Bacterial elimination has become an important endeavor in protecting and preventing diseases. Bactericides, such as alcohol and chlorine, and photonic energies, such as ultraviolet (“UV”) light, have been employed to kill or disable bacteria, but these bactericides have side effects that compromise the safety and health of the treatment subject. Single-element bactericidal treatments are limited by a single modality of inactivation. For example, UV having a 254 nm wavelength acts at the chromosomal level by interrupting DNA structure of bacteria, whereas bactericides in the form of chemical agents (e.g., chlorine and Ozone) breakdown the bacteria cell's membrane lipid layers by oxidation and rupture the bacteria cell walls. In operation, the sterilization effects of these bactericide and photonic energy sources, when applied to mammalian surfaces, should have concentrations well below maximum efficacy to be safe for human contact.
The present disclosure provides apparatus, methods of use, and methods of treatment to beneficially inactivate bacteria on a treatment surface, while simultaneously reducing the levels of bactericidal materials and photonic energies to achieve efficacious results. The apparatus, methods of use, and methods of treatment of the present disclosure may provide sterilization after 5 to 10 seconds of simultaneous exposure to Ozone and ultraviolet (“UV”) treatments administered at levels below those that would normally be used for each treatment if administered individually. Further treatment with infrared (“IR”) may be administered simultaneous with, overlapping with, or immediately after, treatment with Ozone and UV. Such treatment with IR is similarly at levels below those that would normally be used for IR treatment administered in isolation. The simultaneous or immediately adjacent application of the sterilizing treatments has a multiplying effect that permits these lower levels for each of Ozone, UV, and IR treatment to be below the limits of safe human exposure while effectively inactivating bacteria of many varieties. The lower treatment levels of the present disclosure also advantageously allow for repeated safe use in industrial and clinical environments. Another benefit of the apparatus, methods of use, and methods of treatment of the present disclosure is overcoming use-avoidance by removing the human repulsion to smearing cold wet fluids on hands or surfaces of other objects for sterilization. Another benefit to the present disclosure is effective sterilization in a shorter period of time than traditional methods of single treatment sterilization including, for example, autoclaving objects and methods of sterilizing the surface of skin or other objects that cannot be sterilized by traditional methods (i.e., autoclaving) but which require a sterile environment. Such instances include use in medical procedures or scientific research.
In a first aspect, an apparatus is provided for sterilizing a surface of a treatment subject. The apparatus includes a housing having an opening arranged at a first end of the housing and a cavity configured to receive the treatment subject via the opening. The apparatus also includes two or more ultraviolet-generating (“UV-generating”) modules coupled to opposing interior walls of the housing. And the apparatus includes at least one gaseous Ozone generator coupled to at least one of the opposing interior walls of the at least one sterilization chamber, where the cavity of the at least one sterilization chamber is configured for delivery of Ozone to the surface of the treatment subject.
A second aspect is directed to a method for sterilizing a surface of a treatment subject. The method includes (a) inserting a treatment subject through an opening at a first end of a housing and into a cavity, (b) delivering UV from a plurality of UV-generating emitter modules positioned on opposing interior walls of the housing to the surface of the treatment subject, and (c) delivering Ozone from a plurality of gaseous Ozone generators located on the opposing interior walls of the housing to the surface of the treatment subject.
A third aspect is directed to a method of treatment that kills microbes on a surface of a treatment subject. The method includes (a) inserting a treatment subject through a first end of a housing and into a cavity defined by the housing, (b) delivering UV to the surface of the treatment subject, wherein the UV thereby inactivates or kills microbes by interrupting DNA structure of the microbes, and (c) delivering Ozone to the surface of the treatment subject, wherein the Ozone thereby inactivates or kills microbes by breaking down bacteria cell membrane lipid layers through oxidation and rupturing cell walls of the microbes.
The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed can be achieved independently in various embodiments or may be combined in yet other embodiments, further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings.
