Patent Grant
6932157
This invention relates in general to preventing the production of particulate materials through a wellbore traversing an unconsolidated or loosely consolidated subterranean formation and, in particular to, an apparatus and method for obtaining a substantially complete gravel pack within an interval of the wellbore.
Without limiting the scope of the present invention, its background is described with reference to the production of hydrocarbons through a wellbore traversing an unconsolidated or loosely consolidated formation, as an example.
It is well known in the subterranean well drilling and completion art that particulate materials such as sand may be produced during the production of hydrocarbons from a well traversing an unconsolidated or loosely consolidated subterranean formation. Numerous problems may occur as a result of the production of such particulate. For example, the particulate causes abrasive wear to components within the well, such as tubing, pumps and valves. In addition, the particulate may partially or fully clog the well creating the need for an expensive workover. Also, if the particulate matter is produced to the surface, it must be removed from the hydrocarbon fluids by processing equipment at the surface.
One method for preventing the production of such particulate material to the surface is gravel packing the well adjacent the unconsolidated or loosely consolidated production interval. In a typical gravel pack completion, a sand control screen is lowered into the wellbore on a work string to a position proximate the desired production interval. A fluid slurry including a liquid carrier and a particulate material known as gravel is then pumped down the work string and into the well annulus formed between the sand control screen and the perforated well casing or open hole production zone.
The liquid carrier either flows into the formation or returns to the surface by flowing through the sand control screen or both. In either case, the gravel is deposited around the sand control screen to form a gravel pack, which is highly permeable to the flow of hydrocarbon fluids but blocks the flow of the particulate carried in the hydrocarbon fluids. As such, gravel packs can successfully prevent the problems associated with the production of particulate materials from the formation.
It has been found, however, that a complete gravel pack of the desired production interval is difficult to achieve particularly in long or inclined/horizontal production intervals. These incomplete packs are commonly a result of the liquid carrier entering a permeable portion of the production interval causing the gravel to form a sand bridge in the annulus. Thereafter, the sand bridge prevents the slurry from flowing to the remainder of the annulus which, in turn, prevents the placement of sufficient gravel in the remainder of the annulus.
Prior art devices and methods have been developed which attempt to overcome this sand bridge problem. For example, attempts have been made to use devices having perforated shunt tubes or bypass conduits that extend along the length of the sand control screen to provide an alternate path for the fluid slurry around the sand bridge. It has been found, however, that shunt tubes installed on the exterior of sand control screens are susceptible to damage during installation and may fail during a gravel pack operation. In addition, it has been found, that it is difficult and time consuming to make all of the necessary fluid connections between the numerous joints of shunt tubes required for typical production intervals.
Therefore a need has arisen for an apparatus and method for gravel packing a production interval traversed by a wellbore that overcomes the problems created by sand bridges. A need has also arisen for such an apparatus that is not susceptible to damage during installation or failure during use. Further, a need has arisen for such an apparatus that is not difficult or time consuming to assemble.
The present invention disclosed herein comprises an apparatus and method for gravel packing a production interval of a wellbore that traverses an unconsolidated or loosely consolidated formation that overcomes the problems created by the development of a sand bridge between a sand control screen and the wellbore. Importantly, the apparatus of the present invention is not susceptible to damage during installation or failure during use and is not difficult or time consuming to assemble.
The apparatus for gravel packing an interval of a wellbore of the present invention comprises an outer tubular forming a first annulus with the wellbore and an inner tubular disposed within the outer tubular forming a second annulus therebetween. Typically, the inner tubular is positioned around a sand control screen. Together, the sand control screen and the apparatus of the present invention are assembled at the surface and run downhole to a location proximate the production interval. A portion of the side wall of the outer tubular is an axially extending production section that includes a plurality of openings. Another portion of the side wall of the outer tubular is an axially extending nonproduction section that includes one or more outlets. Similarly, a portion of the side wall of the inner tubular is an axially extending production section that is substantially circumferentially aligned with the production section of the outer tubular. Another portion of the side wall of the inner tubular is an axially extending nonproduction section that is substantially radially aligned with the nonproduction section of the outer tubular. The production section of the inner tubular has a plurality of openings therethrough, but the nonproduction section of the inner tubular has no openings therethrough.
