Patent Grant
11026004
This application is also related to co-owned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/216,835 entitled “APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR INTEGRATED HIGH-CAPACITY DATA AND WIRELESS NETWORK SERVICES” filed Dec. 11, 2018, Ser. No. 16/261,234 entitled “APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR ENABLING MOBILITY OF A USER DEVICE IN AN ENHANCED WIRELESS NETWORK” filed Jan. 29, 2019, Ser. No. 16/384,561 entitled “APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR INTEGRATED HIGH-CAPACITY DATA AND WIRELESS IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) SERVICES” filed Apr. 15, 2019, Ser. No. 16/384,805 entitled “GATEWAY APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR WIRELESS IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) SERVICES” filed Apr. 15, 2019, and Ser. No. 16/384,701 entitled “APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR ENHANCING QUALITY OF EXPERIENCE FOR OVER-THE-TOP DATA SERVICES OVER HIGH-CAPACITY WIRELESS NETWORKS” filed Apr. 15, 2019, each of the foregoing incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
The present disclosure relates generally to the field of data networks and wireless devices, and specifically in one exemplary aspect to an architecture which integrates or unifies provision of high-speed data services in a variety of different locations and use cases, including provision of multiple data channels over a common bearer.
Data communication services are now ubiquitous throughout user premises (e.g., home, office, and even vehicles). Such data communication services may be provided via a managed or unmanaged network. For instance, a typical home has services provided by one or more network service providers via a managed network such as a cable or satellite network. These services may include content delivery (e.g., linear television, on-demand content, personal or cloud DVR, “start over”, etc.), as well as so-called “over the top” third party content. Similarly, Internet and telephony access is also typically provided, and may be bundled with the aforementioned content delivery functions into subscription packages, which are increasingly becoming more user- or premises-specific in their construction and content. Such services are also increasingly attempting to adopt the paradigm of “anywhere”, anytime,” so that users (subscribers) can access the desired services (e.g., watch a movie) via a number of different receiving and rendering platforms, such as in different rooms of their house, on their mobile device while traveling, etc.
Managed Cable Networks
Network operators deliver data services (e.g., broadband) and video products to customers using a variety of different devices, thereby enabling their users or subscribers to access data/content in a number of different contexts, both fixed (e.g., at their residence) and mobile (such as while traveling or away from home).
Data/content delivery may be specific to the network operator, such as where video content is ingested by the network operator or its proxy, and delivered to the network users or subscribers as a product or service of the network operator. For instance, a cable multiple systems operator (MSO) may ingest content from multiple different sources (e.g., national networks, content aggregators, etc.), process the ingested content, and deliver it to the MSO subscribers via e.g., a hybrid fiber coax (HFC) cable/fiber network, such as to the subscriber's set-top box or DOCSIS cable modem. Such ingested content is transcoded to the necessary format as required (e.g., MPEG-2 or MPEG-4/AVC), framed and placed in the appropriate media container format (“packaged”), and transmitted via e.g., statistical multiplex into a multi-program transport stream (MPTS) on 6 MHz radio frequency (RF) channels for receipt by the subscribers RF tuner, demultiplexed and decoded, and rendered on the user's rendering device (e.g., digital TV) according to the prescribed coding format.
Within the cable plant, VOD and so-called switched digital video (SDV) may also be used to provide content, and utilize a single-program transport stream (SPTS) delivery modality. In U. S. cable systems for example, downstream RF channels used for transmission of television programs are 6 MHz wide, and occupy a 6 MHz spectral slot between 54 MHz and 860 MHz. Deployments of VOD services have to share this spectrum with already established analog and digital cable television services such as those described above. Within a given cable plant, all homes that are electrically connected to the same cable feed running through a neighborhood will receive the same downstream signal. For the purpose of managing e.g., VOD services, these homes are grouped into logical groups typically called Service Groups. Homes belonging to the same Service Group receive their VOD service on the same set of RF channels.
VOD service is typically offered over a given number (e.g., 4) of RF channels from the available spectrum in cable. Thus, a VOD Service Group consists of homes receiving VOD signals over the same 4 RF channels.
In most cable networks, programs are transmitted using MPEG (e.g., MPEG-2) audio/video compression. Since cable signals are transmitted using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) scheme, available payload bitrate for typical modulation rates (QAM-256) used on HFC systems is roughly 38 Mbps. For example, in many VOD deployments, a typical rate of 3.75 Mbps is used to send one video program at resolution and quality equivalent to NTSC broadcast signals. In digital television terminology, this is called Standard Definition (SD) television resolution. Therefore, use of MPEG-2 and QAM modulation enables carriage of 10 SD sessions on one RF channel (10×3.75=37.5 Mbps<38 Mbps). Since a typical Service Group consists of 4 RF channels, 40 simultaneous SD VOD sessions can be accommodated within a Service Group.
Entertainment-quality transmission of HD (High Definition) signals requires about four times as much bandwidth as SD. For an exemplary MPEG-2 Main Profile—High Level (MP@HL) video compression, each HD program requires around 15 Mbps bitrate.
OTT—
Alternatively, so-called “over-the-top” or OTT delivery may be used for providing services within a network, wherein content from a third party source who may be unaffiliated with the network operator provides content directly to the requesting user or subscriber via the network operator's infrastructure (including the cable architecture described supra), e.g., via an IP-based transport; i.e., the content is packetized and routed for delivery to the requesting user based on the user's network or IP address, such as via the aforementioned high-speed DOCSIS cable modem, according to the well-known Internet Protocol network-layer protocol.
IP unicasts (point to point) or multicasts (point to multiple points) have traditionally been used as the mechanism by which the OTT content is distributed over the network, via the user accessing a prescribed URL and logging in with their credentials to gain access to the content. The IP content is then streamed via the unicast/multicast to the requesting user(s), and received and decoded by a media player application program (“app”) on the user's PC, laptop, or other IP-enabled end-user device.
Wireless
A multitude of wireless networking technologies, also known as Radio Access Technologies (“RATs”), provide the underlying means of connection for radio-based communication networks to user devices. Such RATs often utilize licensed radio frequency spectrum (i.e., that allocated by the FCC per the Table of Frequency Allocations as codified at Section 2.106 of the Commission's Rules). Currently only frequency bands between 9 kHz and 275 GHz have been allocated (i.e., designated for use by one or more terrestrial or space radio communication services or the radio astronomy service under specified conditions). For example, a typical cellular service provider might utilize spectrum for so-called “3G” (third generation) and “4G” (fourth generation) wireless communications as shown in Table 1 below:
Alternatively, unlicensed spectrum may be utilized, such as that within the so-called ISM-bands. The ISM bands are defined by the ITU Radio Regulations (Article 5) in footnotes 5.138, 5.150, and 5.280 of the Radio Regulations. In the United States, uses of the ISM bands are governed by Part 18 of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules, while Part 15 contains the rules for unlicensed communication devices, even those that share ISM frequencies. Table 2 below shows typical ISM frequency allocations:
ISM bands are also been shared with (non-ISM) license-free communications applications such as wireless sensor networks in the 915 MHz and 2.450 GHz bands, as well as wireless LANs (e.g., Wi-Fi) and cordless phones in the 915 MHz, 2.450 GHz, and 5.800 GHz bands.
Additionally, the 5 GHz band has been allocated for use by, e.g., WLAN equipment, as shown in Table 3:
User client devices (e.g., smartphone, tablet, phablet, laptop, smartwatch, or other wireless-enabled devices, mobile or otherwise) generally support multiple RATs that enable the devices to connect to one another, or to networks (e.g., the Internet, intranets, or extranets), often including RATs associated with both licensed and unlicensed spectrum. In particular, wireless access to other networks by client devices is made possible by wireless technologies that utilize networked hardware, such as a wireless access point (“WAP” or “AP”), small cells, femtocells, or cellular towers, serviced by a backend or backhaul portion of service provider network (e.g., a cable network). A user may generally access the network at a node or “hotspot,” a physical location at which the user may obtain access by connecting to modems, routers, APs, etc. that are within wireless range.
One such technology that enables a user to engage in wireless communication (e.g., via services provided through the cable network operator) is Wi-Fi® (IEEE Std. 802.11), which has become a ubiquitously accepted standard for wireless networking in consumer electronics. Wi-Fi allows client devices to gain convenient high-speed access to networks (e.g., wireless local area networks (WLANs)) via one or more access points.
Commercially, Wi-Fi is able to provide services to a group of users within a venue or premises such as within a trusted home or business environment, or outside, e.g., cafes, hotels, business centers, restaurants, and other public areas. A typical Wi-Fi network setup may include the user's client device in wireless communication with an AP (and/or a modem connected to the AP) that are in communication with the backend, where the client device must be within a certain range that allows the client device to detect the signal from the AP and conduct communication with the AP.
Another wireless technology in widespread use is Long-Term Evolution standard (also colloquially referred to as “LTE,” “4G,” “LTE Advanced,” among others). An LTE network is powered by an Evolved Packet Core (“EPC”), an Internet Protocol (IP)-based network architecture and eNodeB—Evolved NodeB or E-UTRAN node which part of the Radio Access Network (RAN), capable of providing high-speed wireless data communication services to many wireless-enabled devices of users with a wide coverage area.
Currently, most consumer devices include multi-RAT capability; e.g.; the capability to access multiple different RATs, whether simultaneously, or in a “fail over” manner (such as via a wireless connection manager process running on the device). For example, a smartphone may be enabled for LTE data access, but when unavailable, utilize one or more Wi-Fi technologies (e.g., 802.11g/n/ac) for data communications.
The capabilities of different RATs (such as LTE and Wi-Fi) can be very different, including regarding establishment of wireless service to a given client device. For example, there is a disparity between the signal strength threshold for initializing a connection via Wi-Fi vs. LTE (including those technologies configured to operate in unlicensed bands such as LTE-U and LTE-LAA). As a brief aside, LTE-U enables data communication via LTE in an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz) to provide additional radio spectrum for data transmission (e.g., to compensate for overflow traffic). LTE-LAA uses carrier aggregation to combine LTE in unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz) with the licensed band. Typical levels of signal strength required for LTE-U or LTE-LAA service are approximately −80 to −84 dBm. In comparison, Wi-Fi can be detected by a client device based on a signal strength of approximately −72 to −80 dBm, i.e., a higher (i.e., less sensitive) detection threshold.
