Patent Application
20150007977
1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to apparatus and methods for determining parameters of a fluid in a wellbore and, more specifically, an apparatus and method for determining parameters in cemented multi-zone completions.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the hydrocarbon industry, there is considerable value associated with the ability to monitor the flow of hydrocarbon products in every zone of a production tube of a well in real time. For example, downhole parameters that may be important in producing from, or injecting into, subsurface reservoirs include pressure, temperature, porosity, permeability, density, mineral content, electrical conductivity, and bed thickness. Downhole parameters may be measured by a variety of sensing systems including acoustic, electrical, magnetic, electro-magnetic, strain, nuclear, and optical based devices. These sensing systems are intended for use between the zonal isolation areas of the production tubing in order to measure fluid parameters adjacent fracking ports. Fracking ports are apertures in a fracking sleeve portion of a production tube string that open and close to permit or restrict fluid flow into and out of the production tube.
One challenge of monitoring the flow of hydrocarbon products arises where cement is used for the zonal isolation. In these instances, the annular area between the production tubing and the wellbore is filled with cement and then perforated by a fracking fluid. As a result, sensors located on an exterior surface of the tubing may not be in direct fluid communication with the fluid flowing into and out of the perforated cement locations. Another challenge arises where the sensor spacing is not customized to align with the zonal isolation areas for each drilling operation. For example, the sensing system may include an array of sensors interconnected by a sensing cable. The length of the sensing cable between any two sensors is set and not adjustable. Conversely, the distance between each zonal isolation area varies for each drilling operation. As a result, the sensing system's measurements may be inaccurate due to the sensor's location along the production tube.
What is needed are apparatus and methods for improving the use of sensing systems with cemented zonal isolations.
The present invention generally relates to a method for determining a parameter of a production fluid in a wellbore. First, a plurality of sensors is attached to a string of tubing equipped with a plurality of sleeves. An isolated communication path is then provided for fluid communication between the plurality of sensors and a plurality of apertures formed in the sleeves. The apertures are initially closed. Next, the string of tubing is inserted and cemented in the wellbore. The apertures in the sleeves are subsequently remotely opened and a fracking fluid is injected into a formation adjacent the wellbore via the apertures, thereby creating perforations in the cement. In one embodiment, the isolated communication path is initially blocked and then, after fracking the path is unblocked, and the parameter of the production fluid adjacent the apertures is measured.
The present invention also relates to a tool string for determining a parameter of a production fluid in a wellbore having a tubing equipped with a sleeve, wherein at least one aperture is formed in the sleeve. The tool string contains a sensor on a sensing cable, wherein the sensor is spaced from the at least one aperture, and a sensor container, wherein the sensor is at least partially enclosed in the sensor container. The tool string includes an isolated communication path that spans a predetermined distance from the sensor container to the nearest aperture, wherein the isolated communication path includes a removable seal.
So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
The present invention is a method and apparatus for sensing parameters in cemented multi-zone completions.
As shown, the wellbore 102 is lined with one or more strings of casing 106 to a predetermined depth. The casing 106 is strengthened by cement 108 injected between the casing 106 and the wellbore 102. The production tubing 110 extends into a horizontal portion in the wellbore 102, thereby creating an annulus 109. The string of production tubing 110 includes at least one fracking zone 116. Each fracking zone 116 includes production tubing 110 equipped with a fracking sleeve 114. The fracking sleeve 114 includes a plurality of apertures that can be remotely opened or closed during the various phases of hydrocarbon production. In one example, the apertures are fracking ports 112 that remain closed during the injection of cement 108 and are later opened to permit the injection of fracking fluid into a formation 104.
The sensing systems 101 may be interconnected by the sensing cable 118. The sensing cable 118 runs along the outer diameter of the production tubing 110 in the annulus 109. In one example, the sensing cable 118 may be fed from a spool and attached to the production tubing 110 as the strings of the production tubing 110 are inserted into the wellbore 102. The sensing cable 118 contains sensors 124, which may include any of the various types of acoustic and/or pressure sensors known to those skilled in the art. In one example, the sensing system 101 may rely on fiber optic based seismic sensing where the sensors 124 include fiber optic-based sensors, such as fiber Bragg gratings in disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,036,601 which is incorporated herein in its entirety. To determine fluid parameters at the fracking port 112, the sensor 124 is coupled to the communication path 126. The communication path 126 provides fluid communication between the sensor 124 and a fracking port 112. In one example, the communication path 126 may be placed either adjacent the fracturing port 112 or a close distance from the fracking port 112. The communication path 126 may be initially sealed. In one example, a removable plug 128 prevents fluids, up to some threshold pressure, from reaching the sensor 124 through the communication path 126.
