Patent Application
20080171150
1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertains to the field of landscaping materials. More particularly, the invention pertains to methods and machines for treating landscaping materials.
2. Description of Related Art
Landscaping materials, such as wood chips, wood mulch, gravel, sand, rubber chips, and rubber mulch, are currently available in their normal natural colors, and in some cases, specifically wood chips and wood mulch, are available colored, for example, in black, brown, and red. Rubber chips are available painted for use as playground material. Gravel and sand used in landscaping applications are not commonly available in non-natural colors.
The conversion of natural wood or other plant fiber-based substrates to colored substrates is currently a rather sloppy, inefficient, expensive, and, in some cases, environmentally unfriendly process. In the case of converting natural mulch to colored mulch or natural chips to colored chips, the process is highly inefficient. In order to color mulch or chips, a producer of such colored product typically purchases a pigment suspension of an appropriate color. For example, if the suspension is carbon to produce a black product, it typically ranges from about ten pounds per gallon to about eleven pounds per gallon, and about twenty-five to fifty weight % carbon pigment. Typically, the carbon suspension is distributed in 55-gallon drums weighing approximately 500 net pounds and containing about 150 to 250 pounds of carbon. Currently, in order to apply this concentrated pigment dispersion to the substrate to be colored, the producer dilutes it with a substantial volume of water, up to a 60:1 dilution in some cases, bringing the final volume from 55 gallons to as much as 3300 gallons or more. The mulch is essentially then slurried in this highly diluted pigment dispersion. This results in a water saturated product which must be allowed to dry for extended periods of time before it can be used, and still may contain excessive water, adding significantly to the shipping weight and thus the shipping costs.
Some currently available mulch colorant devices can process mulch at the rate of 80-200 cubic yards per hour, consuming about 25-70 gallons of water per minute or about 1,500-4,200 gallons of water per hour. This volumetric flow rate converts to about 15 to 20 gallons of water per cubic yard of mulch treated. At a mid-range black color level using a carbon black pigment dispersion, and 200 cubic yards per hour, 3.33 cubic yards per minute, the carbon dispersion feed rate is about 0.5 to 1.5 gpm, corresponding to about 5 to 15 pounds per minute of carbon dispersion or about 1.3 to 5.3 pounds of carbon pigment per minute, where the dispersion is approximately 25 to 35% carbon by weight. This corresponds to about 0.4 to 1.6 pounds of carbon pigment per cubic yard of mulch.
Assuming a pigment dispersion having 30 weight percent carbon pigment, in one hour, 200 cubic yards of mulch will be colored, using 3,600 gallons of water and 666 pounds of carbon dispersion (or 200 pounds of carbon pigment). Since the wet colored mulch weighs about 700 pounds per cubic yard, the total mass of mulch, wet, is approximately 140,000 pounds, including the added total weight of water of about 30,000 pounds, along with 666 pounds of carbon dispersion, or approximately 30,700 pounds total, added weight.
Depending on the substance or substances from which the mulch is made, the untreated mulch may contain anywhere from 10 weight percent to 75 weight percent moisture, from very dry pallet wood to mulch exposed to excessive rainfall. Where the moisture content of the mulch material is essentially about 60+ weight percent moisture, there is little capacity to absorb significant additional water, meaning that the colored water solution is mostly wasted.
If the mulch is able to absorb 10 percent moisture weight from the colored water solution, as an example, approximately 13,000 pounds of water would be absorbed and 19,000 pounds, 2278 gallons (60 percent), would be lost as overflow, runoff, or post-treatment bleeding. This is not only an inefficient use of materials, but, depending on the colorant being employed, may also be an environmental hazard.
In the case of coloring rubber chips, a pigmented polymeric composition, essentially paint, is generally used to coat the rubber chips by dip coating, i.e., submersion of the chips in the liquid composition. In this process, the resultant colored rubber chips are covered in wet paint, and therefore the unused paint needs to be separated and the coated rubber chips dried. These coating compositions are water-based so the drying process is either slow at ambient conditions or energy consumptive at elevated (dryer) conditions. The residual unused coating composition is not recoverable, and since this composition is expensive, the loss of material adds to the overall cost of production.
A process capable of more efficient water and pigment consumption, and of reduced moisture content of the colored product would benefit the overall economics and environmental consequences of these coloring processes. Moreover the conventional methods of dying the mulch, woodchips etc., require substantial processing equipment. This typically necessitates a processing plant with specifically designed equipment for coloring mulch. Such plants are inefficient and expensive, adding to the cost of the final product.
An apparatus and method for treating mulch include a mobile facility that applies a treatment to wood fibers at an increased efficiency than conventional coloring or coating methods. The method includes the steps of introducing the wood fibers into a revolving tub, and transporting the wood fibers to a tub manifold. The tub manifold includes at least one inlet port to receive a tub treatment and at least one discharge port to apply the tub treatment to the wood fibers. The wood fibers are treated with the tub treatment using the tub manifold. The apparatus includes a revolving tub and a tub manifold, which is preferably installed in the revolving tub in a first treatment area.
In one embodiment, the method of treating a plurality of wood fibers includes the steps of introducing the wood fibers into a revolving tub, transporting the wood fibers to a tub manifold, and treating the wood fibers with the tub treatment using the tub manifold. The tub manifold is located within the revolving tub and includes at least one inlet port to receive a tub treatment and at least one discharge port to apply the tub treatment to the wood fibers. The tub manifold is preferably mounted to the floor of the revolving tub.
In another embodiment, the method further includes the steps of transporting the wood fibers to a post-treatment manifold and treating the wood fibers with a post treatment using the post-treatment manifold.
In yet another embodiment, the method further includes the step of grinding the wood fibers to a smaller nominal size.
In another embodiment, the method further includes the step of delivering a material to be used to treat the wood fibers to the tub manifold.
The treatment preferably includes a colorant, and the treatment is preferably applied to the wood fibers as a foam.
In yet another embodiment, the method further includes, prior to treating the wood fibers with the tub treatment, the steps of combining a coating material, a foaming agent, and a solvent to form a landscaping composition and foaming the landscaping composition to form the tub treatment for the wood fibers. Preferably, the tub treatment delivers the coating material to the surfaces of the wood fibers as the foam breaks down on the surfaces of the wood fibers.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus for treating a plurality of wood fibers, includes a revolving tub and a tub manifold mounted to the revolving tub. The tub manifold includes at least one inlet port to receive a tub treatment and at least one discharge port to apply the tub treatment to the wood fibers.
The tub manifold is preferably mounted to the floor of the revolving tub. The tub manifold preferably has sloped sides for allowing the wood fibers to roll over the tub manifold.
The apparatus preferably includes a grinding machine having at least one tooth to grind the wood fibers into a plurality of smaller pieces. The grinding machine is preferably a grinding mill mounted to the floor of the revolving tub. The discharge port is preferably aimed toward the grinding mill. The grinding machine preferably also includes a cutting screen, with openings sized to match a desired particulate size for wood fibers particles.
In yet another embodiment, the apparatus preferably also includes a post-treatment manifold in a post treatment area for treating the wood fibers with a post treatment. The post-treatment manifold includes at least one inlet port to receive the post treatment and at least one discharge port to apply the post treatment to the wood fibers. The post-treatment manifold treats the wood fibers after the wood fibers have been ground in the grinding machine.
The apparatus preferably also includes an engine coupled to the grinding mill and a hydraulic motor coupled to the revolving tub. The apparatus preferably also includes a transportable carrier, wherein the revolving tub is mounted on the transportable carrier.
The treatment is preferably applied to the wood fibers as a foam, as a mist, or in water. The treatment is preferably at least one dye, at least one pigment, at least one oil, at least one fragrance, at least one insect repellent, at least one insecticide, at least one fungicide, at least one wood preservative, or any combination of these.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the method of treating a plurality of wood fibers includes the steps of introducing the wood fibers onto a feed table, conveying the wood fibers along the feed table to a tub manifold, treating the wood fibers with the tub treatment using the tub manifold, and grinding the wood fibers in a grinding mill. The tub manifold includes at least one inlet port to receive a tub treatment and at least one discharge port to apply the tub treatment to the wood fibers. The wood fibers travel from the feed table over the manifold and into the grinding mill.
In another embodiment, the manifold includes a wear plate or wear shield over the manifold. The wear plate is preferably bolted over the manifold.
The present invention provides compositions, methods and machines for the treatment of landscaping materials and marker materials utilizing foam technology as a delivery medium for the colorant or other treatment. Landscaping materials, as used herein to refer to substrates which are treated with the compositions disclosed herein, is meant to include a wide variety of materials used in the landscaping (or play surface) business, including, for example, mulch, sand, gravel, rocks or stone, pavers or concrete blocks, slag, soil, leaves, fertilizer (including commercial synthetic fertilizer (NPK) and pelletized sewage sludge and/or animal waste), compost, aggregates, quartzite, lava rock, grass/turf, peat moss, and particularized rubber or other polymeric material. Mulch may be virgin or recycled materials, and may include, for example, wood chips, wood shavings or fibers (including particularized wood waste and green wood), sawdust, pine needles, bark, paper, straw, bagasse, leaves, wheat and oat hulls, rice waste product, palm tree waste, palmetto, bamboo, food or vegetable-derived mulches, polymeric materials, other botanical or agricultural waste products, and combinations thereof.
