Patent Application
20120001657
The subject invention, in general, concerns the field of test and measurement instruments, such as digital storage oscilloscopes, or logic analyzers, or the like, and specifically concerns apparatus for triggering a test and measurement instrument.
A modern test and measurement instrument, such as a DPO4024 digital storage oscilloscope, manufactured by Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, Oreg., acquires a signal under test (SUT) from a device under test (DUT), and stores a portion of interest of the SUT in a memory in response to detection of a trigger event in the SUT.
Probes 105 and 210 may be, for example, active probe model numbers P2202, TCP202, manufactured by Tektronix, Inc., and may be used to acquire real time signal information from DUT 190. The output signals of probes 105 and 210 are sent to the Channel 1 Acquisition circuitry 215 and Channel 2 Acquisition circuitry 220, respectively. Although only two probes and two oscilloscope channels are shown for simplicity, one skilled in the art will recognize that any reasonable number of probes and channels, such as four, may be employed.
Channel 1 Acquisition circuitry 215 and Channel 2 Acquisition circuitry 220 each include, illustratively, analog-to-digital conversion circuitry (not shown), triggering circuitry 216, 221, decimator circuitry (not shown), acquisition memory 218, 223, and the like. Acquisition circuitry 215 and 220 operate to digitize, at a sample rate, “S”, one or more of the signals under test to produce one or more respective acquired sample streams suitable for use by Controller 225 or Processing circuitry 230. Acquisition circuitry 215 and 220, in response to commands received from Controller 225, change trigger conditions, decimator functions, and other acquisition-related parameters. Each of Acquisition circuitry 215, 220 communicates its respective resulting sample stream to Controller 225. Each of Acquisition circuitry 215, 220 communicates with each other to coordinate trigger criteria and acquisition location in time.
Controller 225 operates to process the one or more acquired sample streams provided by the Acquisition circuitry 215 and 220 to generate respective waveform data associated with one or more sample streams. That is, given desired time per division and volts per division display parameters, Controller 225 operates to modify or rasterize the raw data associated with an acquired sample stream to produce corresponding waveform data having the desired time per division and volts per division parameters. Controller 225 may also normalize waveform data having non-desired time per division, volts per division, and current per division parameters to produce waveform data having the desired parameters. Controller 225 provides the waveform data to processing circuitry 230 which, in turn, stores the waveform data in Display Memory 235 for subsequent presentation on display device 240.
Processing circuitry 230 comprises data processing circuitry suitable for converting acquired sample streams or waveform data into image or video signals, which are adapted to provide visual imagery (e.g., display formatting and driver circuitry, and the like). Processing circuitry 230 may include Display Memory 235 and Display Device 240 (e.g., a built-in display device) or provide output signals (e.g., via a video driver circuit) suitable for use by an external display device 240.
Controller 225 of
Acquisition Memories in Acquisition Circuitry 215, 220, Processor Memory 260, and Display Memory 235, are shown as separate memories for ease of explanation, but may be included within the same physical memory. In addition, these memories may include volatile memory, such as SRAM, DRAM, among other volatile memories, and may also include non-volatile Memory devices, such as a disk drive or a tape medium, among others, or programmable memory, such as an EPROM, among others.
The most commonly used trigger mode in digital storage oscilloscopes is edge triggering. Triggering Circuitry 216, 221 of Acquisition Circuitry 215, 220, performs conventional edge triggering well for simple repetitive signals, such as a sine wave or a train of clock pulses. However, conventional edge triggering fails to provide a stable display when attempting to trigger on even slightly more complex signals. For example, refer to
Most oscilloscopes contain a trigger holdoff circuit which can often be used to make a stable display. However, digital oscilloscope users rarely use this feature, partly because this feature is difficult to use properly.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,771,193, issued to Genichiro Ohta on Sep. 13, 1988 shows an analog circuit for triggering on a maximum length pulse within an input signal. As shown in FIG. 2 of the '193 patent, an input digital signal (a) produces a ramp signal (b) for each pulse, the height of the ramp being a function of the width of the pulse. A capacitor is charged, as shown by signal (c), and enables a sweep (I) that starts at the conclusion of the longest pulse. In this way, the measuring instrument triggers on a non-signal interval indicated by the longest pulse width. This trigger circuit operates on a peak detection basis, (i.e., triggering on the highest peak of the ramp signal (b)).