Increasing numbers of users (whether users of wireless interfaces of the aforementioned standards, or others) invariably lead to “crowding” of the spectrum, including interference. Interference may also exist from non-user sources such as solar radiation, electrical equipment, military uses, etc. In effect, a given amount of spectrum has physical limitations on the amount of bandwidth it can provide, and as more users are added in parallel, each user potentially experiences more interference and degradation of performance.
Moreover, technologies such as Wi-Fi have limited range (due in part to the unlicensed spectral power mask imposed in those bands), and may suffer from spatial propagation variations (especially inside structures such as buildings) and deployment density issues. Wi-Fi has become so ubiquitous that, especially in high-density scenarios such as hospitality units (e.g., hotels), enterprises, crowded venues, and the like, the contention issues may be unmanageable, even with a plethora of Wi-Fi APs installed to compensate. Yet further, there is generally no coordination between such APs, each in effect contending for bandwidth on its backhaul with others.
Additionally, lack of integration with other services provided by e.g., a managed network operator, typically exists with unlicensed technology such as Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi typically acts as a “data pipe” opaquely carried by the network operator/service provider.
5G New Radio (NR) and NG-RAN (Next Generation Radio Area Network)—
NG-RAN or “NextGen RAN (Radio Area Network)” is part of the 3GPP “5G” next generation radio system. 3GPP is currently specifying Release 15 NG-RAN, its components, and interactions among the involved nodes including so-called “gNBs” (next generation Node B's or eNBs). NG-RAN will provide very high-bandwidth, very low-latency (e.g., on the order of 1 ms or less “round trip”) wireless communication and efficiently utilize, depending on application, both licensed and unlicensed spectrum of the type described supra in a wide variety of deployment scenarios, including indoor “spot” use, urban “macro” (large cell) coverage, rural coverage, use in vehicles, and “smart” grids and structures. NG-RAN will also integrate with 4G/4.5G systems and infrastructure, and moreover new LTE entities are used (e.g., an “evolved” LTE eNB or “eLTE eNB” which supports connectivity to both the EPC (Evolved Packet Core) and the NR “NGC” (Next Generation Core). As such, both “standalone” (SA) and “non-standalone” (NSA) configurations are described. As discussed in greater detail below, in the SA scenario, the 5G NR or the evolved LTE radio cells and the core network are operated alone. Conversely, in NSA scenarios, combination of e-UTRAN and NG-RAN entities are utilized.
In some aspects, exemplary Release 15 NG-RAN leverages technology and functions of extant LTE/LTE-A technologies (colloquially referred to as 4G or 4.5G), as bases for further functional development and capabilities. For instance, in an LTE-based network, upon startup, an eNB (base station) establishes S1-AP connections towards the MME (mobility management entity) whose commands the eNB is expected to execute. An eNB can be responsible for multiple cells (in other words, multiple Tracking Area Codes corresponding to E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifiers). The procedure used by the eNB to establish the aforementioned S1-AP connection, together with the activation of cells that the eNB supports, is referred to as the S1 SETUP procedure; see inter alia, 3GPP TS 36.413 V14.4. entitled “3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) (Release 14)” dated September 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
As a brief aside, and referring to
Accordingly, to implement the Fs interfaces 308, 310, the (standardized) F1 interface is employed. It provides a mechanism for interconnecting a gNB-CU 304 and a gNB-DU 306 of a gNB 302 within an NG-RAN, or for interconnecting a gNB-CU and a gNB-DU of an en-gNB within an E-UTRAN. The F1 Application Protocol (F1AP) supports the functions of F1 interface by signaling procedures defined in 3GPP TS 38.473. F1AP consists of so-called “elementary procedures” (EPs). An EP is a unit of interaction between gNB-CU and gNB-DU. These EPs are defined separately and are intended to be used to build up complete messaging sequences in a flexible manner. Generally, unless otherwise stated by the restrictions, the EPs may be invoked independently of each other as standalone procedures, which can be active in parallel.
Within such an architecture 300, a gNB-DU 306 (or ngeNB-DU) is under the control of a single gNB-CU 304. When a gNB-DU is initiated (including power-up), it executes the F1 SETUP procedure (which is generally modeled after the above-referenced S1 SETUP procedures of LTE) to inform the controlling gNB-CU of, inter alia, any number of parameters such as e.g., the number of cells (together with the identity of each particular cell) in the F1 SETUP REQUEST message.
In
In
In
As of the date of this writing, 3GPP is delivering Release 15 to industry in three distinct steps: (i) ‘early’ drop: contains Non-standalone 5G specifications (so called Option-3 family), ASN.1 frozen in March 2018; (ii) ‘main’ drop: contains Standalone 5G (so called Option-2), ASN.1 frozen in September 2018; and (iii) ‘late’ drop: contains additional migration architectures (so called Option-4, Option-7, and 5G-5G dual connectivity), ASN.1 to be frozen in June 2019.
Better Solutions Needed
Even with the great advances in wireless data rate, robustness and coverage afforded by extant 4/4.5G (e.g. LTE/LTE-A) and WLAN (and other unlicensed) systems, significant disabilities still exist.
One such problem relates to the situation where MNO or other radio access nodes or base stations are backhauled by another provider (e.g., a wireless network built around HFC/DOCSIS as backhaul between the radio and wireless core network elements). In such cases, several disadvantages are encountered, including (i) separate CAPEX (capital expenditure) and OPEX (operating expenditure) “silos” for maintaining the two different networks; i.e., wired and wireless; and (ii) lower data throughput efficiency and higher latency due to the additional overhead of encapsulating wireless data packets through e.g., the DOCSIS (backhaul) protocols. In the context of the aforementioned ultra-low latency requirements of 5G (i.e., 1 ms or less round-trip between endpoint nodes), such infrastructure-induced latency can result in failing to meet these requirements, making this architecture potentially unsuitable for 5G applications.
Moreover, to achieve certain capacity targets (e.g., 10 Gbps) over such infrastructure, increased use of optical fiber is needed in certain parts of the infrastructure. Under current HFC network design, services are provided to users via a single coaxial cable “drop” to their premises, and groups of such premises are served by common tap-off points or nodes within the larger architecture (see discussion of cable systems supra). Individual premises “tap off” the cabling or other infrastructure from each node and, depending on their geographic placement and other considerations, may require utilization of a number of different amplification units in order to maintain sufficient signal strength out to the most distant (topology-wise) premises in the system.
However, when using (i) a single receiver chipset in the consumer premises equipment (CPE) and (ii) 3GPP 5G NR waveforms over such a single coaxial feeder that MSOs bring to their subscriber's premises (or alternatively a single coaxial cable that is installed for lower-cost single input single output (SISO) distributed antenna systems (DAS)), the total carrier bandwidth that can be aggregated by the chipset in such architectures is limited to a value, e.g. 800 MHz, under prior art techniques. This is insufficient for reaching high throughputs such as 10 Gbit/s, and fails to effectively leverage the spectral efficiencies supported by the 3GPP 5G NR standard.
Since the 3GPP 5G NR standard supports the transmission of multiple independent parallel data streams as part of a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel for the same RF bandwidth (i.e., to leverage the spatial diversity that wireless channels afford when multiple antenna elements are used), at least the first generation of commercial 3GPP NR chipsets will support such parallel MIMO data streams. However, attempts to transmit these parallel streams over a single cable such as that described above would be counterproductive, as all the streams would occupy the same RF bandwidth, and would interfere with each other for lack of spatial diversity between them.
Additionally, at least first generation NR implementations (“early drop” discussed above) require both 3GPP 4G and 5G capability to operate in tandem, as part of the non-standalone (NSA) configuration, which adds further requirements/complexity. Specifically, 3GPP Release 15 indicates that the first implementations of networks and devices will be classed as NSA, in effect meaning that 5G networks will be supported by existing 4G/4.5G core infrastructure (see exemplary configurations of
The initial implementations of 5G cellular infrastructure will be directed primarily to so-called enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and URLLC (ultra reliable low latency communications). These features are intended to provide, inter alia, increased data-bandwidth and connection reliability via two (2) new radio frequency ranges: (i) Frequency Range 1—this range overlaps and extends 4G/4.5G LTE frequencies, operating from 450 MHz to 6,000 MHz. Bands are numbered from 1 to 255 (commonly referred to as New Radio (NR) or sub-6 GHz); and (ii) Frequency Range 2—this range operates at a higher 24,250 MHz to 52,600 MHz, and uses bands numbered between 257 to 511.
The 5G Standalone (SA) network and device standard (approval to be determined) advantageously provides simplification and improved efficiency over NSA. This simplification will lower CAPEX/OPEX cost, and improve performance in data throughput up to the edge portions of the wireless infrastructure. Once the incipient SA standard (later “drops” discussed above) is implemented, migration from 5G NSA to SA by operators will occur according to any one of a number of possible migration paths; however, until such migration is completed, NSA requirements must be supported where applicable.
Accordingly, improved apparatus and methods are needed to, inter alia, enable optimized delivery of ultra-high data rate services (both wired and wireless) such as the aforementioned 10 Gbps capability, and which leverage extant network infrastructure such as the single MSO cable drop discussed above. Ideally, such improved apparatus and methods would also have sufficient capability/flexibility to support both 4G and 5G NR functionality for NSA implementations which will likely be prevalent for at least a period of time before SA (Release 16) is fully implemented, as well as being adaptable for subsequent SA operation.
The present disclosure addresses the foregoing needs by providing, inter alia, methods and apparatus for providing optimized delivery of ultra-high data rate services (both wired and wireless) and which leverage extant network infrastructure and which support extant 3GPP protocols including both 4G and 5G NR.
In a first aspect of the disclosure, a method of operating a radio frequency (RF) network so that extant infrastructure is used to deliver integrated wireless data services is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes transmitting OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) waveforms over at least a portion of the extant infrastructure within a prescribed frequency band. In one variant, the transmitted OFDM waveforms including at least first and second spatial diversity data channels, the at least first and second spatial diversity data channels shifted in frequency relative to one another and within the prescribed frequency band so that each of the at least first and second spatial diversity data channels may be received by at least one receiver device and aggregated.