Marker materials may include a salt, for example, including sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride or magnesium chloride, for example. The treatment, or coating, of such markers with a colorant is advantageous in clearly marking locations.
It has now been discovered that delivering treatments for landscaping materials or marker materials to such landscaping or marker materials via foam medium, preferably aqueous foam, can significantly improve the efficiency of the process of adding such treatments to the landscaping or marker materials. In particular, as shown in the examples below, it has now been shown that aqueous foam is well suited to the task of distributing pigment, for example, onto landscaping materials such as mulch and wood chips. The foam is an excellent carrier for very small particulates, such as pigment. Further, with a high performance foam making system, significant particulate loading can be achieved. And although high particulate loading in a foaming system is generally a negative with respect to foam stability and drain time, in the present applications, any reduction in foam stability and drain time does not have adverse consequences since the foam is not required to persist for extended periods of time.
Unlike the addition of small amounts of water to mulch or wood chips which will initially bind the mulch particles into a mud-like consistency making pigment distribution essentially impossible, adding similar amounts of water to mulch, as foam, will improve the flowability, with the foam medium actually performing as a lubricant. Further, since the expansion ratio (volume of foam compared to the volume of liquid from which it is formed) of certain preferred foams will be as much as 20×, the water consumption may decrease from as much as 18 gallons per cubic yard of mulch to be treated to about one gallon per cubic yard or less, depending on the initial moisture content of the raw material. This lower water level corresponds to a theoretical 1.2 percent weight increase in the product mulch without regard for any evaporative losses. In some cases, the actual moisture addition to the mulch may be undetectable using common moisture sampling techniques.
In general, foam can be produced by any method that includes adding an expansion gas to a liquid having a reduced surface tension. Generally, foam production can be either air aspirated, like fire fighting foam (or other instances of liquid under pressure containing a dissolved gas, such as employed in whipped cream or shaving cream), or pneumatic, also known as compressed air foam. Foam can also be produced by other methods, e.g., via simple agitation of a liquid. In order to produce water based pneumatic foam, compressed air is added to water with a suitably reduced surface tension. The combination is allowed to mix, thereby actually generating the desired foam. Any suitable mechanical arrangement (foaming system) can allow this combination and mixing to occur.
In order to reduce the surface tension of water or aqueous solutions, a material described as a surfactant or surface-active agent is added. Additionally, the surface tension can be further reduced by raising the temperature of the liquid. The preferred surfactants for good foaming performance are anionic, but some cationic and non-ionic materials also foam well. In general, the anionic materials are less expensive. When making foam with only water, anionic surfactants can be used at low concentrations, preferably in the range of 1000 ppm to 2000 ppm actives, with a minimum concentration of usually about 200 ppm and a maximum concentration limited only by the solubility of the surfactant being used. When additional non-foaming ingredients are added to a foaming system, for instance, pigments, polymer, dispersants, and other water insoluble materials, in general, the concentration of surfactant may need to be increased and the type of surfactant altered to support the extra materials in the composition.
Another procedure that can be used to reduce the surface tension is increasing the fluid temperature. The surface tension of water or an aqueous solution decreases as the temperature increases, thereby providing another way to improve or modify foaming performance.
The expansion gas for foam making is conventionally compressed air but almost any compressed gas could be used—nitrogen, argon, helium, hydrogen, oxygen, etc. There are water soluble (under pressure) gases that could be used as both the expansion gas and the surface tension reducing agent, as these materials do reduce the surface tension of water when dissolved. Examples include, but are not limited to, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and many low molecular weight hydrocarbons. The dissolved gas technique is used for foam making in many commercial applications, such as carbon dioxide in beverages, nitrous oxide as the propellant (expansion gas) for whipped cream, and isobutane as the expansion gas for shaving cream.
In order to achieve the proper amount and coverage of treatment on a landscaping or marker material, such as mulch, the rate of transfer of the treatment, e.g., pigment, onto the material or substrate is preferably controlled. The use of a foam medium to control this rate of transfer is highly effective. Where excellent mixing of the landscaping or marker material and treatment occurs, such as in the case where machines having screw conveyors or augers are employed, enhanced foaming (i.e., longer drain time) is needed to slow the transfer rate (or length of time it takes for the treatment to contact the substrate) so that all of the material is properly coated. Conversely, where less efficient mixing occurs, as would be the case where mixing occurs in currently available trommel-type devices, less foaming (or reduced drain time) is necessary. Thus, the foaming performance may be modified depending on the apparatus being employed to apply the treatment to the landscaping or marker material. Under current methods of coloring mulch, the problem of transfer of pigment evenly onto mulch is resolved via dilution of the pigment in copious amounts of water. However, water dilution lowers the concentration gradient of the pigment in the solution. Use of a foam medium, on the other hand, allows maintenance of a high pigment concentration gradient in the solution to be applied to the mulch, and thus results in the benefits of significantly lower water consumption and avoidance of pigment loss.
A landscaping or marker composition according to one embodiment of the present invention will now be described. The landscaping or marker composition comprises a treatment for landscaping or marker materials, a foaming agent and a solvent. The treatment for landscaping or marker materials may include one or more of the following: colorants, such as dyes or pigments; an oil or oil-like material (water soluble, water insoluble, or a polymeric composition) that enhances the appearance, fragrance, longevity, and/or insect repellency of the landscaping or marker material; insecticides (e.g., DEET); fungicides; herbicides; fertilizers; nutrients; dust control agents; odor control agents; sunscreening agents; UV reactive curing agents, coatings, hardeners, binders, paints or pigments (e.g., UV cured monomer resins, especially for application to rubber or sand, including PMPTA); seed; erosion control materials (such as, for example, naturally derived vegetable binders for soil stability); plant aging or plant decomposition accelerating materials; luminescent, fluorescent, or phosphorescent pigments or other reflective compounds or minerals; binding agents (both polymeric and non-polymeric for adhering the landscaping or marker materials together); wetting agents; polymeric materials (such as acrylic polymers) for anti-weathering and appearance enhancing; polyethylene polymers for providing a gloss; concrete scalers; water repellants or preservatives (especially for application to pavers or concrete blocks); and wood preservatives, protectors or sealants. The term foaming agent is intended to cover any means of lowering the surface tension of a liquid, including any chemical material or combination of chemical materials (liquid, solid or gas) capable of reducing the surface tension of a solvent liquid, preferably water, and capable of producing foam when suitably mixed with an expansion gas, which is normally air but can be any other gas, either soluble or insoluble in the solvent system being used. Foaming agent may also include an elevated temperature.
In one preferred embodiment, the treatment for landscaping or marker materials comprises a colorant. The colorant may be, for example, a dye or a pigment (pigments may also include lakes, a type of insoluble pigment prepared by extending a water soluble dye on an insoluble substrate). The dye may be dry, in liquid form, or dissolved in a liquid carrier. The pigment may be dry, suspended in a liquid carrier or carried on a substrate such as polymer or glass beads. Further, the pigments may be in powder, pellet or granule form.
The dyes and pigments may be natural or synthetic. Preferred pigments include various iron oxides, carbon, and titanium dioxide. Other colorants that may be used include tannins, vegetable tints, other natural colorants derived from plants, synthetic dyes, food colorings, and the like. Preferably, the colorants are non-toxic. A colorant may be used individually or blended with another colorant to obtain any desired color. Where the treatment for landscaping or marker materials comprises a pigment (e.g., iron oxide or carbon), the landscaping or marker composition will preferably further include a liquid carrier or solvent, usually water, which will preferably include a suspending, dispersing or stabilizing chemical system, often polymeric in composition. Where the colorant is water soluble, the landscaping or marker composition will be modified to maintain foamability and formulation stability.
Where the landscaping materials to be colored are comprised of rubber, e.g., rubber chips for playground use, the treatment for the landscaping material preferably comprises a pigment and a binder. Preferably the binder is an acrylic polymer system, however, other polymer systems may be used, such as styrene/butadiene, for example.
Where the landscaping or marker materials to be colored comprise an inorganic or mineral material such as sand, rocks or gravel, the treatment for the landscaping or marker material preferably comprises a pigment and a binder. Preferably the binder is a silicate binder, although other binders could be used such as silicone or certain clays, e.g., kaolin or bentonite (See Example Sixteen which includes the use of gelled dispersion containing bentonite clay), or a polymer binder system such as vinyl acetate, acrylics, styrene acrylics, co-polymer vinyl, polyacrylates, urethanes, methylcellulose, liginsulphonate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene wax emulsions, or those described above with respect to the rubber chips. This allows the landscaping or marker material, or substrate, to be effectively painted. In the silicate binder system, the pigment is preferably added to a sodium or potassium silicate formulation suitably modified (by adding a sufficient amount of surfactant) to allow foaming. The silicate system will become insolubilized when contacted by the mineral substrate thereby bonding the pigment to the substrate. Modifications of the formulation can allow for different physical properties of the final coated/bonded substrate.