U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,784, issued to Diller, et al. on Jun. 29, 1993, shows a circuit for triggering an acquisition system only once during a period of an input signal. A first trigger comparator detects qualifying trigger events in an input signal using a first reference trigger level, which qualifying trigger events charge a capacitor. A second trigger comparator compares the voltage on the capacitor with a second reference trigger level, and produces a pulse if the capacitor voltage has a predetermined relationship to the second reference trigger level. Subsequent trigger events which occur before a predetermined period of time, determined by an RC time constant, are unable to produce another trigger event. Specifically, Diller '784 discloses circuits that will recognize a pattern. It should be noted that the circuits of 5,223,784 are not adaptive.
The above-discussed patents are analog trigger circuit implementations. With the current digital storage oscilloscopes digital trigger circuit implementations are generally desired.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,072,804, issued to Dennis J. Weller on Jul. 4, 2006, discloses a digital trigger circuit having an input filter for producing low and high frequency rejection trigger signals, as well as AC and DC trigger signals, derived from a digitized input signal. One of the four trigger signals is selected by a multiplexer and input to a trigger comparator having an upper trigger level and a lower trigger level to provide a desired amount of hysteresis, one trigger level being a desired trigger level and the other being a hysteresis level.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/781,202, Self Adjusting Holdoff Trigger (Sullivan et al.), published as Publication No. 2008/0030239, and assigned to the same assignee as the subject application, concerns circuitry to avoid triggering on “false” edge triggers caused by not enough hysteresis (or no hysteresis).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,621,913, Digital Oscilloscope with Trigger Qualification Based on Pattern Recognition, (Johan deVries), issued 16 Sep. 2003, and assigned to Fluke Corporation, discusses trigger circuits to make a stable display. Specifically, deVries '913 concerns hold-off circuitry to make a stable display by blocking some triggers.
Unfortunately, none of the prior art references discussed above provides a stable display on an oscilloscope, when the oscilloscope is performing edge triggering on a complex waveform.
A digital storage oscilloscope employs an improved edge triggering circuit that discards some of trigger events when it determines that there are many more trigger events than the oscilloscope can use. The determination is made in response to detection of a characteristic of the signal that indicates a repetitive nature of a complex signal. Certain trigger events are selected to be acted upon, and others are discarded, in response to the determination. Circuitry according to the subject invention dynamically reacts to changes in the input signal in response to detection of different criteria for a characteristic of repetition as the input signal changes.
It is herein recognized that Edge Trigger circuitry can be modified such that it tends to trigger on the first pulse of a sequence of pulses. The result is the display shown above in
For simple signals like a sine wave or a logic level clock, circuitry according to the subject invention works just like ordinary edge trigger in an oscilloscope. However, when there are many more trigger events than the oscilloscope can use, then circuitry according to the subject invention will discard some of those trigger events. It looks for a characteristic of the signal that may indicate a repetitive nature of the signal. That is, a more complex characteristic than would be found in a sine wave or a logic level clock. It will use this characteristic to select trigger events that are to be passed on and those that are to be discarded. The circuit dynamically reacts to changes in the input signal finding different criteria for a characteristic of repetition as the input signal changes.
The subject invention detects repetitive patterns in signals and then uses this information to discard most of the edge triggers; using any of the remaining edge triggers will result in a stable display. The subject invention uses a number of heuristic (i.e., trial and error) techniques which are suitable for use with a limited number of kinds of repetitive waveforms, respectively.
Heuristic #1—Find Widest Gap in the Triggers
First, we define a time interval that will be used when looking for a repetitive pattern in the trigger signal. For purposes of the following explanation, assume that this interval is the average time between one waveform that is displayed, and the next waveform that is displayed.
Referring to
Referring also to
A first embodiment of Trigger Qualifier Circuit 317, 327 is shown in
Each trigger event that is applied to the control input of Multiplexer Switch 510, causes a reset of the count by switching the input terminals of Multiplexer Switch 510 from input 0 to input 1. That is, input 1 of Multiplexer Switch 510 is hardwired to a count of 0000 0000 0000, causing a count of 0000 0000 0000 to be latched by 12-bit Latch 515 upon the next occurrence of the periodic clock signal following receipt of an unqualified trigger event.