In one implementation, the transmitting over the at least portion of the extant infrastructure includes transmitting over a hybrid fiber coax (HFC) infrastructure for delivery to at least one single coaxial cable premises drop; and the integrated wireless data services comprise data delivery at rates in excess of 1 Gbps.
In another implementation, the method further includes designating the prescribed frequency band from an available total bandwidth of the extant infrastructure; and allocating the at least first and second spatial diversity data channels to at least two respective sub-bands. The allocation includes e.g., allocating using wideband amplifier apparatus into sub-bands of approximately 98 MHz, and may further comprise delivery of the at least two sub-bands to one or more extant HFC network hubs.
In a further implementation, the method further includes allocating at least one 3GPP Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE) channel within at least one sub-band of the prescribed frequency band, and at least one synchronization carrier within at least one sub-band of the prescribed frequency band.
In one approach, I (In-phase) and Q (Quadrature) data are multiplexed onto the synchronization carrier, the multiplexing I (In-phase) and Q (Quadrature) data onto the synchronization carrier including multiplexing at least first and second data bits onto the synchronization carrier, the at least first data bits corresponding to a first technology, and the at least second data bits corresponding to a second technology (e.g., 3GPP LTE and 3GPP 5G NR (5th Generation New Radio)).
In another aspect, a network architecture configured to support wireless user devices is disclosed. In one embodiment, the architecture includes: a distribution node, the distribution node configured to transmit radio frequency (RF) waveforms onto a wireline or optical medium of a network, the RF waveforms being orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) modulated and including at least two spatially diverse data streams, a first of the at least two spatially diverse data streams allocated to a first frequency sub-band, and a second of the at least two spatial diversity data streams allocated to a second frequency sub-band; and a first plurality of user nodes, each of the first plurality of user nodes in data communication with the wireline or optical medium and including a receiver apparatus.
In one variant, the receiver apparatus is configured to: receive the transmitted OFDM modulated waveforms; upconvert the received OFDM modulated waveforms to at least one user frequency band to form upconverted waveforms; and transmit the upconverted waveforms to at least one wireless user device.
In one implementation, the network architecture includes a radio node in data communication with the distribution node and at least one of the first plurality of user nodes, the radio node configured to provide at least supplemental data communication to the at least one user node. The radio node is in data communication with the distribution node via at least an optical fiber medium, and the radio node is in data communication with the at least one user node via a wireless interface.
In another implementation, the radio node is in data communication with the distribution node via at least an optical fiber medium, and the radio node is in data communication with the at least one user node via a wireless interface.
In a further implementation, the network architecture includes a second distribution node, the second distribution node configured to transmit radio frequency (RF) waveforms onto a second wireline or optical medium of the network, the RF waveforms being orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) modulated, the second wireline or optical medium of the network serving a second plurality of user nodes different than the first plurality of user nodes. The architecture may also include a radio node in data communication with at least the distribution node and (i) at least one of the first plurality of user nodes, and (ii) at least one of the second plurality of user nodes, the radio node configured to provide at least supplemental data communication to both the at least one of the first plurality of user nodes, and the at least one of the second plurality of user nodes.
In one particular implementation, the radio node is in data communication with the distribution node via at least an optical fiber medium, and the radio node is in data communication with both the at least one of the first plurality of user nodes, and the at least one of the second plurality of user nodes, via a wireless interface utilizing an unlicensed portion of the RF spectrum.
In another aspect of the disclosure, a controller apparatus for use within a hybrid fiber/coaxial cable distribution network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the controller apparatus includes: a radio frequency (RF) communications management module; a first data interface in data communication with the RF communications management module for data communication with a network core process; a second data interface in data communication with the RF communications management module for data communication with a first RF distribution node of the hybrid fiber/coaxial cable distribution network; and a third data interface in data communication with the RF communications management module for data communication with a second RF distribution node of the hybrid fiber/coaxial cable distribution network.
In one variant, the radio frequency (RF) communications management module includes computerized logic to enable at least the transmission of digital data from at least one of the first RF distribution node and the second RF distribution node using a plurality of spatial diversity data streams shifted in frequency relative to one another and transmitted via a selected transmission frequency band.
In one implementation, the radio frequency (RF) communications management module includes a 3GPP Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR) gNB (gNodeB) Controller Unit (CU), the first data interface for data communication with a network core process includes a 3GPP Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR) Xn interface with a 5GC (Fifth Generation Core), and the second data interface includes a 3GPP Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR) F1 interface operative over at least a wireline data bearer medium, the first RF distribution node including a 3GPP Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR) gNB (gNodeB) Distributed Unit (DU); and the third data interface includes an Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR) F1 interface operative over at least a dense wave division multiplexed (DWDM) optical data bearer, the second RF distribution node including a 3GPP Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR) gNB (gNodeB) Distributed Unit (DU).
In another aspect, methods and apparatus for utilizing spatial diversity data streams to deliver data over a common single transmission medium are disclosed. In one embodiment, the spatial diversity streams are 5G NR MIMO data streams, and the transmission medium includes a coaxial cable.
In a further aspect, a method of generating and delivering a plurality of MIMO data streams over a network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes delivering two or more MIMO streams which converge at a destination node (e.g., CPEe) using different frequency resources after carriage over an interposed RF cable medium. In one variant, the two or more MIMO streams are mapped to the frequency resources based at least on channel quality feedback from the CPEe back to the transmission node. In another variant, the method further includes selecting an appropriate modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for each of the streams, such as by the transmission node.
In another aspect, methods for synchronizing first and second technology data streams transmitted over a bearer medium (e.g., coaxial cable) are disclosed. In one variant, I and Q signals are sent over the medium in a prescribed frequency band and used to synchronize 4G/4.5G (LTE/LTE-A) signals and 5G NR signals.
In another aspect, computerized network apparatus for use in a data network is disclosed. In one variant, the network includes an HFC network with NG-RAN capability, and the apparatus includes at least one enhanced DU (DUe).
In another variant, the network apparatus includes at least one enhanced CU (CUe), which can control a number of DU/DUe.
In yet another aspect, a system is disclosed. In one embodiment, the system includes (i) a controller entity, (ii) one or more distributed entities in data communication therewith via an HFC bearer.
In a further aspect of the disclosure, a method for providing high speed data services to a device is described. In one embodiment, the method includes providing indoor wireless coverage via a wireless-enabled CPE backhauled by an HFC network, and supplementing that capability via one or more external (e.g., pole mounted) access nodes that are communicative with the CPE via an external antenna apparatus. In one variant, the external access nodes are backhauled by the same HFC network.
In another aspect, a computerized access node implementing one or more of the foregoing aspects is disclosed and described. In one embodiment, the access node includes a wireless interface capable of data communication with a user device (e.g., UE). In one variant, the device is pole-mounted (e.g., on a telephone or utility pole), and further is configured to interface with a premises CPE via e.g., an antenna apparatus mounted on an exterior of the premises.
In another aspect, a computerized premises device implementing one or more of the foregoing aspects is disclosed and described. In one embodiment, the device includes a CPE having 5G NR capability, and is backhauled via an extant coaxial cable drop. In one variant, the device also includes MIMO-enabled chipset adapted for receipt and processing of the frequency-shifted waveforms previously referenced.
In another aspect, a computerized device implementing one or more of the foregoing aspects is disclosed and described. In one embodiment, the device includes a personal or laptop computer. In another embodiment, the device includes a mobile device (e.g., tablet or smartphone). In another embodiment, the device includes a computerized “smart” television or rendering device.
In another aspect, an integrated circuit (IC) device implementing one or more of the foregoing aspects is disclosed and described. In one embodiment, the IC device is embodied as a SoC (system on Chip) device. In another embodiment, an ASIC (application specific IC) is used as the basis of the device. In yet another embodiment, a chip set (i.e., multiple ICs used in coordinated fashion) is disclosed. In yet another embodiment, the device includes a multi-logic block FPGA device.
In another aspect, a computer readable storage apparatus implementing one or more of the foregoing aspects is disclosed and described. In one embodiment, the computer readable apparatus includes a program memory, or an EEPROM. In another embodiment, the apparatus includes a solid state drive (SSD) or other mass storage device. In another embodiment, the apparatus includes a USB or other “flash drive” or other such portable removable storage device. In yet another embodiment, the apparatus includes a “cloud” (network) based storage device which is remote from yet accessible via a computerized user or client electronic device. In yet another embodiment, the apparatus includes a “fog” (network) based storage device which is distributed across multiple nodes of varying proximity and accessible via a computerized user or client electronic device.
In a further aspect, an optical-to-coaxial cable transducer that can transmit and receive 3GPP 4G LTE and 5G NR waveforms to multiple CPE through a single coaxial cable interface is disclosed.
In a further aspect, a method of introducing expanded data network services within a network infrastructure are disclosed. In one embodiment, the network includes an HFC cable network, and the method includes (i) utilizing extant bearer media (e.g., coaxial cable to premises) as a primary backhaul for high speed data services, and (ii) subsequently using extant bearer media (e.g., coaxial cable or optical fiber to extant wireless nodes such as cellular base stations) to provide supplemental bandwidth/mobility services to the premises users. In another variant, the method further includes (iii) subsequently installing new optical fiber or other media to support backhaul of new (currently non-existent “pole mounted” or similar opportunistic access nodes which support further user mobility for the users/subscribers of the network operator.
These and other aspects shall become apparent when considered in light of the disclosure provided herein.
All figures © Copyright 2017-2019 Charter Communications Operating, LLC. All rights reserved.
Reference is now made to the drawings wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout.
As used herein, the term “application” (or “app”) refers generally and without limitation to a unit of executable software that implements a certain functionality or theme. The themes of applications vary broadly across any number of disciplines and functions (such as on-demand content management, e-commerce transactions, brokerage transactions, home entertainment, calculator etc.), and one application may have more than one theme. The unit of executable software generally runs in a predetermined environment; for example, the unit could include a downloadable Java Xlet™ that runs within the JavaTV™ environment.
