Patent Grant
6957709
1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to the testing of underground formations or reservoirs, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for effecting a cleaned and sealed well borehole wall portion for improved formation fluid sampling from a formation surrounding the wall portion.
2. Description of the Related Art
Formation testing while drilling (“FTWD”) is a form of formation evaluation that incorporates aspects of wireline logging into a drilling operation. Today, well boreholes are drilled by rotating a drill bit attached at a drill string end. The drill string may be a jointed rotatable pipe or a coiled tube. A large portion of the current drilling activity involves directional drilling, i.e., drilling boreholes deviated from vertical and/or horizontal boreholes, to increase the hydrocarbon production and/or to withdraw additional hydrocarbons from earth formations. Modem directional drilling systems generally employ a drill string having a bottomhole assembly (BHA) and a drill bit at an end thereof that is rotated by a drill motor (mud motor) and/or the drill string. A number of downhole devices placed in close proximity to the drill bit measure certain downhole operating parameters associated with the drill string. Such devices typically include sensors for measuring downhole temperature and pressure, azimuth and inclination measuring devices and a resistivity-measuring device to determine the presence of hydrocarbons and water. Additional downhole instruments, known as measurement-while-drilling (MWD) or logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools, are frequently attached to the drill string to determine formation geology and formation fluid conditions during the drilling operations. For the purposes of the present invention, the term Formation Testing While Drilling (“FTWD”) includes, but is not necessarily limited to MWD and LWD tests.
Various types of drilling fluids are used to facilitate the drilling process and to maintain a desired hydrostatic pressure in the borehole. Pressurized drilling fluid (commonly known as the “mud” or “drilling mud”) is pumped into a drill pipe through a central bore to rotate the drill motor and to provide lubrication to various members of the drill string including the drill bit. The mud exits the drill string at the drill bit and returns to the surface in the annular space between the drill string and the borehole wall carrying formation debris (“cuttings”) pulverized by the rotating drill bit. The term (“return fluid”) is used herein to mean fluid comprising drilling fluid, formation fluid and cuttings returning to the surface or otherwise existing in the annulus. The terms drilling fluid, mud, clean fluid or the like are used to mean fluid in the drill string and/or fluid in close relation to any exit port of the drill string and substantially free of cuttings. Such clean fluid may be drilling fluid pumped from a surface location or any substantially clean fluid in the tool.
The clean drilling fluid, typically mixed with additives at the surface, is also used to protect downhole components from corrosion, and to maintain a specified density based on known or expected formation pressure. The return fluid in the annulus is typically maintained at a pressure slightly higher than the surrounding formation. The annular pressure is reduced during certain testing operations that require production of formation fluid.
Several FTWD operations involve producing fluid from the reservoir by, for example, sealing a portion of the borehole and collecting samples of fluid from the formation. Well-known devices such as packers, snorkel probes and extendable pads are typically used to effect a seal at the borehole wall thereby separating the annulus into at least two portions, i.e. one portion being a sealed portion containing formation fluid for testing and at least one more annular portion containing mostly return drilling fluid.
Whenever the sealing device fails to maintain a good seal, the sealed portion may become contaminated with return fluid or pressure control within the sealed portion becomes unmanageable due to pressure communication between the sealed portion and the rest of the annulus.
A common cause sealing problems is the existence of cuttings in the return fluid. As a sealing device is moved to engage the borehole wall, cuttings or thick mud layers are trapped between the sealing device and wall or trapped within the sealed portion. In the former instance the seal is poor, thereby allowing leakage across the seal. In the latter instance cuttings debris can clog the sampling tool or otherwise corrupt the test. The cuttings might also become lodged within a sampling port causing damage or loss of sampling capability.
When starting to pump formation fluid through the sealed portion the mud layer is removed first and enters the formation testing device as well as the formation fluid. The mud contaminates the sample and makes the determination of certain formation parameter more difficult or even impossible.
