The present invention relates generally to apparatuses and methods for cementing tubing or casing in downhole environments, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for reverse circulation cementing a casing in an open-hole wellbore.
During downhole cementing operations, fluid circulation is generally performed by pumping down the inside of the tubing or casing and then back up the annular space around the casing. This type of circulation has been used successfully for many years. However, it has several drawbacks. First, the pressures required to “lift” the cement up into the annular space around the casing can sometimes damage the formation. Furthermore, it takes a fair amount of time to deliver the fluid to the annular space around the casing in this fashion.
In an effort to decrease the pressures exerted on the formation and to reduce pump time requirements, a solution involving pumping the fluid down the annular space of the casing rather than down the casing itself has been proposed. This technique, known as reverse circulation, requires lower delivery pressures, because the cement does not have to be lifted up the annulus. Furthermore, the reverse circulation technique is less time consuming than the conventional method because the fluid is delivered down the annulus only, rather than down the inside of the casing and back up the annulus. Accordingly, the cement travels approximately half the distance with this technique.
There are a number of drawbacks of current reverse circulation methods and devices, however. Such methods require a wellhead or other conventional surface pack-off to be attached to the surface casing that is sealably attached to the casing being cemented in place via the reverse circulation technique. These structures are often complex, permanent and expensive, thus increasing the cost of completing the well.
Furthermore, in some applications, reverse circulation techniques are not even available in the first instance, because there is no access to the annulus from outside the system to pump the cement down the annulus. Such systems include open-hole wells in which casing pipe has been suspended by elevators that rest on boards, such as railroad ties or other similar supports. The problem with these inexpensive well designs is that the elevators and supports block access to the annulus, so it is not possible to employ reverse circulation techniques on them. Such applications are therefore necessarily limited to traditional cementing techniques, i.e., pumping the cement down the casing and back up the annulus. Such applications are therefore susceptible to all of the drawbacks of traditional cementing techniques.
The present invention is directed to a surface pack-off device, which attaches between the wellbore sidewall and casing that allows for reverse circulation down the annulus formed between the casing to be cemented and the wellbore sidewall.
More specifically, the present invention is directed to a surface pack-off device for reverse circulation cementing a casing to an open-hole wellbore, comprising: a housing having an upper section and a lower section; a load plate secured to the housing between the upper section and the lower section; at least one fluid inlet formed in the upper section of the housing; and a casing hanger adapted to fit within the upper section of the housing. The casing hanger connects to a section of casing string, which in turn connects to the casing string installed in the wellbore. An annulus is formed between an inside surface of the housing and the casing suspended from the casing hanger. It is through this void that the cement is pumped downhole. The cement composition enters the annulus through the at least one fluid inlet. In one embodiment, the surface pack-off device is removable. In this embodiment, the upper section of the housing is detachable from the lower section of the housing and a split casing ring is provided to enable the upper section of the housing to be removed. In another embodiment it is designed to be a permanent structure secured at the opening of the wellbore.
In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of reverse circulation cementing a casing in an open-hole wellbore. The method comprises the steps of: installing the casing into the open-hole wellbore; installing the pack-off device at a surface opening of the open-hole wellbore, wherein a lower portion of the housing and the load plate cooperate to prevent collapse of the wellbore at the surface; connecting the casing string to the casing hanger; and pumping cement down the annulus.
The features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the description of the exemplary embodiments, which follows.
A more complete understanding of the present disclosure and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which:
The details of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Turning to
The housing 12 is designed to fit over and attach to a casing string 22 (shown in
The housing 12 of the surface pack-off device 10 in accordance with the present invention may be formed, e.g., by casting, as one piece, as shown in
The surface pack-off device 10 further comprises a casing hanger 28, which is adapted to fit within a recess formed in the neck portion 18 of the housing 12. As those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, the casing hanger 28 can take many forms. In one exemplary embodiment, the casing hanger 28 is a simple threaded coupling. The casing hanger 28 sits on a flexible disc 30 formed of a material such as rubber, an elastomer, or a metal having a high modulus of elasticity, which seals the casing hanger 28 against the neck portion 18 of the housing 12. The flexible disc 30 prevents leakage of the cement composition out of the surface pack-off device 10 during the reverse circulation cementing operation.