As used herein, the term “central unit” or “CU” refers without limitation to a centralized logical node within a wireless network infrastructure. For example, a CU might be embodied as a 5G/NR gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU), which is a logical node hosting RRC, SDAP and PDCP protocols of the gNB or RRC and PDCP protocols of the en-gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs, and which terminates the F1 interface connected with one or more DUs (e.g., gNB-DUs) defined below.
As used herein, the terms “client device” or “user device” or “UE” include, but are not limited to, set-top boxes (e.g., DSTBs), gateways, modems, personal computers (PCs), and minicomputers, whether desktop, laptop, or otherwise, and mobile devices such as handheld computers, PDAs, personal media devices (PMDs), tablets, “phablets”, smartphones, and vehicle infotainment systems or portions thereof.
As used herein, the term “computer program” or “software” is meant to include any sequence or human or machine cognizable steps which perform a function. Such program may be rendered in virtually any programming language or environment including, for example, C/C++, Fortran, COBOL, PASCAL, assembly language, markup languages (e.g., HTML, SGML, XML, VoXML), and the like, as well as object-oriented environments such as the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), Java™ (including J2ME, Java Beans, etc.) and the like.
As used herein, the term “distributed unit” or “DU” refers without limitation to a distributed logical node within a wireless network infrastructure. For example, a DU might be embodied as a 5G/NR gNB Distributed Unit (gNB-DU), which is a logical node hosting RLC, MAC and PHY layers of the gNB or en-gNB, and its operation is partly controlled by gNB-CU (referenced above). One gNB-DU supports one or multiple cells, yet a given cell is supported by only one gNB-DU. The gNB-DU terminates the F1 interface connected with the gNB-CU.
As used herein, the term “DOCSIS” refers to any of the existing or planned variants of the Data Over Cable Services Interface Specification, including for example DOCSIS versions 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0 and 3.1.
As used herein, the term “headend” or “backend” refers generally to a networked system controlled by an operator (e.g., an MSO) that distributes programming to MSO clientele using client devices, or provides other services such as high-speed data delivery and backhaul.
As used herein, the terms “Internet” and “internet” are used interchangeably to refer to inter-networks including, without limitation, the Internet. Other common examples include but are not limited to: a network of external servers, “cloud” entities (such as memory or storage not local to a device, storage generally accessible at any time via a network connection, and the like), service nodes, access points, controller devices, client devices, etc.
As used herein, the term “IoT device” refers without limitation to electronic devices having one or more primary functions and being configured to provide and/or receive data via one or more communication protocols. Examples of IoT devices include security or monitoring systems, appliances, consumer electronics, vehicles, infrastructure (e.g., traffic signaling systems), and medical devices, as well as receivers, hubs, proxy devices, or gateways used in association therewith.
As used herein, the term “IoT network” refers without limitation to any logical, physical, or topological connection or aggregation of two or more IoT devices (or one IoT device and one or more non-IoT devices). Examples of IoT networks include networks of one or more IoT devices arranged in a peer-to-peer (P2P), star, ring, tree, mesh, master-slave, and coordinator-device topology.
As used herein, the term “LTE” refers to, without limitation and as applicable, any of the variants or Releases of the Long-Term Evolution wireless communication standard, including LTE-U (Long Term Evolution in unlicensed spectrum), LTE-LAA (Long Term Evolution, Licensed Assisted Access), LTE-A (LTE Advanced), 4G LTE, WiMAX, VoLTE (Voice over LTE), and other wireless data standards.
As used herein, the term “memory” includes any type of integrated circuit or other storage device adapted for storing digital data including, without limitation, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, DRAM, SDRAM, DDR/2 SDRAM, EDO/FPMS, RLDRAM, SRAM, “flash” memory (e.g., NAND/NOR), 3D memory, and PSRAM.
As used herein, the terms “microprocessor” and “processor” or “digital processor” are meant generally to include all types of digital processing devices including, without limitation, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computers (RISC), general-purpose (CISC) processors, microprocessors, gate arrays (e.g., FPGAs), PLDs, reconfigurable computer fabrics (RCFs), array processors, secure microprocessors, and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Such digital processors may be contained on a single unitary IC die, or distributed across multiple components.
As used herein, the terms “MSO” or “multiple systems operator” refer to a cable, satellite, or terrestrial network provider having infrastructure required to deliver services including programming and data over those mediums.
As used herein, the terms “MNO” or “mobile network operator” refer to a cellular, satellite phone, WMAN (e.g., 802.16), or other network service provider having infrastructure required to deliver services including without limitation voice and data over those mediums. The term “MNO” as used herein is further intended to include MVNOs, MNVAs, and MVNEs.
As used herein, the terms “network” and “bearer network” refer generally to any type of telecommunications or data network including, without limitation, hybrid fiber coax (HFC) networks, satellite networks, telco networks, and data networks (including MANs, WANs, LANs, WLANs, internets, and intranets). Such networks or portions thereof may utilize any one or more different topologies (e.g., ring, bus, star, loop, etc.), transmission media (e.g., wired/RF cable, RF wireless, millimeter wave, optical, etc.) and/or communications technologies or networking protocols (e.g., SONET, DOCSIS, IEEE Std. 802.3, ATM, X.25, Frame Relay, 3GPP, 3GPP2, LTE/LTE-A/LTE-U/LTE-LAA, SGNR, WAP, SIP, UDP, FTP, RTP/RTCP, H.323, etc.).
As used herein the terms “5G” and “New Radio (NR)” refer without limitation to apparatus, methods or systems compliant with 3GPP Release 15, and any modifications, subsequent Releases, or amendments or supplements thereto which are directed to New Radio technology, whether licensed or unlicensed.
As used herein, the term “QAM” refers to modulation schemes used for sending signals over e.g., cable or other networks. Such modulation scheme might use any constellation level (e.g. QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc.) depending on details of a network. A QAM may also refer to a physical channel modulated according to the schemes.
As used herein, the term “server” refers to any computerized component, system or entity regardless of form which is adapted to provide data, files, applications, content, or other services to one or more other devices or entities on a computer network.
As used herein, the term “storage” refers to without limitation computer hard drives, DVR device, memory, RAID devices or arrays, optical media (e.g., CD-ROMs, Laserdiscs, Blu-Ray, etc.), or any other devices or media capable of storing content or other information.
As used herein, the term “Wi-Fi” refers to, without limitation and as applicable, any of the variants of IEEE Std. 802.11 or related standards including 802.11 a/b/g/n/s/v/ac/ax, 802.11-2012/2013 or 802.11-2016, as well as Wi-Fi Direct (including inter alia, the “Wi-Fi Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Specification”, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
Overview
In one exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides improved architectures, methods and apparatus for providing enhanced ultra-high data rate services which, inter alia, leverage existing managed network (e.g., cable network) infrastructure. The disclosed architectures enable a highly uniform user-experience regardless of the environment (e.g., indoor/outdoor/mobility), in which content is consumed and eliminates the need to distinguish between fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband, or the foregoing and IoT. These capabilities are provided in exemplary embodiments over a single coaxial cable drop to a premises, and via a single CPE chipset. In some variants, NSA operation (consistent with 3GPP Release 15 for 5G NR) is further advantageously supported.
It one exemplary embodiment, the aforementioned capabilities are provided via multiple parallel MIMO data streams supported by 3GPP 5G NR; specifically, these streams are shifted in frequency (such as via a transceiver node within the MSO infrastructure) before being injected into the single coaxial cable feeder, so that frequency diversity (instead of the spatial diversity associated with the separate data streams intended for respective wireless antenna elements) is leveraged to achieve the maximum total carrier bandwidth ostensibly enabled by incipient 3GPP 5G NR chipsets.
Also, since higher frequencies attenuate much more over the coaxial transmission media than lower frequencies, Intermediate Frequencies (IF) are transmitted over the media in one implementation, (i.e., instead of higher frequencies), and block-conversion to RF carrier frequency is employed subsequently in the enhanced consumer premises equipment (CPEe) for 3GPP band-compliant interoperability with the 3GPP 5G NR chipset in the disclosed enhanced CPE (CPEe).
The IF carriers injected by the transceiver node into the coaxial feeder can be received by multiple CPEe in parallel, via a shared feeder used as a common bus and having directional couplers and power dividers or taps. Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP) downstream transmissions from the transceiver node to the CPEe are achieved in one variant by scheduling payload for different CPEe on different 3GPP 5G NR physical resource blocks (PRBs) which are separated in frequency.
In one implementation, the majority of bandwidth available on the coaxial cable is used in Time Division Duplex (TDD) fashion to switch between downstream and upstream 5G NR communications. Upstream communications from the multiple CPEe to the transceiver node(s) can also occur simultaneously, such as over separate PRBs (using inter alia, frequency separation).
In order to support the aforementioned 4G/5G NSA configuration, a minor portion of the lower frequency spectrum is allocated to such functions in one embodiment of the architecture. Another minor portion of the lower frequency spectrum on the coaxial cable employs one-way communication in the downstream (DS) direction for the transmission of two digital synchronization channels, one for 5G and one for 4G, which are in one implementation I-Q multiplexed onto one QPSK analog synchronization channel from the transceiver node to the multiple inline amplifiers and any CPEe that may be sharing the coaxial bus.
Exemplary embodiments of the apparatus and methods of the present disclosure are now described in detail. While these exemplary embodiments are described in the context of the previously mentioned wireless access nodes (e.g., gNBs and eNBs) associated with or supported at least in part by a managed network of a service provider (e.g., MSO), other types of radio access technologies (“RATs”), other types of networks and architectures that are configured to deliver digital data (e.g., text, images, games, software applications, video and/or audio) may be used consistent with the present disclosure. Such other networks or architectures may be broadband, narrowband, or otherwise, the following therefore being merely exemplary in nature.
It will also be appreciated that while described generally in the context of a network providing service to a customer or consumer or end user or subscriber (i.e., within a prescribed service area, venue, or other type of premises), the present disclosure may be readily adapted to other types of environments including, e.g., commercial/retail, or enterprise domain (e.g., businesses), or even governmental uses. Yet other applications are possible.
Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will immediately be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art with reference to the attached drawings and detailed description of exemplary embodiments as given below.