In the volume within the second annulus between the nonproduction sections of the outer and inner tubulars there is a channel that defines an axially extending slurry passageway with the nonproduction section of the inner tubular. The volume within the second annulus between the production sections of the outer and inner tubulars is an axially extending production pathway. The channel prevents fluid communication between the production pathway and the slurry passageway. In addition, isolation members at either end of a section of the apparatus of the present invention define the axial boundaries of the production pathway.
As such, when a fluid slurry containing gravel is injected through the slurry passageway, the fluid slurry exits the slurry passageway through outlets in the channel and the outer tubular leaving a first portion of the gravel in the first annulus. Thereafter, the fluid slurry enters the openings in the outer tubular leaving a second portion of the gravel in the production pathway. Thus, when formation fluids are produced, the formation fluids travel radially through the production pathway by entering the production pathway through the openings in the outer tubular and exiting the production pathway through the openings in the inner tubular. The formation fluids pass through the first portion of the gravel in the first annulus prior to entry into the production pathway, which contains the second portion of the gravel, both of which filter out the particulate materials in the formation fluids. Formation fluids are prevented, however, from traveling radially through the slurry passageway as there are no openings in the nonproduction section of the inner tubular.
In a typical gravel packing operation using the apparatus for gravel packing an interval of a wellbore of the present invention, the first annulus between the outer tubular and the wellbore may serve as a primary path for delivery of a fluid slurry. This region serves as the primary path as it provides the path of least resistance to the flow of the fluid slurry. When the primary path becomes blocked by sand bridge formation, the production pathway of the present invention serves as a secondary path for delivery of the fluid slurry. The production pathway serves as the secondary path as it provides the path of second least resistance to the flow of the fluid slurry. When the primary and secondary paths become blocked by sand bridge formation, the slurry passageway serves as a tertiary path for delivery of the fluid slurry. The slurry passageway serves as the tertiary path as it provides the path of greatest resistance to the flow of the fluid slurry but is least likely to have sand bridge formation therein due to the high velocity of the fluid slurry flowing therethrough.
Commonly, more than one section of the apparatus for gravel packing an interval of a wellbore must be coupled together to achieve a length sufficient to gravel pack an entire production interval. In such cases, multiple sections of the apparatus of the present invention are coupled together, for example, via a threaded connection. Also, in such cases, the slurry passageways of the various sections are in fluid communication with one another allowing an injected fluid slurry to flow from one such apparatus to the next, while the production pathways of the various sections are in fluid isolation from one another.
In a method for gravel packing an interval of a wellbore of the present invention, the method comprises providing a wellbore that traverses a formation, either open hole or cased, perforating the casing, in the cased hole embodiment, proximate the formation to form a plurality of perforations, locating a sand control screen within the wellbore proximate the formation, positioning the gravel packing apparatus around the sand control screen to form a first annulus between the gravel packing apparatus and the wellbore, injecting a fluid slurry containing gravel through the slurry passageway such that the fluid slurry exits through the outlets of the channels and the outer tubular into the first annulus, depositing a first portion of the gravel in the first annulus, depositing a second portion of the gravel in the production pathway by returning a portion of the fluid slurry through openings in the outer tubular and terminating the injection when the first annulus and the production pathway are substantially completely packed with gravel.
In addition to injecting the fluid slurry containing gravel through the slurry passageway, in some embodiments, the fluid slurry may also be injected down the first annulus. In this case, the method also involves injecting a fluid slurry containing gravel into a primary path defined by the first annulus, diverting the fluid slurry containing gravel into a secondary path defined by the production pathway if the primary path becomes blocked, diverting the fluid slurry containing gravel into a tertiary path defined by the slurry passageway if the primary and secondary paths become blocked and terminating the injecting when the interval is substantially completely packed with the gravel.
For a more complete understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention, reference is now made to the detailed description of the invention along with the accompanying figures in which corresponding numerals in the different figures refer to corresponding parts and in which:
While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts which can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention, and do not delimit the scope of the present invention.
Referring initially to
A wellbore 32 extends through the various earth strata including formation 14. A casing 34 is cemented within wellbore 32 by cement 36. Work string 30 includes various tools including apparatuses 38, 40, 42 for gravel packing an interval of wellbore 32 adjacent to formation 14 between packers 44, 46 and into annular region 48. When it is desired to gravel pack annular region 48, work string 30 is lowered through casing 34 until apparatuses 38, 40, 42 are positioned adjacent to formation 14 including perforations 50. Thereafter, a fluid slurry including a liquid carrier and a particulate material such as gravel is pumped down work string 30.
