BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates generally to apparatus and methods for determining a closure pressure of a fractured formation.
2. Description of the Related Art
During both drilling of a wellbore and after drilling, fluid (oil, gas and water) from the formation is often extracted to determine the nature of the hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon-bearing formations. Fluid samples are often collected from formations at selected wellbore depths by a formation testing tool conveyed in the wellbore. The collected samples are analyzed to determine various properties of the fluid. Some formations, such as made of shale, have very low permeability (also referred to as “tight formations”) and do not allow the formation fluid to flow into the wellbore when such formations are perforated to recover the hydrocarbons therefrom. Fractures, also referred to as micro-fractures are created in such formation to determine a geological characteristic of such formation. A useful characteristic or parameter of such formations is the closure pressure.
To determine the closure pressure in tight micro-fractured formations, a flow-back test (a test that involves flowing back the fluid from the fractured formation) can be used to determine the closure pressure of the formation. A deflection point in the pressure measurements made during the flow back test can be used to determine the closure pressure. During flow-back tests, it is desirable to draw the fluid from the formation into a testing tool at a constant or substantially constant flow rate. Such constant flow rates can be achieved by creating a positive pressure difference between the formation and a chamber in the tool receiving the fluid. Conventional formation testing tools are difficult to use for flow-back tests because such tools utilize reciprocating pumps, which pumps create a negative pressure between the formation and a receiving chamber in the tool. In addition, the reciprocating “strokes” of such pumps creates back pressure, which can obscure the clear identification of the deflection point in the pressure during the withdrawing of the fluid from the formation, which can lead to a large error in determining the closure pressure.
The disclosure herein provides an apparatus and method for determining the closure pressure of a fractured formation using a flow back test.
SUMMARY
In one aspect, an apparatus for determining a closure pressure of a fractured formation surrounding a wellbore is disclosed. The apparatus, in one embodiment, includes an isolation device for isolating a section of the wellbore, a fluid supply unit for supplying a fluid from the wellbore under pressure into the isolated section of the wellbore to cause a fracture in the formation proximate the isolated section, a receiving unit for receiving fluid from the isolated section at a constant or substantially constant rate due to pressure difference between the formation and the receiving unit, and a sensor for determining pressure of the formation during receiving of the fluid into the receiving unit. The apparatus further includes a controller for determining the closure pressure from the determined pressure.
In another aspect, a method of determining a closure pressure of a fractured formation surrounding a wellbore is disclosed. The method, in one embodiment, includes; isolating a section of the wellbore; supplying a fluid under pressure into the isolated section of the wellbore to cause a fracture in the formation; receiving fluid from the isolated section into a receiving unit due to a pressure difference between the isolated section and receiving unit at a constant or substantially constant rate; determining pressure of the formation while receiving the fluid into the receiving unit; and determining the closure pressure of the fractured formation from the determined pressure.
Examples of certain features of the apparatus and methods disclosed herein are summarized rather broadly in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood. There are, of course, additional features of the apparatus and methods disclosed hereinafter that will form the subject of the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For detailed understanding of the present disclosure, references should be made to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary formation testing system for determining the closure pressure of a fractured formation;
FIG. 2 shows the downhole tool shown in FIG. 1 when an isolation device in the downhole tool is setting packers to isolate a section of the wellbore;
FIG. 3 shows the downhole tool shown in FIG. 2 when the downhole tool is in the process of fracturing the formation;
FIG. 3A shows a plot of the pressure of the formation over time when the formation is being fractured;
FIG. 4 shows the downhole tool shown in FIG. 3 as a flow back test is being conducted; and
FIG. 4A shows a plot of the pressure of the formation over time during the flow back test.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary formation testing or formation evaluation system 100 for determining one or more properties of a formation. The system 100 is particularly suited for determining formation pressures, such as the closure pressure of a fractured formation. The system 100 includes a downhole tool 110 conveyed or deployed in a wellbore 101 formed in a formation 102. In the particular embodiment of FIG. 1, the wellbore 101 is an open hole that is filled with a fluid 105, such as a drilling fluid used for drilling the wellbore 101. The pressure generated by the weight of the fluid 105 at any given depth of the wellbore 101 is greater than the pressure of the formation 102 at that depth. The pressure in the wellbore due to the weight of the fluid 105 is referred to as the hydrostatic pressure, which is greater than the pressure of the formation at that depth. The tool 110 is shown conveyed in the wellbore 101 from the surface 104 by a conveying member 103, such as a wireline, coiled tubing or a drilling tubular.