The latched 12-bit count is applied to a second Multiplexer Switch 520, and to a digital comparator 540. Normally, signals at the 0 input of Multiplexer Switch 520 are conveyed to the input of a Long Time Threshold Latch 525. The output of Long Time Threshold Latch 525 is coupled around to input terminals 0 of Multiplexer Switch 520 to ensure that the longest time between Trigger Events is retained. The 12-bit output of Multiplexer Switch 525 is also applied to the minuend input of a subtractor circuit 535, and to the input of a divider circuit 530. Circuits 530 and 535 provide a tolerance of +0, −⅛ of the current count. The text label, “>>3”, on Divider 530 is meant to convey the notion that the Long Time Threshold count value presented at its input is right-shifted by three positions (i.e., a divide by 8). The divided count is then applied to the subtrahend input of subtractor 535. The result is that ⅛ of the Long Time Threshold count is subtracted from the Long Time Threshold count, creating a new threshold value of ⅞ of the Long Time Threshold count.
The new threshold value of ⅞ of the Long Time Threshold count is compared to the current count (i.e., the count since the previous trigger event) in Digital Comparator 540. If the current count exceeds ⅞ of the Long Time Threshold count, then the Threshold Holdoff Period has been exceeded, and the next trigger event will be accepted. That is, digital comparator 540 produces a logic high level signal when the threshold Holdoff value has been exceeded, and that logic high level signal is applied to one input of an OR-gate 545. The application of that high level signal causes OR-gate 545 to apply a high level signal to one input of AND-gate 550. This action predisposes AND-gate 550 to pass the next high level signal it receives on its other input terminal, to a third latch 555. Latch 555 is also preferably clocked with the Acquisition clock signal to latch the data at its input, and convey it to an output terminal 560, as a Qualified Trigger Event 404.
When the accepted trigger event appears at the output of AND-gate 550, it is also coupled to the control input of Multiplexer switch 520. This causes Multiplexer switch 520 to pass the current count to the input of Latch 525 to be the new Long Term Threshold count. In the event that an inordinately long time passes between qualified trigger events, a timer (not shown) counts a predetermined time period since the last Qualified Trigger Event and then produces a “time out” pulse to force the acceptance of the next trigger event and resetting the count of Latch 515 and Latch 525 to 0000 0000 0000.
Summarizing, Trigger Qualifier Circuit 317, 327 discards (or blocks) some edge trigger events leaving only one trigger event for each repetition of the trigger signal. In the above example, Pattern Recognizer Circuit 315, 325 will pass to Trigger Qualifier Circuit 317, 327, an Unqualified Trigger Event Signal 402 exhibiting the longest time found between trigger events, in this case, a series of edge triggers. Trigger Qualifier Circuit 317, 327 measures the actual time between subsequent trigger events. When the time between trigger events is less than ⅞ths of the longest time between edges in the repetitive signal, the edge trigger event is not used. Only when the time between trigger events is longer than ⅞ths of the longest time between edges will the edge trigger event pass through the circuit and become a trigger that may be used to trigger the oscilloscope.
Referring to
The above described operation according to Heuristic #1 is shown in the flowchart 800 of
If, at step 820, it were found that the current longest interval does not exceed the “time out” period, then the NO path is taken to step 825 in which a determination is made if the current measured interval is greater then ⅞ of the Longest Threshold value. If so, then the YES path is taken to step 830 wherein a Qualified trigger is accepted. The program then loops around to step 810 in continuous operation. On the other hand, if at step 825, it were found that the current measured interval is less than, or equal to, ⅞ of the Longest Threshold value, then the NO path is taken to loop around to step 815, and no Qualified Trigger is accepted.