In another preferred embodiment, the treatment for landscaping or marker materials of the landscaping or marker composition comprises at least one oil (or oil-like) material that will enhance the appearance, fragrance and/or insect or animal repellency of the landscaping or marker material. The oil material may include one or more natural oils (plant derived or animal derived oils or their component fractions), one or more synthetic oils (including mineral oils and silicones), esters, chemical derivatives of any of the foregoing, or a combination thereof. The oil materials may additionally provide a benefit of dust suppression. Additionally the oils may be tinted.
The plant-derived natural oils may be, for example, neem oil, karanja oil, citronella oil, citrus oils, cinnamon oil (bark and leaf), eucalyptus oil, cedar oil, lemongrass oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, licorice oil, clove oil, mint oil, sweet birch oil, spearmint oil, peppermint oil, anise oil, bergamot oil, canola oil, castor oil, cedarwood oil, jojoba oil, lavandin oil, mustard seed oil, coconut oil, eue oil, tulsi oil, almond oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, geranium oil, sesame oil, thyme oil, tung oil, rosemary oil, basil oil, fennel oil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, pepper oil, rose oil, tangerine oil, tea tree oil, tea seed oil, balsam oil, bay oil, capsicum oil, caraway oil, cardamom oil, cassia oil, celery oil, cognac oil, dillweed oil, guaiacwood oil, juniper berry oil, lime oil, origanum oil, parsley oil, pimento leaf oil, ajowan oil, apricot oil, betel leaf oil, bawchi oil, chilly seed oil, clary sage oil, cubeb oil, curry leaf oil, frankincense oil, ginger grass oil, gulthria oil, heeng oil, jamrosa oil, kulanjan oil, kalaunji oil, linaloe berry oil, ban tulasi oil, bursera oil, cumin seed oil, cyperiol oil, gereniol oil, grape seed oil, hinoki oil, juniper leaf oil, laurel berry oil, lichen oil, mace oil, mango ginger oil, mentha pipereta oil, paparika oil, vetivert oil, wheat germ oil, watermelon oil, macassar oil, mentha citreta oil, musk melon oil, nar kachur oil, palmarosa oil, patchouli oil, perilla seed oil, pomegranite oil, pumpkin oil, tomar seed oil, cananga oil, herbal puja oil, avocado oil, safflower oil, abies alba needle oil, ambrette seed oil, amyris oil angelica root oil, artemisia oil, estragon oil, fir needle oil, galangal oil, galbanum oil, olibanum oil, palmarosa oil, patchouli oil, birch oil, cajeput oil, calamus oil, cananga oil, carrot oil, cistus oil, citron oil, coriander oil, costus oil, cypress oil, davana oil, dill wood oil, dwarf pine needle oil, elemi oil, guajac oil, hop oil, hyssop oil, chamomile, jasmine oil, larch oil, laurel leaf oil, lavender oil, lemon balm oil, limba pine oil, litsea cubeba oil, lovage oil, manuca oil, marjoran oil, milfoil oil, myrrh oil, myrtle oil, neroli oil, niauli oil, petit grain oil, rockrose oil, rosewood oil, sage oil, rue oil, sassafras oil, spik oil, tagetes oil, thuja oil, valerian oil, verbena oil, vervain oil, vetiver oil, wintergreen oil, wormwood oil, ylang ylang oil, olive oil, evening primrose oil, hazelnut oil, grape core oil, peach core oil, walnut oil, sunflower oil, sandalwood oil, tumeric oil, nutmeg oil, soy oil, vegetable oils, menthol oil, eucalyptol, camphor oil, cedar leaf oil, pine oil, red pine oil, or combinations thereof.
Potentially employable animal derived natural oils may include, for example, tallow oil or fish derived oil (e.g., cod liver oil or shark oil) and their component fractions.
One or more synthetic oils, including mineral oils, silicones and fatty acid esters, and their chemical derivatives, preferably non-toxic, may be used in lieu of or in combination with one or more of the natural oils. Examples of mineral oils include, for example, petroleum derived oils. The fatty acid esters, such as alkyl stearate, are formed by the combination of a medium to long chain alcohol with a suitable long chain fatty acid, which may be branched or unbranched. Use of synthetic oils may lower the cost of the treatment for landscaping or marker materials while still maintaining a desired appearance and/or aroma benefit.
In addition to natural oils, which may impart a fragrance to the landscaping or marker material, synthetic fragrance-imparting oils may be included in the treatment for landscaping or marker materials including, for example, acetophenone, C10-C20 aldehydes, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, ambroxan, amyl cinnamic aldehyde, amyl salicylate, anisaldehyde, aurantiol, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, benzyl salicylate, brahmanol, calone, cashmeran, cedramber, cedryl acetate, cinnamic alcohol, citral, citronellal, citronellol, citronellyl acetate, coumarin, cyclamen aldehyde, cyclopentadecanolide, damascone beta, dihydromyrcenol, dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate, diphenyl oxide, ethyl phenylacetate, ethyl vanillin, eugenol, evemyl, frambinone, galaxolide gamma-decalactone, geraniol, geranyl acetate, geranyl formate, geranyl nitrile, geranyl acetate, hedione, helional, heliotropin, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, cis-3-hexenyl salicylate, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, hexyl salicylate, hivertal, hydroxycitronellal, indol, ionone alpha, isobornyl acetate, isobutyl quinoline, isoeugenol, iso E super, isogalbanate, cis-jasmone, lilial, linalool, linalyl acetate, lyral, maltol, methyl anthranilate, methyl benzoate, methyl cinnamate, methyl chavicol, methyl ionone gamma, methyl napthyl ketone, methyl octine carbonate, methyl salicylate, musk ketone, musk T, paracresyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylacetic acid, phenylacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal, phenylethyl acetate, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylethyl dimethyl carbinol, phenylethyl phenylacetate, phenylpropyl alcohol, rosalva, rosatol, rose oxide, sandela, styrallyl acetate, terpineol, tonalid, vanillin, vertacetal, vertofix, vetiveryl acetate, vertenex (PTBCHA), and combinations thereof.
In one preferred embodiment, the treatment for landscaping or marker materials comprises an oil material that will provide a pleasant scent to the landscaping or marker materials. A single oil or a variety of combinations of oils may be employed to arrive at a desired scent. Preferably, the treatment includes an effective amount of individual oils or combinations of oils sufficient to enhance the aroma of the mulch or other landscaping or marker material being treated. The oils used in the treatment may release a scent for several months. Preferably, an amount of aroma-imparting oil or combination of oils effective to maintain a release of the desired scent for at least one month is employed. The oil materials may be supported on a substrate facilitating a timed-release or controlled-release of the oil material, such as polymer or glass beads, for example. Preferably, the beads are of sufficiently small size (approaching the size of colorant pigments) that they may be adequately distributed by foam. In an exemplary embodiment, a concentrated solution containing up to 40 percent by weight of an oil material and 60 percent by weight of a combination of surfactant and water, the combination of water and surfactant containing as much as 60 percent actives, may be employed. Depending upon the amount of treatment desired on the landscaping or marker material (or desired effect of the treatment) and the throughput of the landscaping or marker materials being treated (e.g., the flow rate of the landscaping or marker materials through a landscaping or marker material processing machine, such as a trommel device), the concentrated solution may be diluted down to a level that still facilitates foaming of the diluted solution onto the landscaping or marker materials.
Synthetic and/or natural oils may be employed which have a wide range of different scents, including, for example, apple, cinnamon, pine, strawberry, blueberry, and citrus scents. In one embodiment, the natural and/or synthetic oils will enhance the natural aroma or the perceived natural aroma of various types of wood, and may include, for example, such oils as vetivert, sandalwood oil, cedar oil, patchouli, rosewood oil, pine oil, cypress oil, birch oil, agar, wormwood oil, oakwood oil, vanillin, isobornyl acetate, fir balsam oil, and combinations thereof.
Plant extracts, including, for example, root extracts, herbal extracts, and bean extracts, such as vanilla extract, may further be included in the treatment for landscaping or marker materials in order to provide a desired aroma. Plant extracts may also be effective in repelling or killing insects. One plant extract which may be included in the treatment for landscaping or marker materials is limonene, an extract from citrus plants, which is not only highly effective in repelling and killing insects, but also is environmentally safe.
Although the treatment for landscaping or marker materials may include a single oil, preferably a combination of oils is employed in an effective amount to provide each of an appearance enhancer, an insect repellant and a fragrance. One oil may provide one or more of these characteristics. Neem oil, citronella oil, karanga oil and nepetalactone oil are examples of some preferred oils, as they are especially effective oils in repelling insects.