Illustrative examples of various embodiments are described below in conjunction with the appended figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements in the various figures, and wherein:
The present disclosure contemplates an apparatus and methods that utilize simultaneous application of photonic (i.e., UV) and chemical (i.e., Ozone) treatment, and, optionally, mechanical (i.e., infrared “IR” heat) treatment, as shown in
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides use of UVA, specifically between wavelengths ranging from 320 and 400 nm, in conjunction with the UVC between 180 and 222 nm wavelengths. In such embodiments, additional wavelengths in the range from 320 to 400 nm provide a weak bactericidal effect at high energy densities and surface PH in the narrow range of 5 to 6. Wavelengths within the UVA range are known to have mutagenic effects, however heat can be delivered topically using flux levels 10 to 20 times daylight (2 to 4 mJ/cm2) or 20 to 40 mJ/cm2 at these wavelengths. The NIOSH limit for UVA wavelengths is very high with the lowest value being 7300 mJ/cm2 at 330 nm. As indicated above, usable values are well below maximum limits allowed, while affording heat and weak sterilization. UV exposure limits based on effect of UV radiation for each wavelength between 180 nm and 400 nm is available at https://orm.uottawa.ca/my-safety/em-radiation/uv/exposure-limits.
One aspect of Ozone sterilization treatment of the present disclosure is the mechanical movement of the Ozone 3 to the treatment surface 7. As seen in
In one optional implementation, the two or more UV generating emitter modules are configured to generate wavelengths ranging from 180 nm to 230 nm. In another optional implementation, the at least one gaseous Ozone generators 56 is configured to deliver the Ozone 3 to the surface 7 of the treatment subject 20 at or below 0.8 ppm.
In one example implementation, the apparatus further includes two or more infrared (“IR”) emitter modules 16 positioned on the opposing interior walls 16 of the housing 42. In an optional example, the two or more IR emitter modules 16 are configured to raise a local treatment surface temperature to 45° to 50° C. In
In another implementation, the housing 42 also includes at least one blower 40 arranged in proximity to the opening 33 at the first end 37 of the housing 42 and is configured to direct the Ozone 3 back into the housing 42 such that the negative pressure permits less than 0.1 ppm of the Ozone 3 to escape the housing 42.
In one optional implementation, the apparatus is configured to sterilize the treatment subject 20 within 5 to 20 seconds of exposure to UV delivered by the UV-generating modules 12 and to the Ozone 3 delivered by the gaseous Ozone generators 56.
Methods may be employed using any of the foregoing apparatus. For example, a method for sterilizing a surface 7 of a treatment subject 20 is provided. The method includes inserting a treatment subject 20 through an opening 33 at a first end 37 of a housing 42 and into a cavity 34. Next, the method includes delivering UV from a plurality of UV-generating emitter modules 12 positioned on opposing interior walls 13 of the housing 42 to the surface 7 of the treatment subject 20. Then, the method includes delivering Ozone 3 from a plurality of gaseous Ozone generators 56 located on the opposing interior walls 13 of the housing 42 to the surface 7 of the treatment subject 20.
In a further implementation, the method further includes delivering infrared (“IR”) by two or more IR-emitter modules 16 coupled to the opposing interior walls 13 of housing 42 to the surface 7 of the treatment subject 20. In one optional example, the IR is generated and delivered simultaneously with the delivery of the UV and the delivery of the Ozone 3. In an alternative example, the IR is generated and delivered immediately after the delivery of the UV and delivery of the Ozone 3. In another implementation, delivering IR by the two or more IR-emitter modules 16 raises a local surface temperature of the treatment subject 20 to 45° to 50° C.