In one embodiment, the tool 110 includes an isolation device 120 for isolating a section 106 of the wellbore 101. In one aspect, the isolation device 120 may be straddle packer that includes a pair of spaced apart packers 120a and 120b. In their normal configuration, the packers 120a and 120b are in a collapsed position, as shown in FIG. 1, and their outside dimensions are smaller than the wellbore diameter. The tool 110 includes a power unit 130 that may include a pump 132 driven by a motor 134. The pump 132 is connected to a fluid line 133 having an inlet 133a in fluid communication with fluid 105 in the wellbore 101. The fluid line 133 is further connected to a fluid receiving unit or device 140, packer 120a via a flow control device 122a, and packer 120b via a flow control device 122b. A flow control device may be any suitable device that controls the flow of fluid, including, but not limited to a valve and a connector. A flow control device 136 is provided in the space 138 between the packers 120a and 120b to control the flow of the fluid 105 from the pump 132 into the space 138. A pressure sensor 135 provides pressure measurements of the fluid in the space 138 and thus the formation pressure proximate the space 138.
The fluid receiving device or unit 140, in one embodiment, includes a first chamber 142, wherein a piston 144 divides the chamber 142 into a first chamber section 142a for receiving a fluid and a second chamber section 142b that is filled with a known fluid 148, such as oil. In the inactive mode, the piston 144 in chamber 142 is at the uppermost location as shown in FIG. 1 and the first chamber section 142a is empty. A flow control device 165 in line 133 may be provided to control the flow of a fluid into the chamber section 142a, and thus the receiving unit 140. The fluid receiving unit 140 further includes a second chamber 154 that has a piston 156 therein that divides the chamber 154 into a first chamber section 154a and a second chamber section 154b. The second chamber section 154b is filled with a compressible fluid 155, such as nitrogen gas. A flow control device 160 in fluid communication with the fluid line 133 on one side of the flow control device and the chamber section 142a on the other side controls the flow of the fluid into the chamber section 142a. In one embodiment, the flow control device 160 is a constant or substantially constant flow control device, regardless of the pressure of the fluid, such as constant flow control valve. Any suitable device may be used to control the flow of the oil 146 into the chamber 154a at a constant or substantially constant rate, including, but not limited to a constant flow rate valve and an electronically-controlled flow control device.
The tool 110 may include a controller 170 that further includes circuits 172 for processing data, such as signals from the various sensors in the tool, a processor 174, such as a microprocessor, a data storage device 176 and programs 178 stored in the storage device 174 containing instructions for the processor 174. A controller 190 also may be provided at a surface location that in one aspect may be a computer-based device. The controller 190 may include circuits 192 for processing various signals relating to the tool 110, a processor 194, data storage device 196 and programs containing instruction for the processor 194. In one aspect, the controller 170 may be programmed to execute one or more operations of the tool 110 and to processes signals from various sensors in the tool 110, including the pressure sensor 135. In another aspect, such functions may be performed by the surface controller 190. In another aspect, the controller 170 and 190 are in a two-way communication and may control certain functions separately and others jointly. A method of operating the system 100 to create one or more fractures in the formation 102 and for determining the closure pressure of such fractured formation is described in more detail in reference to FIGS. 2-4.
FIG. 2 shows system 100 of FIG. 1 when the isolation device 120 is being activated to isolate the section 106 of the wellbore 101. To isolate section 106, flow control device 122a and 122b are opened and flow control devices 136 and 160 are closed. The pump 132 is activated, which draws the fluid 105 from the wellbore 101 into line 133 and supplies such fluid under pressure to the packer 120a via flow control device 122a and packer 120b via flow control device 122b to inflate the packers 120a and 120b as shown in FIG. 2. The packers 120a and 120b expand radially and press against the inside wall 101a of the wellbore 101. The flow control devices 122a and 122b are closed and the pump 132 is deactivated to set the packers 120a and 120b in the wellbore 101, which isolates section 106 from the rest of the wellbore 101. Controller 170 and/or 190 may be utilized for closing and opening the flow control device 122a and 122b and the pump 132 to set the packers 120a and 120b.