As explained in more detail below, the fluid slurry may be injected entirely into apparatus 38 and sequentially flow through apparatuses 40, 42. During this process, portions of the fluid slurry exit each apparatus 38, 40, 42 such that the fluid slurry enters annular region 48. Once in annular region 48, a portion the gravel in the fluid slurry is deposited therein. Some of the liquid carrier may enter formation 14 through perforation 50 while the remainder of the fluid carrier, along with some of the gravel, reenters certain sections of apparatuses 38, 40, 42 depositing gravel in those sections. As a sand control screen (not pictured) is positioned within apparatuses 38, 40, 42, the gravel remaining in the fluid slurry is disallowed from further migration. The liquid carrier, however, can travel through the sand control screen, into work string 30 and up to the surface in a known manner, such as through a wash pipe and into the annulus 52 above packer 44. The fluid slurry is pumped down work string 30 through apparatuses 38, 40, 42 until annular section 48 surrounding apparatuses 38, 40, 42 and portions of apparatuses 38, 40, 42 are filled with gravel.
Alternatively, instead of injecting the entire stream of fluid slurry into apparatuses 38, 40, 42, all or a portion of the fluid slurry could be injected directly into annular region 48 in a known manner such as through a crossover tool (not pictured) which allows the slurry to travel from the interior of work string 30 to the exterior of work string 30. Again, once this portion of the fluid slurry is in annular region 48, a portion the gravel in the fluid slurry is deposited in annular region 48. Some of the liquid carrier may enter formation 14 through perforation 50 while the remainder of the fluid carrier along with some of the gravel enters certain sections of apparatuses 38, 40, 42 filling those sections with gravel. The sand control screen (not pictured) within apparatuses 38, 40, 42 disallows further migration of the gravel but allows the liquid carrier to travel therethrough into work string 30 and up to the surface. If the fluid slurry is injected directly into annular region 48 and a sand bridge forms, the fluid slurry is diverted into apparatuses 38, 40, 42 to bypass this sand bridge such that a complete pack can nonetheless be achieved. The fluid slurry entering apparatuses 38, 40, 42 may enter apparatuses 38, 40, 42 proximate work string 30 or may enter apparatuses 38, 40, 42 from annular region 48 via one or more inlets on the exterior of one or more of the apparatuses 38, 40, 42. These inlets may include pressure actuated devices, such as valves, rupture disks and the like disposed therein to regulate the flow of the fluid slurry therethrough.
Even though
Referring now to
Disposed within outer tubular 62 is an inner tubular 72. A portion of the side wall of inner tubular 72 is an axially extending production section 74 that is substantially circumferentially aligned with production section 64 of outer tubular 62. Production section 74 of inner tubular 72 has a plurality of opening 76 therethrough. Again, the exact number, size and shape of openings 76 are not critical to the present invention, so long as sufficient area is provided for fluid production and the integrity of inner tubular 72 is maintained. Another portion of the side wall of inner tubular 72 is an axially extending nonproduction section 78 that is substantially circumferentially aligned with nonproduction section 68 of outer tubular 62. Nonproduction section 78 of inner tubular 72 has no openings therethrough.
Disposed within an annulus 80 between outer tubular 62 and inner tubular 72 is a channel 82. Channel 82 includes a web 84 and a pair of oppositely disposed sides 86 having ends that are attached to inner tubular 72 by, for example, welding or other suitable techniques. Channel 82 includes one or more outlets (not pictured) that are substantially aligned with outlets 70 of outer housing 64. Together, channel 82 and nonproduction section 78 of inner tubular 72 define a slurry passageway 88. A production pathway 90 is also defined having radial boundaries of production section 64 of outer tubular 62 and production section 74 of inner tubular 72. Slurry passageway 88 and production pathway 90 are in fluid isolation from one another.
Disposed within inner tubular 72 is a sand control screen 92. Sand control screen 92 includes a base pipe 94 that has a plurality of openings 96 which allow the flow of production fluids into the production tubing. The exact number, size and shape of openings 96 are not critical to the present invention, so long as sufficient area is provided for fluid production and the integrity of base pipe 94 is maintained.