In the case of water insoluble treatments for landscaping or marker materials, such as the above described oil materials, the treatment may be emulsified or carried by a substrate such as polymer or glass beads. Further, the oils may be solubilized in a solvent, such as water, via a solubilizer. Addition of polymer or glass bead-supported water insoluble treatments may alter the pigment loading of the foam where the treatment also comprises a colorant pigment, as both the pigment and support medium are competing. One alternative is to use water soluble colorant dyes instead of pigments in the landscaping or marker composition. U.S. Pat. No. 4,561,905 to Kittle and U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,143 to Roe, which are hereby incorporated by reference, describe potential methods for applying insoluble oils to a substrate via a foaming medium.
The treatment for landscaping or marker materials may additionally or alternatively comprise one or more nitrogen compositions to act as a fertilizer. Such nitrogen compositions may include ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, urea, ammonium nitrate, nitrogen solutions (urea and ammonium nitrate and water) mono-, di- and poly-ammonium phosphate, and ammonium sulfate. Nitrogen compositions generally available in dry or gaseous form, such as ammonia, urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, may be dissolved in the solvent of the landscaping or marker composition.
The treatment for landscaping or marker materials may additionally or alternatively comprise micro or macro nutrients including, for example, potassium, iron, boron, calcium, copper, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sulfur and zinc. A landscaping or marker composition comprising such nutrients as a landscaping treatment is especially beneficial where the landscaping material being treated is soil. The landscaping composition including the nutrients may be foamed onto the soil while the soil is being screened (e.g., in a trommel device) or onto soil in place.
The treatment for landscaping materials may additionally or alternatively comprise a plant aging or decomposition accelerating material, such as bacteria, fungi or enzymes. An example of one specific treatment material that may be used includes BNB-931™, a bioremediation material, manufactured by Westbridge Agricultural Products of Vista, Calif. These materials are especially beneficial for wood mulches or compost containing leaves which otherwise might require up to a year or more to age. Foamed landscaping compositions including these plant aging or decomposition accelerating materials are advantageously used in conjunction with leaf or windrow turners or trommel devices to reduce the amount of turning and aging time typically required.
The treatment for landscaping or marker materials may additionally or alternatively comprise a luminescent, phosphorescent or fluorescent pigment or other reflective material for providing the landscaping or marker material with a glittering, shimmering or light-reflecting appearance. Examples of such pigments or other materials include mica, nacreous pigments, aluminum flakes, glass flakes, paint flakes or chips, glass beads and molybdenum disulfide. The mica (such as pearl mica) or other materials may also include layers of titanium oxide, iron oxides, silver, gold, copper, palladium, nickel and cobalt, metal alloys, or combinations thereof, which may provide a colored appearance to the reflective pigment. Examples of such pigments and the methods of producing these pigments are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,954,175 to Ito, et al., which is incorporated by reference herein. Where the treatment comprises one or more of the above light-reflective materials, preferably the landscaping or marker composition further comprises a binder for enhancing adhesion of such substances to the landscaping or marker materials.
While the above reflective materials may be the only landscaping or marker treatment in the landscaping or marker composition, preferably a landscaping or marker composition including one or more of the above reflective materials also includes a colorant, such as a pigment. Where the landscaping or marker composition comprises both a reflective material and a colorant, the colorant and reflective material may be added in sequence, e.g., the reflective material is added in a separate step after the landscaping or marker material has been treated with a colorant. Alternatively, in some cases, depending on the reflective material and the type of colorant employed, both treatments may be added in a single contacting event (e.g., in a single pass through a landscaping or marker material processing machine), with the colorant being added initially and the reflective treatment added afterward, or both treatments added simultaneously. For example, there may be two different nozzle locations in a single landscaping or marker material processing machine, whereby the first nozzle or set of nozzles applies a colorant material and the second nozzle or set of nozzles (or another means of spraying) applies the reflective material, the second nozzle or set of nozzles being located at a position whereby the reflective material is applied after the landscaping or marker material has already been coated with the colorant. The lack of moisture addition achieved via foam application allows this rapid sequence to be successful in certain cases.
The treatment for landscaping or marker materials may additionally or alternatively comprise odor control agents. Such odor control agents may include commercially available materials such as SUPPRESS® manufactured by Westbridge Agricultural Products of Vista, California.
The treatment for landscaping or marker materials may additionally or alternatively comprise polyethylene polymers for providing a gloss to the mulch or other landscaping or marker material. To employ polyethylene polymers for foaming onto landscaping or marker materials, these polymers should first be converted into a water based dispersion. Commercially available polyethylene polymer dispersions or emulsions may be used. Another material which may be employed as a treatment material to provide a gloss is a vinylacetate-ethylene latex (preferably with a glass transition temperature of around 5-10° C.).
The above treatment materials each may be advantageously foamed onto landscaping or marker materials. Insoluble solid materials, such as paint flakes, glass beads, metals, etc., may be foamed according to the procedure set forth herein with respect to pigments. The amount of these insoluble materials will be dependent upon the effect desired to be achieved. Insoluble liquids, such as oils, may be emulsified or carried on a substrate such as polymer beads. As with insoluble solid materials, the amount of treatment material to be used will be dependent upon the desire effect to be achieved by the treatment material.
As stated above, the foaming agent may comprise, for example, any chemical material or combination of chemical materials capable of reducing the surface tension of a solvent liquid, generally water, and capable of producing foam when suitably mixed with an expansion gas. Preferred foaming agents include one or more surfactants or surface-active agents. Any of anionic, cationic, nonionic or amphoteric surfactants may be used, but the most preferred surfactant type is anionic. In particular, where the landscaping material comprises wood mulch or wood chips, preferred surfactants include linear sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate, sodium a-olefin sulfonate, sodium di-alkylsulfosuccinates, (preferably sodium dioctylsulfosuccinnate), and a wide range of alkyl ether sulfates and sulfonates, including sodium, potassium or ammonium cations. Ammonium is the preferred cation, since, unlike sodium and potassium which are permanent bases, ammonium is a fugitive base. Specific examples may include Stepan Bio-Terge AS-40, Stepan Bio-Soft D-40, Stepan Steposol CA-207, Stepan Steol CS-460 and CA-460, and Cedepal FA-406, manufactured by Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill., as well as surfactants manufactured by Witco, of Greenwich, Conn., like Witcolate 1247H. Each of these materials is generally supplied as an aqueous solution with actives levels ranging from 35-75 percent by weight. Another foaming agent that may be employed comprises a dissolvable gas.
The landscaping or marker composition further comprises a solvent or carrier liquid. (The term “solvent” as used throughout, is meant to encompass the term “carrier liquid”, as it is evident that certain treatments, e.g., some colorant pigments, are not soluble in the preferred solvent, which is water.) The solvent may serve as a liquid carrier for both the foaming agent and the treatment for the landscaping or marker materials. Preferably the solvent is water.
The landscaping or marker composition may further comprise a viscosity enhancer or suspension agent, such as bentonite clay, attipuligate clay, modified starch, cellulose, such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, and associative thickeners, or a combination thereof, as well as a wide variety of other commercially available materials. This may be beneficial where the landscaping or marker treatment comprises a colorant pigment, as increasing the viscosity of the landscaping or marker composition will aid in keeping the pigment dispersed in the composition, preventing settling and allowing an increased amount of pigment in the landscaping or marker composition. In some formulations the desired composition may actually be a gel as that consistency may provide the most stability. Bentonite clay is a preferred suspension agent used to suspend colorant pigments. Preferably, in a concentrated landscaping or marker composition having a red iron oxide pigment concentration of about 65 percent, the landscaping or marker composition comprises approximately 2 percent bentonite and 1 percent cellulose.
The landscaping or marker composition may also include one or more binders to aid in the adhesion of the treatment to the landscaping or marker material. Such binders may include, for example, any of a wide variety of commercial materials which may be acrylic, vinyl acetate or other polymer systems.
In one preferred embodiment of the landscaping or marker composition, especially where the landscaping composition is to be foamed and applied to wood landscaping materials such as mulch or wood chips, the treatment for landscaping or marker materials comprises a colored pigment, the foaming agent comprises a surfactant, and the solvent comprises water. Preferably, the landscaping or marker composition further comprises a dispersion or stabilizing agent. Concentrated pigment dispersions containing pigment, water and stabilizing agents are commercially available and may be used in the landscaping or marker composition. Examples of commercially available pigment dispersions include many color and formulation variations available from T. H. Glennon of Salisbury, Mass., Tiarco Chemical of Dalton, Ga., Reitech Chemical, of Reading, Pa., Premier Colors, of Union, S.C., Alabama Pigments, of Birmingham, Ala., and Engelhard Industries, of Iselin, N.J.
