzle 32 connects directly to the hot gas reservoir 31.
If a gas mass flow is now supplied by the gas supply to the hot gas means 24, gas will flow along a flow path 33 from the gas supply through the gas heater 30, the hot gas reservoir 31 and the nozzle 32 into the deposit area 23.
The hot gas reservoir 31 has an internal volume 36 and a tubular design. A diameter of the tubular internal volume 36 is essentially equal to an inner diameter of the connecting tube 26. The inner volume 36 is sheathed with an insulating layer 37 in order to keep heat losses as low as possible.
The device 15 according to the invention comprises a control 34. The control 34 is connected to the fan 25 and the injector 29 for communication. The gas mass flow of gas supplied to the hot gas means 24 is adjustable by means of the control 34.
The function of the device 15 according to the invention will now be explained in further detail with reference to
As soon as the first inner triangular area 12 of a cross-bottom 3 enters the deposit area 23, the gas mass flow emitted from the nozzle 32 hits the first inner triangular area 12. Shortly before the first inner triangular area 12 reaches the deposit area 23, i.e., shortly before the gas mass flow that is emitted from the nozzle 32 no longer hits the conveyor belt 4 or, respectively, the first outer triangular area 41 at the distance 38, but rather hits the first inner triangular area 12, the gas mass flow supplied to the hot gas means 24 is increased from a basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 to a total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges. See
The hot gas reservoir 31 is charged with gas at a temperature TH—referred to below as a hot charge gas.
The total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges is composed of the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 and a pulse mass flow {dot over (m)}2. The basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 is produced by the fan 25, and the pulse mass flow {dot over (m)}2 is produced via the injector 29. In this regard, see in particular also
Since the mass balance across the entire system 35 must be zero, the mass flow through the hot gas means 24 is constant and corresponds to the total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges. This means that the mass flow of the gas which emerges from the hot gas reservoir 31 at the nozzle 32 is equal to the mass flow of the gas which is supplied to the hot gas means 24.
A heat {dot over (Q)}mges,0 is supplied to the gas heater via the gas supplied to the gas heater 30 via the total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges. This is calculated from the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 and the pulse mass flow {dot over (m)}2, the specific heat capacity of the gas and the temperature T0 of the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 and the pulse mass flow {dot over (m)}2.
In the gas heater 30, a thermal heat flow {dot over (Q)}H is supplied via a heating element, which is not illustrated. As a result, the temperature of the total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges is raised from T0 to TN and a heat flow {dot over (Q)}mges,1 is transferred with the gas into the hot gas reservoir 31. The temperature TGE at the outlet of the gas heater 30 is equal to TN. See
The gas fed into the hot gas reservoir 31 at the temperature TN displaces the hot charge gas from the hot gas reservoir 31 via the nozzle 32 and fills the hot gas reservoir 31 with gas at the temperature TN—referred to below as a cold charge gas. The temperature THR of the hot charge gas discharged at the hot gas reservoir 31 or, respectively, the nozzle 32 is equal to TH. The hot charge gas introduces a heat flow {dot over (Q)}mges,2 into the deposit area 23. This is calculated from the total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges, the specific heat capacity of the gas and the temperature TH of the hot charge gas.
At the moment when the central area 14 of the cross-bottom 3 enters the deposit area 23, the gas mass flow supplied to the hot gas means 24 is reduced from the total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges by the pulse mass flow {dot over (m)}2 to the basic mass flow m1. For this purpose, the injector 30 is switched off by the control 34.
The total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges and the internal volume 36 are coordinated such that the hot gas reservoir 31 is filled with the cold charge gas, but no cold charge gas leaves the hot gas reservoir 31, while the gas mass flow supplied to the hot gas means 24 corresponds to the total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges. Correspondingly, the hot gas reservoir 31 is filled with cold charge gas during the switching from the total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges to the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1.
Due to the mass balance in the entire system 35, the mass flow corresponds to the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 after switching to the basic mass flow m1. A heat flow {dot over (Q)}m1,0 is supplied to the gas heater 30 via the gas supplied to the gas heater 30 via the basic mass flow m1. This is calculated from the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1, the specific heat capacity of the gas and the temperature T0 of the basic mass flow m1 See in particular
In the gas heater 30, the thermal heat flow {dot over (Q)}H is supplied via the heating element. The thermal heat flow {dot over (Q)}H is constant. As a result, the temperature of the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 is raised from T0 to TH, and a heat flow {dot over (Q)}m1,1 is transferred with the gas into the hot gas reservoir 31. The temperature TGE at the outlet of the gas heater 30 is equal to TH, wherein the following applies due to the lower mass flow supplied and the constant thermal heat flow {dot over (Q)}H:TH>TN.
