Completion operations are often performed to prepare a borehole for petroleum production. Such operations can include, for example, fracturing operations (“fracking”), acid stimulation, sand control operations, gravel packing, etc. Typically, various operational parameters are measured during these completion operations for control purposes. Typically these parameters are measured using sensors located at a surface location and calculations are performed to determine related downhole parameters, such as downhole force, downhole torque, downhole fluid pressure, etc. Due to the large distances involved, the determined downhole parameters can be an inaccurate representation of the actual downhole parameters. Therefore, the present disclosure reveals an apparatus and method for obtaining parameters at a downhole location related to a completion operation and controlling the completion operation using the obtained downhole parameters.
In one aspect, a method of delivering a material to a downhole location in a formation is disclosed, the method including operating a device at a surface location to produce an action at the downhole location related to delivery of the material to the formation; measuring a parameter at the downhole location affected by the operation of the device at the surface location using a sensor proximate the downhole location; and using the measured downhole parameter to alter operation of the device at the surface location to deliver the material to the formation at the downhole location.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an apparatus for delivering a material to a formation at a downhole location of the formation, including: a surface device configured to perform an operation to produce an action at the downhole location related to delivery of the material to the formation; a downhole sensor proximate the downhole location configured to measure a downhole parameter related to the produced action; and a processor configured to alter an operation of the surface device using the measured downhole parameter.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions that when read by at least one processor enable the at least one processor to perform a method for fracturing a formation, the method including: measuring a downhole parameter affected by an operation at a surface device to deliver a material to a downhole location; and altering the operation of the surface device based on the downhole parameter.
The following descriptions should not be considered limiting in any way. With reference to the accompanying drawings, like elements are numbered alike:
A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the disclosed apparatus and method are presented herein by way of exemplification and not limitation with reference to the Figures.
The system of
The exemplary wellbore 110 is shown to extend through the earth formation 112 and into a production zone or reservoir 114. The wellbore 110 shown in
In an exemplary embodiment, the frac assembly 134 may be isolated within the wellbore 110 by a pair of packer devices 148 and 150. Sump packer 150 isolates a lower portion of the tool string 120 at an end of the tool string 120. Although only one frac assembly 134 is shown along the tool string 120, multiple frac assemblies may be arranged along the tool string 120. The one or more frac assemblies can be located in the vertical section, deviated section or both the vertical and deviated sections of the wellbore. In various embodiments, the deviated section 110b of the wellbore is a substantially horizontal section.
The exemplary frac assembly 134 includes a screen 140 and an exemplary service tool 142 for controlling various operations of the frac assembly. The service tool 142 is configured to direct and control fluid flow paths, to maintain hydrostatic overbalance to the formation and to facilitate various fracturing processes and/or gravel packing operations, among others. A sensor sub 144 is coupled to a top end of the service tool 142 and to a downhole end of the tool string 120. The sensor sub 144 measures various downhole parameters associated with fracturing operations. These measured downhole parameters can be used to control operation of a surface device for performing the fracturing operation according to the methods disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the sensor sub 144 is a modular device. A detailed discussion of the sensor sub 144 is provided below with respect to
The sensor sub 144 also includes a processing section 350. The processing section 350 is configured to receive, among other things, signals concerning the operating conditions of the various completion operations as sensed by the various sensors of sensor section 336, such as downhole weight, downhole torque, downhole temperature, downhole pressure, for example. The processing section 350 typically includes a downhole processor 353 and storage medium 354 which are operably interconnected with the sensor section 336 to store data obtained from the sensor section 336. The downhole processor 353 includes one or more microprocessor-based circuits to process measurements made by the sensors in the sensor sub downhole during fracking operations. In one embodiment, the processing section 350 stores the received signals downhole at the storage medium 354. Upon return of the frac assembly to a surface location, the stored signals can be retrieved from the processing section 350 for processing to obtain information useful in future completion operations.
The processor section 350 also includes a data transmitter, schematically depicted at 356, for transmitting encoded data signals using various transmission means known in the art for transmitting such data to a surface location, such as electromagnetic transmission via wired pipe, fiber optic cable, etc. Therefore, in another embodiment, the signals received at the processing section 350 during a completion operation can be transmitted to the control unit 210 for processing in order to control the current completion operation. For example, the force application device 220 can be controlled to increase or decrease a downward force on the tool string based on a measurement of force obtained at the sensor sub 144. In addition, signals can be processed either at the downhole processor 353, the surface processor 212 or a combination of downhole processor and surface processor.
The sensor sub 144 further includes a power section 352. The power section 352 houses a power source 358 for operation of the components within the processor section 350 and the sensor section 336. In an exemplary embodiment, the power source 358 is one or more batteries. In another embodiment, the power source includes a “mud motor” mechanism that is actuated by the flow of a fluid downward through the tool string 120 and through the bore 332 of the sensor sub 144. Such mechanisms utilize a turbine that is rotated by a flow of fluid, such as frac fluid, to generate electrical power.