In a preferred embodiment, the pigment is carbon black or iron oxide and the surfactant is an alkyl ether sulfate. The pigment concentration in the landscaping or marker composition, which is actually foamed, may range from a few parts per million to 70 percent by weight, and the surfactant concentration may range from 200 ppm actives to 30,000 ppm actives or more. Preferably, the pigment concentration is between 1 weight percent and 20 weight percent and the surfactant concentration is between 2000 and 10,000 ppm actives. More preferably, where the pigment is carbon black or a conventional metal oxide, such as an iron oxide, the pigment concentration is approximately 5-20 percent by weight and the surfactant concentration is approximately 5000-8000 ppm actives (or 0.5 to 0.8 weight percent actives). The surfactant concentration can be minimized with low pigment levels, pure water and warm temperatures. As the pigment level increases, the water quality deteriorates, and the temperature drops, the surfactant level may increase. Thus, while a surfactant concentration of only 300-500 ppm actives may be sufficient in some circumstances, very difficult circumstances may require up to 30,000 ppm actives.
The elements of the landscaping or marker composition may first be prepared as a concentrated solution or dispersion which may be subsequently diluted prior to foaming. Where the concentrated solution comprises the colorant pigment carbon black, preferably the concentrated solution comprises 20 to 50 weight percent carbon, 5 to 7 weight percent surfactant actives and the balance made up by water (which includes approximately 2 weight percent stabilizers). Other pigments can allow higher solids levels and the solids levels can be increased by increasing the viscosity while still maintaining the overall stability of the dispersion. Compositional alternatives for the concentrated dispersion are numerous and will be dependent upon such factors as pigment type, combination of pigments, water quality issues, and freeze protection circumstances. A concentration range for the concentrated landscaping or marker composition comprising pigments, in general, may range from 10-70 weight percent pigment, 1-25 weight percent actives for surfactant, with water and stabilizers constituting the balance. Preferably, the concentrated composition, prior to dilution and under average conditions, comprises 20-50 weight percent pigment, 5-10 weight percent actives for surfactant, with water and stabilizers constituting the balance. It is not necessary that the pigment dispersion or concentrated composition be completely stable with respect to pigment settling as such settling may be managed by stirring. It is also not necessary that the pigment dispersion be diluted prior to foaming onto a landscaping or marker material.
The inventors of the present invention have discovered that the moisture content of the mulch material being colored can be an important variable in the effectiveness of the foaming process. Mulch having a moisture content of at least approximately 40 weight percent, for example, green wood and most fresh tree mulch from trees in temperate areas, can effectively be colored with a fairly concentrated landscaping solution, for instance, 20 weight percent pigment with approximately 1500 to 7500 ppm surfactant actives. However, where drier materials are used having a moisture content below 40 weight percent, such as is the case where pallets are recycled into mulch or where the mulch has been exposed to the sun for extended periods of time, it is often advantageous to raise the moisture content of the mulch either before treating with the landscaping composition or during treatment with the landscaping composition to raise the moisture content to approximately 40 weight percent. In these situations, the mulch material can either be hydrated before the foaming process, the landscaping composition may itself be diluted to increase the moisture content of the mulch, or additional water may be added during the foaming process to correct for the moisture deficiency. In addition to the moisture variable, there are several other variables which can have an effect on the coloring or treatment process, and also on the moisture variable. These include, but are not limited to, the type of material, initial color, porosity, surface texture, and size distribution.
In another preferred embodiment of the landscaping composition, especially where the landscaping composition is to be foamed and applied to rubber materials such as rubber chips for playground surfaces and rubber mulching chips, the landscaping composition comprises a treatment for landscaping materials, a foaming agent, a solvent and a binder. In one preferred embodiment, the treatment for landscaping materials comprises a colorant pigment, the foaming agent comprises a surfactant, the solvent comprises water, and the binder comprises an acrylic polymer. More preferably, the pigment concentration ranges from 1-30 weight percent, the surfactant concentration ranges from 2000-50,000 ppm actives, and the binder concentration ranges from 10-50 weight percent actives. Preferably the surfactant is Stepan CA207 or Witcolate 1247H. Unlike the preferred concentrated colorant composition used for mulch and other wood products, the colorant composition for the rubber chips is preferably not diluted, but rather foamed directly. An emulsion polymer system such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,373 to Kittle, which is incorporated herein by reference, may be employed.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method is disclosed for treating a landscaping or marker material comprising the steps of combining at least one treatment for a landscaping or marker material (also referred to herein as a “treatment material”), a foaming agent and solvent to form a landscaping or marker composition, foaming the landscaping or marker composition to form a foamed landscaping or marker composition and applying the foamed landscaping or marker composition to a landscaping or marker material. The step of combining the elements of the landscaping or marker composition may occur before or simultaneously with the step of foaming the landscaping or marker composition. The step of foaming a landscaping or marker composition to form a foamed landscaping or marker composition and applying the foamed landscaping or marker composition to a landscaping or marker material may be performed any number of times to the same landscaping or marker material to achieve a desired effect. For example, the treatment for the landscaping or marker material in the first series of steps may be a colorant pigment, and treatment for the same landscaping or marker material in the second series of steps may be luminescent, phosphorescent or fluorescent material applied to add a highlight or shimmering effect.
The step of foaming a landscaping or marker treatment may be performed by, for example, a foaming system. Foaming system is intended to cover any device or devices capable of generating foam, wherein the device, such as a mechanical device, facilitates the formation of foam. Foaming system may include, for example, (i) a means for rapidly stirring, agitating or aerating a liquid, thus creating or enhancing foam (such a foaming system is especially useful where a dissolved gas is employed as the foaming agent), including, for example, stirrers, shakers, agitators, sonifiers, and ultrasonic agitators, (ii) a means for adding a compressed gas to a foamable liquid, e.g., a liquid having a foaming agent, such as a surfactant or surface-active agent, and (iii) an air aspirating system comprising a means for mixing ambient air with a foamable liquid. The foamable liquid may include one or more elements of the above described landscaping or marker composition. Examples of some preferred foaming systems are described below. Where the foaming system comprises a means for adding a compressed gas to the foamable liquid, preferably the compressed gas is air. Generally the compressed gas is insoluble in the liquid, but may be soluble (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and hydrocarbons). The soluble expansion gas systems would operate at a pressure above atmospheric.
In one embodiment, the step of combining the treatment for a landscaping or marker material, a foaming agent and a solvent to form a landscaping or marker composition comprises combining these elements to form a concentrated landscaping or marker composition and diluting the concentrated landscape composition with a solvent to form a pre-foam (or ready-to-be-foamed) landscaping or marker composition. In another embodiment, a solvent and foaming agent are combined separately from the treatment material and subsequently combined with the treatment material prior to, or simultaneously with, the foaming step. This embodiment allows the use of a single foaming agent/solvent liquid to be used in conjunction with a variety of treatment materials, e.g., different colorants. The combining and foaming steps may occur in various general ways, for example,
(1) Preparing a landscaping or marker composition concentrate including, a solvent, a foaming agent (preferably a surfactant) and treatment material (e.g., colored pigment), prediluting this combined composition to produce a volume of diluted to-be-foamed (or pre-foam) liquid sufficient for effective treatment of a landscaping or marker material, and employing a foaming system to either (i) add compressed gas to produce a foamed landscaping or marker composition (See
(2) Preparing a landscaping or marker composition concentrate including a solvent, a foaming agent (preferably surfactant), and a treatment material (e.g., pigment), prediluting this composition in-line by aspirating or pumping the concentrate into a flowing water line to produce a composition sufficient for effective treatment of a landscaping or marker material, as above, only dynamically, and employing a foaming system to either (i) add compressed gas to produce a foamed landscaping or marker composition (See
(3) Preparing a landscaping or marker composition using separate containers, one containing a treatment material (e.g., pigment) and one containing a foaming agent (preferably surfactant), and prediluting each with a desired amount of common solvent, bringing the contents of these separate containers together into a single line, thereby producing the same to-be-foamed liquid as above, and employing a foaming system to either (i) add compressed air to produce a foamed landscaping or marker composition, or (ii) create a foamed landscaping or marker composition via air aspiration (See
(4) Preparing a landscaping or marker composition using separate containers of treatment material (e.g., pigment) and foaming agent (preferably surfactant), and aspirating or pumping each in-line into a flowing water line to produce a composition sufficient for effective treatment of a landscaping or marker material and employing a foaming system to either (i) add compressed gas to produce foam, or (ii) create a foamed landscaping or marker composition via air aspiration. This embodiment also allows the use of a single foaming agent/solvent liquid to be used in conjunction with a variety of treatment materials, e.g., different colorants.
In one preferred embodiment, the treatment for landscaping or marker materials comprises a colorant pigment, such as carbon black or an iron oxide, the foaming agent comprises a surfactant, preferably alkyl ether sulfate, and the solvent comprises water.