The gas fed into the hot gas reservoir 31 at the temperature TH displaces the cold charge gas from the hot gas reservoir 31 via the nozzle 32 and fills the hot gas reservoir 31 with hot charge gas at the temperature TH. The temperature THR of the cold charge gas discharged at the hot gas reservoir 31 or, respectively, the nozzle 32 is equal to TN. The cold charge gas introduces a heat flow {dot over (Q)}m1,2 into the deposit area 23. This is calculated from the basic mass flow m1, the specific heat capacity of the gas and the temperature TN of the cold charge gas.
At the moment when the second inner triangular area 13 of the cross-bottom 3 enters the deposit area 23, the gas mass flow supplied to the hot gas means 24 is increased from the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 by the pulse mass flow {dot over (m)}2 to the total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges. For this purpose, the injector 30 is simply switched on again by the control 34. The total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges and the internal volume 36 are coordinated such the hot gas reservoir 31 is filled with the hot charge gas, but no hot charge gas leaves the hot gas reservoir 31, while the gas mass flow supplied to the hot gas means 24 corresponds to the basic mass flow m1 Correspondingly, the hot gas reservoir 31 is filled with hot charge gas during the switching from the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 to the total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges. The process is now repeated in exactly the same way as with the first inner triangular area 12. Gas with the temperature TH is discharged from the nozzle 32 or, respectively, the hot gas reservoir 31, and the hot gas reservoir 31 is filled with cold charge gas.
When the second inner triangular area 13 leaves the deposit area 23, the gas mass flow supplied to the gas heater 30 is again reduced from the total mass flow {dot over (m)}ges to the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1, and the hot gas reservoir 31 is charged with hot charge gas, and gas with the temperature TN is displaced from the hot gas reservoir 31. Correspondingly, gas with the low temperature TN and the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 leaves the nozzle 32 and gets into the deposit area 23, when the outer triangular areas 41 and 42 are located in the deposit area 23 and when the gas hits the conveyor belt 4 at a distance 38 or, respectively, as soon as the second inner triangular area 13 has passed the deposit area 23.
The gas with the low temperature TN and the basic mass flow {dot over (m)}1 is advantageously deviated away from the deposit area 23 and into an environment by a deflecting means, which is not illustrated, for example a rotary valve or a baffle, if the outer triangular areas 41 and 42 are located in the deposit area 23 and the gas would hit the conveyor belt 4 at a distance 38. In this way, it is prevented that heat is introduced into the outer triangular areas 41 and 42, which might cause damage to the fabric.
If a further inner first triangular area 12 of a subsequent cross-bottom 3 reaches the deposit area 23, the above-described process will restart from the beginning.
Since the central area 14 is raised in relation to the inner triangular areas 12 and 13, the central area 14 is arranged closer to the nozzle 32 than the inner triangular areas 12 and 13. Due to the increased temperature TH and the increased mass flow {dot over (m)}ges with which the gas is emitted from the nozzle 32 into the inner triangular areas 12 and 13, the same amount of heat is introduced into the inner triangular areas 12 and 13 as into the central area 14, whereby a surface of the cross-bottom 3 is evenly heated and melted.
While a cover sheet 9 is placed on a cross-bottom 3 and heat is introduced into the deposit area 23 via the gas mass flow, the cover sheet 9 is pressed onto the cross-bottom 3 by means of a press cylinder 39, whereby the cross-bottom 3 is welded to the cover sheet 9.
As a result of the uniform heating of the surface of the cross-bottom 3, uniform adhesion of the cover sheets 9 to the cross-bottoms 3 can be achieved. By the hot gas reservoir 31 and the controlled supply of gas to the hot gas means 24, which occurs according to the invention, the thermal heat flow {dot over (Q)}H can be kept constant, and it is prevented that hot gas has to be released into the environment in an unused state so as to evenly heat the surface of the cross-bottom 3.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18213037 | Dec 2018 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/082846 | 11/28/2019 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020/126382 | 6/25/2020 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4543138 | Bollinger | Sep 1985 | A |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 102011005109 | Sep 2012 | DE |
| 102014214593 | Jan 2016 | DE |
| 0953429 | Nov 1999 | EP |
| 2008090056 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| 2018073224 | Apr 2018 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Machine Translation of DE-102011005109-A1 (Year: 2012). |
| International Search Report issued in International Application PCT/EP2019/082846 dated Jan. 2, 2020. |
| Written Opinion of ISA issued in International Application PCT/EP2019/082846 dated Jan. 2, 2021. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220024152 A1 | Jan 2022 | US |