Spaced around base pipe 94 is a plurality of ribs 98. Ribs 98 are generally symmetrically distributed about the axis of base pipe 94. Ribs 98 are depicted as having a cylindrical cross section, however, it should be understood by one skilled in the art that ribs 98 may alternatively have a rectangular or triangular cross section or other suitable geometry. Additionally, it should be understood by one skilled in the art that the exact number of ribs 98 will be dependant upon the diameter of base pipe 94 as well as other design characteristics that are well known in the art.
Wrapped around ribs 98 is a screen wire 100. Screen wire 100 forms a plurality of turns, such as turn 102, turn 104 and turn 106. Between each of the turns is a gap through which formation fluids flow. The number of turns and the gap between the turns are determined based upon the characteristics of the formation from which fluid is being produced and the size of the gravel to be used during the gravel packing operation. Together, ribs 98 and screen wire 100 may form a sand control screen jacket which is attached to base pipe 94 by welding or other suitable techniques.
It should be understood by those skilled in the art that while
Referring now to
As should become apparent to those skilled in the art, even though
Inner tubular 114 has two axially extending production sections 142, 144 each including a plurality of openings 146. Inner tubular 114 also has two axially extending nonproduction sections 148, 150, only one of which is visible in FIG. 4. There are no openings in nonproduction sections 148, 150. Likewise, inner tubular 116 has two axially extending production sections 152, 154, only one of which is visible in FIG. 4. Each production section 152, 154 includes a plurality of openings 156. Inner tubular 116 also has two axially extending nonproduction sections 158, 160, neither of which include any openings.
In the illustrated embodiment, inner tubulars 114, 116 would be positioned within outer tubulars 110, 112 such that production sections 118, 120 of outer tubular 110 are circumferentially aligned with production sections 142, 144 of inner tubular 114, as best seen in
Referring to
Each section of the apparatus of the present invention includes a pair of axially spaced apart substantially circumferential isolation members. For example, isolation members 186 are shown on inner tubular 114 in
Channels 170, 172 define the circumferential boundaries of production pathways 190, 192 and, together with nonproduction sections 148, 150, channels 170, 172 define slurry passageways 194, 196. Isolation members 186 help provide fluid isolation between production pathways 190, 192 and slurry passageways 194, 196. Further, isolation members 186 provide complete fluid isolation for production pathways 190, 192.
Channels 174, 176 define the circumferential boundaries of production pathways 198, 200 and, together with nonproduction sections 158, 160, channels 174, 176 define slurry passageways 202, 204. Isolation members 188 help provide fluid isolation between production pathways 198, 200 and slurry passageways 202, 204. Further, isolation members 188 provide complete fluid isolation for production pathways 198, 200.
Importantly, however, slurry passageways 194, 196 and slurry passageways 202, 204 are all in fluid communication with one another such that a fluid slurry may travel in and between these passageways from one section of the apparatus for gravel packing an interval of a wellbore of the present invention to the next. Specifically, as best seen in
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the use of directional terms such as above, below, upper, lower, upward, downward and the like are used in relation to the illustrative embodiments as they are depicted in the figures, the upward direction being toward the top of the corresponding figure and the downward direction being toward the bottom of the corresponding figure. It should be noted, however, that the apparatus for gravel packing an interval of a wellbore is not limited to such orientation as it is equally-well suited for use in inclined and horizontal orientations.
Referring now to
Referring now to
As should be apparent from
In addition, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that use of various configurations of the apparatus for gravel packing an interval of a wellbore of the present invention in the same interval is likely and may be preferred. Specifically, it may be desirable to have a volumetric capacity within the slurry passageways that is greater toward the near end, top, in a vertical well, or heel, in an inclined or horizontal well, of a string of consecutive apparatuses of the present invention than toward the far end, the bottom or toe of the interval. This may be achieved by using apparatuses of the present invention having more slurry passageways proximate the near end of the interval and less slurry passageways proximate the far end of the interval. This may also be achieved by using apparatuses of the present invention having wider slurry passageways proximate the near end of the interval and narrower slurry passageways proximate the far end of the interval.