Service Provider Network Architecture—
Referring now to
As illustrated, the architecture 400 includes one or more hubs 405 within the MSO network (e.g., whether near edge portions of the network, or further towards the core), including a 5G NR core (5GC) 403. The hub 405 includes a WLAN controller process 415, and services one or more “enhanced” nodes 401, which each include a gNB CUe 404 and a network radio node 409, described in greater detail below. The nodes 401 utilize HFC infrastructure, including N-way taps 412 to deliver RF waveforms to the various served premises (including the enhanced CPE or CPEe) 413 and ultimately the user device(s) 407 (e.g., 3GPP-enabled UEs).
Also serviced by the node 401 are one or more non-CUe enabled nodes 411 including 4G/4.5G/5G enabled network radio nodes 409, which service additional premises as shown.
In the illustrated embodiment, the nodes 401, 411 are backhauled by optical fiber, although this is merely illustrative, as other types of backhauls including e.g., high-bandwidth wireless may be used consistent with the present disclosure.
Similarly, one or more pole-mounted radio nodes 406a (and potentially other mobile client devices enabled for DU-type functionalities; e.g., authorized to receive data from another node or client device, and broadcast/receive signals according to the user domain frequency band) are backhauled to the MSO network via optical fiber (or other medium); these nodes 406 provide, inter alia, supplemental capacity/coverage for both indoor and outdoor (and mobility) scenarios as described in greater detail below.
In one exemplary embodiment, radio nodes 406a are located on an “edge” of a network (i.e., functioning as a network node proximate to the premises and away from the core), and are enabled for 4G and/or 5G communications as described in greater detail below. A given DU that provides 5G coverage to the premises thereby supplements the ultra-low latency and high-bandwidth services by the CUe 404. Moreover, as described further below, the CUe may be logically and functionally grouped with one or more DUes 406 to together make up a gNB. Prescribed unlicensed and/or licensed frequency bands are utilized by the nodes 406a. For example, in one implementation, the disclosed solution supports one or more prescribed subsets of NR and NR-U band combinations as defined by 3GPP, depending on the particular application(s) anticipated by the installation and the locale in which it is installed (including for example whether other operators or carriers such as MNOs are utilizing licensed spectrum within the prescribed area, and which frequency bands such operators are using). It will also be appreciated that so-called “quasi-licensed” spectrum (such as for instance that within the 3.55-3.70 GHz CBRS bands in the U.S.) may be utilized consistent with the methods and apparatus described herein.
In one variant, as noted above, mobile devices may function as intermediary nodes or transient “jumping points.” Such devices may be those owned by subscribers of the hub or core providing the managed network services who have opted into (or not opted out) of use of their eligible devices as nodes. In other variants, devices owned by subscribers of a different core (e.g., managed by a different entity) may be included in the network of nodes. As an aside, such networking schemes are often generally referred to as “fog networking,” a decentralized computing infrastructure in which data, computations, storage, and applications are distributed in an efficient manner between the data source and the destination (e.g., a “cloud” server, premises equipment, end user device) as opposed to a more highly centralized architecture.
A Wi-Fi router device 417 is also present in the served premises to provide WLAN coverage, in conjunction with the controller 415 at the hub 405. The centralized Wi-Fi controller 415 is also utilized in the exemplary architecture 400 for tight-interworking and better mobility between the 3GPP and Wi-Fi access technologies where the Wi-Fi router is either integrated with the consumer premises equipment (e.g., enhanced CPE or CPEe) or connected to it. In various embodiments, one or more intermediary nodes (e.g., radio node 406a) located between the CUe 404 and the served premises are utilized to provide additional coverage and bandwidth to the premises. Then, mobility between the 3GPP and Wi-Fi channels for any user can be triggered for the best data throughput, such as based on (i) estimation of the RF quality of the Wi-Fi channel toward the user, and/or (ii) the degree of congestion of the Wi-Fi router, and not just the Wi-Fi received signal strength indicators (RSSI) measured at the mobile device, the latter which may not be representative of the service quality that can be obtained by the user.
In the exemplary configuration, the controller (e.g., Wi-Fi Controller 415) is configured to choose the best (optimal) wireless connection available to it based on performance (as opposed to coverage/coverage area alone). Typically today, a preferred method of access is predetermined based on its received signal strength and/or as a preferred means (e.g. Wi-Fi could be defined as the preferred method of access to off-load the mobile wireless network). However, this method suffers from the drawback of blind ‘stickiness’ to a technology, without considering the end user experience. Given that in exemplary embodiments of the architecture described herein, both Wi-Fi and licensed/unlicensed 3GPP access technologies are both controlled by the network operator (e.g. MSO), there is no need to prefer an access method, such as to purely to offload a user's traffic. The decision to offload or steer a user to a given access technology, can be based upon other criteria, such as e.g., a select set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as the user perceived latency, throughput, packet loss, jitter and bit/packet/frame error rates as measured in real-time at any given layer (e.g., L1, L2 or L3) by the network. For instance, in one implementation, once a target KPI threshold is triggered, the switching of the user can be triggered by either the AMF function (for 3GPP) or Wi-Fi Controller. This switching may then trigger a session establishment at the alternate access medium to transfer the user to that technology. This helps optimize QoE for connected users, since the controller will always be attempting to holistically optimize the connection versus merely making decisions based on coverage or signal strength alone.
This architecture also obviates the problematic transition between premises Wi-Fi and cellular, thereby enabling content consumption while the user is mobile, with no reduction in QoE or interruptions due to e.g., new session establishment in the cellular network. This is accomplished by, inter alia, communication between the Wi-Fi controller 415 and the CUe 404, such that the CUe can remain cognizant of both Wi-Fi and 3GPP channel status, performance and availability. Advantageously, in exemplary embodiments, the foregoing enhanced mobility is provided without the need for any module or customized application software or protocols of the user device (e.g., mobile UE), since all communication sessions (whether between the CPEe and the UE, or the supplemental radio access node and the UE) are both (i) controlled by a common system, and (ii) utilize extant 3GPP (e.g., 4G/4.5G/5G) protocols and architectural elements. In one variant a GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) is utilized for maintenance of session continuity between the heterogeneous RAN technologies (e.g., 3GPP and IEEE Std. 802.11). In another variant, a PMIP (Proxy Mobile IP) based approach is utilized for session maintenance/handover. In yet a further variant, techniques described in 3GPP TS 23.234 v13.1.0, “3GPP system to Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) interworking; System description (Release 13),” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, (aka “I-WLAN”) based approach is utilized for these purposes. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill given the present disclosure, combinations of the foregoing mechanisms may be utilized as well, depending on the particular application (including the two heterogeneous technologies that are party to the session maintenance/handoff).
The MSO network architecture 400 of
The architecture 400 of
Moreover, the architecture can be used for both broadband data delivery as well as “content” (e.g., movie channels) simultaneously, and obviates much of the prior separate infrastructure for “in band” and DOCSIS (and OOB) transport. Specifically, with DOCSIS (even FDX DOCSIS), bandwidth is often allocated for video QAMs, and a “split” is hard-coded for downstream and upstream data traffic. This hard split is typically implemented across all network elements—even amplifiers. In contrast, under the exemplary configuration of the architecture disclosed herein, effectively all traffic traversing the architecture is IP-based, and hence in many cases there is no need to allocate QAMs and frequency splits for different program or data streams. This “all-IP” approach enables flexible use of the available bandwidth on the transmission medium for all applications dynamically, based on for instance the demand of each such application at any given period or point in time.
In certain embodiments, the service provider network 400 also advantageously permits the aggregation and/or analysis of subscriber- or account-specific data (including inter alia, correlation of particular CUe or DUe or E-UTRAN eNB/femtocell devices associated with such subscriber or accounts) as part of the provision of services to users under the exemplary delivery models described herein. As but one example, device-specific IDs (e.g., gNB ID, Global gNB Identifier, NCGI, MAC address or the like) can be cross-correlated to MSO subscriber data maintained at e.g., the network head end(s) 407 so as to permit or at least facilitate, among other things, (i) user/device authentication to the MSO network; (ii) correlation of aspects of the area, premises or venue where service is provided to particular subscriber capabilities, demographics, or equipment locations, such as for delivery of location-specific or targeted content or advertising or 5G “slicing” configuration or delivery; and (iii) determination of subscription level, and hence subscriber privileges and access to certain services as applicable.
Moreover, device profiles for particular devices (e.g., 3GPP 5 g NR and WLAN-enabled UE, or the CPEe 413 and any associated antenna 416, etc.) can be maintained by the MSO, such that the MSO (or its automated proxy processes) can model the device for wireless or other capabilities. For instance, one (non-supplemented) CPEe 413 may be modeled as having bandwidth capability of X Gbps, while another premises' supplemented CPEe may be modeled as having bandwidth capability of X+Y Gbps, and hence the latter may be eligible for services or “slices” that are not available to the former.
As a brief aside, the 5G technology defines a number of network functions (NFs), which include the following:
1. Access and Mobility Management function (AMF)—Provides for termination of NAS signaling, NAS integrity protection and ciphering, registration and connection and mobility management, access authentication and authorization, and security context management. The AMF has functions analogous to part of the MME functionality of the prior Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
2. Application Function (AF)—Manages application influence on traffic routing, accessing NEF, interaction with policy framework for policy control. The NR AF is comparable to the AF in EPC.
3. Authentication Server Function (AUSF)—Provides authentication server functionality. The AUSF is similar to portions of the HSS from EPC.
4. Network Exposure function (NEF)—Manages exposure of capabilities and events, secure provision of information from external applications to 3GPP network, translation of internal/external information. The NEF is a wholly new entity as compared to EPC.
5. Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF)—Provides for selection of the Network Slice instances to serve the UE, determining the allowed NSSAI, determining the AMF set to be used to serve the UE. The NSSF is a wholly new entity as compared to EPC.
6. NF Repository function (NRF)—Supports the service discovery function, maintains NF profile and available NF instances The NRF is a wholly new entity as compared to EPC.
7. Policy Control Function (PCF)—Provides a unified policy framework, providing policy rules to CP functions, and access subscription information for policy decisions in UDR. The PCF has part of the PCRF functionality from EPC.