Several available foaming systems are suitable for foaming the landscaping or marker composition. A schematic of one acceptable foaming system is shown in
In foaming system 1, for example, receptacle 10 may contain all of the elements of the landscaping or marker composition (i.e., the treatment material, the solvent and the foaming agent) prediluted to the desired amount effective for treating the landscaping or marker material, or receptacle 10 may contain a concentrated landscaping or marker composition, and foaming system 1 may further include a separate water line which is coupled to a water supply (which may be a continuous water supply or water tank, for example). There may also be a plurality of receptacles 10 connected to pump 12 having separate valves and/or flow meters to allow for the exchange of different landscaping or marker compositions to treat the landscaping or marker material or to allow for the mixing of different landscaping or marker compositions to achieve a desired effect.
A schematic of another employable foaming system is shown in
In the embodiment shown in
Schematics of two other employable foaming systems are shown in
Referring to
The foaming system 35 of
Referring to
As another alternative to the embodiment depicted in
Air aspirated nozzles for use in foaming system 30, 35 are commercially available. Acceptable air aspirated nozzles include, for example, Scotty 4003 Air Aspirated Fire Fighting Nozzles manufactured by Scott Plastics of Vancouver, BC. The amount of nozzles used and the aperture type for the nozzles are preferably selected to maintain 250 PSI at each nozzle inlet. Preferably, the air aspirated nozzles are customized by replacing a fixed orifice inside the nozzle with a removable insert comprised of a plastic/glass composite to increase abrasion resistance.
Foaming systems 1, 2, 30, 35, as illustrated in
The foaming systems 1, 2, 30, 35 of
The step of applying the foamed landscaping or marker composition preferably comprises using a foam dispensing landscaping material processing machine to apply the foamed landscaping or marker composition to the landscaping or marker material. The foam dispensing landscaping material processing machine includes a foaming system, such as the ones disclosed above, coupled to a landscaping material processing machine, such as mulch mixing devices, trommel (e.g., auger-type mixing devices), whole tree wood chipper devices, horizontal grinder devices, tub grinder devices (or other types of grinder devices), blower trucks, leaf or windrow turners, collection trucks, batch mixers and leaf vacuum trucks. The foam dispensing landscaping material processing machine may comprise an existing commercially available landscaping material processing machine which has been retrofitted with a foaming system, or a landscaping material processing machine which includes an integrated foaming system. Examples of currently existing machines which may be easily retrofitted to couple to the foaming system include, for example, processing machines manufactured by Fecon, Inc. of Cincinnati, Ohio, Morbark, Inc. of Winn, Mich., PowerScreen of Louisville, Ky., Peterson Pacific Corp. of Eugene, Oreg., McCloskey Brothers Manufacturing of Ontario, Canada, Komptech of Germany, Erin Systems of Portland, Me., Extec of England, and Becker Underwood of Ames, Iowa.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
In a preferred embodiment, as shown in
Referring to
The drive motor 956 preferably uses the existing auxiliary oil supply from the machine to which the screw auger attachment is connected. There are preferably two screw augers 954 for mixing and advancing the ground landscaping or marker materials. The length and diameter of the augers 954 may vary in accordance with the output specifications of the machine to which it is attached, but preferably the augers are about eight to fourteen inches in diameter and four to eight feet in length.
The dispensing means 960 may include any mechanism for allowing a landscaping or marker composition to be injected into the enclosure, but preferably includes one or more openings for attachment of spray nozzles. Preferably the openings 960 are located at multiple locations along the length of the enclosure 952, as shown in
The attachment component 958 may comprise any mechanical means for attaching the enclosure to the machine for grinding landscaping materials. The attachment component 958 may be hinged to fold up or down and/or may be on slide rails to avoid interference during normal transport and movement of the host machine.
Referring again to
Referring to
Referring to
The dispersing means 608 includes, for example, one or more nozzles or a manifold system having one or more nozzles. According to one preferred embodiment, the dispersing means 608 is located proximate to and along the length of the mixing members 614 and comprises a plurality of nozzles placed at spaced intervals along the length of mixing members 614. Where the system 600 comprises two screw-type augers positioned one on top of the other, preferably the nozzles are placed at spaced intervals along the length of the bottom auger as shown in
Referring to
Any of the above described landscaping processing machines may also include a UV light source, such as a UV lamp, for curing landscaping or marker materials (especially rubber or aggregate materials) with UV curable resins. Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Although the high pressure detection system is advantageously used in connection with a foaming system, its use is not restricted thereto, but rather, the pressure detection system may be employed in the treatment of landscaping or marker materials whether via foaming or known aqueous methods, or other methods which would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art.
Further advantages of the embodiments are further described with reference to the following specific examples. The examples are merely intended to be illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. In the following examples, the preferred methods for applying a foamed landscaping composition to landscaping materials, as described above, were employed and tested on wood products, in particular, aged wood mulch and freshly cut wood chips.
In examples one through twelve, foam was produced using a foam system according to the embodiment shown in
Aged mulch was treated at minimal rate, 1.1 (cubic yard) CY/minute, in a trommel screener manufactured by Retech of Durand, Mich., with the screens blocked with plastic panels or liners. The foam injection was at the top of the rotating drum, adjacent the mulch feed entry, with the four nozzles of the four outlet manifold pointing down at about a 45° angle. The landscaping composition solution volume was 150 gallons, i.e., approximately 1250 pounds of solution, containing approximately 74 pounds (5.9 percent) of carbon black suspension, or 22 pounds (1.8 weight percent) of carbon, Witco 1247H surfactant at approximately 7000 ppm actives, and water. Approximately 3000 pounds (5 CY) of mulch was treated with the landscaping composition using 38 gallons of the above solution, indicating the use of 5.6 pounds of carbon (1.1 pounds/CY), and 317 pounds of water (10.6 weight percent, based on the feed mulch weight). The result was a thoroughly coated black mulch, even though the mulch was aged and thus more difficult to color.
As in Example One, aged mulch was treated at minimal rate, 1.1 CY/minute, in a Retech trommel screener with the screens blocked with plastic panels. The foam injection was at the top of the rotating drum in the same location as in Example One, with the four nozzles pointing down at about a 45° angle. The solution volume was 150 gallons, 1250 pounds of solution, containing 180 pounds (14.4 percent) of red pigment suspension, or 135 pounds (10.8 percent) of red pigment, Witco 1247H at 7000 ppm actives, and water. Approximately 10800 pounds (18 CY) of mulch was treated using 123 gallons of solution, indicating 111 pounds of pigment (6.2 pounds/CY), and 1026 pounds of water (9.5 weight percent, based on the feed mulch weight). The result was a very red mulch, indicating that a lesser amount of pigment could be employed, even though the mulch was aged and thus more difficult to color.
Aged mulch was treated at slow rate in a Fecon Rainbow Mulch Continuous Mixer. The foam injection manifold was at the top of the rotating augers at the exit end of the feeder hopper, with the four nozzles pointing vertically downward. The solution volume was 150 gallons, 1250 pounds of solution, containing 148 pounds (11.8 percent) of carbon black suspension (as in Example One), or 44.4 pounds (3.6 weight percent) of carbon, Witco 1247H at 7000 ppm actives, and water. With the feed rate set on the low range, 35 percent, the mulch output was excellent with good uniform black color. The maximum throughput was achieved at 77 percent. At higher mulch mass flow, the exit clogged before dumping onto the stacking conveyor because the chips were so dry. There was no moisture (liquid) to slurry them through the system. Based on the screw conveyor setting, the mulch flow rate was estimated to be 160 CY/hour or 2.7 CY/minute or 1620 pounds/minute. The mulch was warm and steamed in the open atmosphere and steamed even more during the treatment process. Assuming a correct estimate of the mulch mass flow rate, in theory, 4.4 weight percent moisture was added, not counting the moisture which vented from the system. A solids determination for the untreated mulch defined the solids level at 50.73 percent, while an equivalent determination for the treated mulch showed 50.58 percent. Thus, in fact, no measurable moisture was added to the mulch.
Aged mulch was treated at the maximum rate in a Retech trommel screener. The foam injection was at the top of the rotating drum, as in Example One, with the four nozzles pointing down at about a 45° angle. The solution volume was 150 gallons, 1250 pounds of solution, containing 148 pounds (11.8 percent) of carbon black suspension (as in Example One), or 44.4 pounds (3.6 weight percent) of carbon, Witco 1247H at 7000 ppm actives, and water. The unit was operated at the maximum throughput allowed by the trommel screener while feeding liquid, as foam, at 8.5 gpm. The colored mulch was uniformly black and of excellent quality. The solids determination showed that the treated much was 49.53 percent solids, indicating that the treatment process added essentially no moisture to the mulch.
The conditions of Example Four were repeated with freshly prepared wood chips, as opposed to mulch. These chips were standing trees within the previous 12 hours before being treated. The chips were very black and very well coated. The solids determination showed 53.03 percent, with no untreated data available.