Heuristic #2—Find Narrowest Gap in the Triggers
The first heuristic works well on signals such as the three pulses shown in the waveform of
A trait (i.e., characteristic) of waveform 409 that allows the period to be discovered is the short time duration of low logic level portions 430 and 430′ occurring between two rising edges. Circuitry that would produce a stable display would be similar to that used by Heuristic #1 (i.e.,
Such a Trigger Qualifier Circuit 600 is shown in
Each trigger event that is applied to the control input of Multiplexer Switch 610, causes a reset of the count by switching the input terminals of Multiplexer Switch 610 from input 0 to input 1. That is, input 1 is hardwired to a count of 0000 0000 0000, causing a count of 0000 0000 0000 to be latched by 12-bit Latch 615 upon the next occurrence of the periodic clock signal following receipt of an unqualified trigger event.
The latched 12-bit count is applied to a second Multiplexer Switch 620, and to a digital comparator 640. Normally, signals at the 0 input of Multiplexer Switch 620 are conveyed to the input of a Short Time Threshold Latch 625. The output of Short Time Threshold Latch 625 is coupled around to input terminals 0 of Multiplexer Switch 620 to ensure that the shortest time between Trigger Events is retained. The 12-bit output of Multiplexer Switch 625 is also applied to an input of an adder circuit 635, and to the input of a divider circuit 630. Circuits 630 and 635 provide a tolerance of +¼ (i.e., +0.25) of the current count. The text label, “>>2”, on Divider 630 is meant to convey the notion that the Short Time Threshold count value presented at its input is right-shifted by two positions (i.e., a divide by 4). The divided count is then applied to the other input of adder 635. The result is that ¼ of the Long Time Threshold count is added to the Short Time Threshold count, creating a new threshold value of 1.25 times the Short Time Threshold count.
The new threshold value of 1.25 times the Short Time Threshold count is compared to the current count (i.e., the count since the pervious trigger event) in Digital Comparator 540. If the current count is less than 1.25 of the Long Time Threshold count, then the Threshold Holdoff Period has not been exceeded, and the next trigger event will be accepted. That is, digital comparator 640 produces a logic high level signal when the threshold Holdoff value has not been exceeded, and that logic high level signal is applied to one input of an OR-gate 645. This action causes OR-gate 645 to apply a high level signal to one input of AND-gate 650, which predisposes AND-gate 650 to pass the next high level signal it receives on its other input terminal, to a third latch 655. Latch 655 is also preferably clocked with the Acquisition clock signal to latch the data at its input, and convey it to an output terminal 660, as a Qualified Trigger Event 404.
When the accepted trigger event appears at the output of AND-gate 650, it is also coupled to the control input of Multiplexer switch 620. This causes Multiplexer switch 620 to pass the current count to the input of Latch 625 to be the new Short Term Threshold count. In the event that an inordinately long time passes between qualified trigger events, a timer (not shown) counts a predetermined time period since the last Qualified Trigger Event and then produces a “time out” pulse to force the acceptance of the next trigger event and resetting the count of Latch 615 and Latch 625 to 0000 0000 0000.
Summarizing, Trigger Qualifier Circuit 317, 327 discards (or blocks) some edge trigger events leaving only one trigger event for each repetition of the trigger signal. In the above example, Pattern Recognizer Circuit 315, 325 will pass to Trigger Qualifier Circuit 317, 327, an Unqualified Trigger Signal 402 exhibiting the longest time found between trigger events, in this case a series of edge triggers. Trigger Qualifier Circuit 317, 327 measures the actual time between subsequent trigger events. When the time between trigger events is greater than 1.25 times the time found by Pattern Recognizer 315, 325, the edge trigger event is not used. Only when the time between trigger events is shorter than 1.25 times the pattern recognizer time will the edge trigger event pass through the circuit and become a trigger that may be used to trigger the oscilloscope.
The above described operation according to Heuristic #2 is shown in the flowchart 900 of
If, at step 920, it were found that the current shortest interval does not exceed the “time out” period, then the NO path is taken to step 925 in which a determination is made if the current measured interval is less then 1.25 times the Shortest Threshold value. If so, then the YES path is taken to step 930 wherein a Qualified trigger is accepted. The program then loops around to step 910 in continuous operation. On the other hand, if at step 925, it were found that the current measured interval is greater than, or equal to, 1.25 times the Shortest Threshold value, then the NO path is taken to loop around to step 915, and no Qualified Trigger is accepted.