In another embodiment, the sensor container 404 is on a container carrier (not shown). The container carrier is coupled to the production tubing 110 and is independent of the mandrel 402. Therefore, the container carrier provides the ability to attach the sensor container 404 to the production tubing 110 at locations not adjacent the mandrel 402 or the fracking sleeve 114. The communication path 126 of sufficient length is provided to couple the sensor 124 to the mandrel 402.
In the embodiment shown, the mandrel 402 includes a holding area 506, which provides an enlarged area to seat the sensing system 101. The position of the sensor container 404 in the holding area 506 determines the minimum length of the communication path 126. In one example, the communication path 126 must be sufficient in length to couple the tube port 504 to the sensor port 502. The tube port 504 supplies fluid from the inner diameter of the mandrel 402 directly to the communication path 126. Fluid flows through the communication path 126 to the sensor port 502 on the sensor container 404.
The sensor container 404 is designed to easily attach to the holding area 506 on the mandrel 402. In one example, the sensor container 404 and/or the sensing cable 118 may be fastened to the mandrel 402 by a clamping mechanism 508. The clamping mechanism 508 restricts the sensor container 404 from shifting in the holding area 506. To further provide a secure fit in the holding area 506, a cable slot 510 may be machined into the mandrel 402 at each end of the holding area 506. The mandrel 402 may include a mandrel cover (not shown) to cover the holding area 506 and further secure the sensing system 101.
The burst disc 603 is seated and sealed by the disc plug 604 in a tube slot 610. The burst disc 603 prevents cement 108 from entering the communication path 126 during the cementing operation. However, the burst disc 603 may fail and allow fluid to enter the communication path 126 during the fracking operation. In one example, the burst disc 603 may be manufactured of a material set to fail above the pressure used in the cement operation, but below the pressure used in the fracking operation. After the burst disc 603 fails, a sample of fluid in the mandrel 402 flows through the vertical drill hole 602 and into the tube slot 610. The debris screen 606, which is seated in the tube slot 610 on the disc plug 604, traps material from the burst disc 603 and prevents the communication path 126 from clogging. After the debris screen 606 filters the fluid, the fluid enters the communication path 126 by passing through the fluid channel 601 and a fitting 616. The burst disc 603, the disc plug 604, and the debris screen 606 are held in the tube slot 610 by the plug fastener 608, which sits in a plug slot 612.
In another embodiment, the tube port 504 includes the fluid channel 601 and the vertical drill hole 602 separated by a removable plug (not shown). The removable plug may be dislodged or eroded by fluid flowing through the mandrel 402. After the removable plug is eliminated, a sample of fluid in the mandrel 402 flows into the communication path 126 for a parameter reading in the sensing container 404.
The sensor compartment 706 isolates the sensor 124 and ensures accurate sensor measurements by providing a seal. In one embodiment, the sensor compartment 706 may be located on the container base 704 and include a pair of side seals 710 and a pair of end seals 712. The side seals 710 run parallel to the sensing cable 118 and the end seals 712 run over and around the sensing cable 118. The side seals 710 and the end seals 712 may include a layer of seal material 713 that prevents fluid from contacting the sensor 124.
The sensor 124 determines the parameters of fluid in the production tubing 110. In one example, the sensor 124 reads a pressure of the fluid at varying stages of the drilling operation. The sensor 124 may measure the pressure of the fracking fluid injected into the formation 104 during the fracking operation. The sensor 124 may also measure the pressure of the production fluid exiting the formation 104 during the production operation. The sensor 124 may be either completely or partially covered by the sensor container 404.
The sensor container 404 includes the sensor port 502. The sensor port 502 couples the communication path 126 to the sensor compartment 706 by feeding fluid into the fluid channel 601. In one example, the container cover 702 includes the sensor port 502 and a test port (not shown) opposite the sensor port 502. The test port is substantially similar or identical to the sensor port 502 and tests the quality of the side and end seals 710, 712.
While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