8. Session Management function (SMF)—Provides for session management (session establishment, modification, release), IP address allocation & management for UEs, DHCP functions, termination of NAS signaling related to session management, DL data notification, traffic steering configuration for UPF for proper traffic routing. The SMF includes portions of the MME and PGW functionality from EPC.
9. Unified Data Management (UDM)—Supports generation of Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, subscription management. This comprises a portion of HSS functionality from EPC.
10. User plane function (UPF)—The UPF provides packet routing & forwarding, packet inspection, QoS handling, and also acts as an external PDU session point of interconnect to Data Network (DN). The UPF may also act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility. The UPF includes some of the prior SGW and PGW functionality from EPC.
Within the 5G NR architecture, the control plane (CP) and user plane (UP) functionality is divided within the core network or NGC (Next Generation Core). For instance, the 5G UPF discussed above supports UP data processing, while other nodes support CP functions. This divided approach advantageously allows for, inter alia, independent scaling of CP and UP functions. Additionally, network slices can be tailored to support different services, such as for instance those described herein with respect to session handover between e.g., WLAN and 3GPP NR, and supplemental links to the CPEe.
In addition to the NFs described above, a number of different identifiers are used in the NG-RAN architecture, including those of UE's and for other network entities, and may be assigned to various entities described herein. Specifically:
In the context of
Notably, the “enhanced” NR-based gNB architecture utilizes existing infrastructure (e.g., at least a portion of the extant HFC cabling controlled by an MSO such as the Assignee hereof) while expanding the frequency spectrum used for signal propagation within the infrastructure (e.g., 1.6 GHz in total bandwidth). Moreover, access points or nodes installed at venues or premises, especially “edge”-based nodes (at least some of which may be controlled, licensed, installed, or leased by the MSO), may be leveraged to deliver 5G-based services to a subscriber of the 5G NR Core (e.g., 403). Fog-based networking made possible through this leveraged infrastructure allows the subscriber to access receive and maintain 5G service whether indoor or outdoor, and in fact, even while the subscriber is changing locations, e.g., moving indoor to outdoor, outdoor to indoor, between servicing nodes indoors (e.g., within a large house, office or housing complex, or venue), and between servicing nodes outdoors. Other nodes may be leveraged, including other 5G-enabled mobile devices that have opted into (or not opted out of) participating in the fog network. In effect, the ubiquity of mobile devices creates a peer-to-peer network for distribution and delivery of ultra-low-latency (e.g., 1 ms ping) and ultra-high-speed (e.g., 10 Gbps or higher) connectivity. In many cases, utilizing one or more participating peer devices results in faster service (e.g., greatly reduced ping) by obviating the need to reach a cell tower, a server, or a gateway that is resident in the backend portion of a cloud-type network.
Notably, the principles described further below enable a subscriber to maintain the 5G service (or any other 3GPP- or IEEE 802.11-based connectivity) without the signals dropping or disconnecting between sessions. In other words, “seamless” transfer of connectivity between nodes (akin to handovers) is made possible despite a difference in at least a portion of wireless data communications standards that may be utilized by the nodes. For instance, a CPEe and a DUe disposed near the “edge” of the network (i.e., near consumer premises) may each be capable of communicating data with, e.g., a mobile user device, via either or both 3GPP- and IEEE 802.11-based protocols. A subscriber, however, would not require a reconnection process with a different base station or modem (as opposed to, e.g., establishing connection to cellular data services when outside the range of a Wi-Fi AP, or connecting back to the Wi-Fi AP when entering the premises), invoking a “seamless” feel and further increasing the user experience.
By virtue of the way the frequency spectra used in existing infrastructure is accessed, such enhanced gNB architecture provides salient advantages to a subscriber thereof, such as improved connectivity speeds (e.g., data rates, response times, latency) and seamless mobility of user devices as noted above and described further below, thus significantly improving user experience relative to currently available services. Further, the operator of such an architecture may advantageously save costs of connecting new cables and pipes across long distances by obviating the need to overhaul the infrastructure itself.
Accordingly, referring now to
The individual DUe's 406, 406a in
In the architecture 540 of
In the architecture 560 of
In a “standalone” or SA scenario (e.g.,
As previously described with respect to
It will also be appreciated that while described primarily with respect to a unitary gNB-CUe entity or device 401 as shown in
It is also noted that heterogeneous architectures of eNBs or femtocells (i.e., E-UTRAN LTE/LTE-A Node B's or base stations, including eLTE eNBs 316) and gNBs may be utilized consistent with the architectures of
In accordance with the 5G NR model, the DUe(s) 406, 406a comprise logical nodes that each may include varying subsets of the gNB functions, depending on the functional split option. DUe operation is controlled by the CUe 404 (and ultimately for some functions by the NG Core 303). Split options between the DUe and CUe in the present disclosure may include for example:
Under Option 1 (RRC/PDCP split), the RRC (radio resource control) is in the CUe while PDCP (packet data convergence protocol), RLC (radio link control), MAC, physical layer (PHY) and RF are kept in the DUe, thereby maintaining the entire user plane in the distributed unit.
Under Option 2 (PDCP/RLC split), there are two possible variants: (i) RRC, PDCP maintained in the CUe, while RLC, MAC, physical layer and RF are in the DU(s); and (ii) RRC, PDCP in the CUe (with split user plane and control plane stacks), and RLC, MAC, physical layer and RF in the DUe's.
Under Option 3 (Intra RLC Split), two splits are possible: (i) split based on ARQ; and (ii) split based on TX RLC and RX RLC.
Under Option 4 (RLC-MAC split), RRC, PDCP, and RLC are maintained in the CUe 404, while MAC, physical layer, and RF are maintained in the DUe's.
Under Option 5 (Intra-MAC split), RF, physical layer and lower part of the MAC layer (Low-MAC) are in the DUe's 406, 406a, while the higher part of the MAC layer (High-MAC), RLC and PDCP are in the CUe 404.
Under Option 6 (MAC-PHY split), the MAC and upper layers are in the CUe, while the PHY layer and RF are in the DUe's. The interface between the CUe and DUe's carries data, configuration, and scheduling-related information (e.g. Modulation and Coding Scheme or MCS, layer mapping, beamforming and antenna configuration, radio and resource block allocation, etc.) as well as measurements.
Under Option 7 (Intra-PHY split), different sub-options for UL (uplink) and DL downlink) may occur independently. For example, in the UL, FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and CP removal may reside in the DUe's, while remaining functions reside in the CUe 404. In the DL, iFFT and CP addition may reside in the DUe, while the remainder of the PHY resides in the CUe.
Finally, under Option 8 (PHY-RF split), the RF and the PHY layer may be separated to, inter alia, permit the centralization of processes at all protocol layer levels, resulting in a high degree of coordination of the RAN. This allows optimized support of functions such as CoMP, MIMO, load balancing, and mobility.
Generally speaking, the foregoing split options are intended to enable flexible hardware implementations which allow scalable cost-effective solutions, as well as coordination for e.g., performance features, load management, and real-time performance optimization. Moreover configurable functional splits enable dynamic adaptation to various use cases and operational scenarios. Factors considered in determining how/when to implement such options can include: (i) QoS requirements for offered services (e.g. low latency to support 5G RAN requirements, high throughput); (ii) support of requirements for user density and load demand per given geographical area (which may affect RAN coordination); (iii) availability of transport and backhaul networks with different performance levels; (iv) application type (e.g. real-time or non-real time); (v) feature requirements at the Radio Network level (e.g. Carrier Aggregation).
It is also noted that the “DU” functionality referenced in the various split options above can itself be split across the DUe and its downstream components, such as the RF stages of the node 409 (see
It will further be recognized that user-plane data/traffic may also be routed and delivered apart from the CUe. In one implementation (described above), the CUe hosts both the RRC (control-plane) and PDCP (user-plane); however, as but one alternate embodiment, a so-called “dis-aggregated” CUe may be utilized, wherein a CUe-CP entity (i.e., CUe—control plane) hosts only the RRC related functions, and a CUe-UP (CUe—user plane) which is configured to host only PDCP/SDAP (user-plane) functions. The CUe-CP and CUe-UP entities can, in one variant, interface data and inter-process communications via an E1 data interface, although other approaches for communication may be used.
It will also be appreciated that the CUe-CP and CUe-UP may be controlled and/or operated by different entities, such as where one service provider or network operator maintains cognizance/control over the CUe-UP, and another over the CUe-CP, and the operations of the two coordinated according to one or more prescribed operational or service policies or rules.
Referring again to
As discussed with respect to
As shown in
Notably, different classes of DUe/node 406, 406a may be utilized. For instance, a putative “Class A” LTE eNB may transmit up X dbm, while a “Class-B” LTE eNBs can transmit up to Y dbm (Y>X), so the average area can vary widely. In practical terms, a Class-A device may have a working range on the order of hundreds of feet, while a Class B device may operate out to thousands of feet or more, the propagation and working range dictated by a number of factors, including the presence of RF or other interferers, physical topology of the venue/area, energy detection or sensitivity of the receiver, etc. Similarly, different types of NR-enabled nodes/DUe 406, 406a can be used depending on these factors, whether alone or with other wireless PHYs such as WLAN, etc.
Moreover, using the architecture of
Signal Attenuation and Bandwidth
Notably, the portions of the extant HFC architecture described above (see e.g.,
where:
As such, attenuation increases with increasing frequency, and hence there are practical restraints on the upper frequency limit of the operating band. However, these restraints are not prohibitive in ranges up to for example 2 GHz, where with suitable cable and amplifier manufacturing and design, such coaxial cables can suitably carry RF signals without undue attenuation. Notably, a doubling of the roughly 800 MHz-wide typical cable RF band (i.e., to 1.6 GHz width) is very possible without suffering undue attenuation at the higher frequencies.
It will also be appreciated that the attenuation described above is a function of, inter alia, coaxial conductor length, and hence higher levels of “per-MHz” attenuation may be acceptable for shorter runs of cable. Stated differently, nodes serviced by shorter runs of cable may be able to better utilize the higher-end portions of the RF spectrum (e.g., on the high end of the aforementioned exemplary 1.6 GHz band) as compared to those more distant, the latter requiring greater or disproportionate amplification. As such, the present disclosure contemplates use of selective mapping of frequency spectrum usage as a function of total cable medium run length or similar.