The present invention addresses some of the drawbacks discussed above by providing a measurement while drilling apparatus and method which enables improved sampling and measurements of parameters of fluids contained in a borehole by cleaning a portion of the borehole wall just as a sealing device is moved to seal the cleaned portion.
In one aspect of the present invention, a method of sampling fluid from a formation is provided. The method includes conveying a tool in a well borehole surrounded by the formation a fluid, such as drilling fluid is delivered through the tool using a fluid moving device located at a surface location. During drilling, the drilling fluid exits the tool at a distal end and returns to the surface as return fluid in an annulus between the tool and a borehole wall; the return fluid thus includes the drilling fluid and formation fragments. The drilling fluid is directed from within the tool toward a portion of the borehole wall to divert the fragments in the return fluid away from the wall portion and to reduce the thickness of the mud layer at the borehole wall. A pad member is moved to the wall portion to seal the wall portion from the annulus. A sampling port is then exposed to the sealed wall portion to sample formation fluid from the formation.
In another aspect of the present invention an apparatus is provided for cleaning a portion of borehole wall. The tool is disposed in a well borehole and an annulus surrounds the tool. The annulus includes a return fluid comprising fragments of formation. The tool includes a clean fluid within the tool, the clean fluid exiting the tool at a distal end and returning as a return fluid to the surface location in an annulus between the tool and a borehole wall, the return fluid including the first fluid and formation fragments. The tool includes a fluid-diverting device for directing the clean fluid from within the tool toward a portion of the borehole wall for diverting the fragments in the return fluid away from the wall portion and for reducing the thickness of the mud layer at the borehole wall. The tool also includes a pad member disposed on the tool, the pad member being moveable in relation to the wall portion for sealing said wall portion from the annulus. A sampling port in the tool is exposed to the sealed wall portion for sampling formation fluid.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a system for formation testing while drilling is provided. The system includes a well drilling rig adapted to convey a drill string into the earth for drilling a well borehole. A surface pump is coupled to the drill string to convey drilling fluid into the drill string. The system includes a sampling tool for sampling formation fluid during drilling. The tool includes a clean fluid within the tool, the clean fluid exiting the tool at a distal end and returning as a return fluid to the surface location in an annulus between the tool and a borehole wall, the return fluid including the first fluid and formation fragments. The tool includes a fluid-diverting device for directing the clean fluid from within the tool toward a portion of the borehole wall for diverting the fragments in the return fluid away from the wall portion and for reducing the thickness of the mud layer at the borehole wall. The tool also includes a pad member disposed on the tool, the pad member being moveable in relation to the wall portion for sealing said wall portion from the annulus. A sampling port in the tool is exposed to the sealed wall portion for sampling formation fluid. A surface controller is coupled to the drilling rig for controlling drilling operations and the tool.
The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, will be best understood from the attached drawings, taken along with the following description, in which similar reference characters refer to similar parts and wherein:
Clean drilling fluid 126 is circulated from a mud pit 128 through a mud pump 130, past a desurger 132, through a mud supply line 134, and into a swivel 136. The clean drilling fluid 126 flows down through the kelly joint 114 and a longitudinal central bore in the drill string, and through jets (not shown) in the lower face of the drill bit. Return fluid 138 containing drilling mud, cuttings and formation fluid flows back up through the annular space between the outer surface of the drill string and the inner surface of the borehole to be circulated to the surface where it is returned to the mud pit through a mud return line 142. A shaker screen (not shown) separates formation cuttings from the drilling mud before the mud is returned to the mud pit.
The system in
If applicable, the drill string 118 can have a downhole drill motor 150 for rotating the drill bit 124. Incorporated in the drill string 118 above the drill bit 124 is the downhole tool 122 of the present invention, which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. A telemetry system 152 is located in a suitable location on the drill string 118 such as above the tool 122. The telemetry system 152 is used to receive commands from, and send data to, the surface via the mud-pulse telemetry described above.