Heuristic #3—Finding Both Widest and Narrowest Gaps
Since the repetition of some signals is characterized by a long period between triggers while other signals it is a short time between triggers, Heuristic #3 measures both the longest gap and the shortest gap. In addition, the average time between trigger events is also measured. Since circuitry for finding the longest gap and circuitry for finding the shortest gap have already been described with respect to
Such a combined trigger qualifier circuit uses these three values, longest gap, shortest gap, and average time between trigger events. It compares the minimum and maximum trigger gap to the average trigger rate. The one that is furthest from the average determines which of the first two heuristics is used. If the maximum gap is furthest from the average trigger rate, the signal is assumed to be a group of pulses and heuristic #1 is used to exclude triggers. If the minimum gap is the furthest from the average trigger rate, the signal is assumed to have a distinguishing narrow gap and heuristic #2 is used to exclude triggers.
For the first example of three pulses as shown in
For the second signal, with two pulses close together, as shown in
The above described operation according to Heuristic #1 and Heuristic #2 is shown in the flowchart 1000 of
Heuristic #4—Continuous Operation
The subject invention is capable of operating in a batch mode implementation wherein the pattern recognizer circuit works over a period of time, making an assessment at the end of this period of time that is then passed to the trigger qualifier circuit. An alternative mode of operation is to have the pattern recognizer continuously updating and the trigger qualifier continuously using this updated value.
For example, to find the approximate size of the longest gap between triggers the trigger qualifier can measure each gap, compare it with a maximum and update the maximum when the measured value is larger. The trigger qualifier circuit can pass all trigger events that are longer than ⅞ths of the maximum gap length.
A mechanism is required to reduce the maximum should the trigger source change to a faster trigger rate. One way this can be done is to measure the time since the last qualified trigger. If this time becomes longer than a predetermined period of time, perhaps related to the maximum drawing rate, then the maximum gap length can be set to zero.
An alternative mechanism to reduce the maximum is to have the maximum reduced by a small amount on every clock cycle in which the maximum is not set to a new maximum value. The reduction can be accomplished by subtracting a small fraction of the current maximum value. For example, the maximum can be reduced by 1/256 of its value by subtracting a right-shifted value from itself. One skilled in the art will recognize that fractional bits are needed in order to keep round-off errors from preventing proper operation.
The actual amount of the reduction is chosen so that the maximum will decrease to a value that is small enough to pass trigger events at the fastest rate within a time that is acceptable to the oscilloscope operator. For example, if the trigger rate changes from 100 Hz to the maximum trigger rate without some way of reducing the maximum value, the circuit will never allow a qualified trigger to be generated. If the maximum value is being continuously reduced, it must be reduced quickly enough to a small enough value that will allow the maximum trigger rate to become qualified within a time similar to the auto-holdoff time. It should also be clear that the maximum value will itself be limited in range so that it never can become particularly large, even when there are no trigger events for a long period of time.
In general, in these examples, the input to the pattern recognizer circuit has been the “raw” edge trigger events. This invention also works well with other kinds of information. For example, both rising and falling edge trigger events could be applied to the pattern recognize circuitry. A further characteristic of a signal repetition might be a time between a falling edge and the next rising edge. In yet another embodiment, the digitized signal is applied to the pattern recognizer and any measurable characteristic of the signal, such as spectral content, could be used to identify a unique aspect of each repetition of the signal.
Although the pattern recognizer circuit and the trigger qualifier circuit work quite well over a predetermined period of time that is about as long as the time that elapses between the drawing of each waveform, other periods of time are also suitable. If a longer period of time is used, the circuit may take longer to adapt to a change in the signal. When a change in the signal happens, perhaps because the user is probing different signals, the timeout allocated to the trigger qualifier can be set to be on a time scale similar to human movement and reaction time. If a shorter period of time is used, the pattern recognizer may not view a full repetition.
Although Controller 225 of
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that standard signal processing components (not shown), such as signal buffering circuitry, signal conditioning circuitry, and the like are also employed as required to enable the various functions described herein.
The term “OR” as used in the following claims is used in the inclusive sense (i.e., one, or the other, or both). Moreover, use of the conjunction “OR” is not intended to limit the claims to embodiments in which both alternatives must be present; one is sufficient.