Another factor of transmission medium performance is the velocity factor (VF), also known as wave propagation speed or velocity of propagation (VoP), defined as the ratio of the speed at which a wavefront (of an electromagnetic or radio frequency signal, a light pulse in an optical fiber or a change of the electrical voltage on a copper wire) propagates over the transmission medium, to the speed of light (c, approximately 3E08 m/s) in a vacuum. For optical signals, the velocity factor is the reciprocal of the refractive index. The speed of radio frequency signals in a vacuum is the speed of light, and so the velocity factor of a radio wave in a vacuum is 1, or 100%. In electrical cables, the velocity factor mainly depends on the material used for insulating the current-carrying conductor(s). Velocity factor is an important characteristic of communication media such as coaxial, CAT-5/6 cables, and optical fiber. Data cable and fiber typically has a VF between roughly 0.40 and 0.8 (40% to 80% of the speed of light in a vacuum).
Achievable round-trip latencies in LTE (UL/DL) are on the order of 2 ms (for “fast” UL access, which eliminates need for scheduling requests and individual scheduling grants, thereby minimizing latency, and shorter TTI, per Release 15), while those for 5G NR are one the order of 1 ms or less, depending on transmission time interval frequency (e.g., 60 kHz).
Notably, a significant portion of 4G/4.5G transport latency relates to network core and transport (i.e., non-edge) portions of the supporting infrastructure.
Hence, assuming a nominal 0.7 VF and a one (1) ms roundtrip latency requirement, putative service distances on the order of 100 km are possible, assuming no other processing or transport latency:
0.5E-03 s (assume symmetric US/DS)×(0.7×3E08 m/s)×1 km/1000 m=1.05E02 km
As discussed in greater detail below with respect to
Network Node and DUe Apparatus—
a illustrate exemplary configurations of a network radio frequency node apparatus 409 according to the present disclosure. As referenced above, these nodes 409 can take any number of form factors, including (i) co-located with other MSO equipment, such as in a physically secured space of the MSO, (ii) “strand” or pole mounted, (iii) surface mounted, and (iv) buried, so as to inter alia, facilitate most efficient integration with the extant HFC (and optical) infrastructure, as well as other 4G/5G components such as the CUe 404.
As shown, in
A synchronization signal generator 718 is also used in some embodiments as discussed in greater detail below with respect to
In the exemplary implementation of
In the exemplary embodiment, the 5G and LTE OFDM carriers produced by the node 409 utilize 1650 MHz of the available HFC bearer bandwidth, and this bandwidth is partitioned into two or more sub-bands depending on e.g., operational conditions, ratio of “N+0” subscribers served versus “N+i” subscribers served, and other parameters. See discussion of
While the present embodiments are described primarily in the context of an OFDM-based PHY (e.g., one using IFFT and FFT processes with multiple carriers in the time domain) along with TDD (time division duplex) temporal multiplexing, it will be appreciated that other PHY/multiple access schemes may be utilized consistent with the various aspects of the present disclosure, including for example and without limitation FDD (frequency division duplexing), direct sequence or other spread spectrum, and FDMA (e.g., SC-FDMA or NB FDMA).
As previously noted, to achieve high throughput using a single receiver chipset in the consumer premises equipment (CPEe) 413 and 3GPP 5G NR waveforms over a single coaxial feeder, such as the coaxial cable that MSOs bring to their subscriber's premises or the single coaxial cable that is installed for lower-cost single input single output (SISO) distributed antenna systems (DAS), the total carrier bandwidth that can be aggregated by the prior art chipset is limited to a value, e.g. 800 MHz, which is insufficient for reaching high throughputs such as 10 Gbit/s using one data stream alone given the spectral efficiencies supported by the 3GPP 5G NR standard.
Since the 3GPP 5G NR standard supports the transmission of multiple independent parallel data streams as part of a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel for the same RF bandwidth to leverage the spatial diversity that wireless channels afford when multiple antenna elements are used, the very first generation of 3GPP 5G chipsets will support such parallel MIMO data streams. However, attempts to transmit these parallel streams over a single cable would generally be counterproductive, as all the streams would occupy the same RF bandwidth and would interfere with each other for lack of spatial diversity between them.
Accordingly, the various embodiments of the apparatus disclosed herein (
Accordingly, in one variant of the present disclosure (
As further shown in the top portion 730 of
In the exemplary implementation 740 (
Within the LTE FDD band 742, two LTE carriers for UL and DL 735, 736 are used, and a separate DL synchronization channel 733 is used at the lower end of the spectrum. As will be appreciated, various other configurations of the lower portion of the cable spectrum frequency plan may be used consistent with the present disclosure. In one variant, the lower spectrum portion 742 (
As an aside, 5G NR supports adaptive TDD duty cycles, whereby the proportion of time allocated for downstream and upstream transmissions can be adapted to the net demand for traffic from the total set of transmitting network elements, viz. the node and all the CPEe 413 sharing the coaxial bus with the node. 4G LTE does not support such adaptive duty cycles. To prevent receiver blocking in the likely scenario that the 5G and 4G duty cycles differ, high-rejection filter combiners 714 (
As noted above, another minor portion 733 of the lower spectrum on the coaxial cable (e.g., <5 MHz) employs one-way communication in the downstream for the transmission of two digital synchronization channels, one for 5G and one for 4G, which are I-Q multiplexed onto one QPSK analog synchronization channel within the aforementioned “minor portion” 733 from the signal generator 718 of the transceiver node 409 to the multiple inline amplifiers and CPEe 413 that may be sharing the coaxial bus. These synchronization channels aid coherent reception of the PRBs, Specifically, the synchronization signal is used to achieve frequency synchronization of oscillators in all active components downstream from the node such as line-extender amplifiers and CPEe's. The oscillators for the 4G and 5G technologies may be independent. If the carrier uses FDD, such as on the 4G LTE channels, frequency synchronization is sufficient. If the carrier uses TDD as in the 5G NR portions of
It will also be recognized that: (i) the width of each 5G TDD wideband carrier 732 may be statically or dynamically modified based on e.g., operational requirements such as demand (e.g., network or bandwidth requirements of any dedicated bearer created for enhanced-QoE voice services), and (ii) the number of wideband carriers 732 used (and in fact the number of layers utilized within each wideband carrier 732) can be similarly statically or dynamically modified. It will also be appreciated that two or more different values of bandwidth may be used in association with different ones of the plurality of widebands, as well as being aggregated as previously described.
The values of flower 752 and fupper 754 may also be varied depending on operational parameters and/or other considerations, such as RF signal attenuation as a function of frequency as discussed in detail previously herein. For example, since higher frequencies attenuate much more over the coaxial transmission media than lower frequencies, in one variant the Intermediate Frequencies (IF) are transmitted over the media, and block-conversion to RF carrier frequency is employed subsequently in the consumer premises equipment (CPEe) 413 for 3GPP band-compliant interoperability with the 3GPP 5G NR chipset in the CPEe. In this fashion, attenuation that would otherwise be experienced by conversion earlier in the topology is advantageously avoided. Similarly, very short runs of cable (e.g., a “last mile” between a fiber delivery node and a given premises, or from a distribution node to various subscriber CPEe within a multi-dwelling unit (MDU) such as an apartment or condominium building, hospital, or enterprise or school campus can be mapped out into much higher frequencies since their overall propagation distance over the cable is comparatively small.
In another variant, active or dynamic Tx/Rx port formation specified in the 5G NR standards is utilized, yet the formed beams therein are substituted with frequency bandwidth assignments as discussed above (i.e., total bandwidth, flower 752 and fupper 754 values, and TDD carrier bandwidth values).
The foregoing aspects of
In operation, the IF carriers injected by the transceiver node into the coaxial feeder 704 can be received by multiple CPEe 413 that share the feeder as a common bus using directional couplers and power dividers or taps. Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP) downstream transmissions from the node 409 to the CPEe 413 can be achieved by, for instance, scheduling payload for different CPEe on different 3GPP 5G NR physical resource blocks (PRB) which are separated in frequency.
In the exemplary embodiments of
The connectivity between the transceiver node 409 and the northbound or upstream network element is achieved with a fiber optic link 702 to the MSO DWDM plant. To minimize the number of fiber channels required to feed the transceiver node 409, and to restrict it to a pair of fiber strands, in one embodiment the 3GPP 5G NR F1 interface (described supra) is realized over the fiber pair to leverage the low overhead of the F1 interface. The 3GPP 5G NR Distribution Unit (DUe) functionality is incorporated into the transceiver node 409 as previously described, since the F1 interface is defined between the Central Unit (CU/CUe) and DU/DUe where, in the illustrated embodiment, the CUe and DUe together constitute a 3GPP 5G NR base station or gNB (see
An Ethernet switch 705 is also provided at the optical interface in the embodiment of
The exemplary node 409 also includes a power converter 719 to adapt for internal use of quasi-square wave low voltage power supply technology over HFC used by DOCSIS network elements as of the date of this disclosure. The node 409 in one variant is further configured to pass the quasi-square wave low voltage power received on the input port 701 through to the HFC output port 704 to other active network elements such as e.g., amplifiers, which may be installed downstream of the node on the HFC infrastructure.
It is noted that as compared to some extant solutions, the illustrated embodiment of
CPEe Apparatus—
The exemplary CPEe 413 also includes a 5G UE process 808 to implement 3GPP functionality of the UE within the CPEe, and 3GPP (e.g., 5G/LTE) repeater module 809 which includes one or more antennae elements 810 for indoor/premises coverage within the user RF band(s). As such, the CPEe 413 shown can in effect function as a base station for user devices within the premises operating within the user band(s).
A 10 GbE WLAN port 818 is also included, which interfaces between the UE module 808 and the (optional) WLAN router 417 with internal 10 GbE switch 819) to support data interchange with premises WLAN infrastructure such as a Wi-Fi AP.