Directing clean fluid toward the borehole wall where the sealing pad will ultimately seal clears the area of debris, such as formation fragments (“cuttings”) and mud layers. These cuttings are usually suspended by and/or flowing in return fluid 212 existing in the annulus between the tool and wall.
In a preferred embodiment, the system includes a surface controller 214 and a communication system 216. The surface controller is preferably a typical surface controller that includes a processor, user interface, storage devices and output devices. One such controller is a common desktop computer system that includes programmed instructions for use in drilling operations and in formation testing. The surface controller is coupled to the downhole tool by known methods and devices and communicates via the communication system. The communication system can be any well-known system used for communicating data signals between a surface controller and a downhole tool such as the tool of the present invention.
The fluid moving device 202 is preferably a typical mud pump used to flow drilling fluid (“mud”) through a drilling tool. In some cases the fluid moving device can be a pump dedicated for the purpose of directing fluid toward the borehole wall, while a primary pump is used for flowing fluid through the tool to exit at a drill bit (not shown).
Shown is a tool 300 disposed within a well borehole adjacent a fluid-bearing formation. The tool 300 of this embodiment includes an extendable probe 306 located on a stabilizer 328. Those skilled in the art would recognize that a stabilizer is useful in keeping the drill string generally centered in the borehole. The extendable probe 306 includes a piston 308 movable within a piston chamber 310 and a sealing pad 312 coupled to an end of the piston 308, such an extendable probe is generally known in the art. The tool 300 of this embodiment includes a pump 314 for extending and retracting the piston 308, a flow line 316 connecting the pump 314 to the piston chamber 310, and a valve (“piston valve”) 318 for controlling flow through the flow line.
The embodiment of
The coupling between the clean fluid flow line 320 and the probe 306 flow path is preferably a sealed union when the probe moves through the area of coupling. The diameter of the flow line 320 is preferably larger than the diameter of the flow path to allow continued flow through the coupling that as the probe extends to seal against the borehole wall. Continued probe movement with fluid flow can also be obtained by coupling the flow line 320 to the probe flow path using a flexible conduit (not shown) housed in the piston chamber.
Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 3A–3C, the conceptual aspect of the present invention will be further described. Cuttings 330 usually exist within the well annulus fluid (“return fluid”) as shown in
Clearing the sealing area of cuttings is accomplished by flowing clean fluid 336 through the sampling port 338 as the sealing pad is extended toward the wall. As the sealing pad get close to the wall, the flow pressure increases naturally and is sufficient to redirect cuttings away from the sealing area as shown in
Generally the flow of clean fluid through the port is stopped just prior to sealing the pad against the wall. The flow, however, might continue until the pad is fully extended and sealed. In the former case, the system should be configured to automatically close the valve by sensing pressure at the port and to close the valve or switch the valve to its sampling position upon reaching a predetermined pressure. In the latter case, the fluid diverted might be configured to maintain a pressure at the port to avoid damaging the sealing area as the sealing pad is pressed against the wall.
The embodiment shown in
The second piston 420 includes an integral flow path 428 connecting a port 430 at the end of the second piston to a clean fluid flow line 432. The clean fluid flow line 432 extends from the flow path 428 to the central bore 402. A fluid pump 434 and valve 436 are coupled to the clean fluid flow line 432 to direct clean fluid through the clean fluid flow line. The clean fluid is conducted through the flow path 428 and out of the tool through the clean fluid port 430. As shown, the flow path and port are positioned such that the clean fluid exiting the tool is directed toward the borehole wall portion where the sealing pad engages the wall. In this manner, the clean fluid thus directed to clear the sealing area of cuttings or to remove mudcake as the sealing pad is extended to engage the wall.
The present embodiment does not require, and should not be construed as requiring, simultaneous extension of the sampling probe and second piston. These two elements might extend and retract simultaneously, the second piston might be extended first, or the sampling probe might be extended first to a position (as shown) without fully engaging the wall, and then move to sealingly engage the borehole wall after the wall portion is cleared of cuttings.