While the operable electrical interconnections for each of the sensor sub is not illustrated in
Various downhole parameters of the frac assembly 134 are measured at the sensor sub. Exemplary downhole parameters includes weight, torque, bending moment, internal pressure, external pressure, temperature, various dynamic parameters, and various parameters determined via formation evaluation measurements, such as gamma ray measurements. Exemplary downhole forces whose measurement can be used to control aspects of the fracking operation include a force related to inserting the snap latch into the bottom packer and indicating successful insertion; a force relating to a seal between the service tool 142 and the pup joint 410; a force between packer 402 and a wall of the wellbore; and a rotational force at the frac assembly. In addition, temperature measurements can be related to thermal expansion of downhole components, such as packers, or for maintain frac operation temperatures. Frac fluid pressure can be measured for pressure imbalances, etc. The operation of various surface devices can be altered based on the downhole measurements. For example, a force can be applied at surface device 220 for inserting the frac assembly into bottom packer 404; to maintain service tool in pup joint 410; and to maintain packer seals. Also, injection pressures can be modified based on downhole pressures and temperatures. Rotations of the tool string measured downhole can be equated to related rotations applied at a surface location.
In another aspect, measurements obtained at the sensors sub are used to position the tool string at a selected depth. A sensor of the sensor sub 144, for example, a gamma ray sensor, obtains measurements of natural gamma ray emission from the surrounding formation. These measurements can be compared to a previously-obtained gamma ray log.
Therefore, in one aspect, a method of delivering a material to a downhole location in a formation is disclosed, the method including operating a device at a surface location to produce an action at the downhole location related to delivery of the material to the formation; measuring a parameter at the downhole location affected by the operation of the device at the surface location using a sensor proximate the downhole location; and using the measured downhole parameter to alter operation of the device at the surface location to deliver the material to the formation at the downhole location. The device can be perform an operation that is related to at least one of: (i) a fracturing operation, (ii) a gravel packing operation; (iii) acid stimulation; (iv) a sand control operation; (v) pumping a fluid into the formation; and (vi) pumping a proppant into a formation. Also, the device can be used to perform running a completion device, setting a completion device, and pumping a material through a completion device. In one embodiment, the downhole parameter is communicated from the sensor to a surface processor via the tool string using at least one of: (a) wired pipe; (b) fiber optic cable; and (c) electromagnetic transmission. In another embodiment, the downhole parameter is stored at a downhole memory device. In another embodiment, the sensor is used to position a downhole device associated with the sensor in the borehole by obtaining a first measurement of a parameter of the formation at a first depth at the sensor; moving the sensor to a second depth; obtaining a second measurement of a parameter of the formation at the second depth; and comparing the obtained first and second formation measurements to a log of the surrounding formation to determine the second depth to position the sensor. The downhole location can be a location in a deviated section of the borehole. The measured downhole parameter can include at least one of: (i) weight; (ii) torque; (iii) bending moment; (iv) pressure; (v) temperature; (vi) a dynamic measurement; and (vii) a gamma ray measurement. The operation of the surface device can include at least one of: (i) applying a force on a tool string; (ii) applying a rotation to the tool string; and (iii) pumping the material into the tool string.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an apparatus for delivering a material to a formation at a downhole location of the formation, including: a surface device configured to perform an operation to produce an action at the downhole location related to delivery of the material to the formation; a downhole sensor proximate the downhole location configured to measure a downhole parameter related to the produced action; and a processor configured to alter an operation of the surface device using the measured downhole parameter. In various embodiments, the surface device can perform an operation related to at least one of: (i) a fracturing operation, (ii) a gravel packing operation; (iii) acid stimulation; (iv) a sand control operation; (v) pumping a fluid into the formation; and (vi) pumping a proppant into a formation. In another embodiment, device is configured to perform at least one of: running a completion device in a borehole, setting a completion device in a borehole, and pumping the material through the completion device. In one embodiment, the processor is a surface processor configured to communicate with the downhole sensor via at least one of: (a) a wired pipe; (b) a fiber optic cable, and (c) an electromagnetic transmission device. In another embodiment, a downhole memory device can be used to store the measured downhole parameter. The downhole sensor can be configured to obtain a first measurement of a parameter of the formation at a first sensor depth and a second measurement of the parameter of the formation at a second sensor depth, and wherein the processor is further configured to determine a position of the second depth from a comparison of the first and second formation measurements to a log of the surrounding formation. The downhole location can be in a deviated section of the wellbore. In various embodiments, the downhole parameter is at least one of: (i) downhole weight; (ii) downhole torque; (iii) downhole bending moment; (iv) downhole pressure; (v) downhole temperature; (vi) a dynamic measurement; and (vii) a gamma ray measurement. The surface device typically performs an operation selected from at least one of: (i) applying a force on a tool string at the surface location; (ii) applying a rotation to the tool string at the surface location; and (iii) pumping the material into the tool string.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions that when read by at least one processor enable the at least one processor to perform a method for fracturing a formation, the method including: measuring a downhole parameter affected by an operation at a surface device to deliver a material to a downhole location; and altering the operation of the surface device based on the downhole parameter. The computer-readable medium of claim 19, further comprising at least one of: (i) a ROM, (ii) an EPROM, (iii) an EAROM, (iv) a flash memory, and (v) an optical disk.
As described above, embodiments may be in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes. In exemplary embodiments, the disclosure is embodied in computer program code. Embodiments include computer program code containing instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the disclosure. Embodiments include computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the disclosure. The technical effect of the executable instructions is to alter a parameter of a surface device operating a fracture assembly downhole.
While the disclosure has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims. Also, in the drawings and the description, there have been disclosed exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and, although specific terms may have been employed, they are unless otherwise stated used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the disclosure therefore not being so limited. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another. Furthermore, the use of the terms a, an, etc. do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.