Also shown in the configuration of
In the exemplary implementation of
Notably, the CPEe 413 applies block-conversion between the IF and RF carrier frequency for the 4G and 5G carrier separately since they may be on different frequency bands. The CPEe includes in one implementation a 5G NR and 4G LTE-capable user equipment (UE) chipset 816. The two technologies are supported in this embodiment, since the first release of 3GPP 5G NR requires 4G and 5G to operate in tandem as part of the non-standalone (NSA) configuration.
It is noted that in the exemplary configuration of
It is also noted that the specific implementation of
Block conversion to the RF frequency makes the signals 3GPP band-compliant and interoperable with the UE chipset in the CPEe 413. The RF carriers are also then amenable for amplification through the included repeater 809 for 4G and 5G which can radiate the RF carriers, typically indoors, through detachable external antennas 810 connected to the CPEe. Mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets with cellular modems and IoT devices can then serve off of the radiated signal for 4G and 5G service (see discussion of
The UE chipset 816 and the repeater 809 receive separate digital I/Q synchronization signals, one for 4G and one for 5G, for switching between the downstream and upstream modes of the respective TDD carriers, since they are likely to have different downstream-to-upstream ratios or duty cycle. These two digital synchronization signals are received from an I-Q modulated analog QPSK signal received from lower-end spectrum on the coaxial cable that feeds the CPEe 413 via the port 816.
As noted, in the exemplary implementation, OFDM modulation is applied to generate a plurality of carriers in the time domain at the distribution node 409; accordingly, demodulation (via inter alia, FFT) is used in the CPEe to demodulate the IF signals. See, e.g., co-owned and co-pending U.S. Pat. No. 9,185,341 issued Nov. 10, 2015 and entitled “Digital domain content processing and distribution apparatus and methods,” and U.S. Pat. No. 9,300,445 issued Mar. 29, 2016 also entitled “Digital domain content processing and distribution apparatus and methods,” each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, for inter alia, exemplary reprogrammable OFDM-based receiver/demodulation apparatus useful with various embodiments of the CPEe 413 described herein.
Similar to the embodiment of
Further, to boost the broadband capacity beyond the capacity available through the primary coaxial cable link and to add a redundant connection for higher reliability (which could be important for small businesses, enterprises, educational institutions, etc.), two additional RF interfaces on the CPEe of
Methods
Referring now to
Next, per step 904, the transmission node 409 generates waveforms “containing” the identified content data. As described below, in one embodiment, this includes generation of OFDM waveforms and time-frequency resources to carry the content data (e.g., PRBs). As discussed in greater detail below with respect to
Per step 906, the waveforms are transmitted via the network infrastructure (e.g., coaxial cable and/or DWDM optical medium) to one or more recipient nodes. It will be appreciated that such transmission may include relay or transmission via one or more intermediary nodes, including for instance one or more N-way taps (
Per step 908, the transmitted waveforms are received at the recipient node (e.g., CPEe 413 in one instance).
The waveforms are then upconverted in frequency (e.g., to the specified user frequency band per step 912 (including recovery of the frequency diversity shifts), and transmitted per step 914 via the local (e.g., premises RAN or distribution medium) for use by, e.g., consuming or requesting UE. Specifically, in the exemplary embodiment, and as shown in block 810 of
It will also be appreciated that the frequency mapping plan may be varied on a temporal or other basis, including based on one or more TDD slots. For instance, the same mapping may be applied on two or more contiguous slots, or per individual slot. Individual mappings may be used for one or more subsets of CPEe's 413 as well, such as where the same subset of CPEe accesses the bearer medium according to a prescribed TDD schedule, and all utilize the common frequency mapping.
Next, per step 924, frequency diversity is applied to the generated data streams according to the mapping plan determined in step 922. In one variant, the different data streams generated according to 5G NR MIMO spatial diversity techniques are utilized; i.e., each separate MIMO data stream (Ports 0 and 1) is applied to two or more wideband carriers 732 within the mapping plan.
A serial-to-parallel conversion of the content data is then applied per step 926. Next, the parallelized data is mapped to its resources (step 928), and an IFFT or other such transformation operation performed to convert the frequency-domain signals to the time domain (step 930). The transformed (time domain) data is then re-serialized (step 932) and converted to the analog domain (step 934) for transmission over e.g., the RF interface such as a coaxial cable plant. In the exemplary embodiment, an IF band on the plant (e.g., 50 to 1650 MHz) is used, although it will be appreciated that other frequency bands (and in fact multiple different frequency bands in various portions of the spectrum) may be used for this purpose, including higher frequencies for comparatively shorter cable runs.
Next, per step 942, the available frequency spectrum on the bearer medium (e.g., HFC plant) is determined. As previously noted, the total available useful spectrum on the exemplary configuration of the HFC cable of
The IF criterion used may be determined a priori (e.g., based on testing or characterization of the HFC plant or portions thereof), and/or determined dynamically at time of mapping (such as based on operational considerations or parameters).
Per step 944, fupper and flower are selected based on available/designated spectrum from step 942. It will be appreciated that while the TDD spectrum portion shown in
Next, per step 948, the two (2) or more LTE carriers (18 MHz each with guard bands of 10%, so approximately 40 MHz in total) as shown in
Finally, per step 949, the synchronization channel(s) carrier (<5 MHz with guard band in one implementation) as shown in
Per step 954, the upconverted signals are synchronized via the recovered I/Q signals via the synchronization circuit of the CPEe 413, and the upconverted signals are converted to the digital domain for use by, e.g., the chipset 816 of the CPEe 413 (see
In exemplary implementations, supplemental link addition may be conducted according to any number of schemes, including without limitation: (i) 3GPP-based CA (carrier aggregation), or (ii) use of an additional MIMO (spatial diversity) layer or layers.
It will be recognized that while certain aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of a specific sequence of steps of a method, these descriptions are only illustrative of the broader methods of the disclosure, and may be modified as required by the particular application. Certain steps may be rendered unnecessary or optional under certain circumstances. Additionally, certain steps or functionality may be added to the disclosed embodiments, or the order of performance of two or more steps permuted. All such variations are considered to be encompassed within the disclosure disclosed and claimed herein.
While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the disclosure as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the disclosure. This description is in no way meant to be limiting, but rather should be taken as illustrative of the general principles of the disclosure. The scope of the disclosure should be determined with reference to the claims.
It will be further appreciated that while certain steps and aspects of the various methods and apparatus described herein may be performed by a human being, the disclosed aspects and individual methods and apparatus are generally computerized/computer-implemented. Computerized apparatus and methods are necessary to fully implement these aspects for any number of reasons including, without limitation, commercial viability, practicality, and even feasibility (i.e., certain steps/processes simply cannot be performed by a human being in any viable fashion).
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5742583 | Scott | Apr 1998 | A |
| 7581012 | Shiouchi et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 8265028 | Davies et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8750710 | Hirt | Jun 2014 | B1 |
| 9001789 | Hosobe | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9185341 | Hardin | Nov 2015 | B2 |
| 9300445 | Hardin | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 20050063317 | Risberg et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20080279287 | Asahina | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20100178912 | Gunnarsson et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20110117917 | Gresset et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110207456 | Radulescu et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20120076009 | Pasko | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20130010686 | Shatzkamer | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130077554 | Gauvreau | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130252616 | Murakami | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130279914 | Brooks | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130322504 | Asati | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140148107 | Maltsev et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140370895 | Pandey et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150156777 | Negus et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150229584 | Okamoto | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150365178 | Maattanen et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160013855 | Campos | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160020835 | Stadelmeier | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160094421 | Bali et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160259923 | Papa et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20180098245 | Livanos et al. | Apr 2018 | A1 |
| 20180331935 | Ross | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180343685 | Hart et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180351809 | Meredith et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20190037630 | Zhang | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190109643 | Campos | Apr 2019 | A1 |
| 20190124572 | Park et al. | Apr 2019 | A1 |
| 20190124696 | Islam et al. | Apr 2019 | A1 |
| 20190319814 | Das | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190319858 | Das et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190320250 | Hoole et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190320322 | Jayawardene et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190320494 | Jayawardene et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190349848 | Bali | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| 20190379455 | Wang et al. | Dec 2019 | A1 |
| 20200091608 | Alpman | Mar 2020 | A1 |
| 20200214065 | Tomala et al. | Jul 2020 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO-2004045125 | May 2004 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| 3GPP., “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), Carrier Aggregation, Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (Release 10)”, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, Technical Report (TR 36.808 V10.1.0), 2013, 31 pages. |
| 3GPP TR 38.801 v.14.0.0 (Mar. 2017) 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Study on New Radio Access Technology: Radio Access Architecture and Interfaces (Release 14), 91 pages. |
| 3GPP TS 23.234 v13.1.0, “3GPP system to Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) interworking; System description (Release 13)” 2017, 18 pages. |
| 3GPP TS 23.501 v.15.4.0 (Dec. 2018) 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; System Architecture for the 5G System; Stage 2; Release 15, 236 pages. |
| 3GPP TS 36.413 V 14.4.1 entitled “3rd Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Uiversal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) (Release 14” dated Sep. 2017. |
| 3GPP TS 38.473 V 15.0.0 (Apr. 2018) “3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network,” TS 38.473 (v15.0.0), Dec. 2017, NG-RAN, F1 application protocol (F1AP), Release 15, 90 pages. |
| 3GPP., “Study on New Radio Access Technology, Radio Interface Protocol Aspects (Release 14)”, Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, Technical Report (TR 38.804), V14.0.0 (Mar. 2017), 57 pages. |
| Article 5 of the Radio Regulations (edition 2001), 161 pages. |
| Bertenyi B., 3GPP TSG RAN, RAN Adjusts Schedule for2nd Wave of 5G Specifications, The Mobile Broadband Standard, A Global Initiative, Dec. 14, 2018, retrieved from the Internet: (https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/2005-ran_r16_schedule), 2 pages. |
| ETSI TS 123 502 v15.2.0 (Jun. 2018) Technical Specification; 5G; Procedures for the 5G System; 311 pages. |
| GSMA Road to 5G: Introduction and Migration, Apr. 2018, 54 pages. |
| Nokia 5G New Radio (NR): Physical Layer Overview and Performance, IEEE Communication Theory Workshop, 2018 by A. Ghosh, May 15, 2018, 38 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190319814 A1 | Oct 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62658465 | Apr 2018 | US |