The foam system described above was attached to a Morbark 1200 Tub Grinder. The location of the nozzles was below the hammer mill and above the exit screw conveyor. Injection from the side (no manifold, no nozzles) perpendicular to the treated material exit flow or injection from the exit end (manifold with four nozzles) directed forward produced identical results. The same solution as in Example Four was employed. The feed material was the same as Example Five, converting chips into mulch while coloring at the same time. The coverage was excellent at lower feed rates, but as the feed rate increased the coverage declined indicative of too little foamed solution for the total flow rate of chips.
The foam system described above was attached to a Morbark Horizontal Whole Tree Chipper (see
The conditions of Example One were repeated, except that the mulch flow rate was approximately 2.4 CY/min, the landscaping composition solution volume was 265 gallons, 2210 pounds, and contained about 10,000 ppm actives concentration of Witco 1247H and 250 pounds of carbon black dispersion (or 75 pounds of carbon pigment or 3.4 weight percent). Approximately 74 CY of mulch was treated with the 265 gallons of solution or 3.6 gallons/CY. The resultant mulch was black, although some speckling occurred. Two moisture samples of the treated mulch were taken averaging 60.38 weight percent solids. An untreated mulch sample was tested to be 60.59 weight percent solids, indicating that the treatment process added essentially no moisture to the mulch.
The conditions of Example Eight were repeated, except 30 gallons of red pigment dispersion (540 pounds of dispersion, 405 pounds of iron oxide pigment, 18.3 weight percent pigment) and 12,500 ppm actives of Witco 1247H were used in the landscaping composition solution. The mulch was a solid red with only minor speckling. One moisture sample of the treated mulch was tested to be 56.12 weight percent solids.
The conditions of Example Eight were repeated, except that the mulch mass flow rate was 289 CY/hour, and 12,500 ppm actives of Witco 1247H and twice as much carbon black dispersion (500 pounds of dispersion, 150 pounds of carbon black pigment) were used in the landscaping composition solution (pigment concentration of 6.8 weight percent). Approximately 144 CY of mulch was treated with 265 gallons (2210 pounds) of solution containing 150 pounds of carbon pigment. Thus, 1.84 gallons of solution containing 1.04 pounds of carbon pigment were used to treat one CY of mulch. One moisture sample of the treated mulch was tested to be 55.27 weight percent solids.
The conditions of Example Eight were repeated, except that the mulch flow rate was about 250 CY/hour, the total volume of landscaping solution was about 265 gallons (2210 pounds) having 150 lbs of carbon (6.8 weight percent) and Witco 1247H (12700 ppm actives) and the delivery rate of the foamed solution was about 8.5 gpm. Approximately 130 CY of mulch was treated, the resultant mulch being slightly speckled.
The mulch flow rate was then decreased to approximately 200 CY/hr and the pitch of the trommel drum was lowered to about 3° while slowing the rotational speed of the drum. The resultant mulch product was thoroughly blackened and without speckling.
The conditions of Example Eleven were repeated, except that the carbon pigment was replaced by 370 lbs of red pigment dispersion, 75 weight percent pigment (278 lbs pigment, 12.6 weight percent in foamed solution), the delivery rate of the foamed solution was 1.0 gpm (2.6 gallons of fluid/CY), and the mulch flow rate was approximately 200 CY/hr. Approximately 103 CY of mulch was treated, the resultant mulch being completely covered.
The following Example Thirteen used the foaming system shown in
The coloring machine used for this example was a Morbark 4000P operating at 200 CY/hour with dry, untreated mulch. The foam discharge location was similar to the Fecon unit described in Example Three, located at the exit (discharge) end of the feed screw conveyors. The flow rate of the colorant composition was 22 gpm, and the experiment operated for 30 minutes. The total flow was 660 gallons, while the total mulch treated was 100 CY; therefore the liquid addition to the mulch was 6.6 gallons/CY. The carbon black dispersion consumed weighed 550 pounds and contained 165 pounds of pigment, therefore, 1.65 pounds of pigment/CY. The mulch was well covered at this treatment rate.
During this experiment, in order to analyze the benefit of the foam delivery, and after obtaining the above mentioned well covered mulch, the control valve for the compressed air was shut, thereby stopping the foam production, but allowing the liquid composition to continue flowing. Within 2 minutes (the time it takes to adjust the inventory of the Morbark unit), the exiting mulch was very poorly colored (poor color distribution) and continued that way for several minutes. The air control valve was re-opened, and, again, within about two minutes, the mulch exiting the Morbark unit was properly colored. This on-and-off sequence was repeated several times with equivalent results, which demonstrated the advantage of the foam delivery.
Similar experiments using the Retech trommel screener showed the same effect when the foam delivery was interrupted by stopping the air delivery.
The experimental prototype foam unit as shown in
A foaming unit according to
The conditions of Example Fifteen were repeated except that the landscaping material was Mason Sand and a drum of Hamburger red gelled dispersion Product No. 11598, weighing 500 pounds, and to which 8 gallons of Stepan CA-207 surfactant was added was used as the treatment material. 5.0 pounds of gelled dispersion and 10 gallons of water were used per cubic yard of sand. The result was a thoroughly coated red sand that was slightly wet indicating that less water may produce similar, but drier results.
PCT Publications WO/03103844A2, WO/03103840A1, WO/03084743A1, and WO/03084670A1, as well as U.S. Published Application No. US2003/0213168A1, filed by Applicant are incorporated herein in their entireties as a part of the disclosure of the present invention.
An apparatus and method are described for treating mulch, where a mobile facility applies a coating to wood fiber at reduced cost and increased efficiency than conventional coloring or coating methods. Preferred embodiments of the apparatus are capable of being operated with efficient water and pigment consumption, reduction of the moisture content of the coated product, and environmental efficiency. Although several examples below describe apparatuses in which the treatment is a colorant, other treatments may be applied, as described previously and further below.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, an apparatus for coating mulch includes a receiving tub or a “tub grinder” with a manifold and a grinding mill. The manifold is preferably armor-coated or armor-plated and made of heavy-duty hardened steel to withstand the force of the materials being dumped onto the top of the manifold. The manifold preferably has a sloped design to allow material to roll over the top of it. A sloped design also allows the materials to glide over it and into the mill without being or creating an obstruction. The manifold is preferably fabricated to extra heavy duty standards to withstand extreme impact, wear and abrasion as normally encountered on the floor of the tub grinder, where large tree stumps and other debris are routinely placed into the tub grinder. The fresh fiber includes, but is not limited to, the form of tree parts, stumps, pallets, post manufacturing wood waste, mulch, or chip wood (collectively termed herein “wood fiber” and also known as landscaping material).
In a preferred embodiment, the wood fiber is deposited into the tub grinder, and the rotating tub directs the wood fiber particles to the grinding mill, which is located near an edge of the tub grinder floor. The manifold is preferably located near the feed opening of the grinding mill but toward the center of the tub floor. The manifold preferably includes multiple coating inlet ports and discharge ports. The nozzles of the discharge ports are preferably aimed in the direction of the grinding mill. The nozzles are preferably aimed at the fiber particles as they are pulled into the mill. In alternative embodiments, there may be only a single inlet port. The coating inlet ports are coupled to a colorant source by flexible hoses, because the entire tub (floor and revolving outer wall) is typically hinged on one side of the trailer frame and hydraulic cylinders pivot the tub to a position more than 90 degrees (from horizontal to vertical position) to the side of the trailer frame, providing access to the grinding mill and to remove undesirable materials from within the tub. During the grinding process, the tub floor (horizontally positioned to the trailer frame) remains stationary as the outer drum or vertical wall of the tub revolves, thereby directing the material within the tub to fall into the opening in the floor that is positioned above the grinding chamber inlet. The flexible hoses allow the tub to hydraulically pivot and the connection of the colorant source and the manifold inlet ports remain intact.
The wood fiber is brought into contact with, or in proximity to, the discharge ports where the fiber is substantially coated with the colorant. The distance between the wood fiber and the discharge port can vary, as long as the wood fiber is close enough to the discharge ports to receive a coating of colorant.
In preferred embodiments, the colorant is supplied in the form of foam. If the colorant is supplied as a foam, the amount of liquid absorbed by the wood fiber is substantially reduced, and the fiber essentially only receives a surface coating. This reduces cost, weight and subsequent drying time. In alternate embodiments, the colorant is supplied as an aqueous mist or as a dispersion in water.
Once coated, the wood fiber is transported from the coating area to the inlet of a grinding mill, through the grinding chamber, and onto a conveyor device. The conveyor device is preferably a collection auger or conveyor belt. The conveyor device transports the wood fiber to another location of the grinder where additional coating is preferably applied by a post-treatment manifold. The post-treatment manifold coats the surfaces newly formed by the grinding mill.
The grinding mill 1050 preferably serves multiple purposes. It acts as a conveyor device for transferring wood fiber particles to the conveyor auger 1055. In addition, it reduces the size of the larger wood fiber particles into smaller particles for a desired application. During the size reduction process, new uncoated facets are revealed in the wood fiber particles 1210 and an additional coating procedure or post treatment processing is preferably used to complete the uniform coating. Suitably-sized wood particles exit the cutting screen 1130 and the auger 1055 transports the partially coated wood fibers to the post-treatment manifold 1060. The inclusion of post-treatment processing provides consistent coating of the wood fiber. Thereafter, the wood fiber 1440 (now thoroughly coated) is transported on the conveyor 1435 for final use or packaging.