FIG. 3 shows a configuration 300 of the system 100, when the tool 110 is operated to create fractures 320 (also referred as micro-fractures) in the formation 102 proximate the isolated section 106. To create fractures 320, flow control devices 122a, 122b and 165 remain closed and flow control device 136 is opened, which combination of flow control devices causes the isolated section 106 to be in fluid communication with line 133 and thus fluid 105 in the wellbore 101. The pump 132 is then activated to supply fluid 105 under pressure from the wellbore to the isolated section 106. The pressure of the supplied fluid is sufficient to cause micro-fractures 320 to occur. The pressure sensor 135 provides the pressure measurements during the fracturing process. FIG. 3A show a pressure versus time plot showing the measured pressure during the fracturing process. The measured pressure 352 is shown along the ordinate (vertical axis) and the time 354 is shown along abscissa (horizontal axis). Prior to pumping the fluid 105 into the section 106, the pressure in the isolated section 106 is the same as the hydrostatic pressure, as shown by the constant line 360. As the fluid 105 is supplied under pressure by the pump 132 into the section 106, the pressure rises and continues to rise as shown by line 362. When the pressure is sufficiently above the pressure of the formation 102, fractures 320 occur. The pressure at which the fractures 320 occur (the “fracture pressure”) is shown by numeral 370. Once the fractures 320 occur, fluid from the isolated section 106 migrates into the fractures 320 causing the pressure in the section 106 to decrease to a propagation pressure 374 somewhat rapidly, as shown by line 372. The pressure then stabilizes to a substantially constant pressure 376.
FIG. 4 shows a configuration 400 of the tool 110 shown in FIG. 3 during drawdown of the fluid from the isolated section 106 into the receiving unit 140 for determining the closure pressure of the fractured formation 102. To determine the closure pressure of the formation 102, pump 132 is deactivated. The flow control devices 122a and 122b remain closed. Flow control devices 160 and 165 are then opened, which causes the isolated section 106 and thus the fractures 320 to be in fluid communication with the chamber section 142a of the collection chamber 140. The pressure in the chamber section 142a is the sum of the original pressure therein (i.e., the atmospheric pressure) and the pressure applied by the fluid 155 in the chamber section 154b of the chamber 154. The pressure in the chamber 142a at all times is lower than the pressure in the isolated section 106. Therefore, the fluid 410 from the isolated section 106 starts to flow into the chamber section 142a due to the difference in the pressure between the isolated section 106 and the pressure in the chamber section 142a. The flow control device 160 maintains the flow of the fluid 410 into the chamber section 142a at a constant or substantially constant rate. The fluid 410 entering the chamber 142a causes the piston 144 to move, which moves the fluid 148 to move into the chamber section 154a of chamber 154 via the flow control device 160. The fluid 148 entering the chamber section 154a moves the piston 156, which compresses the gas 155 in the chamber 154b. As fluid 410 is being withdrawn from section 106, the fluid 420 from the fractures 320 moves from the formation 102 toward the isolated section 106, which reduces the pressure of the formation 102. This process of withdrawing the fluid 420 from the formation is referred to as flow back or flow back process.
FIG. 4A shows a graph 450 of pressure versus time during the flow back process. FIG. 4A is the same as FIG. 3A, except that it includes the pressure measurements during the flow back process. Once the fluid starts to flow from the isolated section 106 into the receiving unit 140, the pressure of the formation stars to drop, starting a point 480. The pressure continues to drop at a substantially constant rate because the fluid is being withdrawn at a constant or substantially constant rate. At a certain time thereafter, the rate of pressure drop increases, as shown by point 472. This change in the rate occurs because the fractures have closed. The point 472 is referred to as the inflection point and the corresponding pressure 490 is referred to as the closure pressure. The controller 170 and/or 190 determines and monitors the pressure of the formation and determines the inflection point and thus the closure pressure.
While the foregoing disclosure is directed to the embodiments of the disclosure, various modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is intended that all variations within the scope and spirit of the appended claims be embraced by the foregoing disclosure.
Patent Application
20140238663