In one implementation, delivering the Ozone 3 from the gaseous Ozone generators 56 located on the opposing interior walls 13 of the housing 42 to the surface 7 of the treatment subject 20 further comprises at least one of: (i) generating a mechanical force 58, 59 that creates a vortex causing an interaction between hydrostatic boundary layers 10, 19 of the UV-generating emitter modules 12 and the treatment subject 20, (ii) utilizing a static-electric field, (iii) utilizing electro-deposition, (iv) disrupting a viscosity 18 between hydrostatic boundary layers of a moving belt 28 suspended between two rollers 30 disposed within the cavity 34 of the housing 42 and the surface 7 of the treatment subject 20; and (v) creating a mechanical disruption of the hydrostatic boundary layer 19 of the treatment subject 20 via a tube, a nozzle, or a duct 14 that feeds the Ozone 3 to a base of a brush 32 comprising bristles or fibers extending from the base of the brush 32.
In a further implementation, sterilizing the treatment subject 20 occurs within 5 to 20 seconds after insertion of the treatment subject 20 through the first end 37 of the housing 42 and into the cavity 34 defined by the housing 42.
The present disclosure also contemplates a method of treatment that kills microbes on a surface of a treatment subject. The method includes inserting a treatment subject 20 through a first end 37 of a housing 42 and into a cavity 34 defined by the housing 42. The method then includes delivering UV to the surface 7 of the treatment subject 20, where the UV thereby inactivates or kills microbes by interrupting DNA structure 4 of the microbes 2. Next, the method includes delivering Ozone 3 to the surface 7 of the treatment subject 20, where the Ozone 3 thereby inactivates or kills microbes by breaking down bacteria cell membrane lipid layers through oxidation and rupturing cell walls of the microbes.
In one example implementation, the method of treatment further includes delivering infrared (“IR”) to the surface 7 of the treatment subject 20. In one optional example, the IR is delivered simultaneously with delivery of the UV and delivery of the Ozone 3. In an alternative example, the IR is delivered immediately after delivery of the UV and delivery of the Ozone. In one optional implementation, delivery of the IR raises a local surface temperature of the treatment subject 20 to 45° to 50° C.
The method of treatment according to any of the foregoing implementations may further include sterilizing the treatment subject 20 within 5 to 20 seconds after insertion of the treatment subject 20 through the first end 37 of the housing 42 and into the cavity 34 defined by the housing 42.
The present disclosure contemplates several Ozone delivery methods to disrupt the hydrostatic boundary layer 10 of the treatment surface 7. In the Ozone delivery systems described herein, the intermixing of Ozone species with non-Ozone boundary species and the target pathogens can be enhanced by the application of ultrasonic energy. This may be particularly useful where the boundary of the sample to be sterilized is a hard boundary, such as metal or plastics, as the reflected wave may have twice the amplitude as a result of coincidence of the incoming and reflected wave. The enhancement is a result of the compressive wave introducing a statistical improvement in the probability of a pathogen encountering ozone species.
For example, in
In
Further, Ozone, by its polar nature, is sticky and tends to cluster so as to balance the distributed E-field of the Ozone at its boundary minimum value, as described by Farad's law. This effect can be employed through a third method of Ozone delivery, as seen in FIG. 13. For example, a moving belt 28 may be suspended between two rollers 30 while Ozone 3 is brought into the proximity of the belt surface. The nature of the belt 28 could be a thick pile for the Ozone 3 to intertwine with or could be a surface that is charged to hold the Ozone by static E-field. The Ozone 3 may be delivered to the treatment surface 7 by viscosity disruption between the hydrostatic boundary layers of the treatment surface 7 and the moving belt 28, as seen in
A fourth Ozone delivery method includes mechanical disruption of the hydrostatic boundary layer as shown in
The heating effect of the apparatus and methods of the present disclosure also beneficially create a warming sensation that has a positive psychological effect on people, thereby creating a positive feeling during use of the apparatus and methods.
In another embodiment, the apparatus is shown in
There are many functional arrangements of the various sterilization treatment sources within the sterilization chamber contemplated by the present disclosure. In one example, a plurality of IR-emitters or IR-radiators 16 may be uniformly distributed on two or more walls 13 within the sterilization chamber to provide a warming effect throughout the sterilization chamber. The UV module 12 may be also arranged differently than shown to better utilize the optical radiation patterns that may be generated.