Referring now to
The fluid slurry containing gravel is pumped down work string 30 into cross-over assembly 350 along the path indicated by arrows 362. The fluid slurry containing gravel exits cross-over assembly 350 through cross-over ports 364 and is discharged into apparatus 348 as indicated by arrows 366. In the illustrated embodiment, the fluid slurry containing gravel then travels between channels 368 and the nonproduction sections of the inner tubular 370 as indicated by arrows 371. At this point, portions of the fluid slurry containing gravel exit apparatus 348 through outlets 372 of channels 368, outlets 374 of inserts 376 and outlets 378 of outer tubular 380, as indicated by arrows 382. As the fluid slurry containing gravel enters annular interval 48, the gravel drops out of the slurry and builds up from formation 14, filling perforations 50 and annular interval 48 around screen assembly 352 forming the gravel pack. Some of the carrier fluid in the slurry may leak off through perforations 50 into formation 14 while the remainder of the carrier fluid passes through screen assembly 352, as indicated by arrows 356, that is sized to prevent gravel from flowing therethrough. The fluid flowing back through screen assembly 352, as explained above, follows the paths indicated by arrows 358, 360 back to the surface.
In operation, the apparatus for gravel packing an interval of a wellbore of the present invention is used to distribute the fluid slurry to various locations within the interval to be gravel packed by injecting the fluid slurry into the slurry passageways created by the channels and the inner tubular of one or more sections of the apparatus. The fluid slurry exits through the various outlets along the slurry passageway and enters the annulus between the apparatus and the wellbore which may be cased or uncased. Once in this annulus, a portion of the gravel in the fluid slurry is deposited around the apparatus in the annulus such that the gravel migrates both circumferentially and axially from the outlets. This process progresses along the entire length of the apparatus such that the annular area becomes completely packed with the gravel. In addition, a portion of the fluid slurry enters the opening in the production sections of the outer tubular which provides for the deposit of a portion of the gravel from the fluid slurry in the production pathways between the outer tubular and the inner tubular. Again, this process progresses along the entire length of the apparatus such that each production pathway becomes completely packed with the gravel. Once both the annulus and the production pathways are completely packed with gravel, the gravel pack operation may cease.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the fluid slurry may not initially be injected into the slurry passageways. Instead, the fluid slurry is injected directly into the annulus between the apparatus and the wellbore, as best seen in FIG. 14. In the illustrated embodiment, the primary path for the fluid slurry containing gravel as it is discharged from exit ports 364, is directly into annular interval 48 as indicated by arrows 384. This is the primary path as the fluid slurry seeks the path of least resistance. Under ideal conditions, the fluid slurry travels throughout the entire interval 48 until interval 48 is completely packed with gravel. In addition, the fluid slurry enters the production pathways of apparatus 348 such that this area is also completely packed with gravel.
It has been found, however, that sand bridges commonly form during the gravel packing of an interval when the fluid slurry is pumped directly into annular interval 48. These sand bridges are bypassed using the apparatus for gravel packing an interval of a wellbore of the present invention by first allowing the fluid slurry to pass through the outer tubular into the production pathways of apparatus 348, bypassing the sand bridge and then returning to annular interval 48 through the outer tubular to complete the gravel packing process. These pathways are considered the secondary path for the fluid slurry. If a sand bridge forms in the secondary paths prior to completing the gravel packing operation, then the fluid slurry enters channels 368 as indicated by arrows 366 and as described above with reference to FIG. 13. In this embodiment, channels 368 are considered the tertiary path for the fluid slurry.
In either embodiment, once the gravel pack is completed and the well is brought on line, formation fluids that are produced into the gravel packed interval must travel through the gravel pack in the annulus, then enter the production pathways through the openings in the outer tubular where the formation fluids pass through the gravel pack between the outer tubular and the screen assembly. As such, the apparatus for gravel packing an interval of a wellbore of the present invention allows for a complete gravel pack of an interval so that particulate materials in the formation fluid are filtered out.
While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is, therefore, intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.
This application is a continuation application of Ser. No. 09/927,217 filed Aug. 10, 2001 entitled Apparatus and Method for Gravel Packing an Interval of a Wellbore, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,702,018, which is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 09/800,199 filed Mar. 6, 2001 entitled Apparatus and Method for Gravel Packing an Interval of a Wellbore, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,557,634.
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| Number | Date | Country |
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| WO 9912630 | Mar 1999 | WO |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20040221988 A1 | Nov 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09927217 | Aug 2001 | US |
| Child | 10796467 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09800199 | Mar 2001 | US |
| Child | 09927217 | US |