Those skilled in the art would understand that the scope of the embodiment described above and shown in
The embodiment of
The clean fluid flow line 432 and the port 502 are positioned such that clean fluid exiting the tool is directed toward the borehole wall where the sealing pad 412 will engage the wall. In this manner, the clean fluid will clear the sealing area of cuttings as the sampling probe 406 extends to engage and seal against the borehole wall.
The extendable probe 602 includes additional integral flow paths 616 leading to one or more clean fluid ports 618 surrounding the sampling port. The integral flow paths 616 couple to corresponding clean fluid flow lines 620 when the probe is extended through an intermediate position (as shown) prior to its fully extended position. The clean fluid flow lines 620 lead from the integral flow paths 616 to the tool central bore 622. A pump 624 is coupled to the clean fluid flow lines to urge clean fluid through the clean fluid flow lines and through the integral flow paths, when the extendable probe moves through the intermediate position.
A tool is conveyed 702 into a well borehole containing a combination of formation fluid and debris such as cuttings generated during drilling of the borehole. The tool is positioned 704 adjacent a formation traversed by the borehole. The method includes flowing a clean fluid 706 through the tool and diverting some or all of the fluid from a main flow path to exit the tool. The fluid is diverted within the tool such that the exiting clean fluid is directed toward a desired location on the well borehole wall to clear the wall area of cuttings.
The method includes moving a seal 708, such as a pad, against the wall location cleared by the clean fluid to seal a portion of borehole wall from the annulus between the tool and wall. A sampling port is exposed 710 to the sealed wall portion and formation fluid is sampled through the port for test and/or storage for transport to the surface.
Those skilled in formation testing have recognized that the mudcake surrounding a borehole sometimes presents flow problems when sampling fluid or when conducting pressure tests. The mudcake may be compacted, thus impeding flow from the formation. In other cases, the mudcake might be too loose to make a good seal. Tools have been developed to overcome these problems by providing a snorkel at the end of a sampling probe. In sampling tools having a probe snorkel, the snorkel is pressed through the mudcake to the formation rock.
The method of present invention can be useful in these snorkel probes as well as the pad seals described herein. An optional method action is to remove some or all of the mudcake 714 in the area where the sampling probe is to engage the borehole wall. The mudcake is removed by flowing the clean fluid at a higher rate from the tool such that the force of the clean fluid flow removes the mudcake completely or partially from the area. This optional action provides the snorkel a pre-bored path through the mudcake so that pressing the snorkel against the formation rock is easier.
In the several embodiments of the apparatus and system of the present invention, the clean fluid diverter 210 includes an integral pressure control device to allow for added pressure to accomplish the above-described optional step 714. The device might be a nozzle-shaped portion to effect faster fluid flow, or the device might be a pump speed controller.
The advantages of removing mudcake are not necessarily limited to tools having a snorkel-ended probe. Removing some or all of the mudcake is useful when using tools having a pad only. When the mudcake is removed prior to engaging the wall with a pad seal, the pad will seal against the formation rock. In this manner, formation fluid flow is not impeded by a compact mudcake. Also, mudcake fragments cannot contaminate fluid samples or clog the tool.
While the particular invention as herein shown and disclosed in detail is fully capable of obtaining the objects and providing the advantages hereinbefore stated, it is to be understood that this disclosure is merely illustrative of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention and that no limitations are intended other than as described in the appended claims.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/279,415 filed on Oct. 24, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,763,884.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2959397 | Gardner et al. | Nov 1960 | A |
| 3782191 | Whitten | Jan 1974 | A |
| 4339948 | Hallmark | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4416152 | Wilson | Nov 1983 | A |
| 4470456 | Moutray, III | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4951749 | Carroll | Aug 1990 | A |
| 5056595 | Desbrandes | Oct 1991 | A |
| 6006834 | Skinner | Dec 1999 | A |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040238220 A1 | Dec 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10279415 | Oct 2002 | US |
| Child | 10772123 | US |