UV intensity ultimately depends on the selected wavelength within the range of 180 nm to 230 nm at levels of 10 mJ/cm2 and above. For a wavelength of 254 nm, NIOSH guidelines require that the UV intensity is less than 5 mJ/cm2 and require monitoring of users so that daily exposure limits are not exceeded.
In the present disclosure, multiple treatment sources are used in combination to accentuate the effects of each other, including combinations of UV and Ozone treatments, Ozone and heat treatments, and UV, Ozone, and heat treatments. Therefore, in one contemplated embodiment, the apparatus is configured to operate a minimum of two of the UV, Ozone and IR treatment sources in combination with each other and also may be sequenced in multiple steps or simultaneously delivered to increase the number of bacteria cells that are killed or weakened.
Mother view of the apparatus is provided in
The portion of the sterilization chamber between the proximal and distal ends of the housing 42 is open space 34 configured to receive the treatment subject or object 20. Ozone is contained within a hydrostatic boundary layer outside of the open space 34 in the sterilization chamber until the device is activated. In some embodiments, Ozone will be contained within the hydrostatic boundary layer of, for example, a belt 28, the fibers of a brush, within a nozzle or an Ozone-generating lamp. Once the device is activated, Ozone is delivered to the open space 34 in the sterilization chamber, through the hydrostatic layer around the treatment subject or object 20 and to the surface of the treatment subject or object 20 by one of several delivery mechanisms: (1) interaction of the hydrostatic boundary layers of the UV-generating modules 12 and the treatment subject or object 20 by mechanical forces that create a vortex causing an interaction of the hydrostatic boundary layers and delivery of Ozone to the surface 7 of the treatment subject or object 20 (see
Ozone can also be generated with a lamp that produces 170 nm to 190 nm UV wavelengths. This will convert any free oxygen to Ozone species. Ozone-generating lamps 56 may be used as a treatment source placed within the sterilization chamber in and around the UV treatment sources, as shown in
An alternate method of Ozone generation is coronal discharge and a corresponding Ozone generator 56 is shown in
Sensors may be employed to monitor Ozone levels within the sterilization chamber and exterior to the inlet opening 33. The sensors help to maintain any Ozone leakage below 0.1 ppm and to ensure Ozone sterilization levels equal to or greater than 0.8 ppm within the sterilization chamber before a sterilization procedure begins.
The apparatus may be configured to include a computing device 50 and a central computer network 51, according to an example implementation as shown in
User access 45 to the sterilization apparatus may be limited by ID card insertion, RFID tag, wireless access via phone, or subcutaneous implant 53, among other options, as shown in
In one optional embodiment, the color of any visible light 61 emitted from the apparatus will generally be warm in color with a goal of increasing the feeling of comfort in use and to convey nonverbally that the apparatus is a positive addition to the disease fighting team. In addition, the color of any visible light 61 emitted from the apparatus would preferably not be blue, because blue light has been found by researchers to have an alerting effect, and the apparatus may be used in areas such as hospital patient rooms where patients will need to rest or sleep. likewise, the color of any visible light 61 emitted from the apparatus will preferably not be red as this color signals alarm and danger. Red may be used as a trouble annunciator that is exercised for a momentary trouble condition but should not be visible during normal operation of the apparatus.
One example configuration of the housing 42 of the apparatus is provided in
The foregoing detailed description is intended to be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting and the following claims, including all equivalents, are intended to define the scope of the invention. The claims should not be read as limited to the described order or elements unless stated to that effect. Therefore, all examples that come within the scope and spirit of the following claims and equivalents thereto are claimed.
This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/005,139, filed Apr. 3, 2020, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US21/25763 | 4/5/2021 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
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63005139 | Apr 2020 | US |