The embodiment of
The surface pack-off device 10 further comprises a section of casing string 32, which couples to, and is suspended from, the casing hanger 28. In one exemplary embodiment, the section of casing string 32 is threaded at both ends and mates with the casing hanger 28 via a threaded connection. In such an embodiment, the casing hanger 28 is fitted with a female thread and the section of casing string 32 is fitted with a male thread. However, as those of ordinary skill will appreciate, the exact form of the connection between these two components is not critical to the invention. The section of casing string 32 is adapted to mate with the casing string 22 at the end opposite that suspended from the casing hanger 28. Again, although a threaded connection is illustrated as the means for joining these components, other means of joining these components may be employed.
The surface pack-off device 10 further comprises a limit clamp 34, which in one exemplary embodiment is formed in two half-sections hinged together. In another embodiment, the limit clamp 34 may be formed as a unitary ring that is capable of slipping onto the outer circumferential surface of the casing string 32. The limit clamp 34 is secured around the outer circumferential surface of the section of casing string 32 with a plurality of bolts 36 or other similar securing means and functions to prevent the section of casing string 32 from being pulled out of the housing 12. More specifically, the limit clamp 34 enables the surface pack-off device 10 to be transported by a handling sub 38, as described further below.
The surface pack-off device 10 further includes a load plate 40, which is secured, e.g., by welding or brazing, to the outer surface of the housing 12 between the upper section 14 and the lower section 16. The load plate 40 is generally washer-shaped; although it may have another configuration. In one exemplary embodiment, the load plate 40 has an inner diameter of about 1 ft, which approximates the outer diameter of the housing 12, and an outer diameter of about 3 ft. The load plate 40 is provided to carry the weight of the casing string 22 being cemented to the wellbore sidewall 26. It also eliminates the need for a rig to remain over the well during cementing. Additionally, the load plate 40 eliminates the need for conventional retention methods such as elevators and boards, such as railroad ties. Furthermore, the combination of the load plate 40 and the lower section 16 of the housing 12 prevents the wellbore from sloughing due to the weight of the casing being exerted on the earth near the opening of the wellbore 1. As those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, the dimensions of load plate 40 may vary depending upon the overall dimensions of the wellbore being cased.
The surface pack-off device 10 further comprises a plurality of fluid inlets 42 attached to the housing 12 in the shoulder section 20. The fluid inlets 42 pass fluids, e.g., cement, from outside of the well into annulus 24. In one exemplary embodiment, the surface pack-off device 10 has four fluid inlets 42, equally spaced around the circumference of the housing 12. Each fluid inlet 42 is adapted to couple the surface pack-off device 10 to a fluid supply line (not shown), so that fluid can be injected into annulus 24. In one exemplary embodiment, the fluid inlets 42 are a Weco Model No. 1502 fluid inlet. As those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, the exact number, size and spacing of the fluid passages may be varied depending upon a number of factors, including, the amount of fluid needed to be delivered and the desired rate at which the fluid is to be delivered.
In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of reverse circulation cementing a casing string 22 in an open-hole wellbore, which employs the surface pack-off device 10. In the first phase of the method, wellbore 1 is drilled in subterranean formation 2, as illustrated in
In the next phase of the method, the surface pack-off device 10 is stabbed into the hanging casing 22 using handling sub 38. The handling sub 38 is then removed and the surface pack-off device 10 is ready for reverse circulation. In describing this part of the process, reference is made to
In the embodiment of
In the last phase of the method, a cement composition 58 is pumped downhole through the annulus 24 between the casing string 22 and wellbore sidewall 26 as indicated by the arrows in
After the cement 58 has set, the surface pack-off device 10 can optionally be left in place and thus serve as a permanent wellhead, or it can be removed, if, e.g., the embodiment of the surface pack-off device 10′ illustrated in
Therefore, the present invention is well-adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those which are inherent therein. While the invention has been depicted, described, and is defined by reference to exemplary embodiments of the invention, such a reference does not imply a limitation on the invention, and no such limitation is to be inferred. The invention is capable of considerable modification, alteration, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those ordinarily skilled in the pertinent arts and having the benefit of this disclosure. The depicted and described embodiments of the invention are exemplary only, and are not exhaustive of the scope of the invention. Consequently, the invention is intended to be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims, giving full cognizance to equivalents in all respects.