In situations where certain wood fiber particles may be too large for a particular application, the grinding mill 1050 is positioned to receive the particles immediately after they are coated. The grinding mill 1050 includes cutting teeth 1125 and a cutting edge 1135. As the grinding mill 1050 rotates, the cutting teeth 1125 force the wood fiber particles 1010 against the cutting edge 1135 to reduce the particle size. The cutting screen 1130 is positioned below the grinding mill 1050 to sieve wood particles. Varying the size of the openings in the screen 1130 for a particular application provides wood fibers of the desired size particulate. Wood particles too large to sieve through the screen 1130 are retained in the grinding mill 1050, reintroduced by cutting teeth 1125, and re-ground against the cutting edge 1135 in subsequent rotations.
In the embodiment of
Although not shown in the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
The principles of the invention can be implemented with devices from different manufacturers. For example, tub grinders from the following suppliers can be used: Models 950, 1000, 1100, 1200XL, 1300, 1400, 1500, 3600, 4600, 5600, 6600 or 7600 grinders by Morbark, of Winn, Mich. Other tub grinders may be utilized, such as those sold by Diamond-Z Manufacturing of Caldwell, Id., Duratech Industries, International, of Jamestown, N. Dak., Hogzilla Grinder by CW Manufacturing, of Sabetha, Kans., Jones Manufacturing, Precision Huskey Corp, of Leeds, Alabama, Vermeer Manufacturing Company, Inc., Pella, Iowa, Peterson Pacific of Eugene, Oreg., Bandit Industries of Remus, Mich., and others. The novel embodiments disclosed herein are particularly advantageous in that the delivery system can be attached to the inside floor of a tub grinder to supply FlashFoam™ dispersion as well as aqueous dispersions.
Advantages of the novel method and apparatus disclosed herein (and variations thereof) over the conventional methods will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the apparatus according to some embodiments of the invention enable treating mulch with any colorant or other coating with only one pass through the tub grinder, resulting in significant efficiency and cost savings while eliminating the need for expensive colorizing plants. Upon treatment, the coated mulch is dry, substantially foam-free, and colorfast, enabling producers to immediately utilize the processed mulch.
Moreover, the colorants do not require special handling needed with the standard dry products and can be delivered directly to the mulch, producing vibrant, long-lasting colors. Unlike other color products, the manifold disclosed herein, especially when used with a foam treatment, does not spill, blow away or leach colorant into the ground and cause environmental concerns. Further, since treatment can be done onsite, the embodiments yield substantial savings on labor, processing and curing times, and transportation and storage cost.
Although examples are described in which the surface coating applied to the fiber is a colorant, the apparatus and method described above may be used to treat the fiber with any of a wide variety of materials, such as any of the materials described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/405,046, filed on Mar. 31, 2003, and published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2003/0213168A1, which is incorporated by reference herein. These may include, for example, other treatments such as dyes, pigments, oils that enhance the appearance, fragrance, or insect repellency of the landscaping material, insecticides, fungicides, and wood preservatives.
For example, in one embodiment, the colorant is received from a foam injection system (not shown) coupled to a mixing bin (not shown) containing a foaming source (e.g. water plus surfactant), with an air compressor fluidly connected to a foam tank. Alternatively, the carrier and surfactant may be in separate tanks which are fluidly connected to the foam injection system. Exemplary foaming systems may include the WizTech FlashFoam™ P-60 and P-45 systems, available from Wizard Technologies, Toms River, N.J. In the embodiments of
In a preferred embodiment, a treatment is combined with a foaming agent and a solvent to form a landscaping composition. The landscaping composition is then foamed to form a delivery medium for delivering the treatment to the wood fiber. The foam preferably has a stability such that it remains a foam long enough to coat the wood fibers but degrades within a matter of minutes thereafter. The treated product is preferably substantially foam-free. In this embodiment, the treatment manifold treats the wood fiber with the treatment using the delivery medium. Preferably, the foam substantially surrounds and engulfs the wood fibers as they pass by the manifold, and, upon contact with the wood fibers, the foam is reduced as the treatment is deposited at the surfaces of the wood fibers such that most of the treatment is delivered to the surfaces of the wood fibers. The treated wood fibers preferably exit the apparatus with a minimal amount, if any, of foam remaining. The foam acts strictly as a delivery agent to deliver the treatment to the surfaces of the wood fibers. The foam preferably de-foams upon contact with the wood fibers so that the final product contains the landscaping composition on the surfaces of the wood fibers with no foam.
One potential problem with this design is that materials, including, but not limited to, stumps, wood, dirt, or sand, roll over and against the manifold shown in these figures, and the manifold wears out over time. For a steel manifold, for example, the steel wears over time, and eventually becomes paper thin. The entire manifold then has to be removed and replaced.
An alternative embodiment, shown in
Although a tub grinder or horizontal grinder of the present invention is most practically used with wood fibers, other landscaping materials may be treated, preferably on-site, as well within the spirit of the present invention. Rubber may be treated and processed to form treated rubber chips or rubber mulch using an apparatus of the present invention. Other landscaping materials for use with an apparatus of the present invention include, but are not limited to, gravel, sand, and stones.
Accordingly, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention herein described are merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Reference herein to details of the illustrated embodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the claims, which themselves recite those features regarded as essential to the invention.
This application claims one or more inventions which were disclosed in provisional application No. 60/882,022, filed Aug. 10, 2006, entitled “DELIVERY MANIFOLD FOR TREATING MULCH”. The benefit under 35 USC § 119(e) of the United States provisional application is hereby claimed, and the aforementioned application is hereby incorporated herein by reference. This is a continuation-in-part patent application of copending application Ser. No. 11/096,075, filed Mar. 30, 2005, entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TREATING MULCH”, which claimed priority from provisional application No. 60/559,940, filed Apr. 6, 2004, entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TREATING MULCH”. The aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference. This is also a continuation-in-part patent application of copending application Ser. No. 10/453,070, filed Jun. 3, 2003, entitled “COMPOSITIONS, METHODS AND DEVICES FOR ENHANCING LANDSCAPING AND MARKER MATERIALS”, which is a continuation-in-part of parent patent application Ser. No. 10/405,046, filed Mar. 31, 2003, entitled “COMPOSITIONS, METHODS AND DEVICES FOR ENHANCING LANDSCAPING MATERIALS”, which claimed priority from provisional application No. 60/369,080, filed Apr. 1, 2002, entitled “TREATMENTS FOR ENHANCING MULCH MATERIALS”, provisional application No. 60/370,280, filed Apr. 5, 2002, entitled “TREATMENTS FOR ENHANCING MULCH MATERIALS”, provisional application No. 60/376,299, filed Apr. 29, 2002, entitled “TREATMENTS FOR ENHANCING MULCH MATERIALS”, provisional application No. 60/377,079, filed May 1, 2002, entitled “TREATMENTS FOR ENHANCING MULCH MATERIALS”, provisional application No. 60/379,302, filed May 10, 2002, entitled “TREATMENTS FOR ENHANCING MULCH MATERIALS”, provisional application No. 60/383,229, filed May 23, 2002, entitled “TREATMENTS AND METHODS FOR ENHANCING LANDSCAPE MATERIALS”, provisional application No. 60/383,231, filed May 23, 2002, entitled “TREATMENTS FOR ENHANCING MULCH MATERIALS”, provisional application No. 60/394,760, filed Jul. 10, 2002, entitled “TREATMENTS AND METHODS FOR ENHANCING LANDSCAPE MATERIALS”, provisional application No. 60/423,199, filed Oct. 31, 2002, entitled “COMPOSITIONS, METHODS AND DEVICES FOR ENHANCING LANDSCAPE MATERIALS”, and provisional application No. 60/435,590, filed Dec. 20, 2002, entitled “COMPOSITIONS, METHODS AND DEVICES FOR ENHANCING LANDSCAPING MATERIALS”. The aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60822022 | Aug 2006 | US | |
| 60369080 | Apr 2002 | US | |
| 60370280 | Apr 2002 | US | |
| 60376299 | Apr 2002 | US | |
| 60377079 | May 2002 | US | |
| 60379302 | May 2002 | US | |
| 60383229 | May 2002 | US | |
| 60383231 | May 2002 | US | |
| 60394760 | Jul 2002 | US | |
| 60423199 | Oct 2002 | US | |
| 60435590 | Dec 2002 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11096075 | Mar 2005 | US |
| Child | 11834374 | US | |
| Parent | 10453070 | Jun 2003 | US |
| Child | 11096075 | US | |
| Parent | 10405046 | Mar 2003 | US |
| Child | 10453070 | US |
